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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant autophagy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Luo, Shuwei, Xifeng Li, Yan Zhang, Yunting Fu, Baofang Fan, Cheng Zhu, and Zhixiang Chen. "Cargo Recognition and Function of Selective Autophagy Receptors in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031013.

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Autophagy is a major quality control system for degradation of unwanted or damaged cytoplasmic components to promote cellular homeostasis. Although non-selective bulk degradation of cytoplasm by autophagy plays a role during cellular response to nutrient deprivation, the broad roles of autophagy are primarily mediated by selective clearance of specifically targeted components. Selective autophagy relies on cargo receptors that recognize targeted components and recruit them to autophagosomes through interaction with lapidated autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8) family proteins anchored in the membrane of the forming autophagosomes. In mammals and yeast, a large collection of selective autophagy receptors have been identified that mediate the selective autophagic degradation of organelles, aggregation-prone misfolded proteins and other unwanted or nonnative proteins. A substantial number of selective autophagy receptors have also been identified and functionally characterized in plants. Some of the autophagy receptors in plants are evolutionarily conserved with homologs in other types of organisms, while a majority of them are plant-specific or plant species-specific. Plant selective autophagy receptors mediate autophagic degradation of not only misfolded, nonactive and otherwise unwanted cellular components but also regulatory and signaling factors and play critical roles in plant responses to a broad spectrum of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we summarize the research on selective autophagy in plants, with an emphasis on the cargo recognition and the biological functions of plant selective autophagy receptors.

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2

Zeng, Yonglun, Baiying Li, Changyang Ji, Lei Feng, Fangfang Niu, Cesi Deng, Shuai Chen, et al. "A unique AtSar1D-AtRabD2a nexus modulates autophagosome biogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 17 (April 20, 2021): e2021293118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021293118.

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In eukaryotes, secretory proteins traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus via coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles. Intriguingly, during nutrient starvation, the COPII machinery acts constructively as a membrane source for autophagosomes during autophagy to maintain cellular homeostasis by recycling intermediate metabolites. In higher plants, essential roles of autophagy have been implicated in plant development and stress responses. Nonetheless, the membrane sources of autophagosomes, especially the participation of the COPII machinery in the autophagic pathway and autophagosome biogenesis, remains elusive in plants. Here, we provided evidence in support of a novel role of a specific Sar1 homolog AtSar1d in plant autophagy in concert with a unique Rab1/Ypt1 homolog AtRabD2a. First, proteomic analysis of the plant ATG (autophagy-related gene) interactome uncovered the mechanistic connections between ATG machinery and specific COPII components including AtSar1d and Sec23s, while a dominant negative mutant of AtSar1d exhibited distinct inhibition on YFP-ATG8 vacuolar degradation upon autophagic induction. Second, a transfer DNA insertion mutant of AtSar1d displayed starvation-related phenotypes. Third, AtSar1d regulated autophagosome progression through specific recognition of ATG8e by a noncanonical motif. Fourth, we demonstrated that a plant-unique Rab1/Ypt1 homolog AtRabD2a coordinates with AtSar1d to function as the molecular switch in mediating the COPII functions in the autophagy pathway. AtRabD2a appears to be essential for bridging the specific AtSar1d-positive COPII vesicles to the autophagy initiation complex and therefore contributes to autophagosome formation in plants. Taken together, we identified a plant-specific nexus of AtSar1d-AtRabD2a in regulating autophagosome biogenesis.

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Gao, Caiji, Xiaohong Zhuang, Yong Cui, Xi Fu, Yilin He, Qiong Zhao, Yonglun Zeng, Jinbo Shen, Ming Luo, and Liwen Jiang. "Dual roles of an Arabidopsis ESCRT component FREE1 in regulating vacuolar protein transport and autophagic degradation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 6 (January 26, 2015): 1886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421271112.

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Protein turnover can be achieved via the lysosome/vacuole and the autophagic degradation pathways. Evidence has accumulated revealing that efficient autophagic degradation requires functional endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. However, the interplay between the ESCRT machinery and the autophagy regulator remains unclear. Here, we show that FYVE domain protein required for endosomal sorting 1 (FREE1), a recently identified plant-specific ESCRT component essential for multivesicular body (MVB) biogenesis and plant growth, plays roles both in vacuolar protein transport and autophagic degradation. FREE1 also regulates vacuole biogenesis in both seeds and vegetative cells of Arabidopsis. Additionally, FREE1 interacts directly with a unique plant autophagy regulator SH3 DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN2 and associates with the PI3K complex, to regulate the autophagic degradation in plants. Thus, FREE1 plays multiple functional roles in vacuolar protein trafficking and organelle biogenesis as well as in autophagic degradation via a previously unidentified regulatory mechanism of cross-talk between the ESCRT machinery and autophagy process.

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Yang, Meng, Asigul Ismayil, and Yule Liu. "Autophagy in Plant-Virus Interactions." Annual Review of Virology 7, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 403–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-010220-054709.

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Autophagy is a conserved vacuole/lysosome-mediated degradation pathway for clearing and recycling cellular components including cytosol, macromolecules, and dysfunctional organelles. In recent years, autophagy has emerged to play important roles in plant-pathogen interactions. It acts as an antiviral defense mechanism in plants. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that plant viruses can manipulate, hijack, or even exploit the autophagy pathway to promote pathogenesis, demonstrating the pivotal role of autophagy in the evolutionary arms race between hosts and viruses. In this review, we discuss recent findings about the antiviral and proviral roles of autophagy in plant-virus interactions.

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5

Zhang, Tianrui, Zhidan Xiao, Chuanliang Liu, Chao Yang, Jiayi Li, Hongbo Li, Caiji Gao, and Wenjin Shen. "Autophagy Mediates the Degradation of Plant ESCRT Component FREE1 in Response to Iron Deficiency." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 8779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168779.

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Multivesicular body (MVB)-mediated endosomal sorting and macroautophagy are the main pathways mediating the transport of cellular components to the vacuole and are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The interplay of these two pathways remains poorly understood in plants. In this study, we show that FYVE DOMAIN PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR ENDOSOMAL SORTING 1 (FREE1), which was previously identified as a plant-specific component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), essential for MVB biogenesis and plant growth, can be transported to the vacuole for degradation in response to iron deficiency. The vacuolar transport of ubiquitinated FREE1 protein is mediated by the autophagy pathway. As a consequence, the autophagy deficient mutants, atg5-1 and atg7-2, accumulate more endogenous FREE1 protein and display hypersensitivity to iron deficiency. Furthermore, under iron-deficient growth condition autophagy related genes are upregulated to promote the autophagic degradation of FREE1, thereby possibly relieving the repressive effect of FREE1 on iron absorption. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a unique regulatory mode of protein turnover of the ESCRT machinery through the autophagy pathway to respond to iron deficiency in plants.

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6

Ran, Jie, Sayed M. Hashimi, and Jian-Zhong Liu. "Emerging Roles of the Selective Autophagy in Plant Immunity and Stress Tolerance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 6321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176321.

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Autophagy is a conserved recycling system required for cellular homeostasis. Identifications of diverse selective receptors/adaptors that recruit appropriate autophagic cargoes have revealed critical roles of selective autophagy in different biological processes in plants. In this review, we summarize the emerging roles of selective autophagy in both biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and highlight the new features of selective receptors/adaptors and their interactions with both the cargoes and Autophagy-related gene 8s (ATG8s). In addition, we review how the two major degradation systems, namely the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and selective autophagy, are coordinated to cope with stress in plants. We especially emphasize how plants develop the selective autophagy as a weapon to fight against pathogens and how adapted pathogens have evolved the strategies to counter and/or subvert the immunity mediated by selective autophagy.

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7

Hafrén, Anders, Jean-Luc Macia, Andrew J. Love, Joel J. Milner, Martin Drucker, and Daniel Hofius. "Selective autophagy limits cauliflower mosaic virus infection by NBR1-mediated targeting of viral capsid protein and particles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 10 (February 21, 2017): E2026—E2035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610687114.

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Autophagy plays a paramount role in mammalian antiviral immunity including direct targeting of viruses and their individual components, and many viruses have evolved measures to antagonize or even exploit autophagy mechanisms for the benefit of infection. In plants, however, the functions of autophagy in host immunity and viral pathogenesis are poorly understood. In this study, we have identified both anti- and proviral roles of autophagy in the compatible interaction of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), a double-stranded DNA pararetrovirus, with the model plantArabidopsis thaliana. We show that the autophagy cargo receptor NEIGHBOR OF BRCA1 (NBR1) targets nonassembled and virus particle-forming capsid proteins to mediate their autophagy-dependent degradation, thereby restricting the establishment of CaMV infection. Intriguingly, the CaMV-induced virus factory inclusions seem to protect against autophagic destruction by sequestering capsid proteins and coordinating particle assembly and storage. In addition, we found that virus-triggered autophagy prevents extensive senescence and tissue death of infected plants in a largely NBR1-independent manner. This survival function significantly extends the timespan of virus production, thereby increasing the chances for virus particle acquisition by aphid vectors and CaMV transmission. Together, our results provide evidence for the integration of selective autophagy into plant immunity against viruses and reveal potential viral strategies to evade and adapt autophagic processes for successful pathogenesis.

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Acheampong, Atiako Kwame, Carly Shanks, Chia-Yi Cheng, G. Eric Schaller, Yasin Dagdas, and Joseph J. Kieber. "EXO70D isoforms mediate selective autophagic degradation of type-A ARR proteins to regulate cytokinin sensitivity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 43 (October 13, 2020): 27034–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013161117.

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The phytohormone cytokinin influences many aspects of plant growth and development, several of which also involve the cellular process of autophagy, including leaf senescence, nutrient remobilization, and developmental transitions. The Arabidopsis type-A response regulators (type-A ARR) are negative regulators of cytokinin signaling that are transcriptionally induced in response to cytokinin. Here, we describe a mechanistic link between cytokinin signaling and autophagy, demonstrating that plants modulate cytokinin sensitivity through autophagic regulation of type-A ARR proteins. Type-A ARR proteins were degraded by autophagy in an AUTOPHAGY-RELATED (ATG)5-dependent manner, and this degradation is promoted by phosphorylation on a conserved aspartate in the receiver domain of the type-A ARRs. EXO70D family members interacted with type-A ARR proteins, likely in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, and recruited them to autophagosomes via interaction of the EXO70D AIM with the core autophagy protein, ATG8. Consistently, loss-of-function exo70D1,2,3 mutants exhibited compromised targeting of type-A ARRs to autophagic vesicles, have elevated levels of type-A ARR proteins, and are hyposensitive to cytokinin. Disruption of both type-A ARRs and EXO70D1,2,3 compromised survival in carbon-deficient conditions, suggesting interaction between autophagy and cytokinin responsiveness in response to stress. These results indicate that the EXO70D proteins act as selective autophagy receptors to target type-A ARR cargos for autophagic degradation, demonstrating modulation of cytokinin signaling by selective autophagy.

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9

Bao, Yan, Wei-Meng Song, Peipei Wang, Xiang Yu, Bei Li, Chunmei Jiang, Shin-Han Shiu, Hongxia Zhang, and Diane C. Bassham. "COST1 regulates autophagy to control plant drought tolerance." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 13 (March 13, 2020): 7482–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918539117.

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Plants balance their competing requirements for growth and stress tolerance via a sophisticated regulatory circuitry that controls responses to the external environments. We have identified a plant-specific gene, COST1 (constitutively stressed 1), that is required for normal plant growth but negatively regulates drought resistance by influencing the autophagy pathway. An Arabidopsis thaliana cost1 mutant has decreased growth and increased drought tolerance, together with constitutive autophagy and increased expression of drought-response genes, while overexpression of COST1 confers drought hypersensitivity and reduced autophagy. The COST1 protein is degraded upon plant dehydration, and this degradation is reduced upon treatment with inhibitors of the 26S proteasome or autophagy pathways. The drought resistance of a cost1 mutant is dependent on an active autophagy pathway, but independent of other known drought signaling pathways, indicating that COST1 acts through regulation of autophagy. In addition, COST1 colocalizes to autophagosomes with the autophagosome marker ATG8e and the autophagy adaptor NBR1, and affects the level of ATG8e protein through physical interaction with ATG8e, indicating a pivotal role in direct regulation of autophagy. We propose a model in which COST1 represses autophagy under optimal conditions, thus allowing plant growth. Under drought, COST1 is degraded, enabling activation of autophagy and suppression of growth to enhance drought tolerance. Our research places COST1 as an important regulator controlling the balance between growth and stress responses via the direct regulation of autophagy.

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10

Zenkov, N. K., A. V. Chechushkov, P. M. Kozhin, N. V. Kandalintseva, G. G. Martinovich, and E. B. Menshchikova. "Plant phenols and autophagy." Biochemistry (Moscow) 81, no. 4 (April 2016): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0006297916040015.

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11

Sirko, Agnieszka, and Céline Masclaux-Daubresse. "Advances in Plant Autophagy." Cells 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010194.

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12

Stefaniak, Szymon, Łukasz Wojtyla, Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek, and Sławomir Borek. "Completing Autophagy: Formation and Degradation of the Autophagic Body and Metabolite Salvage in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 23, 2020): 2205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062205.

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Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that occurs in yeast, plants, and animals. Despite many years of research, some aspects of autophagy are still not fully explained. This mostly concerns the final stages of autophagy, which have not received as much interest from the scientific community as the initial stages of this process. The final stages of autophagy that we take into consideration in this review include the formation and degradation of the autophagic bodies as well as the efflux of metabolites from the vacuole to the cytoplasm. The autophagic bodies are formed through the fusion of an autophagosome and vacuole during macroautophagy and by vacuolar membrane invagination or protrusion during microautophagy. Then they are rapidly degraded by vacuolar lytic enzymes, and products of the degradation are reused. In this paper, we summarize the available information on the trafficking of the autophagosome towards the vacuole, the fusion of the autophagosome with the vacuole, the formation and decomposition of autophagic bodies inside the vacuole, and the efflux of metabolites to the cytoplasm. Special attention is given to the formation and degradation of autophagic bodies and metabolite salvage in plant cells.

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13

Masclaux-Daubresse, Céline, Sabine d’Andrea, Isabelle Bouchez, and Jean-Luc Cacas. "Reserve lipids and plant autophagy." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 10 (February 21, 2020): 2854–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa082.

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Abstract Autophagy is a universal mechanism that facilitates the degradation of unwanted cytoplasmic components in eukaryotic cells. In this review, we highlight recent developments in the investigation of the role of autophagy in lipid homeostasis in plants by comparison with algae, yeast, and animals. We consider the storage compartments that form the sources of lipids in plants, and the roles that autophagy plays in the synthesis of triacylglycerols and in the formation and maintenance of lipid droplets. We also consider the relationship between lipids and the biogenesis of autophagosomes, and the role of autophagy in the degradation of lipids in plants.

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14

Batoko, Henri, Yasin Dagdas, Frantisek Baluska, and Agnieszka Sirko. "Understanding and exploiting autophagy signaling in plants." Essays in Biochemistry 61, no. 6 (December 12, 2017): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20170034.

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Autophagy is an essential catabolic pathway and is activated by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli. In particular, autophagy is required to allow sessile organisms such as plants to cope with biotic or abiotic stress conditions. It is thought that these various environmental signaling pathways are somehow integrated with autophagy signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant autophagy signaling are not well understood, leaving a big gap of knowledge as a barrier to being able to manipulate this important pathway to improve plant growth and development. In this review, we discuss possible regulatory mechanisms at the core of plant autophagy signaling.

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15

Mitou, Géraldine, Hikmet Budak, and Devrim Gozuacik. "Techniques to Study Autophagy in Plants." International Journal of Plant Genomics 2009 (August 27, 2009): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/451357.

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Autophagy (or self eating), a cellular recycling mechanism, became the center of interest and subject of intensive research in recent years. Development of new molecular techniques allowed the study of this biological phenomenon in various model organisms ranging from yeast to plants and mammals. Accumulating data provide evidence that autophagy is involved in a spectrum of biological mechanisms including plant growth, development, response to stress, and defense against pathogens. In this review, we briefly summarize general and plant-related autophagy studies, and explain techniques commonly used to study autophagy. We also try to extrapolate how autophagy techniques used in other organisms may be adapted to plant studies.

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Chen, Hong, Jiangli Dong, and Tao Wang. "Autophagy in Plant Abiotic Stress Management." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 4075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084075.

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Plants can be considered an open system. Throughout their life cycle, plants need to exchange material, energy and information with the outside world. To improve their survival and complete their life cycle, plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis during development and in response to environmental changes. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved self-degradative process that occurs ubiquitously in all eukaryotic cells and plays many physiological roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that autophagy can be induced not only by starvation but also as a cellular response to various abiotic stresses, including oxidative, salt, drought, cold and heat stresses. This review focuses mainly on the role of autophagy in plant abiotic stress management.

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17

Chang, Hsueh-Wei, Pei-Feng Liu, Wei-Lun Tsai, Wan-Hsiang Hu, Yu-Chang Hu, Hsiu-Chen Yang, Wei-Yu Lin, Jing-Ru Weng, and Chih-Wen Shu. "Xanthium strumarium Fruit Extract Inhibits ATG4B and Diminishes the Proliferation and Metastatic Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer Cells." Toxins 11, no. 6 (June 2, 2019): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11060313.

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Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway to degrade damaged proteins and organelles for subsequent recycling in cells during times of nutrient deprivation. This process plays an important role in tumor development and progression, allowing cancer cells to survive in nutrient-poor environments. The plant kingdom provides a powerful source for new drug development to treat cancer. Several plant extracts induce autophagy in cancer cells. However, little is known about the role of plant extracts in autophagy inhibition, particularly autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. In this study, we employed S-tagged gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor associated protein like 2 (GABARAPL2) as a reporter to screen 48 plant extracts for their effects on the activity of autophagy protease ATG4B. Xanthium strumarium and Tribulus terrestris fruit extracts were validated as potential ATG4B inhibitors by another reporter substrate MAP1LC3B-PLA2. The inhibitory effects of the extracts on cellular ATG4B and autophagic flux were further confirmed. Moreover, the plant extracts significantly reduced colorectal cancer cell viability and sensitized cancer cells to starvation conditions. The fruit extract of X. strumarium consistently diminished cancer cell migration and invasion. Taken together, the results showed that the fruit of X. strumarium may have an active ingredient to inhibit ATG4B and suppress the proliferation and metastatic characteristics of colorectal cancer cells.

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18

Liao, Ching-Yi, and Diane C. Bassham. "Combating stress: the interplay between hormone signaling and autophagy in plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 5 (November 14, 2019): 1723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz515.

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Abstract Autophagy is a conserved recycling process in which cellular components are delivered to and degraded in the vacuole/lysosome for reuse. In plants, it assists in responding to dynamic environmental conditions and maintaining metabolite homeostasis under normal or stress conditions. Under stress, autophagy is activated to remove damaged components and to recycle nutrients for survival, and the energy sensor kinases target of rapamycin (TOR) and SNF-related kinase 1 (SnRK1) are key to this activation. Here, we discuss accumulating evidence that hormone signaling plays critical roles in regulating autophagy and plant stress responses, although the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs are often not clear. Several hormones have been shown to regulate TOR activity during stress, in turn controlling autophagy. Hormone signaling can also regulate autophagy gene expression, while, reciprocally, autophagy can regulate hormone synthesis and signaling pathways. We highlight how the interplay between major energy sensors, plant hormones, and autophagy under abiotic and biotic stress conditions can assist in plant stress tolerance.

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19

Chen, Shinozaki, Luo, Pottier, Havé, Marmagne, Reisdorf-Cren, et al. "Autophagy and Nutrients Management in Plants." Cells 8, no. 11 (November 12, 2019): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8111426.

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Nutrient recycling and mobilization from organ to organ all along the plant lifespan is essential for plant survival under changing environments. Nutrient remobilization to the seeds is also essential for good seed production. In this review, we summarize the recent advances made to understand how plants manage nutrient remobilization from senescing organs to sink tissues and what is the contribution of autophagy in this process. Plant engineering manipulating autophagy for better yield and plant tolerance to stresses will be presented.

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20

Yoshimoto, Kohki. "Physiological roles of autophagy in plants: Does plant autophagy have a pro-death function?" Plant Signaling & Behavior 5, no. 5 (May 2010): 494–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.10946.

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21

Liu, Xiao-Hong, Fei Xu, John Hugh Snyder, Huan-Bin Shi, Jian-Ping Lu, and Fu-Cheng Lin. "Autophagy in plant pathogenic fungi." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 57 (September 2016): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.022.

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22

Bozhkov, Peter V. "Plant autophagy: mechanisms and functions." Journal of Experimental Botany 69, no. 6 (March 5, 2018): 1281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery070.

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23

Kim, Jimi, Han Nim Lee, and Taijoon Chung. "Plant cell remodeling by autophagy." Autophagy 10, no. 4 (January 31, 2014): 702–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.27953.

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Seay, Montrell, Shalaka Patel, and Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar. "Autophagy and plant innate immunity." Cellular Microbiology 8, no. 6 (June 2006): 899–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00715.x.

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25

Youngson, Neil A., Pin-Chun Lin, and Shih-Shun Lin. "The convergence of autophagy, small RNA and the stress response – implications for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in plants." BioMolecular Concepts 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2013-0032.

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AbstractRecent discoveries in eukaryotes have shown that autophagy-mediated degradation of DICER and ARGONAUTE (AGO), the proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), can occur in response to viral infection and starvation. In plants, a virally encoded protein P0 specifically interacts with AGO1 and enhances degradation through autophagy, resulting in suppression of gene silencing. In HeLa cells, DICER and AGO2 protein levels decreased after nutrient starvation or after treatment to increase autophagy. Environmental exposures to viral infection and starvation have also recently been shown to sometimes not only induce a stress response in the exposed plant but also in their unexposed progeny. These, and other cases of inherited stress response in plants are thought to be facilitated through transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, and the mechanism involves the PTGS and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) pathways. These recent discoveries suggest that the environmentally-induced autophagic degradation of the PTGS and TGS components may have significant effects on inherited stress responses.

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Tang, Jie, and Diane C. Bassham. "Autophagy in crop plants: what's new beyond Arabidopsis ?" Open Biology 8, no. 12 (December 2018): 180162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.180162.

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Autophagy is a major degradation and recycling pathway in plants. It functions to maintain cellular homeostasis and is induced by environmental cues and developmental stimuli. Over the past decade, the study of autophagy has expanded from model plants to crop species. Many features of the core machinery and physiological functions of autophagy are conserved among diverse organisms. However, several novel functions and regulators of autophagy have been characterized in individual plant species. In light of its critical role in development and stress responses, a better understanding of autophagy in crop plants may eventually lead to beneficial agricultural applications. Here, we review recent progress on understanding autophagy in crops and discuss potential future research directions.

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Zhang, Yan, Haoxuan Min, Chengchen Shi, Gengshou Xia, and Zhibing Lai. "Transcriptome analysis of the role of autophagy in plant response to heat stress." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): e0247783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247783.

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Autophagy plays a critical role in plant heat tolerance in part by targeting heat-induced nonnative proteins for degradation. Autophagy also regulates metabolism, signaling and other processes and it is less understood how the broad function of autophagy affects plant heat stress responses. To address this issue, we performed transcriptome profiling of Arabidopsis wild-type and autophagy-deficient atg5 mutant in response to heat stress. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between wild-type and atg5 mutant even under normal conditions. These DEGs are involved not only in metabolism, hormone signaling, stress responses but also in regulation of nucleotide processing and DNA repair. Intriguingly, we found that heat treatment resulted in more robust changes in gene expression in wild-type than in the atg5 mutant plants. The dampening effect of autophagy deficiency on heat-regulated gene expression was associated with already altered expression of many heat-regulated DEGs prior to heat stress in the atg5 mutant. Altered expression of a large number of genes involved in metabolism and signaling in the autophagy mutant prior to heat stress may affect plant response to heat stress. Furthermore, autophagy played a positive role in the expression of defense- and stress-related genes during the early stage of heat stress responses but had little effect on heat-induced expression of heat shock genes. Taken together, these results indicate that the broad role of autophagy in metabolism, cellular homeostasis and other processes can also potentially affect plant heat stress responses and heat tolerance.

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Forouzanfar, Fatemeh, and Seyed Hadi Mousavi. "Targeting Autophagic Pathways by Plant Natural Compounds in Cancer Treatment." Current Drug Targets 21, no. 12 (September 18, 2020): 1237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450121666200504072635.

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Nowadays, natural compounds of plant origin with anticancer effects have gained more attention because of their clinical safety and broad efficacy profiles. Autophagy is a multistep lysosomal degradation pathway that may have a unique potential for clinical benefit in the setting of cancer treatment. To retrieve articles related to the study, the databases of Google Scholar, Web of sciences, Medline and Scopus, using the following keywords: Autophagic pathways; herbal medicine, oncogenic autophagic pathways, tumor-suppressive autophagic pathways, and cancer were searched. Although natural plant compounds such as resveratrol, curcumin, oridonin, gossypol, and paclitaxel have proven anticancer potential via autophagic signaling pathways, there is still a great need to find new natural compounds and investigate the underlying mechanisms, to facilitate their clinical use as potential anticancer agents through autophagic induction.

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Farquharson, Kathleen L. "Autophagy Contributes to Plant Lipid Homeostasis." Plant Cell 31, no. 7 (April 29, 2019): 1427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.19.00306.

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30

Lee, Han Nim, and Taijoon Chung. "Overview of Autophagy in Plant Cells." Journal of Life Science 24, no. 2 (February 28, 2014): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2014.24.2.209.

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31

Avila-Ospina, L., M. Moison, K. Yoshimoto, and C. Masclaux-Daubresse. "Autophagy, plant senescence, and nutrient recycling." Journal of Experimental Botany 65, no. 14 (March 31, 2014): 3799–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru039.

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van Doorn, Wouter G., and Alessio Papini. "Ultrastructure of autophagy in plant cells." Autophagy 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2013): 1922–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.26275.

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Yano, Kanako, Takao Suzuki, and Yuji Moriyasu. "Constitutive Autophagy in Plant Root Cells." Autophagy 3, no. 4 (July 16, 2007): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.4158.

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Jiao, Yue, Wenxue Lei, Wan Xu, and Wen-Li Chen. "Glucose signaling, AtRGS1 and plant autophagy." Plant Signaling & Behavior 14, no. 7 (May 6, 2019): 1607465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2019.1607465.

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Lin, Youshun, Yonglun Zeng, Ying Zhu, Jinbo Shen, Hao Ye, and Liwen Jiang. "Plant Rho GTPase signaling promotes autophagy." Molecular Plant 14, no. 6 (June 2021): 905–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2021.03.021.

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Huang, Wei, Dan-Ni Ma, Hong-Ling Liu, Jie Luo, Pu Wang, Ming-Le Wang, Fei Guo, Yu Wang, Hua Zhao, and De-Jiang Ni. "Genome-Wide Identification of CsATGs in Tea Plant and the Involvement of CsATG8e in Nitrogen Utilization." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 7043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197043.

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Nitrogen (N) is a macroelement with an indispensable role in the growth and development of plants, and tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an evergreen perennial woody species with young shoots for harvest. During senescence or upon N stress, autophagy has been shown to be induced in leaves, involving a variety of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), which have not been characterized in tea plant yet. In this study, a genome-wide survey in tea plant genome identified a total of 80 Camellia Sinensis autophagy-related genes, CsATGs. The expression of CsATG8s in the tea plant showed an obvious increase from S1 (stage 1) to S4 (stage 4), especially for CsATG8e. The expression levels of AtATGs (Arabidopsis thaliana) and genes involved in N transport and assimilation were greatly improved in CsATG8e-overexpressed Arabidopsis. Compared with wild type, the overexpression plants showed earlier bolting, an increase in amino N content, as well as a decrease in biomass and the levels of N, phosphorus and potassium. However, the N level was found significantly higher in APER (aerial part excluding rosette) in the overexpression plants relative to wild type. All these results demonstrated a convincing function of CsATG8e in N remobilization and plant development, indicating CsATG8e as a potential gene for modifying plant nutrient utilization.

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Chi, Cheng, Xiaomeng Li, Pingping Fang, Xiaojian Xia, Kai Shi, Yanhong Zhou, Jie Zhou, and Jingquan Yu. "Brassinosteroids act as a positive regulator of NBR1-dependent selective autophagy in response to chilling stress in tomato." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 3 (October 23, 2019): 1092–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz466.

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Abstract Autophagy is a highly conserved and regulated catabolic process involved in the degradation of protein aggregates, which plays critical roles in eukaryotes. In plants, multiple molecular processes can induce or suppress autophagy but the mechanism of its regulation by phytohormones is poorly understood. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid phytohormones that play crucial roles in plant response to stresses. Here, we investigate the role of BRs in NBR1-dependent selective autophagy in response to chilling stress in tomato. BRs and their signaling element BZR1 can induce autophagy and accumulation of the selective autophagy receptor NBR1 in tomato under chilling stress. Cold increased the stability of BZR1, which was promoted by BRs. Cold- and BR-induced increased BZR1 stability activated the transcription of several autophagy-related genes (ATGs) and NBR1 genes by directly binding to their promoters, which resulted in selective autophagy. Furthermore, silencing of these ATGs or NBR1 genes resulted in a decreased accumulation of several functional proteins and an increased accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, subsequently compromising BR-induced cold tolerance. These results strongly suggest that BRs regulate NBR1-dependent selective autophagy in a BZR1-dependent manner in response to chilling stress in tomato.

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Tyutereva, Elena V., Ksenia S. Dobryakova, Andreas Schiermeyer, Maria F. Shishova, Katharina Pawlowski, Vadim Demidchik, Sigrun Reumann, and Olga V. Voitsekhovskaja. "The levels of peroxisomal catalase protein and activity modulate the onset of cell death in tobacco BY-2 cells via reactive oxygen species levels and autophagy." Functional Plant Biology 45, no. 2 (2018): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16418.

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In plant cells, peroxisomes participate in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS). One of the major regulators of cellular ROS levels – catalase (CAT) – occurs exclusively in peroxisomes. CAT activity is required for immunity-triggered autophagic programmed cell death (PCD). Autophagy has been recently demonstrated to represent a route for degradation of peroxisomes in plant cells. In the present study, the dynamics of the cellular peroxisome pool in tobacco BY-2 cell suspension cultures were used to analyse the effects of inhibition of basal autophagy with special attention to CAT activity. Numbers of peroxisomes per cell, levels of CAT protein and activity, cell viability, ROS levels and expression levels of genes encoding components of antioxidant system were analysed upon application of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of autophagy, and/or aminotriazole (AT), an inhibitor of CAT. When applied separately, 3-MA and AT led to an increase in cell death, but this effect was attenuated by their simultaneous application. The obtained data suggest that both the levels of CAT protein in peroxisomes as well as CAT activity modulate the onset of cell death in tobacco BY-2 cells via ROS levels and autophagy.

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Benvenuto, Monica, Loredana Albonici, Chiara Focaccetti, Sara Ciuffa, Sara Fazi, Loredana Cifaldi, Martino Tony Miele, et al. "Polyphenol-Mediated Autophagy in Cancer: Evidence of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 6635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186635.

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One of the hallmarks of cellular transformation is the altered mechanism of cell death. There are three main types of cell death, characterized by different morphological and biochemical features, namely apoptosis (type I), autophagic cell death (type II) and necrosis (type III). Autophagy, or self-eating, is a tightly regulated process involved in stress responses, and it is a lysosomal degradation process. The role of autophagy in cancer is controversial and has been associated with both the induction and the inhibition of tumor growth. Autophagy can exert tumor suppression through the degradation of oncogenic proteins, suppression of inflammation, chronic tissue damage and ultimately by preventing mutations and genetic instability. On the other hand, tumor cells activate autophagy for survival in cellular stress conditions. Thus, autophagy modulation could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer. Several studies have shown that polyphenols, natural compounds found in foods and beverages of plant origin, can efficiently modulate autophagy in several types of cancer. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the effects of polyphenols on autophagy, highlighting the conceptual benefits or drawbacks and subtle cell-specific effects of polyphenols for envisioning future therapies employing polyphenols as chemoadjuvants.

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Gomez, Rodrigo Enrique, Josselin Lupette, Clément Chambaud, Julie Castets, Amélie Ducloy, Jean-Luc Cacas, Céline Masclaux-Daubresse, and Amélie Bernard. "How Lipids Contribute to Autophagosome Biogenesis, a Critical Process in Plant Responses to Stresses." Cells 10, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10061272.

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Throughout their life cycle, plants face a tremendous number of environmental and developmental stresses. To respond to these different constraints, they have developed a set of refined intracellular systems including autophagy. This pathway, highly conserved among eukaryotes, is induced by a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses upon which it mediates the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic material. Central to autophagy is the formation of highly specialized double membrane vesicles called autophagosomes which select, engulf, and traffic cargo to the lytic vacuole for degradation. The biogenesis of these structures requires a series of membrane remodeling events during which both the quantity and quality of lipids are critical to sustain autophagy activity. This review highlights our knowledge, and raises current questions, regarding the mechanism of autophagy, and its induction and regulation upon environmental stresses with a particular focus on the fundamental contribution of lipids. How autophagy regulates metabolism and the recycling of resources, including lipids, to promote plant acclimation and resistance to stresses is further discussed.

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Su, Wanlong, Yu Bao, Xiaoqian Yu, Xinli Xia, Chao Liu, and Weilun Yin. "Autophagy and Its Regulators in Response to Stress in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 8889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21238889.

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To survive in stressful conditions, plants have developed multiple strategies to relieve damage. One of the strategies is to clear the damaged protein and organelles. Autophagy is a highly conservative degradation process, which refers to the recycling of damaged protein and organelles. Over the past decades, increasing evidence has revealed the important roles of autophagy in response to stress conditions, and many factors have been revealed involved in the sophisticated regulation of the autophagy signaling pathway. However, the accurate regulation pathway of the autophagy pathway is largely unknown. The current review proposes how stress-response factors respond to stress conditions involved in regulating the autophagy signaling pathway. In short, clarifying the regulating pathway of autophagy in response to stress conditions is beneficial to plant breeding.

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Gou, Wentao, Xi Li, Shaoying Guo, Yunfeng Liu, Faqiang Li, and Qingjun Xie. "Autophagy in Plant: A New Orchestrator in the Regulation of the Phytohormones Homeostasis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (June 14, 2019): 2900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122900.

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Autophagy is a highly evolutionarily-conserved catabolic process facilitating the development and survival of organisms which have undergone favorable and/or stressful conditions, in particular the plant. Accumulating evidence has implicated that autophagy is involved in growth and development, as well as responses to various stresses in plant. Similarly, phytohormones also play a pivotal role in the response to various stresses in addition to the plant growth and development. However, the relationship between autophagy and phytohormones still remains poorly understood. Here, we review advances in the crosstalk between them upon various environmental stimuli. We also discuss how autophagy coordinates the phytohormones to regulate plant growth and development. We propose that unraveling the regulatory role(s) of autophagy in modulating the homeostasis of phytohormones would benefit crop breeding and improvement under variable environments, in particular under suboptimal conditions.

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Ismayil, Asigul, Meng Yang, and Yule Liu. "Role of autophagy during plant-virus interactions." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 101 (May 2020): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.07.001.

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Leary, Alexandre Y., Nattapong Sanguankiattichai, Cian Duggan, Yasin Tumtas, Pooja Pandey, Maria E. Segretin, Jose Salguero Linares, Zachary D. Savage, Rui Jin Yow, and Tolga O. Bozkurt. "Modulation of plant autophagy during pathogen attack." Journal of Experimental Botany 69, no. 6 (December 23, 2017): 1325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx425.

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Williams, Brett, Isaac Njaci, Lalehvash Moghaddam, Hao Long, Martin B. Dickman, Xiuren Zhang, and Sagadevan Mundree. "Trehalose Accumulation Triggers Autophagy during Plant Desiccation." PLOS Genetics 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2015): e1005705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005705.

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Chung, Taijoon. "How phosphoinositides shape autophagy in plant cells." Plant Science 281 (April 2019): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.01.017.

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47

Bassham, Diane C. "Plant autophagy—more than a starvation response." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 10, no. 6 (December 2007): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2007.06.006.

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Ding, Xinxin, Xiaoguo Zhang, and Marisa S. Otegui. "Plant autophagy: new flavors on the menu." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 46 (December 2018): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2018.09.004.

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Han, Shaojie, Bingjie Yu, Yan Wang, and Yule Liu. "Role of plant autophagy in stress response." Protein & Cell 2, no. 10 (October 2011): 784–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13238-011-1104-4.

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Kim, Soon-Hee, Chian Kwon, Jae-Hoon Lee, and Taijoon Chung. "Genes for plant Autophagy: Functions and interactions." Molecules and Cells 34, no. 5 (July 6, 2012): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10059-012-0098-y.

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