Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Planning tool'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Planning tool.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Jonsson, Rickard, and Daniel Tägt. "Remote Tower Center - Planning Tool." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap (DV), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-63531.
Full textPatange, Vinay Baburao. "Tool planning in batch manufacturing." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1993. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20211/.
Full textHiveluah, O. T. "Mobility sketch planning tool for Windhoek." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5039.
Full textThe research attempted to model the trip generation and the subsequent modal splits resulting thereof. The sketch planning tool to be developed attempted to predict within reasonable accuracy limits, the travel trends and hence the transport modes used for the undertaking of these trips. To gain an in depth understanding of the task, the "status quo" mobility conditions for Windhoek had to be well understood. Only once when the existing trends are fully understood, can one begin to derive a model that is able to model, the expressed mobility trends.
Weigeshoff, William Ronald. "An automated reconnaissance and surveillance planning tool." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23823.
Full textThe Automated Reconnaissance and Surveillance (R&S) Planning Tool is a prototype of the Army's proposed Common Ground Station, and serves as a Intelligence interface to NPSNET. This system incorporates Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB) and intelligence asset modeling in order to create realistic intelligence collection. IPB is the analysis of the affects of the terrain, weather, and enemy doctrine on the friendly situation. Intelligence System Modeling is performed for Mounted and Dismounted Scouts, Ground Surveillance Radars (GSR), Joint Surveillance and Attack Radar System (JSTARS), and Remotely Piloted Vehicles (RPV). These systems' collection effort can be monitored by displaying their individual perspectives of the battlefield, or their combined collection effort can be plotted on a 2D or 3D representation of the Terrain. The raw intelligence data produced by these systems is analyzed according to the number and types of enemy vehicles located. Probable enemy courses of action are also generated. Automated R&S planning can greatly enhance the already lethal capability of the Army by speeding up the Collection and Dissemination Process.
Caballero, Julián A. "Concrete Budget : an intuitive retirement planning tool." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45610.
Full textThis electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 62).
In times where Roth IRA's are condoned by the government, Social Security is failing, and the US economy is considered by some to be in a recession, there is no doubt that Americans need help with their finances and budgeting for the future. Concrete Budget aims to turn the idea of money, which is difficult to gestate to its fluid and abstract nature, into something tangible and easier to conceptualize. The main abstraction used to solidify a person's budget is by the use of goals (e.g. buying a house, paying for a child's tuition) that can be traded off from one to the other in order to understand the effects of savings a little money on X in order to have enough money for Y. Concrete Budget will strive to be simple and aesthetically pleasing in order to be adopted by uncle Joe, grandma Jane, and even that baby brother who always seems to get himself into tight situations.
by Julián A. Caballero.
M.Eng.
Damus, Robert Shibli 1977. "The remote interaction planning and visualization tool." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91339.
Full textLhotáková, Markéta. "Positioning as a Strategic Marketing Planning Tool." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2001. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77135.
Full textChambers, Cynthia R. "True Directions: A Student Centered Planning Tool." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3895.
Full textMaric, Borislav. "Event Planner : Development of an event planning tool." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Mathematics, Natural and Computer Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-191.
Full textThe event planning tool described here is a software developed in the form of a web application enabling continuous access to the information about the events for persons interested in organizing events and those interested in participating at them. For event organizers the tool gives the opportunity to create, edit, present the events and to view the participation statistics for the events they are organizing. The software was developed with PHP and MySQL. The iterative procedure of its development is described in this document.
Workman, Rossalyn. "Business food chain, a new tool for planning." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ39713.pdf.
Full textLiang, Qixiong. "An intelligent strategy planning tool for decision support." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300611.
Full textChrzanowski, Michael J. (Michael John). "Development of a manufacturing & business planning tool to aid in forward planning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/52961.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 93).
by Michael J. Chrzanowski.
M.S.
Moody, Shona. "SLOPE : a metaphor-based strategy formation tool /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2005. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2192.
Full textChovanak, Lori Anne. "Development of an intra-facility continuing education planning tool." Montana State University, 2012. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2012/chovanak/ChovanakL0512.pdf.
Full textYilmaz, Yagiz Sevil. "Dspptool: A Tool To Support Distributed Software Project Planning." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604761/index.pdf.
Full texts adequacy to meet the identified functional attributes and the second one is the validation of the tool by utilizing the data of the project schedule of a real project. This tool enables preparation of project scope, schedule and task assignments in a more effective, accurate and seamless way.
Carton, Katherine F. (Katherine Frances) 1969. "Planning for public housing : strategic tool or regulatory checklist?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64912.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 80-84).
The Public Housing Agency (PHA) Plan was introduced in 1998 as part of the landmark Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act. The stated purpose of this legislation was to reform public housing by "deregulating and decontrolling public housing authorities, thereby enabling them to perform as property and asset managers." The complex, topdown bureaucratic rules and regulations promulgated in Washington were no longer deemed workable. Congress strove to foster a new relationship with public housing authorities that replaced the single, top-down, cookie-cutter approach with the flexibility and local authority necessary to foster individual initiative and develop context-based solutions that recognize the unique nature and dynamics of individual neighborhoods and communities. Yet, upon examination of the statutory and regulatory requirements of the PHA Plan, it becomes evident that Congress and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) have missed their mark. Unfortunately, neither Congress nor HUD have articulated how deregulation and decontrol will necessarily result in better performance as property and asset managers. Ultimately, this omission undermined Washington's ability to effect its public housing reform agenda. By rigidly prescribing the content and introducing a uniform, electronic format, the PHA Plan appears to be driven more by technology and the ease of the review and approval process than by the needs of public housing authorities and their constituents. More importantly, as demonstrated by a case study of the Boston Housing Authority, the PHA Plan fails to reinforce locally based initiatives designed to revitalize public housing using established real estate principles. Drawing on extensive research, interviews with key actors and the author's own experiences as a planner with the Boston Housing Authority, this thesis will explore the factors that contributed to the disjunction between the stated purpose of the PHA Plan and the way the requirements have actually played out at the local level. Based upon these observations, recommendations are offered to change the statutory and/or regulatory requirements to better serve public housing agencies in their efforts to improve as property and asset managers.
by Katherine F. Carton.
M.C.P.
Toney, David Fanon 1972. "Portfolio management : a tool for strategically planning infrastructure development." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10029.
Full textCostello, Seosamh. "An integrated strategic planning tool for road maintenance funding." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633080.
Full textBenedito, Ricardo Jorge Chambel. "Software development of SmartShiP: a smart shift planning tool." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29131.
Full textJonsson, Markus, and Matea Muzevic. "Indicators of Sustainability - a tool for planning toward sustainability." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23189.
Full textSustainable development and in particular sustainable urban development are now catchphrases for how most cities wish to develop. Sustainability indicators have been established as a tool to facilitate decision-making measures to simplify, clarify and gather information. The idea is that indicators should control and follow through sustainability efforts but also serve as a tool to communicate ideas, thoughts and values. The aim of this study is to describe how sustainability indicators can help to streamline sustainability efforts. By looking at how three Swedish municipality use indicators along with research in the theoretical field a conclusion that shows that there are major weaknesses in the systems applied today is presented. The research advocates a few indicators based on both qualitative and quantitative values where communication is central which completely goes against what the municipalities are doing at the moment. New indicator systems based on participation where the intended audience is primary would lead to a broader understanding of sustainability goals, which is a requisite for achieving them. Indicators could facilitate decision-making where the role of management and monitoring will be key along with communication towards sustainability. As a citizen it is difficult to influence or understand sustainability projects when they are not presented in an understandable way and when it is difficult to monitor development. In the end of the study a preliminary project on how an internal process in developing a new indicator system is presented.
Richardson, Nona Elizabeth. "An operator induction tool supporting knowledge engineering in planning." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2008. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/2607/.
Full textMahlambi, Sizwe Blessing. "Strategic planning: a tool for effective management of schools." Thesis, University of Zululand, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1451.
Full textThe aim of this study is to investigate the role of strategic planning in the management of schools. Strategic Planning refers to the combined effort of people with interest in education (stakeholders) to develop a common goal for a particular school. Everyone within the boundaries of the school (teachers, learners and parents) then work toward the attainment of such a goal. From the literature study it becomes clear that strategic planning should commence with a study of the environment. “Environment” is an all inclusive word in this context that refers to both internal and external environments. The internal environment includes inherent factors that strengthen or weaken the school’s position. The external environment includes outside opportunities that the school may have as well as the threats that are brought by outside influences, including other schools or the community. The literature survey supplies a vast amount of evidence to support the belief that successful organisations are goal orientated. What all successful schools have in common is a well discussed mission / goal that people in that particular school works towards. A goal orientated school is characterised by parental involvement in matters concerning the school; by learner performance because of set standards; by educator competence because of available resources for effective teaching; and by teamwork, trust and participation in all activities in the school. For the purpose of the empirical investigation, a self-structured questionnaire for educators was utilized. The data obtained from the completed questionnaires was processed and analysed by means of descriptive statistics. The findings from the empirical study confirmed that most schools are still lacking in goal setting and- management expert skills. In conclusion a summary of the study, based on the findings of the literature and empirical studies is presented, with the following recommendations: • Programmes in the form of workshops should be developed to empower parents in their involvement in schools. • Implementation of training and education of the school management teams with regard to the running of the schools. • Further research should to be done to improve planning and management of the schools.
Hague, Tracy R. "LeatherNet : an evaluation as a mission planning and briefing tool /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA319584.
Full text"September 1996." Thesis advisor(s): W.G. Kemple, William J. Haga. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-82). Also Available online.
Moriarty, Sean Terence. "A technical demonstration of a map based logistics planning tool." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA337029.
Full textLau, Kwok-yee, and 劉國儀. "Planning for a quieter environment: is EIA a successful tool?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31261103.
Full textBalasubramaniam, Mahadevan 1976. "Tool selection and path planning in 3-axis rough machining." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80500.
Full textKlein, Lisa A. (Lisa Ann). "The major investment study as a planning and policy tool." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67737.
Full textWeyer, Christopher. "The viability of the trust as an estate planning tool." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65636.
Full textMini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Private Law
LLM
Unrestricted
Priddis, Andrew Scherbel. "Decomposition of Manufacturing Processes for Multi-User Tool Path Planning." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6251.
Full textMueller, Christine (Christine R. ). "Negotiated rulemaking : a tool for state environmental agencies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68779.
Full textMostert, Daniël Gerhardus. "Competitive analysis : a tool to enhance the process of strategy formulation /." Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1122.
Full textPhillips, Sara Michelle. "Sustainable Development: A Tool for Urban Revitalization." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1242854916.
Full textCox, M. Katherine. "Information technology : a competitive tool in real estate development?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65203.
Full textBurden, Timothy Henry Arthur. "A thesis on company modelling for integrated strategic and operational planning." Thesis, Birmingham City University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283163.
Full textCastle, Timothy S. "Coordinated inland area Search and Rescue (SAR) planning and execution tool." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA355989.
Full text"September 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Gordon H. Bradley, Alan R. Washburn. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-82). Also available online.
Parkinson, Simon. "Construction of machine tool calibration plans using domain-independent automated planning." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2014. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/20329/.
Full textDickie, Trevor. "Computerized visualization as a tool in the small town planning process." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0024/MQ26763.pdf.
Full textBurger, Trinette. "The future of trusts as an estate planning tool / Burger T." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7329.
Full textThesis (M.Com. (South African and International Taxation))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
Bemis, Jamie (Jamie L. ). "Urban building energy modeling as a dynamic tool for sustainability planning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105072.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 33-34).
Cities around the world are actively aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to combat the negative consequences associated with anthropogenic climate change. The City of Boston is no exception-in 2011, then-mayor Tom Menino established the rigorous goals of reducing city-wide greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by 2020 and by 80% below 2005 levels by 2050. Given the realities of finite time and resources, it's critical to identify the most effective strategies to achieving energy efficiency in order to meet these objectives. This thesis explores how urban building energy modeling (UBEM) can be utilized to develop high-impact community-led energy efficiency programs. UBEM is a recently developed type of bottom-up energy modeling that presents a number of advantages over past urban energy modeling methods- namely, the ability for comparing complex scenarios, and the ability to generate hourly load profiles for individuals buildings. In addition, literature suggests that community-based energy efficiency programs achieve higher participation rates than traditional information-based programs. This thesis combines the technical benefits of UBEM with the practical advantages of community-led energy efficiency programs to develop a context-specific and community-based energy efficiency program for the Dudley Triangle neighborhood of Boston. It then explores how this type of a program can achieve the triple bottom line objectives of creating high quality local jobs, reducing environmental impacts, and supporting a local economy.
by Jamie Bemis.
M.C.P.
Dhondea, Ashiv Rao. "Mission Planning Tool for space debris studies with the MeerKAT radar." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29617.
Full textOng, T. S. "Development of process planning methodology for end milled features specified with geometric toler." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396216.
Full textLillo, Gustav, Klara Sahlén, and Marie Swenman. "A digital tool for sustainable urban planning : A case study of introducing a carpool in a residential area in Uppsala." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-254972.
Full textBugaighis, Elizabeth Tyler. "Historic preservation a tool for urban revitalization /." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1990. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
Full textSource: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2934. Abstract precedes thesis as [4] preliminary leaves. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-94).
Cheng, Shu-Ting, and 程淑婷. "Tool Path Planning for Nonlinear Error of Five-axis Machine Tools." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hcr7nv.
Full text國立虎尾科技大學
機械與電腦輔助工程系碩士班
100
Manufacturing industries such as aerospace, mold factory, etc., often require machining complex surfaces and high precision products, using the traditional three-axis machine tool machining complex the surfaces, often result in repeated positioning precision error, and must consider cost in the design and manufacture of fixtures;the use of five-axis machine tools to process these products can effectively solve the above problem, that is to say, use of the five-axis machine tool machining precision parts has become the current trend. 5-axis machine tool has two more rotary axes relative to the traditional three-axis machine tools, so that its machining processing capability is more flexible, and thus the rotation axis has more influences on precision machining parts due to nonlinear error and the singular point. This is likely to cause the cutting tool path distortions, damage the surface and cause the severe vibration of the machine tool to damage the machine tool, and therefore the study of the singular point and its adjacent nonlinear error have become important issue. This paper presents a discussion on a singular point, its non-linear error, and their relationship in various types of machine tools. Based on chord error assessment, we interpolated a tool path by using linear interpolation to modify the problems that non-linear errors produce. We obtained an NC code by using a post processor that we developed and by evaluating tool path manufacturing continually. In addition, we confirmed where the singular point occurs, as well as its influence on various types of type machine tools.
Mathieu, Perrine. "Mission planning tool for small satellites." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/24088.
Full texttext
Su, Jia-shiang, and 蘇嘉祥. "Tool Path Planning for a Table-Type Six-Axis Machine Tool." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65116443139051903125.
Full text國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
88
Abstract In this thesis, tool path planning of a table-type six-axis machine tool has been investigated. The tool path planning of the developed machine tool is different from the traditional approach. This is because the table-type six-axis machine tool is built based on parallel mechanisms. An effective method has been developed to analyze the motion among the machine tool and to determine tool path and tool orientation with the constraints of machine tool configuration and workpiece geometry. Examples have been demonstrated to illustrate this approach.
Reed, R. Gabrielle Hawkes Lois Wright. "TuliP a teacher's tool for lesson planning /." Diss., 2002. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08282003-200944.
Full textAdvisor: Dr. Lois Wright Hawkes, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Computer Science. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 25, 2003). Includes bibliographical references.
Sheen, Bor-Tyng, and 沈柏廷. "Machining feature recognition and tool-path planning." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62330609396194735270.
Full text國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
93
This study develops an effective method for identifying machining features. While recognizing features, the workpiece is sliced at some specified positions. The sectional curves of the workpiece faces and slicing plane constitute the feature profiles. Not only the isolated machining features but also the intersecting machining features can be identified by the information from these intersection profiles. As a result of slicing a 3D part into 2D pockets for generating tool paths, pocket is the one of main tasks. When a pocket is machined, it is an issue for finding the optimal result from the feasible tools. This paper presents a method which a upper bound O( N ) is used to choose the combination of optimal cutting tools, where N is the number of feasible tools. After the recognition of machining features, the recognized machining features can be applied for scheduling the manufacturing sequences. Different kinds of tool paths can be automatically generated for various machining features to improve the cutting efficiency. After the recognition of machining features and the choosing of tools, the generation of tool paths becomes another issue. Many researches remove the overcutting zones after the whole raw offsets are produced. The paper proposes a dynamic method to remove overcutting zones. This dynamic method can reduce the computational time number and thus secure against the dangers of errors. Meanwhile, a methodology is offered to solve the problem of pocket multi-islands. The speed for the generation of tool paths is even faster than some commercial CAD/CAM packages.
Kang, Lun-Wei, and 康倫維. "Tool-path Planning for Multi-axis Machining." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01066502486342341755.
Full text國立臺灣大學
機械工程學系研究所
86
With the progress of NC technology, there is keener competition among the product. How to promote efficiency and economy has become the focus in the ind ustry. As far as NC machining is concerned, the first step to reach the above goal is to solve the problems of tool-path planning. As tool-path arrangeme nt seriously affects the quality and efficiency of machining, this research at tempts to improve the drawback of traditional planning by introducing the cons tant scallop-height methodology for milling. It effectively shortens the lengt h of tool path and achieves uniform machining surface with controlling the cho rdal deviation. In the proposed algorithm, the removal of unnecessary path usi ng ray-crossings principle is included to ensure the tool inside the part boun dary and the application can be extended to the surface with a hole. Simula tion and experimental analysis have been conducted in this research, and confi rm the practicality of the constant scallop-height method. The research also s hows the potential problems, and provides the solution. Finally the method is applied to hub surface machining in detail as a case study and more discussion s are made.
Chen, Cheng-Yao, and 陳建堯. "Tool Path Planning for square-shaped planes." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25987962682463041461.
Full text逢甲大學
機械工程學系
89
In this thesis, we present a cutter-feeding path planning for quadrilateral plane surface machining using a milling machine. Since the way of cutter feed impact the time and quality of machining, it is important to find an optimal cutter-feeding path. In the following discussion, regardless of the detail machining process, we assume that the shortest cutter -feeding path is optimal. We adopted the staircase technique in which the plane is first partitioned to many layers, then each layer is machined sequentially. The staircase machining had been successfully applied on triangular plane. In this paper, we extend the technique to quadrilateral plane machining. In the approach, the quadrilateral plane is first divided into two triangular planes. These two triangular planes are then machined by staircase method in sequence. We focus our discussion on the choice of a good quadrilateral partition in order to obtain the shortest cutter-feeding path.