Journal articles on the topic 'Plant-associated biofilm'
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1
Danhorn, Thomas, and Clay Fuqua. "Biofilm Formation by Plant-Associated Bacteria." Annual Review of Microbiology 61, no. 1 (October 2007): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093316.
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Moshynets, Olena V., Ianina Pokholenko, Olga Iungin, Geert Potters, and Andrew J. Spiers. "eDNA, Amyloid Fibers and Membrane Vesicles Identified in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 Biofilms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 15096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315096.
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Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 is a model soil- and plant-associated bacterium capable of forming a variety of air–liquid interface biofilms in experimental microcosms and on plant surfaces. Previous investigations have shown that cellulose is the primary structural matrix component in the robust and well-attached Wrinkly Spreader biofilm, as well as in the fragile Viscous Mass biofilm. Here, we demonstrate that both biofilms include extracellular DNA (eDNA) which can be visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), quantified by absorbance measurements, and degraded by DNase I treatment. This eDNA plays an important role in cell attachment and biofilm development. However, exogenous high-molecular-weight DNA appears to decrease the strength and attachment levels of mature Wrinkly Spreader biofilms, whereas low-molecular-weight DNA appears to have little effect. Further investigation with CLSM using an amyloid-specific fluorophore suggests that the Wrinkly Spreader biofilm might also include Fap fibers, which might be involved in attachment and contribute to biofilm strength. The robust nature of the Wrinkly Spreader biofilm also allowed us, using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, to identify matrix-associated proteins unable to diffuse out of the structure, as well as membrane vesicles which had a different protein profile compared to the matrix-associated proteins. CLSM and DNase I treatment suggest that some vesicles were also associated with eDNA. These findings add to our understanding of the matrix components in this model pseudomonad, and, as found in other biofilms, biofilm-specific products and material from lysed cells contribute to these structures through a range of complex interactions.
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Barbosa, Rosicler L., and Celso E. Benedetti. "BigR, a Transcriptional Repressor from Plant-Associated Bacteria, Regulates an Operon Implicated in Biofilm Growth." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 17 (June 22, 2007): 6185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00331-07.
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ABSTRACT Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogen that colonizes the xylem vessels, causing vascular occlusion due to bacterial biofilm growth. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms driving biofilm formation in Xylella-plant interactions. Here we show that BigR (for “biofilm growth-associated repressor”) is a novel helix-turn-helix repressor that controls the transcription of an operon implicated in biofilm growth. This operon, which encodes BigR, membrane proteins, and an unusual beta-lactamase-like hydrolase (BLH), is restricted to a few plant-associated bacteria, and thus, we sought to understand its regulation and function in X. fastidiosa and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. BigR binds to a palindromic AT-rich element (the BigR box) in the Xylella and Agrobacterium blh promoters and strongly represses the transcription of the operon in these cells. The BigR box overlaps with two alternative −10 regions identified in the blh promoters, and mutations in this box significantly affected transcription, indicating that BigR competes with the RNA polymerase for the same promoter site. Although BigR is similar to members of the ArsR/SmtB family of regulators, our data suggest that, in contrast to the initial prediction, it does not act as a metal sensor. Increased activity of the BigR operon was observed in both Xylella and Agrobacterium biofilms. In addition, an A. tumefaciens bigR mutant showed constitutive expression of operon genes and increased biofilm formation on glass surfaces and tobacco roots, indicating that the operon may play a role in cell adherence or biofilm development.
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Heredia-Ponce, Zaira, Antonio de Vicente, Francisco M. Cazorla, and José Antonio Gutiérrez-Barranquero. "Beyond the Wall: Exopolysaccharides in the Biofilm Lifestyle of Pathogenic and Beneficial Plant-Associated Pseudomonas." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (February 21, 2021): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020445.
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The formation of biofilms results from a multicellular mode of growth, in which bacteria remain enwrapped by an extracellular matrix of their own production. Many different bacteria form biofilms, but among the most studied species are those that belong to the Pseudomonas genus due to the metabolic versatility, ubiquity, and ecological significance of members of this group of microorganisms. Within the Pseudomonas genus, biofilm studies have mainly focused on the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa due to its clinical importance. The extracellular matrix of P. aeruginosa is mainly composed of exopolysaccharides, which have been shown to be important for the biofilm architecture and pathogenic features of this bacterium. Notably, some of the exopolysaccharides recurrently used by P. aeruginosa during biofilm formation, such as the alginate and polysaccharide synthesis loci (Psl) polysaccharides, are also used by pathogenic and beneficial plant-associated Pseudomonas during their interaction with plants. Interestingly, their functions are multifaceted and seem to be highly dependent on the bacterial lifestyle and genetic context of production. This paper reviews the functions and significance of the exopolysaccharides produced by plant-associated Pseudomonas, particularly the alginate, Psl, and cellulose polysaccharides, focusing on their equivalents produced in P. aeruginosa within the context of pathogenic and beneficial interactions.
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Zeineldin, Mohamed, Ahmed Esmael, Rashad R. Al-Hindi, Mona G. Alharbi, Debebe Ashenafi Bekele, and Addisu D. Teklemariam. "Beyond the Risk of Biofilms: An Up-and-Coming Battleground of Bacterial Life and Potential Antibiofilm Agents." Life 13, no. 2 (February 11, 2023): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13020503.
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Microbial pathogens and their virulence factors like biofilms are one of the major factors which influence the disease process and its outcomes. Biofilms are a complex microbial network that is produced by bacteria on any devices and/or biotic surfaces to escape harsh environmental conditions and antimicrobial effects. Due to the natural protective nature of biofilms and the associated multidrug resistance issues, researchers evaluated several natural anti-biofilm agents, including bacteriophages and their derivatives, honey, plant extracts, and surfactants for better destruction of biofilm and planktonic cells. This review discusses some of these natural agents that are being put into practice to prevent biofilm formation. In addition, we highlight bacterial biofilm formation and the mechanism of resistance to antibiotics.
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Asma, Syeda Tasmia, Kálmán Imre, Adriana Morar, Viorel Herman, Ulas Acaroz, Hamid Mukhtar, Damla Arslan-Acaroz, Syed Rizwan Ali Shah, and Robin Gerlach. "An Overview of Biofilm Formation–Combating Strategies and Mechanisms of Action of Antibiofilm Agents." Life 12, no. 8 (July 23, 2022): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12081110.
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Biofilm formation on surfaces via microbial colonization causes infections and has become a major health issue globally. The biofilm lifestyle provides resistance to environmental stresses and antimicrobial therapies. Biofilms can cause several chronic conditions, and effective treatment has become a challenge due to increased antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotics available for treating biofilm-associated infections are generally not very effective and require high doses that may cause toxicity in the host. Therefore, it is essential to study and develop efficient anti-biofilm strategies that can significantly reduce the rate of biofilm-associated healthcare problems. In this context, some effective combating strategies with potential anti-biofilm agents, including plant extracts, peptides, enzymes, lantibiotics, chelating agents, biosurfactants, polysaccharides, organic, inorganic, and metal nanoparticles, etc., have been reviewed to overcome biofilm-associated healthcare problems. From their extensive literature survey, it can be concluded that these molecules with considerable structural alterations might be applied to the treatment of biofilm-associated infections, by evaluating their significant delivery to the target site of the host. To design effective anti-biofilm molecules, it must be assured that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of these anti-biofilm compounds can eradicate biofilm-associated infections without causing toxic effects at a significant rate.
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Ajijah, Nur, Angelika Fiodor, Alok Kumar Pandey, Anuj Rana, and Kumar Pranaw. "Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) with Biofilm-Forming Ability: A Multifaceted Agent for Sustainable Agriculture." Diversity 15, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15010112.
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Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) enhance plant growth, as well as protect plants from several biotic and abiotic stresses through a variety of mechanisms. Therefore, the exploitation of PGPB in agriculture is feasible as it offers sustainable and eco-friendly approaches to maintaining soil health while increasing crop productivity. The vital key of PGPB application in agriculture is its effectiveness in colonizing plant roots and the phyllosphere, and in developing a protective umbrella through the formation of microcolonies and biofilms. Biofilms offer several benefits to PGPB, such as enhancing resistance to adverse environmental conditions, protecting against pathogens, improving the acquisition of nutrients released in the plant environment, and facilitating beneficial bacteria–plant interactions. Therefore, bacterial biofilms can successfully compete with other microorganisms found on plant surfaces. In addition, plant-associated PGPB biofilms are capable of protecting colonization sites, cycling nutrients, enhancing pathogen defenses, and increasing tolerance to abiotic stresses, thereby increasing agricultural productivity and crop yields. This review highlights the role of biofilms in bacterial colonization of plant surfaces and the strategies used by biofilm-forming PGPB. Moreover, the factors influencing PGPB biofilm formation at plant root and shoot interfaces are critically discussed. This will pave the role of PGPB biofilms in developing bacterial formulations and addressing the challenges related to their efficacy and competence in agriculture for sustainability.
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Pollard, Peter C., Janine A. Flood, and Nicholas J. Ashbolt. "The direct measurement of bacterial growth in biofilms of emergent plants (Schoenoplectus) of an artificial wetland." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 8 (October 1, 1995): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0312.
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In the wastewater industry, artificial wetlands are used to improve water quality. Biofilms on these plant surfaces are thought to retain most of the active bacterial community that decomposes organic matter and aid in nutrient removal. Wetland design and operation could be enhanced with the in situ measurement of growth and dynamics of the biofilm-bacteria. This paper describes how to directly measure the rate of bacterial growth on the surface of submerged sections of emergent macrophytes, with the radioactively labelled DNA precursor [methyl-3H] thymidine. We found that the isotope was rapidly and efficiently incorporated into the bacteria growing on plant surfaces, without a lag phase. Isotope dilution was avoided by using a specific activity of 2 Ci.mmol−1. Highest growth rates appeared to be associated with the top 10 mm of submerged plant tissue. The method accommodated the natural heterogeneity of biofilms both between plants and along the stem of the same plant. These findings are important for future studies of biofilm dynamics.
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Guzzo, Francesca, Monica Scognamiglio, Antonio Fiorentino, Elisabetta Buommino, and Brigida D’Abrosca. "Plant Derived Natural Products against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus: Antibiofilm Activity and Molecular Mechanisms." Molecules 25, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 5024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215024.
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Bacteria are social organisms able to build complex structures, such as biofilms, that are highly organized surface-associated communities of microorganisms, encased within a self- produced extracellular matrix. Biofilm is commonly associated with many health problems since its formation increases resistance to antibiotics and antimicrobial agents, as in the case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, two human pathogens causing major concern. P. aeruginosa is responsible for severe nosocomial infections, the most frequent of which is ventilator-associated pneumonia, while S. aureus causes several problems, like skin infections, septic arthritis, and endocarditis, to name just a few. Literature data suggest that natural products from plants, bacteria, fungi, and marine organisms have proven to be effective as anti-biofilm agents, inhibiting the formation of the polymer matrix, suppressing cell adhesion and attachment, and decreasing the virulence factors’ production, thereby blocking the quorum sensing network. Here, we focus on plant derived chemicals, and provide an updated literature review on the anti-biofilm properties of terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. Moreover, whenever information is available, we also report the mechanisms of action.
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Timke, Markus, Ngoc Quynh Wang-Lieu, Karlheinz Altendorf, and André Lipski. "Identity, beer spoiling and biofilm forming potential of yeasts from beer bottling plant associated biofilms." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 93, no. 1-2 (July 21, 2007): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10482-007-9189-8.
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Martín-Cereceda, M., B. Pérez-Uz, S. Serrano, and A. Guinea. "An integrated approach to analyse biofilms of a full scale wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2002): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0478.
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A rotating biological contactor (RBC) system operating in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant has been described by several approaches accounting for performance, composition and structure of biofilms in three stages through biological wastewater treatment (RBC1, RBC 2, RBC 3). RBC biofilms were effective in removing the BOD loading from 13 g BOD5 d−1 m−2 in RBC 1 to 6 g BOD5 d−1 m−2 in RBC 3. Analysis of biofilm composition showed: i) the volatile solids were similar in the three RBCs (0.6 g m−2 VS per g m−2 of TS); ii) the protozoan and metazoan biocenosis was mainly made up of ciliated protozoa, which were most abundant in RBC 2 (1.84 × 106 ciliates g−1 VS). Relationship between ciliate species and physical-chemical profile of the system by cluster analysis indicated that the species Acineria uncinata, Amphileptus punctatus, Cinetochilum margaritaceum and Holosticha mancoidea were associated with the best RBC performance; iii) the exopolymeric matrix of the three RBC biofilms was mainly constituted by proteins, although humic substances, polysaccharides, uronic acids and DNA were also found. Analysis of biofilm structure by confocal microscopy indicated changes in biofilm organisation with depth. Results have been brought together and a graphic representation of the composition and architecture of RBC biofilms is presented.
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Rieusset, Laura, Marjolaine Rey, Daniel Muller, Jordan Vacheron, Florence Gerin, Audrey Dubost, Gilles Comte, and Claire Prigent‐Combaret. "Secondary metabolites from plant‐associated Pseudomonas are overproduced in biofilm." Microbial Biotechnology 13, no. 5 (August 9, 2020): 1562–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13598.
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Gao, Tantan, Lucy Foulston, Yunrong Chai, Qi Wang, and Richard Losick. "Alternative modes of biofilm formation by plant‐associated Bacillus cereus." MicrobiologyOpen 4, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 452–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.251.
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Lee, Jin-Hyung, Sushil Chandra Regmi, Jung-Ae Kim, Moo Hwan Cho, Hyungdon Yun, Chang-Soo Lee, and Jintae Lee. "Apple Flavonoid Phloretin Inhibits Escherichia coli O157:H7 Biofilm Formation and Ameliorates Colon Inflammation in Rats." Infection and Immunity 79, no. 12 (September 19, 2011): 4819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05580-11.
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ABSTRACTPathogenic biofilms have been associated with persistent infections due to their high resistance to antimicrobial agents, while commensal biofilms often fortify the host's immune system. Hence, controlling biofilm formation of both pathogenic bacteria and commensal bacteria is important in bacterium-related diseases. We investigated the effect of plant flavonoids on biofilm formation of enterohemorrhagicEscherichia coliO157:H7. The antioxidant phloretin, which is abundant in apples, markedly reducedE. coliO157:H7 biofilm formation without affecting the growth of planktonic cells, while phloretin did not harm commensalE. coliK-12 biofilms. Also, phloretin reducedE. coliO157:H7 attachment to human colon epithelial cells. Global transcriptome analyses revealed that phloretin repressed toxin genes (hlyEandstx2), autoinducer-2 importer genes (lsrACDBF), curli genes (csgAandcsgB), and dozens of prophage genes inE. coliO157:H7 biofilm cells. Electron microscopy confirmed that phloretin reduced fimbria production inE. coliO157:H7. Also, phloretin suppressed the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced inflammatory responsein vitrousing human colonic epithelial cells. Moreover, in the rat model of colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), phloretin significantly ameliorated colon inflammation and body weight loss. Taken together, our results suggest that the antioxidant phloretin also acts as an inhibitor ofE. coliO157:H7 biofilm formation as well as an anti-inflammatory agent in inflammatory bowel diseases without harming beneficial commensalE. colibiofilms.
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OSUNGUNNA, Michael Oluwole. "BIOFILM: FORMATION AND NATURAL PRODUCTS’ APPROACH TO CONTROL – A REVIEW." AFRICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 16, no. 2S (August 17, 2022): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21010/ajidv16i2s.7.
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Biofilm formation, especially on indwelling medical devices such as catheters, can result in infections and substantially affect patients' quality of life. Biofilm-associated infections have led to increased morbidity and mortality, increased cost of treatment, and length of hospital stay. However, all of the identified consequences of the biofilm-associated infections had been attributed to the reduced susceptibility of biofilm to conventional antimicrobial agents which has necessitated the development of a new strategy for biofilm infections control, thereby making a search for more effective antimicrobial agents from plant source inevitable. So far, some antimicrobial agents (crude or isolated compounds) from plant sources affect a specific stage of biofilm development while a few of them have been developed into a suitable dosage form for biofilm control. In this review, an attempt is made to look into some definitions of biofilm by "biofilmologists", stages in biofilm formation, mechanisms of resistance in biofilm, biofilm control strategies, the use of some natural products in biofilm control and concepts of probiotics as agents of biofilm control.
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Asma, Syeda Tasmia, Kálmán Imre, Adriana Morar, Mirela Imre, Ulas Acaroz, Syed Rizwan Ali Shah, Syed Zajif Hussain, et al. "Natural Strategies as Potential Weapons against Bacterial Biofilms." Life 12, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12101618.
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Microbial biofilm is an aggregation of microbial species that are either attached to surfaces or organized into an extracellular matrix. Microbes in the form of biofilms are highly resistant to several antimicrobials compared to planktonic microbial cells. Their resistance developing ability is one of the major root causes of antibiotic resistance in health sectors. Therefore, effective antibiofilm compounds are required to treat biofilm-associated health issues. The awareness of biofilm properties, formation, and resistance mechanisms facilitate researchers to design and develop combating strategies. This review highlights biofilm formation, composition, major stability parameters, resistance mechanisms, pathogenicity, combating strategies, and effective biofilm-controlling compounds. The naturally derived products, particularly plants, have demonstrated significant medicinal properties, producing them a practical approach for controlling biofilm-producing microbes. Despite providing effective antibiofilm activities, the plant-derived antimicrobial compounds may face the limitations of less bioavailability and low concentration of bioactive molecules. The microbes-derived and the phytonanotechnology-based antibiofilm compounds are emerging as an effective approach to inhibit and eliminate the biofilm-producing microbes.
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Shamim, Athar, Asgar Ali, Zeenat Iqbal, Mohd Aamir Mirza, Mohd Aqil, S. M. Kawish, Ayesha Siddiqui, et al. "Natural Medicine a Promising Candidate in Combating Microbial Biofilm." Antibiotics 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020299.
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Studies on biofilm-related infections are gaining prominence owing to their involvement in most clinical infections and seriously threatening global public health. A biofilm is a natural form of bacterial growth ubiquitous in ecological niches, considered to be a generic survival mechanism adopted by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms and entailing heterogeneous cell development within the matrix. In the ecological niche, quorum sensing is a communication channel that is crucial to developing biofilms. Biofilm formation leads to increased resistance to unfavourable ecological effects, comprising resistance to antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. Biofilms are frequently combated with modern conventional medicines such as antibiotics, but at present, they are considered inadequate for the treatment of multi-drug resistance; therefore, it is vital to discover some new antimicrobial agents that can prevent the production and growth of biofilm, in addition to minimizing the side effects of such therapies. In the search for some alternative and safe therapies, natural plant-derived phytomedicines are gaining popularity among the research community. Phytomedicines are natural agents derived from natural plants. These plant-derived agents may include flavonoids, terpenoids, lectins, alkaloids, polypeptides, polyacetylenes, phenolics, and essential oils. Since they are natural agents, they cause minimal side effects, so could be administered with dose flexibility. It is vital to discover some new antimicrobial agents that can control the production and growth of biofilms. This review summarizes and analyzes the efficacy characteristics and corresponding mechanisms of natural-product-based antibiofilm agents, i.e., phytochemicals, biosurfactants, antimicrobial peptides, and their sources, along with their mechanism, quorum sensing signalling pathways, disrupting extracellular matrix adhesion. The review also provides some other strategies to inhibit biofilm-related illness. The prepared list of newly discovered natural antibiofilm agents could help in devising novel strategies for biofilm-associated infections.
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Morris, Cindy E., Jean-Michel Monier, and Marie-Agnès Jacques. "A Technique To Quantify the Population Size and Composition of the Biofilm Component in Communities of Bacteria in the Phyllosphere." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 4789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.12.4789-4795.1998.
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ABSTRACT The presence of microbial biofilms in the phyllosphere of terrestrial plants has recently been demonstrated, but few techniques to study biofilms associated with living plant tissues are available. Here we report a technique to estimate the proportion of the bacterial population on leaves that is assembled in biofilms and to quantitatively isolate bacteria from the biofilm and nonbiofilm (solitary) components of phyllosphere microbial communities. This technique is based on removal of bacteria from leaves by gentle washing, separation of biofilm and solitary bacteria by filtration, and disintegration of biofilms by ultrasonication. The filters used for this technique were evaluated for their nonspecific retention rates of solitary bacteria and for the efficiency of filtration for different concentrations of solitary bacteria in the presence of biofilms and other particles. The lethality and efficiency of disintegration of the sonication conditions used here were also evaluated. Isolation and quantification of bacteria by this technique is based on use of culture media. However, oligonucleotide probes, sera, or epifluorescent stains could also be used for direct characterization of the biofilm and solitary bacteria in the suspensions generated by this technique. Preliminary results from estimates of biofilm abundance in phyllosphere communities show that bacteria in biofilms constitute between about 10 and 40% of the total bacterial population on broad-leaf endive and parsley leaves.
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Hamzah, Hasyrul, Sylvia Utami Tunjung Pratiwi, Asriullah Jabbar, Aldyba Syaqilla Hafifah, Badarani Abbas Al-Fajri, and Nurhalisah Nurhalisah. "Bioactivity Tracing of the Ethanol Extract of Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) Typical Plant of Kalimantan Island as Antibiofilm of Staphylococcus aureus." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 11, A (January 1, 2023): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2023.10676.
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BACKGROUND: Free radicals (oxidants) can cause skin irritation/damage which can be a manifestation of minor skin infections. Not only that, one of the complications of the disease that can arise is diabetes mellitus (DM) with diabetic foot ulcers (LKD). LKD is very susceptible to exposure to microorganisms and develops into diabetic foot infection (DFI). DFI is associated with the presence of biofilms in wounds especially those caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection. Bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis hassk) is one of the native plants of Indonesia which has been known to have antibacterial activity, while its antibiofilm activity has not been studied. Evaluation of antibiofilms from the tampala bajakah plant can be of good novelty value, as well as support success in the treatment of infectious. AIM: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the ethanol extract of the Bajakah tampala plant from East Kalimantan in inhibiting and eradicating the formation of S. aureus biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The planktonic and biofilm inhibition tests were carried out using the microtiter broth method. Antibiofilm activity of Bajakah tampala ethanol extract against S. aureus was analyzed by calculating the minimum biofilm inhibitor concentration (MBIC50) and the biofilm eradication activity calculating the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC50). In addition, we also carried out additional verification tests using the DPPH method by calculating the inhibitory concentration (IC50) parameter value. RESULTS: The results showed that the 1% bajakah tampala extract gave mid-phase antibiofilm activity of 80.23% w/v ± 0.01, maturation phase of 77.23% w/v ± 0.01 and eradication with a large inhibition of 75.56% w/v ± 0.01. In the DPPH test, the IC50 value was 5.9 ppm with a very strong category. CONCLUSION: Thus, it can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of the Bajakah tampala plant has a high potential to be developed as a candidate for new antibiofilm drugs against S. aureus biofilms.
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Marom, Tal, Nadeem Habashi, Robert Cohen, and Sharon Ovnat Tamir. "Role of Biofilms in Post-Tympanostomy Tube Otorrhea." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 99, no. 1_suppl (March 24, 2020): 22S—29S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145561320914437.
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Objective: Nearly half of children who undergo tympanostomy tube (TT) insertion may experience otorrhea following surgery. We sought to review the evidence for the role of bacterial biofilms in post-tympanostomy tube otorrhea (PTTO) and the accumulated experience regarding the preventive measures for biofilm formation/adhesion on TTs. Methods: English literature search for relevant MeSH keywords was conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Ovid Medline, Google Scholar, and Clinical Evidence (BMJ Publishing) between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2019. Subsequently, articles were reviewed and included if biofilm was evident in PTTO. Results: There is an increased evidence supporting the role of biofilms in PTTO. Studies on TT design and material suggest that nitinol and/or silicone TTs had a lower risk for PTTO and that biofilms appeared in specific areas, such as the perpendicular junction of the T-tubes and the round rims of the Paparella-type tubes. Biofilm-component DNAB-II protein family was present in half of children with PTTO, and targeting this protein may lead to biofilm collapse and serve as a potential strategy for PTTO treatment. Novel approaches for the prevention of biofilm-associated PTTO include changing the inherent tube composition; tube coating with antibiotics, polymers, plant extracts, or other biofilm-resistant materials; impregnation with antimicrobial compounds; and surface alterations by ion-bombardment or surface ionization, which are still under laboratory investigation. Conclusions: Currently, there is no type of TT on which bacteria will not adhere. The challenges of treating PTTO indicate the need for further research in optimization of TT design, composition, and coating.
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Feldman, Mark, Ronit Vogt Sionov, Raphael Mechoulam, and Doron Steinberg. "Anti-Biofilm Activity of Cannabidiol against Candida albicans." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020441.
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Candida albicans is a common fungal pathogen in humans. Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor of C. albicans infections. We investigated the ability of the plant-derived cannabidiol (CBD) to inhibit the formation and removal of fungal biofilms. Further, we evaluated its mode of action. Our findings demonstrate that CBD exerts pronounced time-dependent inhibitory effects on biofilm formation as well as disruption of mature biofilm at a concentration range below minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations. CBD acts at several levels. It modifies the architecture of fungal biofilm by reducing its thickness and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production accompanied by downregulation of genes involved in EPS synthesis. It alters the fungal morphology that correlated with upregulation of yeast-associated genes and downregulation of hyphae-specific genes. Importantly, it represses the expression of C. albicans virulence-associated genes. In addition, CBD increases ROS production, reduces the intracellular ATP levels, induces mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization, modifies the cell wall, and increases the plasma membrane permeability. In conclusion, we propose that CBD exerts its activity towards C. albicans biofilm through a multi-target mode of action, which differs from common antimycotic agents, and thus can be explored for further development as an alternative treatment against fungal infections.
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Toushik, Sazzad Hossen, Anamika Roy, Mohaimanul Alam, Umma Habiba Rahman, Nikash Kanti Nath, Shamsun Nahar, Bidyut Matubber, Md Jamal Uddin, and Pantu Kumar Roy. "Pernicious Attitude of Microbial Biofilms in Agri-Farm Industries: Acquisitions and Challenges of Existing Antibiofilm Approaches." Microorganisms 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122348.
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Biofilm is a complex matrix made up of extracellular polysaccharides, DNA, and proteins that protect bacteria against physical, chemical, and biological stresses and allow them to survive in harsh environments. Safe and healthy foods are mandatory for saving lives. However, foods can be contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms at any stage from farm to fork. The contaminated foods allow pathogenic microorganisms to form biofilms and convert the foods into stigmatized poison for consumers. Biofilm formation by pathogenic microorganisms in agri-farm industries is still poorly understood and intricate to control. In biofilms, pathogenic bacteria are dwelling in a complex manner and share their genetic and physicochemical properties making them resistant to common antimicrobial agents. Therefore, finding the appropriate antibiofilm approaches is necessary to inhibit and eradicate the mature biofilms from foods and food processing surfaces. Advanced studies have already established several emerging antibiofilm approaches including plant- and microbe-derived biological agents, and they proved their efficacy against a broad-spectrum of foodborne pathogens. This review investigates the pathogenic biofilm-associated problems in agri-farm industries, potential remedies, and finding the solution to overcome the current challenges of antibiofilm approaches.
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Vazquez, Nicolas M., Florencia Mariani, Pablo S. Torres, Silvia Moreno, and Estela M. Galván. "Cell death and biomass reduction in biofilms of multidrug resistant extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates by 1,8-cineole." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): e0241978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241978.
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Escherichia coli is the most frequent agent of urinary tract infections in humans. The emergence of uropathogenic multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli strains that produce extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) has created additional problems in providing adequate treatment of urinary tract infections. We have previously reported the antimicrobial activity of 1,8-cineole, one of the main components of Rosmarinus officinalis volatile oil, against Gram negative bacteria during planktonic growth. Here, we evaluated the antibiofilm activity of 1,8-cineole against pre-formed mature biofilms of MDR ESBL-producing uropathogenic E. coli clinical strains by carrying out different technical approaches such as counting of viable cells, determination of biofilm biomass by crystal violet staining, and live/dead stain for confocal microscopy and flow cytometric analyses. The plant compound showed a concentration- and time-dependent antibiofilm activity over pre-formed biofilms. After a 1 h treatment with 1% (v/v) 1,8-cineole, a significant decrease in viable biofilm cell numbers (3-log reduction) was observed. Biofilms of antibiotic-sensitive and MDR ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were sensitive to 1,8-cineole exposure. The phytochemical treatment diminished the biofilm biomass by 48–65% for all four E. coli strain tested. Noteworthy, a significant cell death in the remaining biofilm was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy after live/dead staining. In addition, the majority of the biofilm-detached cells after 1,8-cineole treatment were dead, as shown by flow cytometric assessment of live/dead-stained bacteria. Moreover, phytochemical-treated biofilms did not fully recover growth after 24 h in fresh medium. Altogether, our results support the efficacy of 1,8-cineole as a potential antimicrobial agent for the treatment of E. coli biofilm-associated infections.
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Sánchez, Eduardo, Catalina Rivas Morales, Sandra Castillo, Catalina Leos-Rivas, Ledy García-Becerra, and David Mizael Ortiz Martínez. "Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Methanolic Plant Extracts against Nosocomial Microorganisms." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1572697.
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Biofilm is a complex microbial community highly resistant to antimicrobials. The formation of biofilms in biotic and abiotic surfaces is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. New alternatives for controlling infections have been proposed focusing on the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants and their antimicrobial effects. In the present study the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of 8 methanolic plant extracts were evaluated against clinical isolated microorganisms.Preliminary screening by diffusion well assay showed the antimicrobial activity ofProsopis laevigata,Opuntia ficus-indica, andGutierrezia microcephala. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined ranging from 0.7 to >15 mg/mL. The specific biofilm formation index (SBF) was evaluated before and after the addition of plant extracts (MBC × 0.75).Opuntia ficus-indicacaused the major reduction on SBF in dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxic activity of plant extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality test (Artemia salinaL.). Lethal Dose concentration (LD50values) of the plant extracts was calculated. LD50values forP. laevigataandG. microcephalawere 141.6 and 323.3 µg/mL, respectively, whileO. ficus-indicashowed a slight lethality with 939.2 µg/mL. Phytochemical analyses reveal the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and coumarines.
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Kamli, Majid, Jamal Sabir, Maqsood Malik, and Aijaz Ahmad. "Characterization of Defensin-Like Protein 1 for Its Anti-Biofilm and Anti-Virulence Properties for the Development of Novel Antifungal Drug against Candida auris." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8121298.
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Candida auris has emerged as a pan-resistant pathogenic yeast among immunocompromised patients worldwide. As this pathogen is involved in biofilm-associated infections with serious medical manifestations due to the collective expression of pathogenic attributes and factors associated with drug resistance, successful treatment becomes a major concern. In the present study, we investigated the candidicidal activity of a plant defensin peptide named defensin-like protein 1 (D-lp1) against twenty-five clinical strains of C. auris. Furthermore, following the standard protocols, the D-lp1 was analyzed for its anti-biofilm and anti-virulence properties. The impact of these peptides on membrane integrity was also evaluated. For cytotoxicity determination, a hemolytic assay was conducted using horse blood. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values ranged from 0.047–0.78 mg/mL and 0.095–1.56 mg/mL, respectively. D-lp1 at sub-inhibitory concentrations potentially abrogated both biofilm formation and 24-h mature biofilms. Similarly, the peptide severely impacted virulence attributes in the clinical strain of C. auris. For the insight mechanism, D-lp1 displayed a strong impact on the cell membrane integrity of the test pathogen. It is important to note that D-lp1 at sub-inhibitory concentrations displayed minimal hemolytic activity against horse blood cells. Therefore, it is highly useful to correlate the anti-Candida property of D-lp1 along with anti-biofilm and anti-virulent properties against C. auris, with the aim of discovering an alternative strategy for combating serious biofilm-associated infections caused by C. auris.
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Singla, Rajeev K., and Ashok K. Dubey. "Molecules and Metabolites from Natural Products as Inhibitors of Biofilm in Candida spp. pathogens." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 28 (December 19, 2019): 2567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666191025154834.
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Background: Biofilm is a critical virulence factor associated with the strains of Candida spp. pathogens as it confers significant resistance to the pathogen against antifungal drugs. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken by focusing on natural products, which have been reported to inhibit biofilms produced by Candida spp. The databases explored were from PubMed and Google Scholar. The abstracts and full text of the manuscripts from the literature were analyzed and included if found significant. Results: Medicinal plants from the order Lamiales, Apiales, Asterales, Myrtales, Sapindales, Acorales, Poales and Laurales were reported to inhibit the biofilms formed by Candida spp. From the microbiological sources, lactobacilli, Streptomyces chrestomyceticus and Streptococcus thermophilus B had shown the strong biofilm inhibition potential. Further, the diverse nature of the compounds from classes like terpenoids, phenylpropanoid, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenol, naphthoquinone and saponin was found to be significant in inhibiting the biofilm of Candida spp. Conclusion: Natural products from both plant and microbial origins have proven themselves as a goldmine for isolating the potential biofilm inhibitors with a specific or multi-locus mechanism of action. Structural and functional characterization of the bioactive molecules from active extracts should be the next line of approach along with the thorough exploration of the mechanism of action for the already identified bioactive molecules.
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Hrynyshyn, Andriy, Manuel Simões, and Anabela Borges. "Biofilms in Surgical Site Infections: Recent Advances and Novel Prevention and Eradication Strategies." Antibiotics 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010069.
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Surgical site infections (SSIs) are common postoperative occurrences due to contamination of the surgical wound or implanted medical devices with community or hospital-acquired microorganisms, as well as other endogenous opportunistic microbes. Despite numerous rules and guidelines applied to prevent these infections, SSI rates are considerably high, constituting a threat to the healthcare system in terms of morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and death. Approximately 80% of human SSIs, including chronic wound infections, are related to biofilm-forming bacteria. Biofilm-associated SSIs are extremely difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics due to several tolerance mechanisms provided by the multidrug-resistant bacteria, usually arranged as polymicrobial communities. In this review, novel strategies to control, i.e., prevent and eradicate, biofilms in SSIs are presented and discussed, focusing mainly on two attractive approaches: the use of nanotechnology-based composites and natural plant-based products. An overview of new therapeutic agents and strategic approaches to control epidemic multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms, particularly when biofilms are present, is provided alongside other combinatorial approaches as attempts to obtain synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics and restore their efficacy to treat biofilm-mediated SSIs. Some detection and real-time monitoring systems to improve biofilm control strategies and diagnosis of human infections are also discussed.
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Liu, Xin, Wenjie Chen, Zhixin Fang, Ying Yu, Jing Bi, Jing Wang, Qingli Dong, and Hongzhi Zhang. "Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes ST5 in Ready-to-Eat Food Processing Environment." Foods 11, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 2561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11172561.
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Most human listeriosis is foodborne, and ready-to-eat (RET) foods contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes during processing are found to be common vehicles. In this study, a total of four L. monocytogens STs (ST5, ST121, ST120, and ST2) have been identified in two RTE food plants from 2019 to 2020 in Shanghai, China. The L. monocytogenes ST5 was predominant in one RTE food processing plant, and it persists in the RTE meat processing plant with continued clone transmission. The genetic features of the four STs isolates were different. ST5 and ST121 had the three genes clpL, mdrL, and lde; however, ST120 and ST2 had two genes except for clpL. SSI-1was present in ST5, ST121, and ST120. Additionally, SSI-2 was present only in the ST121 isolates. ST120 had all six biofilm-forming associated genes (actA, prfA, lmo0673, recO, lmo2504 and luxS). The ST2 isolate had only three biofilm-forming associated genes, which were prfA, lmo0673, and recO. The four ST isolates had different biofilm formation abilities at different stages. The biofilm formation ability of ST120 was significantly higher when grown for one day. However, the biofilm formation ability of ST120 reduced significantly after growing for four days. In contrast, the biofilm formation ability of ST5 and ST121 increased significantly. These results suggested that ST5 and ST121 had stronger ability to adapt to stressful environments. Biofilms formed by all four STs grown over four days can be sanitized entirely by a disinfectant concentration of 500 mg/L. Additionally, only ST5 and ST121 biofilm cells survived in sub-lethal concentrations of chlorine-containing disinfectant. These results suggested that ST5 and ST121 were more resistant to chlorine-containing disinfectants. These results indicated that the biofilm formation ability of L. monocytogenes isolates changed at different stages. Additionally, the persistence in food processing environments might be verified by the biofilm formation, stress resistance, etc. Alternatively, these results underlined that disinfectants should be used at lethal concentrations. More attention should be paid to ST5 and ST121, and stronger surveillance should be taken to prevent and control the clonal spread of L. monocytogenes isolates in food processing plants in Shanghai.
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ÖKSÜZ, Zehra, Sevda GÜZEL, and Ahmet KAHRAMAN. "Salvia microstegia Merikarplarının Antimikrobiyal ve Antibiyofilm Aktiviteleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma." Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18185/erzifbed.1136242.
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Abstract
Biofilm-associated infections cause important health problems all over the world. Because of the resistance to antimicrobials and their possible side effects, researchers' attention has been focused on plant extracts and their components. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm potentials of Salvia microstegia Boiss. et Bal. mericarps. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract obtained from the mericarps was evaluated using the microdilution method against seven standard bacteria and three standard yeast strains. In addition, the effect of the extract on inhibiting biofilm formation and preformed biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined using the crystal violet method. The used extract showed moderate to low antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria and yeasts with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 62.5 to 250 µg/mL. Moreover, the extract's potential to inhibit preformed biofilms was found to be greater compared to its potential to inhibit biofilm formation. In conclusion, the tested extract obtained from Salvia microstegia mericarps showed antibiofilm potential, however, additional studies involving different strains are needed to reveal its antimicrobial potential in a more holistic perspective.
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Zarnowski, Robert, Anna Jaromin, Agnieszka Zagórska, Eddie G. Dominguez, Katarzyna Sidoryk, Jerzy Gubernator, and David R. Andes. "A Label-Free Cellular Proteomics Approach to Decipher the Antifungal Action of DiMIQ, a Potent Indolo[2,3-b]Quinoline Agent, against Candida albicans Biofilms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010108.
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Candida albicans forms extremely drug-resistant biofilms, which present a serious threat to public health globally. Biofilm-based infections are difficult to treat due to the lack of efficient antifungal therapeutics, resulting in an urgent demand for the development of novel antibiofilm strategies. In this study, the antibiofilm activity of DiMIQ (5,11-dimethyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline) was evaluated against C. albicans biofilms. DiMIQ is a synthetic derivative of indoquinoline alkaloid neocryptolepine isolated from a medicinal African plant, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. Antifungal activity of DiMIQ was determined using the XTT assay, followed by cell wall and extracellular matrix profiling and cellular proteomes. Here, we demonstrated that DiMIQ inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation and altered fungal cell walls and the extracellular matrix. Cellular proteomics revealed inhibitory action against numerous translation-involved ribosomal proteins, enzymes involved in general energy producing processes and select amino acid metabolic pathways including alanine, aspartate, glutamate, valine, leucine and isoleucine. DiMIQ also stimulated pathways of cellular oxidation, metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids (glycine, serine, threonine, arginine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) and nucleic acids (aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, RNA transport, nucleotide metabolism). Our findings suggest that DiMIQ inhibits C. albicans biofilms by arresting translation and multidirectional pathway reshaping of cellular metabolism. Overall, this agent may provide a potent alternative to treating biofilm-associated Candida infections.
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Wijesinghe, Gayan Kanchana, Thaís Rossini de Oliveira, Flavia Camila Maia, Simone Busato de Feiria, Felipe Joia, Janaina Priscila Barbosa, Giovana Cláudia Boni, and José Francisco Höfling hofling@fop.unicamp.br. "Cinnamomum verum (True Cinnamon) Leaf Essential Oil as an Effective Therapeutic Alternative against Oral and Non-oral Biofilm Infections: A Brief Review." Brazilian Journal of Natural Sciences 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.31415/bjns.v3i3.119.
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Medicinal plants play a major role as an alternative therapeutic agents for various disease conditions including cardiac and hepatic diseases, microbial infections and non-communicable disease such as diabetes mellitus. With the excessive use of synthetic antimicrobial drugs, micro-organisms become more virulent and resistant to available antimicrobial therapeutic agents. Further majority (around 60%-80%) of human microbial infections are biofilm associated infections and various resistance mechanisms of biofilms make it more difficult to eradicate or treat biofilm infections using available antimicrobial therapeutics. Further, biofilm structure acts as a physical barrier and prevent penetration of antimicrobial agents towards the biofilm core. Currently, scientists pay their attention to invent novel effective antimicrobial agents with less side effects for these biofilm infections. Phytochemicals have identified as a potential alternative antimicrobial strategy in biofilm control and eradication. Cinnamomum verum is a native Sri Lankan medicinal plant that has been widely used as a culinary spice, exhibits many medicinal benefits especially activity against microbial infectious diseases. Essential oils extracted from leaf and bark of C. verum have been used as a safe and effective antimicrobial agents against various infections for centuries. This review analyses the available scientific literature evidences on appositeness of true cinnamon leaf essential oil as an alternative antimicrobial strategy to control microbial biofilm infections with medical importance.
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Castiblanco, Luisa F., and George W. Sundin. "New insights on molecular regulation of biofilm formation in plant-associated bacteria." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 58, no. 4 (November 21, 2015): 362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12428.
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Williams, Alan, Adam Wilkinson, Martin Krehenbrink, Daniela M. Russo, Angeles Zorreguieta, and J. Allan Downie. "Glucomannan-Mediated Attachment of Rhizobium leguminosarum to Pea Root Hairs Is Required for Competitive Nodule Infection." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 13 (April 25, 2008): 4706–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01694-07.
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ABSTRACT The Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae genome contains several genes predicted to determine surface polysaccharides. Mutants predicted to affect the initial steps of polysaccharide synthesis were identified and characterized. In addition to the known cellulose (cel) and acidic exopolysaccharide (EPS) (pss) genes, we mutated three other loci; one of these loci (gmsA) determines glucomannan synthesis and one (gelA) determines a gel-forming polysaccharide, but the role of the other locus (an exoY-like gene) was not identified. Mutants were tested for attachment and biofilm formation in vitro and on root hairs; the mutant lacking the EPS was defective for both of these characteristics, but mutation of gelA or the exoY-like gene had no effect on either type of attachment. The cellulose (celA) mutant attached and formed normal biofilms in vitro, but it did not form a biofilm on root hairs, although attachment did occur. The cellulose-dependent biofilm on root hairs appears not to be critical for nodulation, because the celA mutant competed with the wild-type for nodule infection. The glucomannan (gmsA) mutant attached and formed normal biofilms in vitro, but it was defective for attachment and biofilm formation on root hairs. Although this mutant formed nodules on peas, it was very strongly outcompeted by the wild type in mixed inoculations, showing that glucomannan is critical for competitive nodulation. The polysaccharide synthesis genes around gmsA are highly conserved among other rhizobia and agrobacteria but are absent from closely related bacteria (such as Brucella spp.) that are not normally plant associated, suggesting that these genes may play a wide role in bacterium-plant interactions.
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Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Allan Macabeo, Kamila Yuyama, Kevin Hyde, and Marc Stadler. "Biofilm Inhibitory Abscisic Acid Derivatives from the Plant-Associated Dothideomycete Fungus, Roussoella sp." Molecules 23, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 2190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092190.
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Roussoella species are well recorded from both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. As part of a research program to discover biologically active compounds from plant-associated Dothideomycetes in Thailand, the strain Roussoella sp. (MFLUCC 17-2059), which represents an undescribed species, was isolated from Clematis subumbellata Kurz, fermented in yeast-malt medium and explored for its secondary metabolite production. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract yielded the new abscisic acid derivative, roussoellenic acid (1), along with pestabacillin B (2), a related congener, and the cyclodipeptide, cyclo(S-Pro-S-Ile) (3). The structure of 1 was determined by 2D NMR spectroscopy and HR-ESIMS data analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 showed inhibitory activity on biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus. The biofilm formation of S. aureus was reduced to 34% at 16 µg/mL by roussoellenic acid (1), while pestabacillin B (2) only showed 36% inhibition at 256 µg/mL. In addition, compound 1 also had weak cytotoxic effects on L929 murine fibroblasts and human KB3-1 cancer cells.
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Rybalchenko, O. V., M. V. Erman, O. G. Orlova, T. M. Pervunina, V. V. Kapustina, and E. N. Pariyskaya. "SUPRESSION OF BIOFILMS OF OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIA IN URINARY CATHETERS." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 3 (June 28, 2017): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2017-3-3-11.
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Aim. Study regularities of development of bacterial biofilms in opportunistic bacteria in urinary catheters, as well as a possibility of their suppression by an officinal preparation of plant origin - Kanefron and nitrofuran class preparation - Furamag. Materials and methods. Escherichia coli Ml7 and Staphylococcus aureus 193 cultures were cultivated as biofilms on an inner surface of Foley latex catheter. Effect of Kanefron and Furamag on the ability of these strain to form biofilms was evaluated, as well as suppression of already developed biofilm of E. coli M17 and S. aureus 193 on urine catheters. Determination of bactericidal effect of preparations during incubation of microorganisms on the surface of urine caterers was carried out by Koch method. Morphologic and i ultrastructure changes in bacterial cells and biofilms were studied by transmission and scanning j electron microscopy. Results. A pronounced bactericidal effect of Kanefron and Furamag on the formed bacterial biofilms was detected. Inhibiting effect on growth and development of biofilms of the strains was noted. Destructive changes in cells and biofilms during the effect of the studied preparations are shown on electron microscopy level. Conclusion. The detected bactericidal effect of officinal preparation of plant origin - Kanefron and nitrofuran class preparation - Furamag on opportunistic bacteria on Foley urine catheters allows not only to suppress biofilm formation process of E. coli M17 и S. aureus 193 compared with classic antiseptic methods, but also effectively destroy already formed biofilms that must prevent development of catheter-associated infections and result in enhancement of recuperation of patients with diseases of the urinary tract.
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Leng, R. A. "Biofilm compartmentalisation of the rumen microbiome: modification of fermentation and degradation of dietary toxins." Animal Production Science 57, no. 11 (2017): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17382.
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Many deleterious chemicals in plant materials ingested by ruminants produce clinical effects, varying from losses of production efficiency through to death. Many of the effects are insidious, often going unrecognised by animal managers. When secondary plant compounds enter the rumen, they may undergo modification by rumen microbes, which often removes the deleterious compounds, but in specific instances, the deleterious effect may be enhanced. Improved understanding of rumen ecology, particularly concerning the biofilm mode of microbial fermentation, has led to major advances in our understanding of fermentation. In the present review, the potential impact of the physical structuring of the rumen microbiome is discussed in relation to how several economically important secondary plant compounds and other toxins are metabolised by the rumen microbiome and how their toxic effects may be remedied by providing inert particles with a large surface area to weight ratio in the diet. These particles provide additional surfaces for attachment of rumen microorganisms that help alleviate toxicity problems associated with deleterious compounds, including fluoroacetate, mimosine, mycotoxins, cyanoglycosides and hydrogen cyanide. The review first summarises the basic science of biofilm formation and describes the properties of biofilms and their roles in the rumen. It then addresses how biofilms on inert solids and fermentable particulates may assist in detoxification of potentially toxic compounds. A hypothesis that explains how nitrate poisoning may occur as a result of compartmentalisation of nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen is included.
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Desai, Revathi, Anuradha B.S., and Pavan Kumar Pindi. "Study on anti-biofilm activity of some commonly available plant leaf extracts on Pseudomonas species and Staphylococcus aureus." Research Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 3 (February 15, 2023): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1803rjbt79085.
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Bacteria benefit from biofilm formation because it shields them from unfavorable circumstances. Compared to planktonic bacteria, it demonstrates a high level of antibiotic resistance. Additionally, this makes it challenging to manage the associated illnesses. Therefore, the creation of novel anti-biofilm agents is required. Compared to their chemically manufactured counterparts, antimicrobial compounds found in plants are the greatest source because they have few or no negative effects. Plant products are superior in their utility since there is less chance of development of medication resistance and there are less adverse effects. The present work is done to screen anti-biofilm activity of some commonly available plants viz. Tinospora cordifolia, Ocimum basilicum, Justicia adhatoda and Nyctanthes arbortristis on Pseudomonas sps. and Staphylococcus aureus. Phyto-chemical screening was performed for the obtained extracts. The method involved the administration of methanol extract of the plant leaves obtained by maceration procedure, on Pseudomonas species and Staphylococcus aureus. Pseudomonas species biofilm was inhibited by Tinospora and Nyctanthes arbortristis and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm was inhibited by all the four extracts. The studies revealed that all the plant leaves used here exhibit antibiofilm activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biofilm-inhibitory concentration (BIC) and percentage of biofilm formation inhibition were calculated, Tinospora and Nyctanthes were revealed to be the most efficient plants against both bacteria.
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Narmani, Abolfazl, Rémy Bertrand Teponno, Soleiman E. Helaly, Mahdi Arzanlou, and Marc Stadler. "Cytotoxic, anti-biofilm and antimicrobial polyketides from the plant associated fungus Chaetosphaeronema achilleae." Fitoterapia 139 (November 2019): 104390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104390.
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HOOD, SCOTT K., and EDMUND A. ZOTTOLA. "Isolation and Identification of Adherent Gram-Negative Microorganisms from Four Meat-Processing Facilities." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 9 (September 1, 1997): 1135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.9.1135.
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Biofilms are described as a matrix of microorganisms which have adhered to and colonized a surface. Once formed, biofilms are difficult to remove and may be a source of contamination in food-processing environments. In this study, stainless-steel chips were fixed to surfaces adjacent to food-contact surfaces and cast-iron chips were suspended in the floor drains of four meat-processing plants. Biofilm formation was quantified by staining the attached cells and viewing them under epifluorescence microscopy. The stainless-steel and cast-iron chips removed from the plant environment showed some attached microorganisms. Floor drains appeared to provide an excellent environment for the formation of biofilms. Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Aeromonas, and Hafnia species were identified as gram-negative microorganisms associated with the test surfaces.
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Münch, Ch, T. Neu, P. Kuschk, and I. Röske. "The root surface as the definitive detail for microbial transformation processes in constructed wetlands – a biofilm characteristic." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.527.
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It was the goal of the investigations to characterise the biofilm on the plant roots because of the demonstrable major role of these associated bacteria. The essential criteria for the research were to look at the structure of the microbial colonisation (pattern, density) and to determine properties of the rhizoplane biofilm such as thickness and structure. The root material from a hydroponic system, planted with Glyceria maxima and used for nitrogen removal, has been used for the investigations. Several properties of the bacteria became visible due to the application of specific dyes. The evaluation of the samples was performed by scanning confocal laser microscopy (CLSM). It was shown that the microbial colonisation of the root surface of Glyceria maxima was on an unexpected high level and seems to be related mainly to the permeability and therefore to the age of the plant roots. The thickness of the rhizoplane biofilm is remarkably thin; no inactive layers could be observed in contrast to biofilm growing on technical carrier material. Caused by the untypically two-sided supply with nutrients the whole biofilm is in interaction with the surroundings. This indicates the importance of the plant roots for the microbial transformation processes in wetlands and underlines the especialness of the root as carrier for microorganisms.
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Farkas, A., M. Drăgan-Bularda, D. Ciatarâş, B. Bocoş, and Ş. Ţigan. "Opportunistic pathogens and faecal indicators in drinking water associated biofilms in Cluj, Romania." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 3 (July 12, 2012): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.148.
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Biofouling occurs without exception in all water systems, with undesirable effects such as biocorrosion and deterioration of water quality. Drinking water associated biofilms represent a potential risk to human health by harbouring pathogenic or toxin-releasing microorganisms. This is the first study investigating the attached microbiota, with potential threat to human health, in a public water system in Romania. The presence and the seasonal variation of viable faecal indicators and opportunistic pathogens were investigated within naturally developed biofilms in a drinking water treatment plant. Bacterial frequencies were correlated with microbial loads in biofilms as well as with physical and chemical characteristics of biofilms and raw water. The biofilms assessed in the current study proved to be extremely active microbial consortia. High bacterial numbers were recovered by cultivation, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, intestinal enterococci and Clostridium perfringens. There were no Legionella spp. detected in any biofilm sample. Emergence of opportunistic pathogens in biofilms was not significantly affected by the surface material, but by the treatment process. Implementation of a water safety plan encompassing measures to prevent microbial contamination and to control biofouling would be appropriate.
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Bahri, Anis, A., Wan Zawiah Wan Abdullah, Mohd Nizam Lani, W. Salleh, and Rozila Alias. "Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics associated with biofilm formation in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from ulam in Terengganu." Food Research 4, no. 1 (August 15, 2019): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(1).240.
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Nowadays, the foodborne outbreaks associated with fresh produces, including ulam, are increasing worldwide. The biofilm formation or bacterial attachment to plant surface is the initial step towards the contamination in fresh produce. The biofilm phenotype of bacteria grown on congo red agar is termed as red, dry and rough (rdar) morphotype. The binding of congo red dye with both biological proteins and inert surfaces is due to the presence of curli fimbriae and cellulose as the main extracellular components. The objective of this study was to determine the rdar morphotypes, biofilm ability and the role of csgA gene of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from ulam or Malaysian herbs. A total of 29 isolates, including 23 E. coli and 6 Salmonella spp. were analyzed for their ability to produce biofilm by colony morphology test, microtiter plate biofilm assay and qualitative biofilm test (pellicle formation). The presence of the csgA gene of E. coli was identified by PCR, which demonstrated the potential gene that able to produce curli fimbriae. Results revealed that 16 (69.6%) E. coli isolates were categorized as strong biofilm producers, 2 (8.7%) as moderate biofilm producers, 3 (13%) as weak biofilm producers, whereas 2 (8.7%) as negative biofilm producers (did not produce biofilm). While 4 (66.7%) Salmonella spp. isolates were identified as strong biofilm producers, 1 (16.7%) as moderate biofilm producers and 1 (16.7%) as negative biofilm producers. Majority of the E. coli strains (69.6%) were identified as strong biofilm producers and able to express rdar morphotypes. The ability of the of E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolates to form biofilm reveals the ability of these isolates to persist on the fresh vegetables and become hosts for the disease transmission to humans or/and animals.
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Gayathri, M., and Abinaya Man. "EFFECT OF ANTI-BIOFILM POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT MEDICINAL PLANTS: REVIEW." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.15334.
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Medicinal plant products are the natural products which have been very useful for human to cure various ailments and as an alternative medicine for conventional therapy. However, bacteria in natural environments are mainly exist in biofilm formation and are more susceptible to cause severe infections than the planktonic counterparts. Biofilm is associated with impaired epithelization and granulation tissue formation and also promotes a low-grade inflammatory response that interferes with wound healing. Since the infection caused by biofilm is often very difficult to treat, there is a need to find a new active anti-biofilm agent. In recent past, interest in the therapeutic and nutritional properties of various medicinal plants and its natural phytochemical compounds which have established for their anti-biofilm activities has been increased gradually. In this review, we have described various aerial parts of medicinal plants which have anti-biofilm effect which was evaluated against biofilm producing different bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial agents which are responsible to cure wound healing.Keywords: Medicinal plants, Phytochemical, Anti-biofilm activity.
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Ali, Basharat. "Functional and Genetic Diversity of Bacteria Associated with the Surfaces of Agronomic Plants." Plants 8, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8040091.
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The main objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and agricultural significance of bacterial communities associated with the surfaces of selected agronomic plants (carrot, cabbage and turnip). The bacterial diversity of fresh agricultural produce was targeted to identify beneficial plant microflora or opportunistic human pathogens that may be associated with the surfaces of plants. Bacterial strains were screened in vitro for auxin production, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed the presence of several bacterial genera including Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Bacillus, Kluyvera, Lysinibacillus, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Burkholderia, Exiguobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Arthrobacter and Klebsiella. To address the biosafety issue, the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of strains was determined against different antibiotics. The majority of the strains were resistant to amoxicillin (25 µg) and nalidixic acid (30 µg). Strains were also screened for plant growth-promoting attributes to evaluate their positive interaction with colonized plants. Maximum auxin production was observed with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia MCt-1 (101 µg mL−1) and Bacillus cereus PCt-1 (97 µg mL−1). Arthrobacter nicotianae Lb-41 and Exiguobacterium mexicanum MCb-4 were strong biofilm producers. In conclusion, surfaces of raw vegetables were inhabited by different bacterial genera. Potential human pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter amnigenus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were also isolated, which makes the biosafety of these vegetable a great concern for the local community. Nevertheless, these microbes also harbor beneficial plant growth-promoting traits that indicated their positive interaction with their host plants. In particular, bacterial auxin production may facilitate the growth of agronomic plants under natural conditions. Moreover, biofilm formation may help bacteria to colonize plant surfaces to show positive interactions with host plants.
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Touil, Hidaya F. Z., Kebir Boucherit, Zahia Boucherit-Otmani, Ghalia Kohder, Mohamed Madkour, and Sameh S. M. Soliman. "Optimum Inhibition of Amphotericin-B-Resistant Candida albicans Strain in Single- and Mixed-Species Biofilms by Candida and Non-Candida Terpenoids." Biomolecules 10, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020342.
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Candida albicans is one of the most common human fungal pathogens and represents the most important cause of opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Surgical devices including catheters are easily contaminated with C. albicans via its formation of drug-resistant biofilms. In this study, amphotericin-B-resistant C. albicans strains were isolated from surgical devices at an intensive care center. The objective of this study was to develop optimized effective inhibitory treatment of resistant C. albicans by terpenoids, known to be produced naturally as protective signals. Endogenously produced farnesol by C. albicans yeast and plant terpenoids, carvacrol, and cuminaldehyde were tested separately or in combination on amphotericin-B-resistant C. albicans in either single- or mixed-infections. The results showed that farnesol did not inhibit hyphae formation when associated with bacteria. Carvacrol and cuminaldehyde showed variable inhibitory effects on C. albicans yeast compared to hyphae formation. A combination of farnesol with carvacrol showed synergistic inhibitory activities not only on C. albicans yeast and hyphae, but also on biofilms formed from single- and mixed-species and at reduced doses. The combined terpenoids also showed biofilm-penetration capability. The aforementioned terpenoid combination will not only be useful in the treatment of different resistant Candida forms, but also in the safe prevention of biofilm formation.
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Sper, Fábia Lugli, Isabela Amêndola, Lucas de Paula Ramos, Juliana Guimarães dos Santos, Eduardo Tavares de Freitas, Vanessa Marques Meccatti, Laís Fernanda Ferreira Ferraz, et al. "Effect of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville extract in aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and mammalian cells." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 11 (September 2, 2021): e364101119953. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.19953.
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Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville is a medicinal plant known for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. This study evaluated some biological activities of extract from S. adstringens. Antimicrobial activity was checked in planktonic cultures and monomicrobial biofilms on aerobic, and anaerobic dental microorganisms. Analyzes of cytotoxicity using MTT assay, and genotoxicity by micronucleus test were performed in human keratinocytes (HACAT), murine macrophages (RAW 264.7), and murine fibroblasts (L929). The anti-inflammatory effect was checked in RAW 264.7 stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli, and treated with the plant extract. The levels of cytokines, and nitric oxide (NO) were measured by ELISA, and Griess method, respectively. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Tukey's, or Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunns tests (P ≤ 0.05). Biofilms of anaerobic bacteria were very susceptible to the plant extract. Effective concentrations showed cell viability > 50%, except 25 mg/mL for HACAT after 24 h of exposure. The extract of S. adstringens was not genotoxic for RAW 264.7. LPS associated with extract increased the production of all cytokines, except TNF-α. However, the plant extract decreased the production of NO. In conclusion, the extract of S. adstringens affected biofilm of anaerobic bacteria using non-cytotoxic concentrations for RAW 264.7, L929, and HACAT cells.
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Kou, Janice, Tan Yu Xin, Paul McCarron, Gaurav Gupta, Harish Dureja, Saurabh Satija, Meenu Mehta, et al. "Going Beyond Antibiotics: Natural Plant Extracts as an Emergent Strategy to Combat Biofilm-Associated Infections." Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology 39, no. 2 (2020): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2020032665.
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Balzano, S., T. Jamieson, and S. Leterme. "Changes in microbial communities during seawater pre-treatment within a desalination plant." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 86 (March 11, 2021): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01958.
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We analysed prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities across the seawater pre-treatment system of Penneshaw (Kangaroo Island, South Australia) desalination plant, using 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing. The richness of operational taxonomic units increased downstream of the pre-treatment system (reverse osmosis feedwater) compared to raw seawater for Archaea, while it decreased for bacteria and protists. Overall, the reverse osmosis feedwater was found to be enriched in ammonia-oxidising bacteria and Archaea compared to raw seawater, and also contained greater proportions of taxa typically observed in aquatic biofilms and/or within other water treatment systems. Although the microbial load was reduced by the pre-treatment system, the increase in proportion of biofilm-associated microbes suggests the presence of active microbial communities within multimedia filters and other parts of the pre-treatment system that might increase biofouling risks.
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Rasooly, Reuven, Adel Molnar, Hwang-Yong Choi, Paula Do, Kenneth Racicot, and Emmanouil Apostolidis. "In-Vitro Inhibition of Staphylococcal Pathogenesis by Witch-Hazel and Green Tea Extracts." Antibiotics 8, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040244.
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whISOBAX (WH), an extract of the witch-hazel plant that is native to the Northeast coast of the United States, contains significant amounts of a phenolic compound, Hamamelitannin (HAMA). Green tea (GT) is a widely consumed plant that contains various catechins. Both plants have been associated with antimicrobial effects. In this study we test the effects of these two plant extracts on the pathogenesis of staphylococci, and evaluate their effects on bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and toxin production. Our observations show that both extracts have antimicrobial effects against both strains of S. aureus and S. epidermidis tested, and that this inhibitory effect is synergistic. Also, we confirmed that this inhibitory effect does not depend on HAMA, but rather on other phenolic compounds present in WH and GT. In terms of biofilm inhibition, only WH exhibited an effect and the observed anti-biofilm effect was HAMA-depended. Finally, among the tested extracts, only WH exhibited an effect against Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA) production and this effect correlated to the HAMA present in WH. Our results suggest that GT and WH in combination can enhance the antimicrobial effects against staphylococci. However, only WH can control biofilm development and SEA production, due to the presence of HAMA. This study provides the initial rationale for the development of natural antimicrobials, to protect from staphylococcal colonization, infection, or contamination.
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Olapade, Ola A., and Kayleigh Pung. "Plant-associated bacterial populations on native and invasive plant species: comparisons between 2 freshwater environments." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 58, no. 6 (June 2012): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w2012-053.
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Plant–microbial interactions have been well studied because of the ecological importance of such relationships in aquatic systems. However, general knowledge regarding the composition of these biofilm communities is still evolving, partly as a result of several confounding factors that are attributable to plant host properties and to hydrodynamic conditions in aquatic environments. In this study, the occurrences of various bacterial phylogenetic taxa on 2 native plants, i.e., mayapple ( Podophyllum peltatum L.) and cow parsnip ( Heracleum maximum Bartram), and on an invasive species, i.e., garlic mustard ( Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande), were quantitatively examined using nucleic acid staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The plants were incubated in triplicates for about a week within the Kalamazoo River and Pierce Cedar Creek as well as in microcosms. The bacterial groups targeted for enumeration are known to globally occur in relatively high abundance and are also ubiquitously distributed in freshwater environments. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses of the bacterioplankton assemblages revealed that the majority of bacterial cells that hybridized with the different probes were similar between the 2 sites. In contrast, the plant-associated populations while similar on the 3 plants incubated in Kalamazoo River, their representations were highest on the 2 native plants relative to the invasive species in Pierce Cedar Creek. Overall, our results further suggested that epiphytic bacterial assemblages are probably under the influences of and probably subsequently respond to multiple variables and conditions in aquatic milieus.