Journal articles on the topic 'Plant amendments'
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1
Bisht, Mamta, Chitra Pande, Geeta Tewari, and Sonal Tripathi. "Influence of Copper Amendments on Soil Properties, Growth and Metal Accumulation by Mentha arvensis L." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 19, no. 4 (July 26, 2022): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw220053.
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A polyhouse study was conducted to assess the influence of copper amendments on the soil properties, plant growth parameters (fresh weight and plant height) and metal accumulation in Mentha arvensis L. The amendments of copper were 270, 500, 700 and 900 mg kg-1 in triplicate along with an unamended control. After 90 days of plant growth, the aerial parts of the plant were harvested and the physicochemical properties of the soil such as pH, EC, %OC, %OM and metal content in plant and soil were recorded. The pH and EC values were higher for the amendments as compared to the control. The pH (8.22) and EC (0.80 dS m-1) values were the highest for Cu270 mg kg-1 and Cu500 mg kg-1 amendments, respectively. The percentage of OC and OM was the highest (1.16%, 2.00%) for Cu500 mg kg-1. The plant height was maximum (36.30 cm) for the control plant while the fresh weight was maximum for Cu700 mg kg-1 amendment. The copper accumulation was observed to be the highest (19.3 mg kg-1) for the Cu500 mg kg-1 amendment and least (13.7 mg kg-1) for the higher amendment (Cu900 mg kg-1) showing that for all the amendments along with control, copper accumulation was within the permissible limit. Thus, growing medicinal and aromatic plants in the metal-rich soils can be a sustainable and environment-friendly approach to obtaining metal-free commercially important end products.
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Marmier, Vincent, Jacynthe Dessureault-Rompré, Emmanuel Frossard, and Jean Caron. "Impact of Plant-Based Amendments on Water-Soluble Nitrogen Release Dynamics in Cultivated Peatlands." Nitrogen 3, no. 3 (July 23, 2022): 426–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3030028.
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Drained cultivated peatlands have been an essential agricultural resource for many years. To slow and reduce the degradation of these soils, which increases with drainage, the use of plant-based amendments (straw, wood chips, and biochar) has been proposed. Literature on the effects of such amendments in cultivated peatlands is scarce, and questions have been raised regarding the impact of this practice on nutrient cycling, particularly nitrogen (N) dynamics. By means of a six-month incubation experiment, this study assessed the effects of four plant-based amendments (biochar, a forest mix, willow, and miscanthus) on the release kinetics of water-soluble N pools (mineral and organic) in two histosols of differing degrees of decomposition (Haplosaprist and Haplohemist). The amendment rate was set at 15 Mg ha−1 on a dry weight basis. The N release kinetics were significantly impacted by soil type and amendment. Miscanthus and willow were the amendments that most reduced the release of soluble organic N (SON) and mineral N (minN). The addition of plant-based amendments reduced the total amount of released N pools during the incubation (cumulative N pools) by 50.3 to 355.2 mg kg−1, depending on the soil type, the N pool, and the type of amendment. A significant relationship was found between microbial biomass N, urease activity, and the cumulative N at the end of the incubation. The results showed that the input of plant-based amendments in cultivated peatland decreases N release, which could have a beneficial impact by decreasing N leaching; however, it could also restrict crop growth. Further research is needed to fully assess the impact of such amendments used in cultivated peatlands on N and on C fluxes at the soil–plant and soil–atmosphere interfaces to determine if they constitute a long-term solution for more sustainable agriculture.
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Abraha, Tesfamariam, and Truter. "Can a Blend of Amendments be an Important Component of a Rehabilitation Strategy for Surface Coal Mined Soils?" Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 8, 2019): 4297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164297.
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Soil compaction impedes plant growth by negatively affecting water infiltration, soil aeration, access to soil water and nutrients, and consequently restricts root development. Previous studies to alleviate such problems in rehabilitated mine soils using a single amendment material did not provide a long lasting solution. The aim of the study was to quantify the role of different amendments in alleviating selected soil hydraulic properties. Five single amendment materials and three different blends of amendments were mixed thoroughly with degraded mine soil in a 1:3 (amendment:soil) ratio and packed in columns. Two additional unamended soils with different bulk densities were included as benchmarks. In general, the application of amendments reduced bulk density (BD) by 4–20%, enhanced infiltration rate by 15–70%, increased porosity by 5–35% and increased plant available water (PAW) by 9–33% compared with the unamended soils. Between amendments, the blends of amendments reduced BD by 9–16%, enhanced infiltration rate by 17–59%, increased porosity by 6–32%, and PAW by 4–28% compared with single amendments. The study showed that a blend of amendments have better soil restoration capacity through improving porosity, infiltration rate and plant available water. A blend of amendments therefore has the potential to be a sustainable and an important component of a rehabilitation strategy for surface coal mined soils.
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Agbenin O, N. "Potentials of organic amendments in the control of plant parasitic nematodes." Plant Protection Science 40, No. 1 (March 7, 2010): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1351-pps.
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An increasing number of researchers worldwide are showing interest in organic amendment of soil as means of nematode control. Numerous plant species with nematicidal compounds have been identified. Neem (<I>Azadirachta indica) </I>is considered the best-known example of plants with nematicidal properties and is available commercially in some parts of the world. Its efficiency has been proven locally, with the seed powder giving good control in both field and screenhouse. Several materials are in use as organic amendment. However, the choice of materials for amendment will determine its efficiency in control. The use of organic amendments that are disease-free and with a narrow C:N ratio will improve soil fertility while more efficiently reducing the level of nematodes and minimising the risk of increasing the level of another soil borne pathogens and pest
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Lebrun, Manhattan, Sylvain Bourgerie, and Domenico Morabito. "The Potential of Clover Green Amendment, Associated with Biochar, Activated Carbon or Ochre, for the Phytoremediation, Using Populus x. canescens, of a Former Mine Technosol." Plants 10, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071374.
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Metal(loid) soil pollution resulting from past and present mine activities is a serious environmental and health issues worldwide. Therefore, the remediation of those polluted areas has been a growing research interest over the last decades, especially the assisted phytoremediation. In this study, a pot experiment was set up, using a former mine technosol, highly polluted by As and Pb, to which biochar, activated carbon, or ochre was applied, alone or in combination to clover green amendment. Following amendment application, Populus x. canescens cuttings were planted. Results showed that all four amendments reduced soil acidity. However only the first three amendments immobilized As and Pb, while the green amendment drastically mobilized those two pollutants and none of the amendments improved plant growth. In conclusion, the association of clover green amendment to biochar, activated carbon, or ochre did not appear as an efficient remediation strategy in this case; although the aging of the amendments and degradation of the green amendment in the soil with time could have positive outcomes.
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Liu, K., A. M. Hammermeister, D. G. Patriquin, and R. C. Martin. "Assessing organic potato cropping systems at the end of the first cycle of four-year rotations using principal component analysis." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07019.
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A single or a few variables may not be sufficient to evaluate management practice effects in a complicated cropping system, so six plant and 13 soil variables were integrated using principal component analysis (PCA) to examine nine 4-yr organic potato rotations. The rotations were combinations of three forage levels (0, 1, and 2 yr of forages) with three soil amendments (monogastric compost, ruminant compost, and alfalfa meal). Quantities of amendments were estimated by soil test recommendations and amendment nutrient availabilities. In the 4th potato year, one half of each original plot was not amended ("the 4th year unamended plots"), while the other half received soil amendments ("4th year amended plots"). The first three principal components explained 67 and 63% of the overall variation for the 4th-yr amended and unamended plots, respectively. PCA ordination plots indicated that, overall, the type of soil amendments had larger effects on soil and plant variables, but forage frequencies were influential for the amendments showing weaker effects. PCA loading plots indicated that plant nutrient uptake and potato total tuber weight would be the best single variables for characterizing the current cropping systems. Plant variables, except for potato petiole nitrate, were closely displayed, but they were not strongly correlated with soil variables, which may reflect the high background fertility of this site. Applications of soil amendments in the 4th yr affected the relationships among variables, most notably the strength of relationships between soil pH and soil N variables. The results suggest that PCA provides an effective way to compare complex cropping systems, especially in situations with high site heterogeneity. Key words: Principal component analysis, soil amendment, livestock system, forage, potato, organic crop rotation
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Duddigan, Sarah, Paul D. Alexander, Liz J. Shaw, and Chris D. Collins. "Effects of Repeated Application of Organic Soil Amendments on Horticultural Soil Physicochemical Properties, Nitrogen Budget and Yield." Horticulturae 7, no. 10 (October 7, 2021): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100371.
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Application of organic amendments to soil is commonplace in domestic gardening. However, a vast array of materials could be labelled as ‘compost’ by retailers and suppliers. We investigated six different amendments currently used, or available for use, in horticulture: composted bark, composted bracken, spent mushroom compost, composted horse manure, garden waste compost (at two different application rates), and peat. Using a controlled field experiment, we examined the physicochemical differences between the amendments, the subsequent effects on soil characteristics, and resultant yield and biometrics of Lavatera trimiestris. Amended soils resulted in a significantly different multivariate soil environment and N budget when compared to the unamended control. However, the effect on yield and plant biometrics (number of flowers, plant height, etc.) depended on the amendment used. Application of garden compost resulted in up to a five-fold increase in yield. However, there was no significant difference in yields in soils amended with composted bark or peat, when compared to the unamended control. This has implications, as there is increasing pressure to remove peat from products available to domestic gardeners. The variability in the different amendments investigated in our research, in addition to the variable effects on plant growth parameters, suggests that repeated use of a single amendment may not be best practise for gardeners.
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Hueso-González, Paloma, Juan Francisco Martínez-Murillo, and Jose Damian Ruiz-Sinoga. "Effects of topsoil treatments on afforestation in a dry Mediterranean climate (southern Spain)." Solid Earth 7, no. 5 (October 26, 2016): 1479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1479-2016.
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Abstract. Afforestation programs in semiarid areas are associated with a high level of sapling mortality. Therefore, the development of alternative low-cost and low-environmental-impact afforestation methods that ensure the survival of seedlings is crucial for improving the efficiency of Mediterranean forest management. This study assessed the effects of five types of soil amendments on the afforestation success (e.g., plant growth and survival) of a Mediterranean semiarid area. The amendments tested were (i) straw mulch; (ii) mulch containing chipped branches of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis L.); (iii) sheep manure compost; (iv) sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant; and (v) TerraCottem hydroabsorbent polymer. We hypothesized that in the context of dry Mediterranean climatic conditions, the use of organic amendments would enhance plant establishment and ensure successful afforestation. The results showed that afforestation success varied among the various soil amendment treatments in the experimental plots. The amendments had no effect on soil organic carbon, pH, or salinity, but the results indicated that the addition of mulch or hydroabsorbent polymer can reduce transplant stress by increasing the soil water available for plant growth throughout the hydrological year, and potentially improve the success of afforestation by reducing plant mortality.
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Zasada, I. A., H. Ferris, C. L. Elmore, J. A. Roncoroni, J. D. MacDonald, L. R. Bolkan, and L. E. Yakabe. "Field Application of Brassicaceous Amendments for Control of Soilborne Pests and Pathogens." Plant Health Progress 4, no. 1 (January 2003): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2003-1120-01-rs.
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Field studies were conducted to evaluate brassicaceous amendments in combination with solarization against diverse soilborne organisms in cut-flower production systems. Across a diversity of California climates, the application of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) did not consistently reduce populations of Fusarium spp., citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), or weeds. Solarization in combination with broccoli amendments did not consistently improve pest suppression in cool coastal regions, whereas solarization was an important component of suppression in the hot central valley. When the biomass of broccoli was increased from 4 to 8.4 dry tons/ha, there was a decrease in survival of weeds and citrus nematode but the effect on Fusarium spp. survival was not consistent. A horseradish (Armoracia lapathifolia) amendment reduced nematode populations compared to broccoli, but increased field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.). Our research demonstrates that soilborne organisms vary greatly in their susceptibility to brassicaceous amendments. The citrus nematode was consistently suppressed by brassicaceous amendments, while the effect on Fusarium spp. and weeds was variable. To achieve consistent and reliable pest suppression in amendment-based management systems, it is essential to determine and understand the component mechanisms active against specific soilborne organisms. Accepted for publication 10 October 2003. Published 20 November 2003.
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Karbout, Nissaf, Houda Beser, Latifa Dhaouidi, Mohamad Wahba, and Mohamed Moussa. "Evolution of nitrogen mineralization dynamics and bean production with three different organic amendments in the arid soil of south Tunisia." Italus Hortus 28, no. 1 (May 13, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2021.1.7487.
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Although the importance of organic amendments on arid soils of semi-arid and arid lands in improving long-term soil fertility, the excessive use of these amendments may induce the mineralization of the soil’s native organic components. Thus, this study focused on the examination of the impact of the use of three different amendments, sewage sludge, compost, and horse manure on nitrogen soil dynamics as well on the physico-chemical characteristics (soil texture, nitrogen cycle, and carbon concentration) and plant characteristics (morphology and production). In this context, the present work discusses one of the major issues challenging sustainable agriculture development related to increasing land degradation, soil salinization, and fertility loss. The three amendments were applied on the soil collected at the Institute of Arid Regions of Gabes. The findings of these experimental trials indicated that compost seems to be the most valuable organic amendment that may be used for an adequate supply of nitrogen and optimal benefits for plant growth. The highest mineral nitrogen content was found in the treatment with sludge. The manure-based treatment had the highest carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N=25). The effects of the amendments were well reflected in the growth and production of bean plants after one year from the amendment. An increase in biomass was observed in the amended pots. The highest increase in pods biomass was obtained in the pots amended with sewage sludge and vegetable compost followed by household manure treatment
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Readyhough, Taylor, Deborah A. Neher, and Tucker Andrews. "Organic Amendments Alter Soil Hydrology and Belowground Microbiome of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081561.
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Manure-derived organic amendments are a cost-effective tool that provide many potential benefits to plant and soil health including fertility, water retention, and disease suppression. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate how dairy manure compost (DMC), dairy manure compost-derived vermicompost (VC), and dehydrated poultry manure pellets (PP) impact the tripartite relationship among plant growth, soil physiochemical properties, and microbial community composition. Of tomato plants with manure-derived fertilizers amendments, only VC led to vigorous growth through the duration of the experiment, whereas DMC had mixed impacts on plant growth and PP was detrimental. Organic amendments increased soil porosity and soil water holding capacity, but delayed plant maturation and decreased plant biomass. Composition of bacterial communities were affected more by organic amendment than fungal communities in all microhabitats. Composition of communities outside roots (bulk soil, rhizosphere, rhizoplane) contrasted those within roots (endosphere). Distinct microbial communities were detected for each treatment, with an abundance of Massilia, Chryseolinea, Scedosporium, and Acinetobacter distinguishing the control, vermicompost, dairy manure compost, and dehydrated poultry manure pellet treatments, respectively. This study suggests that plant growth is affected by the application of organic amendments not only because of the soil microbial communities introduced, but also due to a synergistic effect on the physical soil environment. Furthermore, there is a strong interaction between root growth and the spatial heterogeneity of soil and root-associated microbial communities.
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Hao, Jianjun, and Katherine Ashley. "Irreplaceable Role of Amendment-Based Strategies to Enhance Soil Health and Disease Suppression in Potato Production." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081660.
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Soilborne diseases are a major constraining factor to soil health and plant health in potato production. In the toolbox of crop management, soil amendments have shown benefits to control these diseases and improve soil quality. Most amendments provide nutrients to plants and suppress multiple soilborne pathogens. Soil amendments are naturally derived materials and products and can be classified into fresh or living plants, organic or inorganic matters, and microbial supplements. Fresh plants have unique functions and continuously exude chemicals to interact with soil microbes. Organic and inorganic matter contain high levels of nutrients, including nitrogen and carbon that plants and soil microorganisms need. Soil microorganisms, whether being artificially added or indigenously existing, are a key factor in plant health. Microbial communities can be considered as a biological reactor in an ecosystem, which suppress soilborne pathogens in various mechanisms and turn soil organic matter into absorbable forms for plants, regardless of amendment types. Therefore, soil amendments serve as an energy input, nutrient source, and a driving force of microbial activities. Advanced technologies, such as microbiome analyses, make it possible to analyze soil microbial communities and soil health. As research advances on mechanisms and functions, amendment-based strategies will play an important role in enhancing soil health and disease suppression for better potato production.
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Rahayu, Rahayu, Jauhari Syamsiyah, and Livia Dewi. "Effects of Gypsum and Zeolite on Nutrient Uptake and Shallot (Allium ascalonium L.) Growth on Irrigated Saline Entisol." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 24, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2019.v24i2.73-81.
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Entisols is soil that newly formed and has diverse fertility, and potential for shallot cultivation.. The center of shallot production is mostly carried out in coastal areas which have a limiting factor high soil salinity. High salinity will cause nutrient uptake and plant growth disrupted. Soil amendments such as zeolite and gypsum potential option to overcome tha impact of high salinity. This study was completely randomized design (CRD) two factors, shallot cultivar (Brebes cultivar = V1, Purbalingga cultivar = V2, Pemalang cultivar = V3), and soil amendment (gypsum = G, zeolite = Z, without amendments= K. Each pot countaned of 15 kg of entisols and irrigated by 1 liter saline water of 2 mS / cm every day. Results shallot that amendment application can significantly improve pH, EC, SAR. Application of gypsum (25 Mg ha-1) and zeolite (15 Mg ha-1) showed the higher effect on purbalingga cultivars (V2). Interaction amendments and cultivars did not significantly affect on plant height and diameter of the bulbs. Gypsum 25 Mg ha-1 (G) significantly increased wet weight and fresh weight of bulb in purbalingga cultivars.
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Zvomuya, Francis, Francis J. Larney, Olalekan O. Akinremi, Reynald L. Lemke, and Vasile E. Klaassen. "Topsoil replacement depth and organic amendment effects on plant nutrient uptake from reclaimed natural gas wellsites." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 5 (November 1, 2006): 859–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s06-003.
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Sustained plant nutrient a vailability on reclaimed wellsites is critical to the successful restoration of crop productivity. This study evaluated topsoil replacement depth (TRD) (0, 50, 100, and 150% of mandatory TRD) and organic amendment [beef cattle feedlot manure, compost derived from straw-bedded cattle feedlot manure, wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) straw, alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) hay, and unamended control] effects on nutrient uptake by a wheat crop at three abandoned gas wellsites in south-central Alberta. Grain N uptake increased by 0.055 kg ha-1 for each percent increase in TRD, reflecting the corresponding linear increase in grain N concentration. Low carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio amendments, particularly compost and alfalfa, were the most effective for improving grain N concentration and uptake. Conversely, N concentration and uptake were lowest for the high C:N (53:1) wheat straw amendment. Reclamation programs should, therefore, consider incorporation of the low C:N alfalfa or compost in order to safeguard against N deficiency in the first 1–2 yr following reclamation. Our results also show that high P amendments, such as manure and compost, are better choices for improving P uptake by spring wheat. These results emphasize the importance of topsoil replacement and amendment quality (C:N ratio and P concentration) in ensuring adequate N and P supply in the 1–2 yr following reclamation. Based on this, compost appears to be the best single amendment for ensuring enhanced uptake of both N and P on reclaimed wellsites in the short term. Key words: Topsoil replacement; organic amendments; reclamation; nitrogen; phosphorus
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Rahman, L., M. A. Whitelaw-Weckert, and B. Orchard. "Impact of organic soil amendments, including poultry-litter biochar, on nematodes in a Riverina, New South Wales, vineyard." Soil Research 52, no. 6 (2014): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14041.
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This field trial investigated the effect on vineyard nematodes of organic soil amendments: poultry-litter (PL) biochar, composted cow manure, composted green waste and un-composted rice hulls. To investigate their effects on disease suppression, we chose a vineyard containing healthy grapevines proximal to grapevines with fungal root disease (caused by Ilyonectria spp.). Spring and winter surveys showed that nematodes did not interact with Ilyonectria root disease. Plant-parasitic citrus and ring nematodes predominated in deep soil (10–20 cm), whereas Rhabditis spp. (bacterial-feeder) and omnivorous Dorylaimidae (excluding plant-parasitic and predators) predominated in shallow soil (0–10 cm). After 2 years, the amendments generally decreased the total plant-parasitic nematode (TPPN) populations while increasing the total (non-plant-parasitic) free-living nematodes (TFLN), thus increasing the TFLN : TPPN ratios. PL biochar caused the greatest TPPN decreases (8.5- and 12.9-fold for diseased and asymptomatic grapevines, respectively). The changes caused by the organic amendments were less favourable in a drier season and for diseased grapevines, indicating the importance of seasonal conditions and initial disease status for interpretation of soil organic amendment trial results. This is the first vineyard investigation comparing the impact of PL biochar and other organic soil amendments on parasitic and non-parasitic nematodes.
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Shrestha, Paliza, Korkmaz Bellitürk, and Josef Görres. "Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil by Switchgrass: A Comparative Study Utilizing Different Composts and Coir Fiber on Pollution Remediation, Plant Productivity, and Nutrient Leaching." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071261.
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We investigated the effects of organic amendments (thermophilic compost, vermicompost, and coconut coir) on the bioavailability of trace heavy metals of Zn, Cd, Pb, Co, and Ni from heavy metal-spiked soils under laboratory conditions. To test switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) as a potential crop for phytoremediation of heavy metal from soil, we investigated whether the addition of organic amendments promoted switchgrass growth, and consequently, uptake of metals. Compost is a valuable soil amendment that supplies nutrients for plant establishment and growth, which is beneficial for phytoremediation. However, excess application of compost can result in nutrient leaching, which has adverse effects on water quality. We tested the nutrient leaching potential of the different organic amendments to identify trade-offs between phytoremediation and water quality. Results showed that the amendments decreased the amount of bioavailable metals in the soils. Organic amendments increased soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil nutrient status. Switchgrass shoot and root biomass was significantly greater in the amended soils compared to the non-amended control. Amended treatments showed detectable levels of heavy metal uptake in switchgrass shoots, while the control treatment did not produce enough switchgrass biomass to measure uptake. Switchgrass uptake of certain heavy metals, and concentrations of some leachate nutrients significantly differed among the amended treatments. By improving soil properties and plant productivity and reducing heavy metal solubility that can otherwise hamper plant survival, organic amendments can greatly enhance phytoremediation in heavy metal-contaminated soils.
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Yang, Wei Qiang, Barbara L. Goulart, and K. Demchak. "Assessing Organic Nitrogen Acquisition of Ericoid Mycorrhizae in Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Plants by Using an 15N Tracer." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 467e—467. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.467e.
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The ability of mycorrhizal highbush blueberry plants to acquire soil organic nitrogen under different organic amendment regimes was investigated in a field experiment by using an 15N tracer. Plants inoculated with an ericoid mycorrhizal isolate from the genus Oidiodendron had lower leaf 15N enrichment than uninoculated plants, indicating mycorrhizal (M) plants absorbed more unlabeled soil nitrogen than nonmycorrhizal (NM) plants. The unlabeled nitrogen was presumably from soil organic N sources which might be less available to NM plants. M plants produced more plant dry weight and larger canopy volume, presumably as a result of improved N acquisition ability. In the study, the effect of pre-plant organic amendments on the growth of highbush blueberry plants was clearly demonstrated. The forest litter amendment produced higher dry mass than either the rotted sawdust amendment or no amendment. The rotted sawdust amendment produced the smallest plants. These results suggested that organic amendments with different C:N ratios might have affected soil N availability by affecting the N mineralization process. The implication of these findings in the production of highbush blueberry in mineral soils will be discussed.
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Simiele, Melissa, Manhattan Lebrun, Sylvain Bourgerie, Dalila Trupiano, Gabriella Stefania Scippa, and Domenico Morabito. "Biochar, Ochre, and Manure Maturation in an Acidic Technosol Helps Stabilize As and Pb in Soil and Allows Its Vegetation by Salix triandra." Environments 9, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9070087.
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Past mining extraction activities still have a negative impact in the present time, the resulting metal(loid) contaminated soils affecting both the environment and human health. Assisted phytostabilization technology, combining soil conditioner application to immobilize metal(loid)s and plant growth to reduce erosion and leaching risks, is a useful strategy in the restoration of metal(loid) contaminated lands. However, contaminants will respond differently to a particular amendment, having their own specific characteristics. Therefore, in multi-contaminated soils, soil conditioner combination has been suggested as a good strategy for metal(loid) immobilization. In the present study, in a mesocosm experiment, organic (biochar and manure) and inorganic (ochre) amendments were evaluated in single and combined applications for their effect on metal(loid) stabilization and Salix triandra growth improvement, in an arsenic and lead highly contaminated soil. Specifically, the effects of these amendments on soil properties, metal(loid) behavior, and plant growth were evaluated after they aged in the soil for 6 months. Results showed that all amendments, except biochar alone, could reduce soil acidity, with the best outcomes obtained with the three amendments combined. The combination of the three soil conditioners has also led to reducing soil lead availability. However, only ochre, alone or combined with the other soil fertilizers, was capable of immobilizing arsenic. Moreover, amendment application enhanced plant growth, without affecting arsenic accumulation. On the contrary, plants grown on all the amended soils, except plants grown on soil added with manure alone, showed higher lead concentration in leaves, which poses a risk of return of lead into the soil when leaves will shed in autumn. Considering that the best plant growth improvement, together with the lowest increase in lead aerial accumulation, was observed in manure-treated soil, the addition of manure seems to have potential in the restoration of arsenic and lead contaminated soil.
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P.N., Chidi, O. Fagbola, M. O. Akoroda, and N. T. Egboka. "INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC AMENDMENT AND MYCORRHIZA ASSOCIATION ON COWPEA." INWASCON Technology Magazine 4 (2022): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/itechmag.04.2022.56.58.
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Organic amendment has a great potential to increasingly replace the use of mineral fertilizer and pesticide for sustainable crop production. A screen house experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of organic amendments on the growth of two cowpea varieties with and without mycorrhiza inoculation. The experiment was a completely randomized design and a factorial combination of two cowpea varieties (IT99K573-1-1 and Oloyin), two levels of inoculation with mycorrhiza (with and without) and five levels of organic amendments (formulated from palm kernel cake, oil palm empty fruit bunch ash, plantain peels and Tithonia). Each treatment combination had six replicates. Organic amendments were incorporated two weeks before planting of cowpea seeds and inoculation of mycorrhiza to the soil. Data were collected on cowpea growth attributes such as the number of leaves, number of branches, plant height, stem girth and leaf area. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using the GenStat Discovery Edition 4 and treatment means were separated using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at α0.05. Organic amendment 5 (control) was best in terms of mean values for number of leaves, number of branches and plant height. Cowpea plants inoculated with mycorrhiza were best for all growth attributes. In the residual experiment, Oloyin variety with organic amendment 3, previously inoculated with mycorrhiza and had the highest mean number of leaves and oloyin variety with organic amendment 4 not previously inoculated with mycorrhiza and had the highest mean plant height. Therefore, we need to transform and use some of the agricultural waste that are rich in nutrient particularly in phosphorus as a source of organic fertilizer for cowpea cultivation.
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Schefe, C. R., A. F. Patti, T. S. Clune, and W. R. Jackson. "Organic amendment addition enhances phosphate fertiliser uptake and wheat growth in an acid soil." Soil Research 46, no. 8 (2008): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08035.
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The effect of 2 organic amendments (lignite and compost) on wheat growth and phosphate fertiliser efficiency (triple superphosphate, TSP; di-ammonium phosphate, DAP) in an acid soil was investigated in a glasshouse experiment. Organic amendments were incorporated into the top 40 mm of soil at rates resulting in a 1% and 2.5% increase in soil C, and fertilisers were banded within the seed row at rates equivalent to 5, 10, and 25 kg P/ha. When no P was applied, addition of both organic amendments increased shoot height, with greatest growth recorded in the compost-amended treatments. Addition of organic amendments and P fertiliser resulted in additive effects, with increased shoot height, tiller number, and shoot dry matter (DM) in both the lignite- and compost-amended soils with fertiliser addition. The addition of 1% C resulted in plant growth equal to that measured at a higher rate of addition (2.5% C), resulting in a higher relative efficiency of application. Tissue P uptake was significantly increased when soil amendment was combined with 25 kg P/ha DAP addition. Significant differences in nutrient uptake were also measured for other important plant nutrients. As the addition of organic amendments resulted in increased DM compared with untreated soil per unit of P fertiliser applied, it is feasible that this growth response may translate into increased yield. However, further study is required to define the agronomic and economic feasibility of broad-scale application of such amendments for production gains.
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AKINTOKUN, P. O., A. K. AKINTOKUN, O. A. AWOLUMATE, M. R. OSHO, B. A. OYEBADE, and U. O. AMUOFU. "COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL AND DEGRADED SAWDUST ON GROWTH AND YIELD CHARACTER OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM SPP)." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 15, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v15i2.1981.
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The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Arbuscular mycorrhiza and degraded sawdust on growth and yield characters of bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) The experiment was 2x4 factorial arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD)) with four replicates. The eight treatments were combinations of two early maturing varieties of bell peppers (PEP and Gombe) and soil amendments (degraded sawdust, Glomus etunicatum and steam sterilized homogenous soil as control (C). The two varieties of bell pepper differed significantly in growth and fruit parameters. Variety Gombe had higher plant height (22.2cm) and produced more fruits of bell pepper (1.7) than variety PEP inspite of its larger leaf area (23.1cm2) by the latter. The results also showed that soil amendment with degraded sawdust alone and combination with Glomus etunicatum improved the growth parameters such as plant height, stem girth, leaf area as well as numbers of flowers and fruits of bell pepper. The interaction of pepper and soil amendments was significant on all the growth and yield parameters with varieties exhibiting differential reactions to the soil amendment treatments. Soil amendments with degraded sawdust and combination of degraded sawdust with Arbuscular mycorrhiza had positive effects on the growth and yield characters of both varieties of pepper used (PEP and Gombe).
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Masocha, Boitshwarelo Lorato, and Oagile Dikinya. "The Role of Poultry Litter and Its Biochar on Soil Fertility and Jatropha curcas L. Growth on Sandy-Loam Soil." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 12294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312294.
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Low agricultural output and a decline in plant-available nutrient content in soil pose significant challenges to developing countries. To test the hypothesis that poultry litter and its biochar improve soil quality, nutrient status, and plant growth, a greenhouse pot experiment with sandy-loam soil was conducted. Selected application rates of poultry litter (0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 g/kg) and its biochar pyrolyzed at 350 °C and 600 °C were used. With the addition of organic amendments, Jatropha plant height, leaf number, and stem diameter improved significantly, as did soil fertility indicators (pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and plant-available nutrients). When compared to the control, increased application rates ranging from 60 g/kg to 120 g/kg significantly improved soil properties and plant growth. PL (Poultry litter)- and BC350 (Biochar produced at 350 °C)-treated soil outperformed other organic amendments in terms of soil quality, nutrient status, and plant growth. Soil pH, CEC, and OM were found to be positively correlated with available plant nutrients, with PL-treated soils having higher levels of plant available nutrients. Because the properties of the feedstocks complement each other, combined organic amendments improved studied parameters, particularly PLBC600 (Poultry litter mixed with biochar produced at 600 °C) compared to BC600 (Biochar produced at 600 °C). Increased application rates of pure and combined feedstock effectively increased soil fertility and Jatropha growth; however, lower temperature biochar is recommended for use as a soil organic amendment.
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Clocchiatti, Anna, Silja Emilia Hannula, Muhammad Syamsu Rizaludin, Maria P. J. Hundscheid, Paulien J. A. klein Gunnewiek, Mirjam T. Schilder, Joeke Postma, and Wietse de Boer. "Impact of Cellulose-Rich Organic Soil Amendments on Growth Dynamics and Pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061285.
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Cellulose-rich amendments stimulate saprotrophic fungi in arable soils. This may increase competitive and antagonistic interactions with root-infecting pathogenic fungi, resulting in lower disease incidence. However, cellulose-rich amendments may also stimulate pathogenic fungi with saprotrophic abilities, thereby increasing plant disease severity. The current study explores these scenarios, with a focus on the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Saprotrophic growth of R. solani on cellulose-rich materials was tested in vitro. This confirmed paper pulp as a highly suitable substrate for R. solani, whereas its performance on wood sawdusts varied with tree species. In two pot experiments, the effects of amendment of R. solani-infected soil with cellulose-rich materials on performance of beetroot seedlings were tested. All deciduous sawdusts and paper pulp stimulated soil fungal biomass, but only oak, elder and beech sawdusts reduced damping-off of beetroot. Oak sawdust amendment gave a consistent stimulation of saprotrophic Sordariomycetes fungi and of seedling performance, independently of the time between amendment and sowing. In contrast, paper pulp caused a short-term increase in R. solani abundance, coinciding with increased disease severity for beet seedlings sown immediately after amendment. However, damping-off of beetroot was reduced if plants were sown two or four weeks after paper pulp amendment. Cellulolytic bacteria, including Cytophagaceae, responded to paper pulp during the first two weeks and may have counteracted further spread of R. solani. The results showed that fungus-stimulating, cellulose-rich amendments have potential to be used for suppression of R. solani. However, such amendments require a careful consideration of material choice and application strategy.
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Hoque, Md Najmol, Shahin Imran, Afsana Hannan, Newton Chandra Paul, Md Asif Mahamud, Jotirmoy Chakrobortty, Prosenjit Sarker, Israt Jahan Irin, Marian Brestic, and Mohammad Saidur Rhaman. "Organic Amendments for Mitigation of Salinity Stress in Plants: A Review." Life 12, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12101632.
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Natural and/or human-caused salinization of soils has become a growing problem in the world, and salinization endangers agro-ecosystems by causing salt stress in most cultivated plants, which has a direct effect on food quality and quantity. Several techniques, as well as numerous strategies, have been developed in recent years to help plants cope with the negative consequences of salt stress and mitigate the impacts of salt stress on agricultural plants. Some of them are not environmentally friendly. In this regard, it is crucial to develop long-term solutions that boost saline soil productivity while also protecting the ecosystem. Organic amendments, such as vermicompost (VC), vermiwash (VW), biochar (BC), bio-fertilizer (BF), and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are gaining attention in research. The organic amendment reduces salt stress and improves crops growth, development and yield. The literature shows that organic amendment enhances salinity tolerance and improves the growth and yield of plants by modifying ionic homeostasis, photosynthetic apparatus, antioxidant machineries, and reducing oxidative damages. However, the positive regulatory role of organic amendments in plants and their stress mitigation mechanisms is not reviewed adequately. Therefore, the present review discusses the recent reports of organic amendments in plants under salt stress and how stress is mitigated by organic amendments. The current assessment also analyzes the limitations of applying organic amendments and their future potential.
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Blatt, C. R., and K. B. McRae. "Comparison of four organic amendments with a chemical fertilizer applied to three vegetables in rotation." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-089.
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Field research, conducted for six seasons (1991–1996) on one soil type, compared organic amendments (three formulations of fish bone meal (FBM) and a marine sediment enriched with fish, lobster, and crab meal) with an NPK chemical fertilizer (17–17–17) and a zero-N control (0–17–17). Each fertilizer material was applied pre-plant at 80 kg N ha−1 to the same plot for six seasons that spanned two cycles of a three-crop rotation of seeded carrots, green beans, and transplanted cabbage. In plots receiving the organic amendments, soil pH and Ca increased over time compared with those plots receiving 17–17–17. The increase of soil Mg was greatest in plots receiving the fortified marine sediment treatment. Soil and leaf K values were lowest with the FBM treatment, reflecting its low K composition (6–10–1). Soil and foliar P values from the organic amendment plots were higher than those from the 17–17–17 plots. Foliar N, Ca, Mg, Fe, and B were not consistently affected by 17–17–17 or the organic amendments, but foliar Mn was higher in crops receiving 17–17–17. Marketable yields of cabbage and carrots in plots receiving the organic amendments were comparable with those from 17–17–17, but marketable yields of green beans were consistently higher in plots receiving 17–17–17. Soil and foliar results indicate that the cumulative effect of repeated application of these organic amendments is not detrimental to plant growth, and that these amendments produce marketable yields of cabbage and carrot equivalent to those of the chemical fertilizer. Key words: Fish bone meal, marine sediment, organic amendments, vegetables
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García-López, Ana M., Ramiro Recena, and Antonio Delgado. "Soil properties modulate the effect of different carbon amendments on growth and phosphorus uptake by cucumber plant." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 20, no. 1 (March 2022): e1101-e1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022201-18299.
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Aim of study: Phosphorus (P) is a non-renewable, limited and strategic resource, inefficiently used in agriculture. Organic carbon (C) supply to soil can stimulate microbial activity increasing the mobilization of soil P thus improving its uptake by crops. This work aimed at investigating the effect of different C amendments on P uptake and how may differ depending on soil properties and P fertilization. Area of study: Soils used in this study were collected in SW Spain. Material and methods: An experiment with cucumber was performed involving three factors: (i) C amendment (cellulose, glucose, citric acid and control without amendment), (ii) soil type (Vertisol and Alfisol), and (iii) P supply (unfertilized, and mineral phosphate in form of KH2PO4). Main results: Cellulose or glucose provided the highest P uptake by plants in soils independently of the treatment. Cellulose and glucose addition were effective increasing dry matter (DM) in the Alfisol. Citric acid application decreased development of aerial parts and roots, and P uptake in soils compared with other sources. In the Alfisol, increased P uptake with cellulose was associated to an increased concentration of low molecular weight organic acids, which seemed to be related to microbial activity. Research highlights: Organic amendments affect microbial activity, and P mobilization mechanisms are associated to microorganisms. This explain the improvement of P supply to plants with amendments; these effects, however, are modulated by soil properties and consequently vary depending on soil type.
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Ntalli, Nikoletta, Zbigniew Adamski, Maria Doula, and Nikolaos Monokrousos. "Nematicidal Amendments and Soil Remediation." Plants 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040429.
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The intensification of agriculture has created concerns about soil degradation and toxicity of agricultural chemicals to non-target organisms. As a result, there is great urgency for discovering new ecofriendly tools for pest management and plant nutrition. Botanical matrices and their extracts and purified secondary metabolites have received much research interest, but time-consuming registration issues have slowed their adoption. In contrast, cultural practices such as use of plant matrices as soil amendments could be immediately used as plant protectants or organic fertilizers. Herein, we focus on some types of soil amendments of botanical origin and their utilization for nematicidal activity and enhancement of plant nutrition. The mode of action is discussed in terms of parasite control as well as plant growth stimulation.
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Sansom, J. J., M. A. Naeth, D. S. Chanasyk, and J. C. Bateman. "In situ amelioration of sodic minespoil with chemical amendments and crop management. I. Soil chemical properties." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-006.
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Sodic minespoils, which often have undesirable properties that limit plant growth, may be ameliorated by chemical amendments. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of sulfur and gypsum amendments in conjunction with crop management (summerfallow/barley rotation and continuous forage) in reducing the sodicity of a calcareous, sodic, sandy loam minespoil at the Highvale coal mine, west of Edmonton, Alberta. Amendments were added in chemically equivalent amounts to theoretically ameliorate the uppermost 35 cm of the spoil. Topsoil (20 cm) overlay both the amended and unamended spoil. Soil chemical parameters were measured to determine amendment effectiveness in an upper amended (20–35 cm depth interval from the surface), a lower amended (40–55 cm) and an upper unamended layer (55–70 cm), all within minespoil.Both sulfur and gypsum effectively reduced minespoil sodicity. The ameliorative effect on SAR occurred within 3 mo with gypsum amendment, but was slower with sulfur. Both amendments significantly lowered Sat% and pH but significantly elevated concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+and SO42− in the upper amended layer of the minespoil. Crop management had no significant effect on SAR; however, solute concentrations were lower at all depths under fallow/barley than under continuous forage treatments. Key words: Reclamation, sodicity, sulfur, gypsum, amelioration
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Clark, G. J., P. W. G. Sale, and C. Tang. "Organic amendments initiate the formation and stabilisation of macroaggregates in a high clay sodic soil." Soil Research 47, no. 8 (2009): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09119.
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Subsoil constraints present a substantial problem for crop production in many agricultural regions. In particular, soils in temperate grain production areas of Australia are often poorly structured due to high content of sodic clay. An alternative to the standard practice of addition of gypsum is to incorporate organic amendments deep into the subsoil. An incubation experiment was performed for 174 days using several organic amendments. These consisted of wheat shoots, lucerne pellets, canola and chickpea stubbles, chicken manure, peat, and sawdust. Gypsum, an inorganic amendment commonly applied to sodic soil, was included for comparison. The change over 174 days in soil structural properties was measured using wet-sieving. Formation of slaking-resistant macroaggregates >2 mm was most rapid with ‘green plant material’, wheat and lucerne, while the ‘stubbles’ were markedly slower in obtaining the equivalent level of aggregation. However, the largest growth in aggregates after day 56 was shown by the ‘stubble’ and chicken manure amended soils. The gypsum amendment was not capable of forming large, slaking-resistant aggregates >2 mm; this may be attributed to the inability of gypsum to stimulate soil biological processes. Peat and sawdust failed to initiate slaking-resistant macroaggregates. The study demonstrated that a variety of organic amendments have the ability to improve the physical fertility of sodic subsoil, and in the case of the green plant materials within 1 week of incubation.
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D’Addabbo, T., V. D. Migunova, M. Renčo, and N. Sasanelli. "Suppressiveness of soil amendments with pelleted plant materials on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita." Helminthologia 57, no. 4 (November 19, 2020): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2020-0039.
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SummarySoil treatments with formulated plant biomasses or waste materials can be an effective alternative to green manure crops for a sustainable management of root-knot nematode infestations. The suppressive performance of soil amendments with three commercial formulations of defatted seed meal from Brassica carinata, dry biomass of Medicago sativa and pressed pulp from Beta vulgaris was comparatively evaluated on the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita both on potted and field tomato (cv. Regina) trials. Products were applied at rates of 10, 20, 30 or 40 g/kg and 20 and 40 T/ ha soil in pots and field, respectively. Soil non treated or treated with the nematicide Oxamyl were used as controls in both experiments. Amendments in potted soil significantly reduced M. incognita infestation on tomato roots compared to both the untreated control and treatment with Oxamyl, also increasing tomato plant growth up to the 30 g/kg soil rate. At the end of the field tomato crop, soil population density of M. incognita resulted significantly reduced by all the tested treatments, whereas tomato yield was significantly higher than the untreated control only at the lowest amendment rate. Soil amendments with the materials tested in this study demonstrated to be a potential additional tool for a satisfactory and safe management of root-knot nematodes.
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Baidoo, P. K., M. B. Mochiah, D. Asare, and A. A. Sefah. "The Role of Soil Amendments on Population Dynamics of Insect Pests, Growth Parameters and Yield of Eggplant, Solanum melongena (L.) Moench." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 1 (October 12, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n1p7.
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Loss of soil fertility as a result of continuous cropping on the same piece of land has necessitated the need to improve soil fertility for better crop yields. Inorganic and organic fertilizers have been used to improve soil fertility, however, excessive use of soil amendments improve vegetative growth of plants thereby attracting large numbers of insect pests. Cow dung and poultry droppings were used as soil amendments in a field experiment using eggplant Solanum melongena. The effects of these organic manures were compared with inorganic fertilizer (NPK) and a control where there was no application of soil amendment in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Parameters studied were pests’ and their numbers, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, stem girth and yield. The major insect pests identified on the plant were Bemisia tabaci, Aphis gossypii, Leucinodes orbonalis and Eublemma olivacea. Bemisia tabaci and Aphis gossypii scores were significantly larger on cow dung and poultry manure plots. Leucinodes orbonalis and Eublemma olivacea numbers were not significantly different on the treated and control plots. Mean plant height, number of leaves and yield differed significantly among the soil amended plots. Even though soil amendments improve the nutrient content of the soil and the yield of crops it could lead to increase in pests numbers and damage caused to plants.
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Sloan, R. Crofton, Richard L. Harkess, and William L. Kingery. "Nitrogen and Cotton Gin Waste Enhance Effectiveness of Pine Bark Soil Amendment." HortTechnology 14, no. 2 (January 2004): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.2.0212.
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Urban soils are often not ideal planting sites due to removal of native topsoil or the mixing of topsoil and subsoil at the site. Adding pine bark based soil amendments to a clay soil altered soil bulk density and soil compaction which resulted in improved plant growth. Addition of nitrogen (N) or cotton gin waste to pine bark resulted in improved plant growth compared to pine bark alone. Growth of pansies (Viola × wittrockiana) during the 1999-2000 winter growing season was enhanced by the addition of pine bark plus nitrogen at 3- and 6-inch (7.6- and 15.2-cm) application rates (PBN3 and PBN6) and pine bark plus cotton gin waste at the 6 inch rate (CGW6). Plant size and flower production of vinca (Catharanthus roseus) were reduced by pine bark amendments applied at 3- or 6-inch rates (PB3 or PB6). Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) grown in plots amended with 3 or 6 inches of pine bark plus cotton gin waste (CGW3 or CGW6) and pine bark plus nitrogen at 3- or 6-inch rates (PBN3 or PBN6) produced greater shoot growth than other amendment treatments. In some instances PB3 treatments suppressed growth. High levels of N and soluble salts derived from CGW and PBN soil amendments incorporated into the soil probably contributed to the improved plant growth observed in this experiment.
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Baldock, J. A., C. Creamer, S. Szarvas, J. McGowan, T. Carter, and M. Farrell. "Linking decomposition rates of soil organic amendments to their chemical composition." Soil Research 59, no. 6 (2021): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr20269.
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The stock of organic carbon contained within a soil represents the balance between inputs and losses. Inputs are defined by the ability of vegetation to capture and retain carbon dioxide, effects that management practices have on the proportion of captured carbon that is added to soil and the application organic amendments. The proportion of organic amendment carbon retained is defined by its rate of mineralisation. In this study, the rate of carbon mineralisation from 85 different potential soil organic amendments (composts, manures, plant residues and biosolids) was quantified under controlled environmental conditions over a 547 day incubation period. The composition of each organic amendment was quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance and mid- and near-infrared spectroscopies. Cumulative mineralisation of organic carbon from the amendments was fitted to a two-pool exponential model. Multivariate chemometric algorithms were derived to allow the size of the fast and slow cycling pools of carbon to be predicted from the acquired spectroscopic data. However, the fast and slow decomposition rate constants could not be predicted suggesting that prediction of the residence time of organic amendment carbon in soil would likely require additional information related to soil type, environmental conditions, and management practices in use at the site of application.
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Russo, Vincent M. "Biological Amendment, Fertilizer Rate, and Irrigation Frequency for Organic Bell Pepper Transplant Production." HortScience 41, no. 6 (October 2006): 1402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.6.1402.
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Use of biological amendments in vegetable transplant production may affect plant development. Rhizosphere bacteria can alter conditions in the root zone and affect plant growth even if root tissue is not colonized. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) affect plant development through symbiotic relations. Abiotic factors may mediate effects of biotic amendments. Organically certified potting medium was inoculated with a mix of Sinorhizobium sp. bacteria or a mix of AM fungi. Controls consisted of no amendment. Bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L., cv. Jupiter, seed were sown in the medium and irrigated either twice a day for 3 minutes per application or three times a day for 2 minutes per application. Seedlings were treated with 8, 16, 24, or 32 mL·L–1 of an organically certified liquid fertilizer beginning 3 weeks after sowing. Use of bacteria improved plant height and dry weight. Interactions of bacteria and fertilizer rate or irrigation regime affected plant height or dry weight. When irrigated twice a day, plants were tallest when provided 16 mL·L–1 fertilizer, and heaviest when provided 24 mL·L–1 fertilizer. When irrigated three times a day, plants were taller at the lower rates of fertilizer and heaviest at the highest rate of fertilizer. Use of AM had little effect on plant height and dry weight. Most of the responses when AM was the amendment were the result of fertilizer rate and irrigation regime. When irrigated twice a day, AM-treated plants were tallest and heaviest when provided at least 24 mL·L–1 fertilizer. Regardless of biological amendment, plant heights were correlated with plant dry weights over fertilizer rates and irrigation regime. Use of Sinorhizobium sp. appeared to provide a benefit to the development of bell pepper transplants.
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Valenzuela, Hector, Ted Goo, Ted Radovich, and Susan Migita. "The Effect of Several Organic Amendments on the Growth and Yield of Edible Ginger to Evaluate the Transition toward Organic Farming Production." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1094B—1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1094b.
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As many farmers transition toward organic farming, research-based information is required to determine the appropriate rates and timing for the application of available organic fertilizers. Four experiments were conducted over a 3-year period in Oahu, Hawaii, to evaluate the effect of five different organic amendments on the growth and yield of edible ginger. Fertilizer amendments, applied at a rate of 30–60 t·ha-1, included bone meal, a locally available commercial chicken manure-based compost, a commercial Bokashi compost, aged chicken manure, synthetic fertilizer (farmer's practice at 300 kg·ha-1 N), and a control. Each treatment plot consisted of a 10-m row with 15 plants per plot, and five replications per treatment. Ginger was planted in April of every year, and harvested from February to March of the following year. Data collected included soil fertility before initiation and after experiment completion, tissue nutrient levels, plant stands, plant height, and stem number, individual tops and root weight of 5–10 plants per treatment, as well as nematode counts before and after experiment completion. The data showed that similar or greater root weight yields and quality were obtained with the use of organic amendments compared to the use of synthetic fertilizer. Increased yields were obtained when organic amendment and fertilizer applications were split over the growing season. Data will be presented with regard to initial plant stands, tissue levels, and yield trends in response to the several amendments used in these experiments, and management considerations for farmers will be discussed.
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Mushtaq, Zain, Waheed Anwar, Karamat Ali Zohaib, Adnan Akhter, and Farman Ahmad. "Interaction Between Mycorrhizae and Organic Amendments to Improve Growth and Phosphorus Uptake in Brinjal." Plant Protection 6, no. 3 (December 28, 2022): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.03.4277.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macronutrient both for plants and other living organisms. However, due to its fixation with soil collides; it becomes unavailable to plants and hence cannot enter the food chain. The effect of combination of mycorrhizae and different organic amendments on P uptake and plant growth of brinjal (Solanum melongena) was evaluated in a pot trial, conducted at wire house of Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Each treatment was composed of one type of organic amendment (i.e. farmyard manure (FYM), biogas slurry (BGS), poultry manure and compost) at the rate of 1.5% w/w and mycorrhizae. Results showed that the combined application of mycorrhizae and organic amendment improved plant growth and enhanced P uptake. Improved root length, shoot height and leaf canopy was observed in FYM+mycorrhizae and BGS+mycorrhizae combinations. Similarly, enhanced P uptake improved photosynthetic activity and high biomass was observed in BGS+mycorrhizae combinations. The use of mycorrhizae and organic amendments appeared to be efficient in improving P uptake up to 53.45% and plant growth 64.32%. It is concluded that practicing this in the field can be cost effective approach and reduce environmental risk by reducing application of chemical fertilizers.
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Cox, Justine, Nguyen V. Hue, Amjad Ahmad, and Kent D. Kobayashi. "Surface-applied or incorporated biochar and compost combination improves soil fertility, Chinese cabbage and papaya biomass." Biochar 3, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42773-020-00081-z.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMany Hawaiian agricultural soils are acidic with low-nutrient retention; therefore, organic soil amendments are often used to improve soil properties and increase yields. Amendments can be incorporated for annual crops, but perennial orchards need surface application to avoid damaging surface roots. Pot trials compared responses to incorporated (IBC) or surface-applied (SBC) combination of hardwood biochar and chicken manure compost (4% v/v of each amendment) added to an Andisol and Oxisol. Soil pH was increased by 0.4–1.1 units in IBC and by 0.2–0.5 for SBC in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Both SBC and IBC increased soil total N, extractable P, Ca and Mg in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Soil pH, total C and extractable Ca were also higher in the 10–20 cm soil layer for IBC soil, indicating movement and/or leaching of amendments. Chinese cabbage biomass was 18–70% higher in the IBC and 14–47% higher in the SBC than that in the unamended soil, while papaya biomass was 23% and 19% higher in SBC and IBC, respectively. There was a greater response in the more acidic Andisol soil, with larger improvements in soil pH, plant nutrient uptake and root biomass than the Oxisol. Surface application was as effective in increasing plant growth as the incorporated amendment, providing evidence for farm scale assessment. Biochar and compost are recommended for use in tropical soils, and surface application may be beneficial to annual and perennial crops.
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Gannett, Maria, Marvin P. Pritts, and Johannes Lehmann. "Soil Amendments Affect Soil Health Indicators and Crop Yield in Perennial Strawberry." HortTechnology 29, no. 2 (April 2019): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03959-18.
Full textAbstract:
Soil amendments with varying carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratios [grass clippings, wheat (Triticum aestivum), straw, sawdust] were pre-plant incorporated into 12 × 15-ft field plots at ≈4 tons/acre in fall and then planted to perennial strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) the following spring and grown 4 years. These amendments were intended to alter soil biological activity as measured by a suite of soil tests referred to as “soil health indicators” which, in turn, were hypothesized to affect strawberry plant growth and yield. In addition, plots were either tilled deeply or shallowly to determine if intensity of tillage affected soil health indicators. After the first and second years, amendments were reapplied between rows and soil and plant variables continued to be monitored. Soil respiration was consistently higher in plots with higher C:N amendments, with up to a 189% increase in respiration in sawdust-amended plots over unamended plots. The respiration rate was highest in sawdust-amended shallow-tilled plots; however, in most cases, tillage depth had no effect on other soil or plant variables. Potentially mineralizable N was higher in sawdust-amended plots in May both years, but not throughout the rest of the season. Soil moisture and pH were 21% and 2% higher, respectively, between the rows of strawberries than within the rows by September of the planting year, and remained that way throughout the next year. Neither the C:N ratio of the soil nor the foliar nutrient concentration of strawberry leaves was affected by the C:N ratio of the amendments. Most significantly, plant density and yield were depressed up to 42% and 26%, respectively, by planting into straw-amended soil, but planting into other amendments did not have this effect. After the second fruiting year (the third growing season), only straw was incorporated into half of the plots after harvest to mimic winter straw mulch incorporation, and yield was measured again the following spring. However, incorporation of straw between rows after plants were established did not affect yield. This study corroborates the general recommendation to avoid new strawberry plantings in locations that were recently planted to strawberry, as old fields likely harbor pathogens and contain undecomposed straw residue from previous years’ mulching that could depress yield. Despite differences in soil health indicators between amendment and tillage treatments, yield differences were not correlated with them. These observations suggest that alternative soil health indicators may be better suited for perennial strawberry.
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Yang, Wei Qiang, Barbara L. Goulart, K. Demchak, and Yadong Li. "Interactive Effects of Mycorrhizal Inoculation and Organic Soil Amendments on Nitrogen Acquisition and Growth of Highbush Blueberry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, no. 5 (September 2002): 742–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.5.742.
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The ability of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal `Elliott' highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) plants to acquire soil N under different preplant organic soil amendment regimes (forest litter, rotted sawdust, or no amendment) was investigated in a field experiment using 15N labeled (NH4)2SO4. Plants inoculated with an ericoid mycorrhizal isolate, Oidiodendron maius Dalpé (UAMH 9263), had lower leaf 15N enrichment and higher leaf N contents than noninoculated plants but similar leaf N concentrations, indicating mycorrhizal plants absorbed more nonlabeled soil N than nonmycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants produced more plant dry weight (DW) and larger canopy volumes. The effect of preplant organic amendments on the growth of highbush blueberry plants was clearly demonstrated. Plants grown in soil amended with forest litter produced higher DW than those in either the rotted sawdust amendment or no amendment. Plants grown in soils amended preplant with sawdust, the current commercial recommendation, were the smallest. Differences in the carbon to nitrogen ratio were likely responsible for growth differences among plants treated with different soil amendments.
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Zulqurnain Haider, Muhammad, Sabir Hussain, Pia Muhammad Adnan Ramzani, Mutahar Iqbal, Muhammad Iqbal, Tanvir Shahzad, Maryam Fatima, et al. "Bentonite and Biochar Mitigate Pb Toxicity in Pisum sativum by Reducing Plant Oxidative Stress and Pb Translocation." Plants 8, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8120571.
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Lead (Pb)-polluted soils pose a serious threat to human health, particularly by transmitting this heavy metal to the food chain via the crops grown on them. The application of novel amendments in Pb-polluted soils can significantly reduce this problem. In this research, we report the effects of various organic and inorganic amendments i.e., bentonite (BN), biochar (BR), lignin (LN), magnesium potassium phosphate cement (CM) and iron hydroxyl phosphate (FeHP), on the Pb bioavailability in Pb-polluted soil, upon Pb distribution in shoots, roots, grain, the translocation factor (TF) and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Pb in pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain. Furthermore, effects of the said amendments on the plant parameters, as well as grain biochemistry and nutritional quality, were also assessed. Lead pollution significantly elevated Pb concentrations in roots, shoots and grain, as well as the grain TF and BCF of Pb, while reducing the nutritional quality and biochemistry of grain, plant height, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll contents (chl a and chl b) and the dry weight (DW) of shoot, root and grain. The lowest Pb distribution in shoots, roots and grain were found with BN, FeHP and CM, compared to our control. Likewise, the BN, FeHP and CM significantly lowered the TF and BCF values of Pb in the order FeHP > CM > BN. Similarly, the highest increase in plant height, shoot, root and grain DW, RWC, chl a and chl b contents, grain biochemistry and the micronutrient concentrations, were recorded with BR amendment. Biochar also reduced grain polyphenols as well as plant oxidative stress. Given that the BR and BN amendments gave the best results, we propose to explore their potential synergistic effect to reduce Pb toxicity by using them together in future research.
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Akhter, J., K. Mahmood, K. A. Malik, A. Mardan, M. Ahmad, and M. M. Iqbal. "Effects of hydrogel amendment on water storage of sandy loam and loam soils and seedling growth of barley, wheat and chickpea." Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 10 (December 10, 2011): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4059-pse.
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The hydrogel amendments may improve seedling growth and establishment by increasing water retention capacity of soils and regulating the plants available water supplies, particularly under arid environments. The effects of different levels of a locally prepared hydrogel were studied on the moisture properties of sandy loam and loam soils (fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplargids, USDA, Luvic Yermosol, FAO) and on growth response of three plant species, viz. barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Water absorption by gel was rapid and highest in distilled water and was inhibited by an increase in water salinity. The addition of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% hydrogel increased the moisture retention (θr) at field capacity linearly (r = 0.988) and thus the amount of plant available water significantly in both sandy loam and loam soils compared to the untreated soils. Seed germination of wheat and barley was not affected but seedling growth of both species was improved by the gel amendment. In loam soil, seed germination of chickpea was higher with 0.2% gel and seedling growth increased with increase in gel level compared with control conditions. The hydrogel amendment caused a delay by 4–5 days in wilting of seedlings grown in both soils compared with control conditions. The hydrogel amendment was effective in improving soil moisture availability and thus increased plant establishment. However, the varied responses of plant species in sandy loam and loam soils warrant further studies on the behaviour of different soil types with gel amendments.
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Beltrá, Juan Carlos, María Gabarrón, Ángel Faz, Raúl Zornoza, José A. Acosta, and Silvia Martínez-Martínez. "Nitrogen Assessment in Amended Mining Soils Sown with Coronilla juncea and Piptatherum miliaceum." Minerals 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12040433.
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Metalliferous mining activities generate a large amount of waste. This waste usually has high concentrations of pollutants such as metal(oid)s associated with the extractive processes, which, if not properly treated and reclaimed, put the ecosystem and the population at risk. One of the most used techniques for mine waste reclamation is aided phytostabilization, which is based on the use of plants that immobilize metals in the soil/roots aided by the use of amendments to improve the soil properties to favor plant growth. Although amendments increase nutrients and improve the soil properties, the concentration of these nutrients—especially N, the most limiting plant nutrient—decreases over time. Thus, this study focused on the evaluation of the relationship between different combinations of amendments (compost, biochar, zeolite and limestone) and plant growth (we introduced Coronilla juncea and Piptatherum miliaceum) on the evolution of soil N over time as well as the influence of C. juncea on soil N fixation. The results showed that the addition of amendments improved the soil characteristics in all plots favoring the growth of C. juncea and P. miliaceum. The compost provided higher concentrations of total N, nitrites, nitrates and ammonium due to the nature of this amendment and the biochar was less in measure. The limestone helped to elevate the pH and the zeolite controlled the exchangeable ions. Soils from C. juncea showed higher concentrations of N forms, suggesting that this legume contributes to the enrichment of soil N, likely due to biological fixation. Hence, the combinations limestone-zeolite-compost and limestone-zeolite-compost-biochar were the most suitable treatments for improving the soil fertility and favored plant growth. In addition, C. juncea seems to be a good candidate for reclaiming mining environments.
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Carvalho, A., C. Nabais, S. R. Roiloa, and S. Rodríguez-Echeverría. "Revegetation of abandoned copper mines: the role of seed banks and soil amendments." Web Ecology 13, no. 1 (September 16, 2013): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-13-69-2013.
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Abstract. Mining is one of the main causes of environmental pollution by heavy metals and (re)vegetation of mine spoils is the most effective method of preventing wind and water erosion and the consequent spread of contaminants to surrounding areas. However, plant establishment and growth are conditioned by some limiting factors of mine soils, such as low pH, low fertility, high heavy metal concentration, and a small seed bank to initiate plant establishment. Improving soil physical and chemical properties is required in many cases for successful (re)vegetation programs. In the copper mine of Touro, Galicia, Spain there is a large-scale project of soil amendment underway using technosols, a mixture of several organic residuals, to improve the conditions of mine soils. We evaluated the seed bank of several types of technosols, mine soil and soil from a control area outside the mine by studying seedling emergence in these soils. In a second experiment we evaluated the impact of increasing pH with liming and the admixing of nutrient-rich soil on the growth of two grasses (Lolium perenne and Dactylis glomerata) and two legumes (Medicago sativa and Trifolium subterrraneum) both sown individually and in mixtures. Seedling emergence and species richness were highest in the technosols. Soil amendments promoted plant growth, with the addition of high-nutrient soil being the best amendment for the four plant species tested. Plant growth was impaired in the mine soil. Lolium perenne was the only plant species that germinated and grew in this soil. We found that soil amendments, either through the addition of technosols, pH buffering or nutrient enrichment, are essential for promoting the revegetation of mine areas.
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Pump, Christina, Katharina M. Keiblinger, Elisabeth Scheiblauer, Simone Johnen, Niklas J. Lehto, Gerhard Soja, and Franz Zehetner. "Temporal Changes in the Efficiency of Biochar- and Compost-Based Amendments on Copper Immobilization in Vineyard Soils." Soil Systems 3, no. 4 (November 27, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3040078.
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Copper (Cu)-based fungicides have been an important tool against disease in viticulture since the 19th century. However, their prolonged use can lead to Cu accumulation in the soil and negatively affect soil microbiology and plant growth. The application of biochar (BC)-based amendments is a promising mitigation strategy, due to BC’s longevity in the soil and its potential to complex Cu. This study investigated temporal changes in the efficiency of various compost- and BC-based amendments to immobilize Cu in a calcareous and a slightly acidic Austrian vineyard soil. The immobilization of both historically accumulated Cu and freshly spiked Cu (250 mg kg−1) was studied. The soils were treated with six combinations of amendments containing compost and BC, with and without surface modification, as well as an additional lime treatment for the acidic soil. After treatment, the soils were incubated for 6 weeks and 3 years, after which the 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable Cu was measured. The amendments were not effective in reducing the mobility of the historically accumulated Cu in the calcareous soil, with pure compost doubling the soluble Cu. Pure wood-chip BC was the only organic amendment that led to a reduction (by 20%) of soluble Cu after 6 weeks in the acidic soil; however, after 3 years, the same amendment reduced soluble Cu by 40% and all other tested amendments were also effective in reducing the mobility of the historically accumulated Cu. The lime treatment achieved the greatest reduction in Cu mobility (56%). Freshly spiked Cu was strongly immobilized in both unamended soils, with 0.06% and 0.39% extractable after 6 weeks in the calcareous and slightly acidic soil, respectively. The amendments did not effectuate additional Cu immobilization in the calcareous soil, but in the acidic soil, the soluble Cu was further reduced to between 25% and 50% of the unamended control by the tested organic amendments and to 6% by the lime treatment after 6 weeks of incubation. Overall, the acidic soil exhibited a stronger response to the amendments than did the calcareous soil, suggesting the amendments’ effect on the soil pH was an important factor for Cu immobilization in this study. These results show the importance of developing site-specific remediation strategies for Cu accumulation in agricultural soils.
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Radovich, T. J., H. R. Valenzuela, B. Kratky, and N. V. Hue. "606 Effects of Compost and Chicken Manure Soil Amendments on Basil Yield." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 551E—551. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.551e.
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To help develop fertilizer recommendations for organic vegetable production in Hawaii, the effects of organic amendments on basil yield were studied in two experiments. The treatments were synthetic nitrogen applied at 100 kg·ha–1 per crop, organic amendments applied at a rate of 8–160 MT·ha–1, and an unammended control. Each treatment was replicated four times in a RCB design. In the first experiment, chicken manure was the organic amendment at 8 MT·ha–1 with a single basil variety grown. In the second experiment, conducted at the same location immediately following the first experiment, the organic amendment was locally produced compost (0.3% N) applied at 40 and 160 MT·ha–1 with three basil varieties grown. Data taken included soil fertility levels before and after experimental completion, marketable yields recorded weekly over 5–10 weeks, and tissue N and nitrate sap analysis measured at two to three different plant growth stages. In the first experiment, treatments receiving chicken manure or synthetic N showed similar yields (256–289 g/plant), which were significantly greater than the control (197 g/plant). Tissue N levels were greatest in the synthetic fertilizer treatment (4.9%) and lowest in the control (4.5%). In the second experiment, there was a differential response by varieties to treatments with respect to yields. Yields from the compost treatments (292–700 g/plant) were equal to or greater than those receiving synthetic fertilizer (320–651 g/plant) and were generally greater than the control (324–532 g/plant). Tissue N levels were greatest in plants receiving synthetic fertilizer (4.6% to 4.7%) and lowest in the control (4.3% to 4.4%). A positive correlation was found between lab tissue N levels and nitrate sap analysis determination.
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Mazzola, Mark, David M. Granatstein, Donald C. Elfving, and Kent Mullinix. "Suppression of Specific Apple Root Pathogens by Brassica napus Seed Meal Amendment Regardless of Glucosinolate Content." Phytopathology® 91, no. 7 (July 2001): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.7.673.
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The impact of Brassica napus seed meal on the microbial complex that incites apple replant disease was evaluated in greenhouse trials. Regardless of glucosinolate content, seed meal amendment at a rate of 0.1% (vol/vol) significantly enhanced growth of apple and suppressed apple root infection by Rhizoctonia spp. and Pratylenchus penetrans. High glucosinolate B. napus cv. Dwarf Essex seed meal amendments did not consistently suppress soil populations of Pythium spp. or apple root infection by this pathogen. Application of a low glucosinolate containing B. napus seed meal at a rate of 1.0% (vol/vol) resulted in a significant increase in recovery of Pythium spp. from apple roots, and a corresponding reduction in apple seedling root biomass. When applied at lower rates, B. napus seed meal amendments enhanced populations of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., but these bacteria were not recovered from soils amended with seed meal at a rate of 2% (vol/vol). Seed meal amendments resulted in increased soil populations of total bacteria and actinomycetes. B. napus cv. Dwarf Essex seed meal amendments were phytotoxic to apple when applied at a rate of 2% (vol/vol), and phytotoxicity was not diminished when planting was delayed for as long as 12 weeks after application. These findings suggest that B. napus seed meal amendments can be a useful tool in the management of apple replant disease and, in the case of Rhizoctonia spp., that disease control operates through mechanisms other than production of glucosinolate hydrolysis products.
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Wehtje, Glenn R., Joey N. Shaw, Robert H. Walker, and Walker Williams. "Bermudagrass Growth in Soil Supplemented with Inorganic Amendments." HortScience 38, no. 4 (July 2003): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.4.613.
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Various inorganic soil amendments have been promoted as a means of improving the chemical and physical properties of certain soils. To test this hypothesis, a marginally productive soil was supplemented with 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% (v/v) of either selected inorganic amendments or sand. Amendments consisted of commercially available diatomaceous earth, calcined clay, zeolite, and crystalline SiO2. The soil material was extracted from the argillic horizon of a Cecil sandy loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults). Ability of these soil-amendment mixtures to promote `Tifway' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy] growth was evaluated under greenhouse conditions, and contrasted to that obtained in nonamended soil. Selected chemical and physical properties that are pertinent to plant growth were also evaluated. The experiment, which was conducted 3×, began with a §60-day period in which both water and nutrients were optimum. This was followed by a 30-day drought. During optimum water and nutrients, no soil-amendment treatment(s) consistently resulted in superior bermudagrass growth compared to soil alone. However, <2% of the bermudagrass tissue that was produced during the drought became green and succulent with the resumption of irrigation in nonamended soil. This percentage was exceeded by all treatments that contained either ≥60% diatomaceous earth (Axis), or ≥40% calcined clay (Profile); and by 100% zeolite (Clinolite) and 100% silica (Green's Choice). Drought-sustaining ability of soil-amendment mixtures was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with water-holding ability, soil strength, bulk density, and oxygen diffusion rate, but not correlated with either pH or cation exchange capacity (CEC). While certain inorganic amendments did improve the drought-sustaining ability of soil, the amount required was generally ≥40%.
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Shaheen, Aqila, Saba Munsaf, Abdul Khaliq, and Nafeesa Zahid. "Comparative Evaluation of Compost, Wheat Straw and Sawdust on Soil Structural Stability, Plant Available Water and Sorghum (Sorghum biocolor L.) Yield." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences 58, no. 3 (January 17, 2022): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(58-3)635.
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The decreased soil structural stability with a resultant reduction in soil porosity, availability of water and nutrients has declined the crop yield. Compost, wheat straw and sawdust, the organic wastes can be effectively used as soil amendments to improve soil structure, porosity and water holding capacity and the crop yield. The study was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) and three types of amendments i.e. compost (CM), wheat straw (WS) and sawdust (SD) were applied at three rates of 0, 4 and 8 t ha-1. The higher sorghum growth was at 8 t ha-1, however, 4 t ha-1 also indicated statistically comparable trend. The highest grain yield of 1357 kg ha-1 and 1374 kg ha-1 was observed in amended soils and type of amendments showed statistically (P≤ 0.05) similar yield. The water contents at field capacity (35.4 %), wilting point (22.5 %) and plant available water (13.25 %) were higher in WS 8 t ha-1 amendment. The higher soil structure stability of 90.78 % was observed in WS with rates of 8 t ha-1. The crop residue WS 8 t ha-1 have the potential to increase soil water retion and soil structure stability as well. The CM, WS and SD amendments significantly improved organic matter (OM), porosity, nitrogen ( N) and phosphorus (P) of soil in 4 and 8 t ha-1 than control. The low bulk density (BD) of 1.07 g cm-3 was in WS 8 t ha-1 and the lower pH was recorded in CM 8 t ha-1. The study showed that all three types of amendments (CM, WS and SD) at 4 and 8 t ha-1 rates have potential to improve the soil structural stability, plant available water and yield of grain sorghum.
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Galland, William, Florence Piola, Céline Mathieu, Lyna Bouladra, Laurent Simon, and Feth el Zahar Haichar. "Does Biological Denitrification Inhibition (BDI) in the Field Induce an Increase in Plant Growth and Nutrition in Apium graveolens L. Grown for a Long Period?" Microorganisms 8, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081204.
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Intensive agriculture uses a lot of nitrogen fertilizers to increase crop productivity. These crops are in competition with soil-denitrifying microorganisms that assimilate nitrogen in the form of nitrate and transform it into N2O, a greenhouse gas, or N2. However, certain plant species exude secondary metabolites, called procyanidins, which inhibit denitrifiers and increase the nitrate pool in the soil available for plant nutrition. This phenomenon is called biological denitrification inhibition. Previously, we showed that the addition of exogenous procyanidins to a lettuce crop induces denitrifier inhibition and increases nitrate content in the soil, affecting lettuce morphological traits. Here, the effects of procyanidin amendments in the field on a more long-term and nitrogen-consuming crop species such as celery were tested. The effects of procyanidin amendment on celery growth with those of conventional ammonium nitrate amendments were, therefore, compared. Denitrification activity, nitrate concentration, the abundance of denitrifying bacteria in the soil, and traits related to celery growth were measured. It was shown that the addition of procyanidins inhibits denitrifiers and increases the soil nitrate level, inducing an improvement in celery morphological traits. In addition, procyanidin amendment induces the lowest nitrogen concentration in tissues and reduces N2O emissions.
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Sloan, John J., Wayne A. Mackay, Phil Colbaugh, Steve W. George, and Sam Feagley. "The Suitability of Expanded Shale as an Amendment for Clay Soils." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.646.
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Excessive soil moisture in clay soils can cause poor aeration and adversely affect plant growth. Small [1 to 3 mm (0.039 to 0.118 inches)] and large [3 to 6 mm (0.118 to 0.354 inches)] diameter expanded shales (ExSh), quartz sand, sphagnum peatmoss (SPM), and cottonseed hulls (CH) were evaluated as soil amendments for Austin silty clay soil. A 3-inch (7.6-cm) layer of each amendment was incorporated to a depth of 6 inches (15.2 cm), resulting in a 1:1 mixture by volume. Pansies (Viola × wittrockiana `Crown Azure Blue') were grown from December to June, followed by scaevola (Scaevola aemula `New Wonder') from June to November for two growing seasons. Foliage quality and extent of flowering were evaluated biweekly. Pansy root weights and above-ground biomass were quantified at the end of each growing season. None of the amendments significantly affected pansy foliage quality or the number of blooms per plant. Small diameter ExSh and SPM decreased pansy nitrogen content the first year after application, but not the second. During the first growing season, when soils were frequently saturated due to excessive rainfall, pansy root weights were significantly higher in soils amended with the small and large diameter ExSh. Large diameter ExSh treatments significantly increased the survival rate of transplanted scaevola plants and also the quality of foliage and percent blossom coverage during both growing seasons. Cottonseed hulls also increased scaevola survival for both growing seasons, but did not consistently improve scaevola foliage quality or bloom coverage. Of the five amendments tested, large diameter ExSh consistently improved overall plant performance more than the other amendments.