Academic literature on the topic 'Planning permit risk'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Planning permit risk.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Planning permit risk"
1
Smith, Barry, Julie Martine, and Graeme D. Hubbert. "ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES FOR A PERMIT-WIDE DRILLING PROGRAM IN A SENSITIVE MARINE ENVIRONMENT." APPEA Journal 34, no. 1 (1994): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj93055.
Full textAbstract:
An integrated program of environmental studies was undertaken in support of an application to conduct permit-wide exploratory drilling in a shallow, sensitive marine environment. The program comprised permit and well site specific work which was carried out in parallel with a corporate due diligence program established by the permit Operator.Scientific studies undertaken for permit area EP 341 off the north west coast of Western Australia comprised underwater surveys, aerial video reconnaissance, surface current tracking surveys and oil spill trajectory modelling to characterise the local environment and identify sensitive resources at risk of impact from oil spills. Survey data were used to prepare an environmental impact assessment report and an oil spill contingency plan, which provide a set of site-specific environmental management guidelines for use by field and office personnel involved with the drilling program. A 3D oil spill trajectory model successfully predicted current flows in the complex hydrodynamic environment of the permit areas, demonstrating its usefulness as a real time tool for oil spill response planning.
2
Polomka, S. M., J. Bruins, G. A. Spanninga, and I. P. Mennie. "WA-27I-P, EXMOUTH SUB-BASIN—INTEGRATED PROSPECTIVITY EVALUATION." APPEA Journal 39, no. 1 (1999): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj98008.
Full textAbstract:
Permit WA-271-P in the southern Exmouth Sub-basin was initially gazetted as W96–20 in the 1996 gazettal round.It was recognised at an early stage that fluids found in Novara-1 (14° API oil), Pyrenees-1 and Macedon-1 (19° API oil and gas) made economic viability of traditional Barrow Group prospects in WA-271-P problematic and dependant upon the accurate prediction of reservoir development and fluid type.After award, Woodside embarked upon an intensive data acquisition program that included 800 km2 3D, 1,600 km 2D seismic, and 34,000 line km of aeromagnetic data. The integration of this data was completed in the latter part of 1998. The evaluation of the exploration 3D survey in the north eastern portion of the permit included volume interpretation and 3D visualisation, the results of which were integrated with an aeromagnetic and gravity study of the permit. The resultant interpretation clearly defined fault patterns and confidently identified and distinguished seismic anomalies caused by fluid effects from those generated by igneous bodies. This interpretation was supported by the application of quantitative interpretation techniques to Near, Full, Far stacks and DMO gathers with the knowledge then extrapolated to the regional 2D seismic grid beyond the 3D survey area.Environmental risk awareness and contingency planning formed an integral part of the early work within the permit. A metocean survey and spill modelling study were conducted leading to the production of a Resource Atlas. The results of the environmental studies were incorporated into the timing of exploration activities to minimise any potential impact on the environment.In summary, a focussed and multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation of the prospectivity of the permit was achieved through an integrated work flow. This has resulted in an attractive portfolio of prospects and leads from a number of play fairways, improved risk assessment, and the development of new plays within the permit, including both the traditional Barrow Group plays, and Jurassic and Triassic deep water plays. This approach has added considerable value to the permit by introducing new technologies and successfully managing risk with old play types.The first prospect drilled in the permit in December 1998, Vincent–1, was an oil and gas discovery.
3
Whitman, Robert V. "Toward a Strategic Plan for the National Earthquake Risk Reduction Program." Earthquake Spectra 11, no. 2 (May 1995): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585816.
Full textAbstract:
Every day actions are taken that reduce the risks associated with earthquakes. This national, amorphous but action-oriented effort is NERRP (different from nehrp—the federally-funded information-gathering-and-disseminating effort). There is today no well articulated list of goals for NERRP, let alone a well understood plan for achieving such goals—although there are some de facto goals and plans. Such goals and plans are needed—to enlist support for earthquake risk reduction, and to permit effective planning for the nehrp effort. A set of national goals, together with a strategic plan to achieve these goals, are presented—as a “strawman.” The aim is to stimulate discussion and launch action toward achieving consensus on goals and a plan for NERRP.
4
Morelli, Martin, and Michael A. Lacasse. "A systematic methodology for design of retrofit actions with longevity." Journal of Building Physics 42, no. 4 (June 11, 2018): 585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259118780133.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents a method for the design of retrofit actions with focus on energy savings that permits a systematic and thorough assessment of potential failures, anticipated maintenance and the expected durability of the retrofit actions. The proposed method combines the use of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) to permit identifying likely failure modes from which maintenance actions could be planned and the limit states (LS) method to assess the durability of the given retrofit action. One case study was completed to illustrate the application of: (1) the FMEA and LS method and (2) the proposed method for a retrofit action of an internal insulated solid wall of masonry bonded with lightweight aggregate concrete and floor division of concrete. It was evident that FMEA is useful regarding failure-mode identification and maintenance planning, and the LS method has its strength in durability assessment. Combining the use of both the FMEA and LS methods allowed improved design of new energy-saving retrofit actions, given that a thorough risk assessment was possible that included a decision-making process on maintenance planning, durability assessment and decision on potential redesign of retrofit actions.
5
Rybka, I., and E. Bondar-Nowakowska. "Risk of Alterations to Project Documentation on an Example of Environmental Engineering Construction." Archives of Civil Engineering 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2013-0027.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Investor bears responsibility for proper preparation of the investment process. One of his tasks is to prepare the project documentation and obtaina building permit. Frequently, during his work, there are situations and events whose im pact interferes with the design solutions. Regardless of reasons, alterations to a project constitute a source of cost risk. In each case, the Investor should be prepared for this type of a risk. Exposure to risk should be taken into account in the planning stage of the investment. Also, a model of investment execution should be chosen at this stage. The type of model is associated with the distribution of risk throughout the project. The aim of this paper is to identify events that generate risk related to alterations to Project Documentation in the context of the selection of the investment executionmodel.
6
A. Bogatenkov, S., V. A. Belevitin, and M. L. Khasanova. "Risk Management Based on Model of Competences when Introducing Innovative Information Technology." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.24324.
Full textAbstract:
Economic expediency and attractiveness of life quality improving are accompanied by risks of increasing instability and possible collapse of the world system. Forecasts of the labour market change connected with automation of working places and mass unemployment cause concerns. The task of risk management in the personnel training system for introduction of new information technology is considered. The purpose of the research is development of the methodology based on the models of competences including requirements for safe application of information-measuring systems, as well as for an education level, work experience and permit-to-work documents in new conditions. A complex of new mathematical models, methods and technologies providing safety of the process of information technology introduction owing to the systemic approach to risk minimization is taken as a basis of the methodology. Invariant models provide economic effectiveness of processes of designing the system of safety and planning of educational paths. Models of personal paths of development and classes of competences provide didactic safety. Decision-making methods provide information, psychological, social and economic safety of the process of information technology introduction. The methodology is realised when introducing distance learning technologies in educational organisations of Chelyabinsk and the Chelyabinsk region.
7
Millett, Alec. "Commercial shipping and offshore exploration—safety by design: a case for holistic marine spatial planning." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13130.
Full textAbstract:
In its navigation safety and environment protection role, the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) is compulsorily consulted by offshore exploration proponents during the preparation of their environmental plans (EPs). AMSA is an interested party regarding the safe navigation of commercial shipping conducting coastal and international trade in all areas, including those where proposed geotechnical, geophysical, or production activities may take place. Acreage releases often overlap busy shipping lanes and, in some cases, International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted measures that support the safety of shipping and protection of the marine environment. Ships transiting these areas carry cargos of considerable volume and net worth and often substances that are hazardous or dangerous. AMSA, during the proponents’ EP consultation phase, provides advice and assesses navigational and infrastructure risk based on locations of proposed offshore activities and commercial shipping activity. It is apparent that during approval processes, risks related to commercial shipping may not always be fully considered. This can lead to the need for careful expectation management to limit risk exposure. Below are examples where permit areas are shown along with commercial shipping traffic patterns. Commercial shipping and exploration activity can coexist through careful and early communication and adept planning. Maturing marine spatial planning (MSP) processes may provide opportunities to ensure timely and relevant information is shared while adhering to regulatory requirements. This extended abstract and its poster presentation highlight the ability to share spatial information, including commercial vessel traffic information, over a common water space to realise safety and efficiency gains for all concerned.
8
Rios, Livia Teresa Moreira, Edward Araujo Júnior, Luciano Marcondes Machado Nardozza, Antonio Fernandes Moron, and Marília da Glória Martins. "Prenatal Diagnosis and Postnatal Findings of Bronchogenic Cyst." Case Reports in Pulmonology 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/483864.
Full textAbstract:
Bronchogenic cysts arise from abnormal buds from the primitive esophagus and tracheobronchial tree, which do not extend to the site where alveolar differentiation occurs. Bronchogenic cysts are typically unilocular mucus field lesions arising from posterior membranous wall of the air way. The prenatal diagnosis usually is realized by two-dimensional ultrasound showing the large unilocular cystic image in the chest fetus. The prenatal percutaneous aspiration can reduce the risk of heart compression and permit better respiratory conditions to newborn. We present a case of a primiparous pregnant 23 year-old-woman prenatal ultrasound showed a large unilocular cyst in the left hemithorax with compression of the normal left lung tissue and contralateral mediastinal shift. This cyst was percutaneously aspirated without subsequent reaccumulation of fluid. The newborn did not have respiratory distress and the computed tomography scan confirmed the finding of a fluid-filled cyst in the left chest. The chest X-ray showed the displacement of the heart and the mediastinum from the left to the right. The prenatal diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst is very important to assess the degree of the compression of the normal lung and the mediastinum shift. Furthermore, the prenatal diagnosis permits planning delivery in the tertiary hospital with multidisciplinary team because of the risk of respiratory distress.
9
Karki, Tej Kumar. "What did the 2015 earthquake tell us about what the state of earthquake resilience in Kathmandu metropolitan city was?" International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 10, no. 2/3 (September 6, 2019): 188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-12-2018-0052.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This paper asks what was the state of building-code enforcement and citizen – government collaboration in disaster preparedness when an earthquake hit Kathmandu metropolitan city (KMC) in 2015? It reviewed government documents, analyzed media reports, interviewed building-code monitoring officers and carried out a detailed case study of the earthquake-damaged Park View Horizon Housing Apartment (PVHA) Complex. The research found several earthquake-resilience issues. They were enforcement-vulnerability (Building bylaws, planning permit and building code); institutional-coordination vulnerability; Apartment-regulation vulnerability; technological vulnerability; and citizen-government-collaboration vulnerability. Design/methodology/approach The study area of this research is KMC, and this research is based on content analysis, field observation and interview. It has reviewed all the newspapers and media reports that had covered earthquake issues during and after the 2015 disaster, as well as the articles published in Nepal, South Asia, the USA, New Zealand and Haiti. The literature on Nepal’s building code, seismic history and institutional arrangements for governing earthquake-related issues were reviewed. After field observation of some of the damaged apartments, a detailed case study of PVHA Complex was carried out. Findings The research found several earthquake-resilience issues. They were enforcement-vulnerability (Building bylaws, planning permit and building code); institutional-coordination vulnerability; Apartment-regulation vulnerability; technological vulnerability; and citizen-government-collaboration vulnerability Research limitations/implications A limitation of this study was its heavy reliance on content analysis, one case study and a few interviews and discussions with affected residents, local governments and developers. Practical implications This study would help enhance disaster governance in developing nations. Social implications The citizen–government collaborative approach to earthquake resilience would enhance human resilience to disaster at individual and community levels. Originality/value Since this is the first research carried out on the state of building code and institutional resilience at the time of the 2015 earthquake in Nepal, it is original and provides policy insights for earthquake resilience in Nepal.
10
Macdonald, Roderick A. "Jurisdiction, Illegality and Fault: An Unholy Trinity." Revue générale de droit 16, no. 1 (May 2, 2019): 69–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1059311ar.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship between fault and ultra vires is one of the most difficult aspects of the law of Crown Liability. It sets clearly into relief the policy conflicts which arise when private law risk allocation regimes (the adversarial adjudicative imposition of liability rules grounded in a concept of corrective justice) are invoked to police the functioning of public law risk allocation regimes (the allocation through various non-adjudicative procedures of the benefit and burden according to a variety of conceptions of distributive justice). The Crown Liability Act and article 94 of the Code of Civil Procedure both incorporate as against the Crown rules of private law delictual behaviour which were originally developed for regulating activity between private parties as such. They, therefore, compel courts to determine whether jurisdictional error per se constitutes fault. The history of twentieth century attempts to reconcile ultra vires and fault is a history of the judicial search for boundary criteria between realms of public and private law. These boundaries have been, among others, a good faith test, functional criteria such as judicial and legislative immunity or immunity for planning functions, the notion of breach of statutory duty, and so on. Each of these attempts has ultimately be repulsed by the desire of litigants to recover against the Crown on the widest possible basis. Modern theories of jurisdiction being so all-embracing and modern conceptions of fault being so comprehensive, the courts are constantly being asked to develop an absolute equation between fault and ultra vires. The paper concludes by exploring several options for harmonizing private law and public law risk allocation regimes. It recommends a restructuring of the Crown Liability Act so as (i) to permit recovery on a variety of no fault bases, (ii) to permit recovery even when intra vires acts have been undertaken (if these cause significant or disproportional damage) and (iii) to permit the immunization of certain governmental functions from private law liability even when the decisions in question have been taken in an ultra vires fashion.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Planning permit risk"
1
Lindstrand, Jesper, and Jacob Bergström. "Planrisk : En svårbedömd men avgörande parameter vid värdering av råmark." Thesis, KTH, Fastighetsföretagande och finansiella system, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297974.
Full textAbstract:
Fastighetsutveckling är en verksamhet som kännetecknas av en hög grad av komplexitet och osäkerhet. Detaljplaneprocessen är en långdragen process som ofta löper över flera år, och involverar ett stort antal sakägare och många motstridiga intressen. Det råder en stor risk att detaljplanen inte färdigställs eller att processen fördröjs på grund av olika överklaganden eller problem vad gäller trafiklösningar, landskapsbild, buller och riksintressen såsom skyddade arter och fornlämningar. (Costello, G. et. al. 2010). Det är även mycket vanligt att den slutgiltiga detaljplanens innehåll nedrevideras, och därmed skiljer sig jämfört med det ursprungliga förslaget. Ovan nämnda riskfaktorer går under samlingsnamnet planrisk, och anses vara den största risken enligt byggherrar, och hur den bedöms inför ett förvärv kan vara avgörande för projektets lönsamhet (Segerlund, D 2015). Dagens värderingsmetodik för råmark, det vill säga mark som inte är detaljplanelagd, sker vanligtvis genom ortsprismetoden där jämförelser görs med tidigare utförda transaktioner på jämförbar mark. Eftersom antalet transaktioner av råmark är mycket lågt i Sverige och att information om prispåverkande bakomliggande villkor ofta saknas så använder man en indirekt ortsprismetod, så kallad råmarkskalkyl, som komplement. Råmarkskalkylen räknar ut råmarkens värde utifrån värdet av projektet vid färdigställande minskat med beräknadekostnader, tidsfaktor samt uppskattad planrisk (ibid). Detta examensarbete har syftat till att utreda vilka faktorer styr planrisken och hur värderare går till väga för att uppskatta denna parameter. Tidigare rapporter inom ämnet belyser problematiken kring transparens och tydlighet i de antaganden som använts i värdeutlåtanden vid värdering av råmark. Således syftar även detta arbete till att utreda de faktorer som ligger till grund för den bristande transparensen som råder. Författarna har använt sig av triangulering som forskningsmetod för att mynna ut i det resultat som redovisas i slutet av arbetet. Sammanfattningsvis har 10 intervjuer genomförts med olika branschaktörer som alla är insatta i ämnet kring planrisk och råmarksutveckling. För att få en god förståelse över ämnet och ett perspektiv från både offentlig och privat sektor har även en kortare enkätstudie skickats till samtliga av landets kommuner. Slutligen har även en fallstudie genomförts där författarna undersökt och jämfört fyra olika värderingsutlåtanden för råmark. Slutsatserna som kan dras från detta arbete är att värderingen av råmark är ett komplext värderingsförfarande, som kräver erfarenhet från värderingsmän. Det går dock att notera brister i hur antaganden redovisas i dessa värderingsutlåtanden. Författarna anser också att annars vanliga tillvägagångssätt för att hantera osäkerheter vid värdering saknas i denna typ av värderingar, exempelvis känslighetsanalyser och scenarioanalyser. Ett återkommande tema under intervjustudien är att marknaden saknar den betalningsvilja som krävs för ytterligare utredningsunderlag. Författarna menar dock att det finns kostnadseffektiva lösningar som skulle både stärka och öka validiteten och realibiliteten i den slutliga bedömningen, vilketockså redovisas i resultatdelen. I hopp om att bidra till en ökad transparens inom branschen, har en matris skapats som författarna tror kan fungera som en vägledning för rådgivare, kund och marknad.Real estate development is a procedure that is characterized by a high grade of complexity and insecurity. The process for developing a detailed development plan is a lengthy and tedious procedure that involves a large number of stakeholders with conflicting interests. The risk that the detailed development plan is not completed or prolonged due to factors such as traffic solutions, national interests, racket and a shifting scenery is high. (Costello, G. et. al. 2010). It is also common that the contents of the final version of the detailed development plan is revised in a downwards fashion, and thus differs significantly from the initial proposal. The aforementioned risk factors are, along with other risk factors, collectively called the planning permit risk. It is considered to be the largest risk according to real estate developers and how it is assessed prior to an acquisition of land is considered crucial for the profitability of the project (Segerlund, D 2015). The most common method used for valuing raw land (parcel of land that is not encompassed within a detailed development plan) today is called a comparable sales method, where you use prior transactions of comparable properties to assess the value of your project. Due to the fact that the volume of raw land transactions is quite low in Sweden, the comparable sales method is often complemented with a backdoor feasibility analysis, which computes the value of the project as if it was finished subtracted with the costs, the time to completion and the planningpermit risk (ibid). This master's thesis’ aim is to examine which factors that affect the planning permit risk and how valuers assess this parameter. Prior research within the subject sheds a light on the problem with transparency and clarity regarding the assumptions that are used in valuation reports for raw land valuations. Thus, this report also intends to examine the factors that are subject to blame for this lack of transparency. The authors have chosen to answer the research questions stated in this paper by the use of triangulation as the research method. The authors have conducted 10 interviews with branch professionals that are knowledgeable regarding the subject of the planning permit risk and raw land valuation. To gain a deeper understanding of the subject and to gain a perspective from both the private and public sectors, a survey has been sent out to all of Sweden's municipalities. To conclude it all has a case study been conducted, where the authors have examined and compared four valuation reports of raw land. The conclusions that can be drawn from this thesis is that the valuation of raw land is a complex procedure that requires experienced valuers. It is however possible to note flaws regarding the presentation of the assumptions in the valuation reports. The authors find that otherwise normal procedures regarding how to handle insecurities in valuation are lacking in these reports, for example sensitivity or scenario analyses. A reoccurring comment during the interview procedure is the fact that the market is not willing to pay for additional inspections that can increase the transparency of these valuation reports. However, the authors of this paper suggest that there are cost-efficient solutions that can strengthen and enhance thevalidity and reliability of the valuation reports for raw land valuations. In hopes of increasing the transparency within the industry, a matrix has been developed that is presented at the end of this paper, which the authors believe can be of guidance to not only the advisers, but alsothe client and the market as a whole.
2
Melim, Hugo José Capontes. "Relatório final de estágio profissionalizante realizado na equipa de juniores de Futebol do Sport Lisboa e Benfica na Época Desportiva 2014-2015: da organização e operacionalização do processo de treino e competição ao perfil muscular do jovem atleta." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14550.
Full textAbstract:
Este relatório retrata o trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito do estágio curricular em futebol, integrado no Mestrado em Treino Desportivo, da Faculdade de Motricidade Humana e realizado no Sport Lisboa e Benfica – equipa de juniores – durante a época de 2014/2015.
O relatório inicia-se com uma caracterização do contexto de estágio e avança para revisão da literatura que suportou a nossa prática profissional, sendo centrada no modelo holístico de determinantes do desempenho desportivo de Bangsbo, Mohr, Poulsen, Perez-Gomez, and Krustrup (2006).
Após a revisão da literatura, segue-se a organização e gestão do processo de treino e competição. Este descreve a atividade profissional que foi desenvolvida nos domínios do planeamento e condução do processo de treino e competição, na definição e orientação de estratégias de recuperação e prevenção de lesões, e ainda no planeamento e organização do treino de força, velocidade, resistência e treino de não-convocados.
O projeto de investigação no futebol, teve como objetivo a caracterização do perfil isocinético de produção de força e o perfil de fadiga dos ISQ vs QUAD nos jovens atletas. O objetivo foi identificar potenciais indicadores de risco de lesão muscular e desenvolver estratégias que possam ajudar os atletas do clube a minimizar o risco de lesão.
A criação de posters informativos surge como proposta para um novo canal de comunicação entre o clube e os atletas, correspondendo à área da relação com a comunidade. Teve como principal objetivo a instrução técnica dos exercícios considerados nucleares ao treino de força de todos os atletas de formação que treinam na Caixa Futebol Campus.
Como principal conclusão do trabalho desenvolvido, podemos considerar de extrema importância o vasto conhecimento e a permanente aprendizagem que o treinador de futebol deverá garantir, de forma a obter sucesso profissional nas áreas determinantes do rendimento desportivo de equipas e de jogadores.The present report describes the work carried out in the scope of the curriculum development internship in deepening the professional skills in football, integrated in the Master in Sports Training, Faculty of Human Kinetics and held in Sport Lisboa e Benfica U19 youth team during the season of 2014/2015. To start off the report characterizes the context of the professional internship. Later, the introduced literature is focused on the holistic model of the determinants of sports performance (Bangsbo et al., 2006) that served as a theoretical framework and supported the practical activities developed. After the literature review, the organization and management of the training and competition processes are described. The chapter introduces the professional activities developed with regards to planning and organization of strength, speed and resistance trainings and the training of athletes who were not called to the game, as well as the definition and orientation of recovery and injury prevention strategies. The research project is focused on characterizing the isokinetic profile of strength production and the profile of fatigue with regards to the Hamstrings and Quadriceps of young athletes. The goal was to identify potential muscle injury risk indicators and develop strategies that could help minimize this risk. The relationship with the community was developed through an innovation project. Creation of informative posters appears as a proposal for a new communication channel between the club and the athletes. The main objective of the project was to educate the young athletes who train in the Caixa Football Campus the correct execution of the core exercises of strength training. The main conclusion of the presented work is to emphasize the extreme importance of the specialized knowledge and the continuous learning that a football coach must aim for in order to achieve professional success.
Book chapters on the topic "Planning permit risk"
1
Kim, Yeowon, Lelani M. Mannetti, David M. Iwaniec, Nancy B. Grimm, Marta Berbés-Blázquez, and Samuel Markolf. "Social, Ecological, and Technological Strategies for Climate Adaptation." In Resilient Urban Futures, 29–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63131-4_3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractResilient cities are able to persist, grow, and even transform while keeping their essential identities in the face of external forces like climatechange, which threatens lives, livelihoods, and the structures and processes of the urban environment (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, How to make cities more resilient: a handbook for local government leaders. Switzerland, Geneva, 2017). Scenario development is a novel approach to visioning resilient futures for cities. As an instrument for synthesizing data and envisioning urban futures, scenarios combine diverse datasets such as biophysical models, stakeholder perspectives, and demographic information (Carpenter et al. Ecol Soc 20:10, 2015). As a tool to envision alternative futures, participatoryscenario development explores, identifies, and evaluates potential outcomes and tradeoffs associated with the management of social–ecological change, incorporating multiple stakeholder’s collaborative subjectivity (Galafassi et al. Ecol Soc 22:2, 2017). Understanding the current landscape of city planning and governance approaches is important in developing city-specific scenarios. In particular, assessing municipal planning strategies through the lens of interactive social–ecological–technological systems (SETS) provides useful insight into the dynamics and interrelationships of these coupled systems (da Silva et al. Sustain Dev 4(2):125–145, 2012). An assessment of existing municipal strategies can also be used to inform future adaptation scenarios and strategic plans addressing extreme weather events. With the scenario development process guiding stakeholders in generating goals and visions through participatory workshops, the content analysis of governance planning documents from the SETS perspective provides key insight on specific strategies that have been considered (or overlooked) in cities. In this chapter, we (a) demonstrate an approach to examine how cities define and prioritize climate adaptation strategies in their governance planning documents, (b) examine how governance strategies address current and future climate vulnerabilities as exemplified by nine cities in North and Latin America where we conducted a content analysis of municipal planning documents, and (c) suggest a codebook to explore the diverse SETS strategies proposed to address climate challenges—specifically related to extreme weather events such as heat, drought, and flooding.
2
Díaz-Varela, Emilio, Guillermina Fernández-Villar, and Alvaro Diego-Fuentes. "Transformative Change in Peri-Urban SEPLS and Green Infrastructure Strategies: An Analysis from the Local to the Regional Scales in Galicia (NW Spain)." In Fostering Transformative Change for Sustainability in the Context of Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS), 133–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6761-6_8.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTransformative change involves the integration of different social dimensions and the involvement of a multiplicity of actors resulting in high levels of complexity. Considering all this, our work addresses the development of green infrastructure (GI) to improve the conservation of biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services from two different approaches and scales: regional and local.From the regional level, a GI strategy was promoted by the regional government of Galicia (NW Spain) through institutional efforts following a multidisciplinary approach including public participation processes. On the other hand, a local, participative perspective is exemplified in the Neighbourhood Association of the Parish of Chapela (Redondela, Galicia), a peri-urban, coastal area where intensive forestry and urban expansion threatens the availability of accessible multifunctional ecosystems for the local communities.Both approaches are indicative of seeds for a transformative change yet to happen. Nevertheless, they differ in their visions, values and goals: the regional level is statutory-oriented and focused on the accomplishment of administrative objectives; the local level is based on the communities’ wellbeing aims and calls-for-action. Differences are also detected in the risks and barriers to transformative processes, from the inertia of administrative procedures to the limitations of local action to face environmental and developmental problems. Exploration of these contrasting perspectives leads to the identification of needs for institutional change, the emergence of new governance systems, and the development of new perspectives for strategic planning and management.
3
Parker, Gavin, Emma Street, and Matthew Wargent. "Advocates, advisors and scrutineers: the technocracies of private sector planning in England." In Planning and Knowledge, 157–68. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447345244.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter studies the role of private consultants in the reformed English planning system and their impacts on the shaping of local policy priorities and practices. First, the chapter sets out the recent political context that has precipitated the rise of the ‘consultocracy’ across public services and planning in particular. Second, it outlines how the use of consultants has become ‘naturalized’ as part of the multi-change planning environment that now characterises English planning. Third, the chapter introduces interview data concerning Local Plan-making to show the scope of consultant involvement and the importance of uncovering how such knowledge is claimed and deployed. In concluding, this chapter reflects on the feedback loop between the state of ‘perma-reform’ in English planning and the expansion of consultant inputs to the system, and considers what this relationship means for our understanding of planning expertise as a social construction and political tool in a co-produced system.
4
Pirlone, Francesca, Zaira Sotgia, and Ilenia Spadaro. "Sustainability in the Safety Measures of the Historical-Cultural Heritage against Hydraulic Risks." In Geographic Information Analysis for Sustainable Development and Economic Planning, 213–27. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1924-1.ch015.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter describes a methodological approach based on different research experiences developed in EU contest: CHEF, aimed to prevent damages caused by hydraulic risks to historical and cultural heritage; and RIVES, aimed to safeguard territory by avoid damages. Based on these experiences, paying attention especially to urban fabric and historical contest, it has been created a reconnaissance and evaluative chart. It is necessary to find out and quantify all the specific indicators useful to make a clear and deep knowledge about the territory involved to simplify a security project to avoid damages caused by hydraulic risks. The CBA Method, used to find sustainable actions, aimed to make a safety plan, permits to identify actions to preserve the territory, as limited and erodible resource. With the Geographic Information System, it is possible have a graphical representation about the results. The test area is the historic centre of Genoa.
5
"Pre-operative assessment." In Emergencies in Respiratory Medicine, edited by Robert Parker, Catherine Thomas, and Lesley Bennett, 297–300. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199202447.003.0049.
Full textAbstract:
Pre-operative assessment 298 A thorough pre-operative assessment includes taking a history, performing a physical examination, studying clinic letters and previous anaesthetic charts, and collating investigation results. The information gathered enables the physician to quantify peri-operative risks (e.g. respiratory, cardiac, etc) and allows optimization of the patient's treatment and planning of management options. Risks can then be discussed with the patient for best possible informed consent....
6
Kupfer, David J., and Susan K. Schultz. "DSM-5 Overview and Goals." In Neurobiology of Mental Illness, edited by Dennis S. Charney, 1067–71. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199934959.003.0081.
Full textAbstract:
The road to DSM-5 spanned a decade of planning, discussion and review of the considerable advances in psychiatric research and clinical practice. By bridging the strengths of DSM-IV with the opportunities brought by new discoveries in neuroscience, the DSM-5 offers a foundation for future growth as we fill in our gaps of knowledge regarding the underlying pathologies of mental disorders. New features in DSM-5 include an organizational structure that permits alignment of disorders with shared putative pathogenesis irrespective of whether the disorders typically emerge in childhood or later in life. Other features include a new emphasis on risk factors and the development and life course of illness. The goal of the DSM-5 is to create a “living document” that may evolve over time as we gradually build on our knowledge of the neurobiologic underpinnings that account for both the emergence and lifetime expression of mental disorders.
7
Fisher, Emily S., and Kelly S. Kennedy. "Counseling Students Living in Foster Care." In Counseling Special Populations in Schools, 23–37. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199355785.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter presents information and strategies for counselors who work with students who are living in foster care. Students in foster care have experienced a series of significant negative life events that put them at great risk for mental health and academic difficulties that can persist into adulthood. Counselors working with students in foster care can help by using strategies that promote empowerment and self-determination and that focus on building students’ strengths and social support systems. The chapter discusses specific counseling strategies such as solution-focused brief therapy, trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy, and Cognitive Behavior Intervention for Trauma in Schools. It also presents suggestions for planning for the time when students make the transition from adolescence to adulthood and thus leave the foster care system.
8
Norrving, Bo. "Stroke and TIA." In Oxford Textbook of Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology, edited by Carol Brayne, Valery L. Feigin, Lenore J. Launer, and Giancarlo Logroscino, 193–202. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749493.003.0020.
Full textAbstract:
Concurrent data on stroke epidemiology are important for preventive actions and healthcare planning. Reliable global statistics have only been available for less than a decade, and signal an urgent need for action to prevent stroke. Stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The bulk of stroke burden is borne by developing countries. Geographical differences between countries and regions persist and have even increased. There is still no country in the world where the burden of stroke, in terms of absolute number of people affected by or died from stroke, has declined over the last two decades. The overall burden of stroke in younger adults is increasing globally, and now represents almost half of the total burden from stroke. Risk factors for stroke are well known. Stroke is highly preventable, and treatable. With appropriate actions a substantial reduction in the burden of stroke should be possible.
9
Ribas, Guilherme, Eduardo Ribas, and Ramez W. Kirollos. "Surgical management of intraventricular lesions." In Oxford Textbook of Neurological Surgery, edited by Ramez W. Kirollos, Adel Helmy, Simon Thomson, and Peter J. A. Hutchinson, 411–24. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746706.003.0035.
Full textAbstract:
Deep understanding of neuroanatomy is mandatory in planning and execution of surgery for intraventricular lesions. These operative procedures include both open and endoscopic approaches, and choosing the appropriate trajectory to the various parts of the ventricles can minimize the resulting morbidity of the approach, which may occur in addition to the potential risk to the surrounding structures during resection of the lesion itself. The use of the natural spaces provided by the cerebral fissures and sulci allows access to the ventricular cavities whenever possible, however, traversing neural tissue eventually is inevitable. The juxta-midline location of the frontal horns and body of the lateral ventricle and the third ventricle allows the use of interhemispheric approaches. On the other hand, transcortical/trans-sulcal approaches are necessary for lesions located within the atrium or temporal horns of the lateral ventricle. In planning these approaches not only exquisite knowledge of the functional anatomy of the cortex is required, but also understanding the subcortical architecture of the white matter fibres to choose the safest rather than just the shortest route. Furthermore, appreciating the potential morbidity from injuring the surrounding intra- and peri-ventricular structures and awareness of the blind spots related to the various trajectories cannot be underestimated. Surgery for fourth ventricular lesions is covered elsewhere.
10
DuLong, Jessica. "“I was gonna swim to Jersey.”." In Saved at the Seawall, 54–70. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501759123.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter details the experiences of both mariners and passengers during the waterborne evacuation across the New York harbor following the attacks of 9/11. The longstanding tradition of mariners assisting those in peril is as ancient as seafaring itself. Stemming from a moral duty rooted in pragmatism about the implicit dangers of nautical life, the obligation was signed into U.S. admiralty law in the aftermath of the April 15, 1912, sinking of the RMS Titanic. This rule, however, did not apply to the situation in Manhattan on September 11. At least not technically speaking in most cases. But that did not stop the boatmen and boatwomen from New York harbor and beyond from feeling compelled. At stake were notions of identity, of mariners' acclimatization to taking and mitigating risks, of what can be called “professional honor.” Without planning or protocols, many undertook the evacuation out of a sense of duty, unquestioningly, applying to this land-based calamity their mandate from the laws of the sea. The compulsion to rescue, stitched into the fabric of nautical tradition, propelled mariners into action, as did the sense, for many, of New York harbor as home.
Conference papers on the topic "Planning permit risk"
1
Kammereck, Andreas, Kent Ryan, and Tammy Jacobson Moore. "Managing Risk at Pipeline River Crossings in Changing Regulatory Settings." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33627.
Full textAbstract:
Recent high profile exposure and rupture of pipelines at river crossings in the United States (U.S.) has raised the awareness of riverine hazards and the corresponding risks of operating pipeline river crossings. The decadal tendencies for rivers to change vertically (i.e. scour and deposition) and horizontally (i.e. channel migration) increases the risk to ageing pipeline systems. The corresponding cost of the consequences from potential exposures, damages or even ruptures at river crossings has re-defined the risk regime for planning, permitting, designing, installing, operating, and regulating river crossings. Pipeline systems installed decades ago frequently did not incorporate state of the art hydrotechnical engineering approaches, and did not address long-term channel scour and erosion dynamics, instead setting sagbends and burial depths relative to active (i.e. short term) channel conditions and not planning for long-term geomorphic trends. Planning for river crossing routing assessments now include increasing awareness of how riverine systems function. Hydrotechnical studies incorporate hydrologic, hydraulic, and fluvial geomorphic assessments and investigations, as well as environmental, social, and land inputs to the planning, permitting, design and construction processes. Recent high profile damage, exposure, and in some cases rupture of pipelines in river crossings has brought these issues into the public domain. Pipeline regulatory agencies and congressional oversight in the U.S. has responded to recent pipeline incidents in dynamic riverine conditions with increased permit planning, design and operation requirements. This paper will discuss the ways changing rivers are resulting in increasing challenges for pipeline operators, and discusses how Williams Northwest Pipeline (NWP) has implemented several practical mitigation measures to proactively address river crossing risks.
2
Ryan, Paul, Jan Schwerdtfeger, and Markus Rodermann. "Establishment of a Competitive Additive Manufacturing Workshop." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57461.
Full textAbstract:
Compared to conventional manufacturing processes, additive manufacturing offers a degree of freedom that has the potential to revolutionize the turbine components supply chain. Additive manufacturing facilitates the design and manufacture of highly complex components in high performance materials with features that cannot currently be realized with other processes. In addition, shorter development and manufacturing lead-times are possible due to the flexibility of 3D based processing and the absence of expensive, complicated molds or dies. Having been confined for many years to rapid prototyping or R&D applications, additive manufacturing is now making the move to the factory floor. However, a dearth of manufacturing experience makes the development effort and risk of costly mistakes a deterrent for many organizations that would otherwise be interested in exploring the benefits of additive manufacturing. A former manufacturer of industrial gas turbines recently established an additive manufacturing workshop designed to deliver highly complex engine-ready components that can contribute to increased performance of the gas turbine. A strong emphasis on process validation and implementation of the organization’s best practice Lean and Quality methodologies has laid solid foundations for a highly capable manufacturing environment. This paper describes the approach taken to ensure that the workshop achieves a high level of operational excellence. Process development topics explored in the paper include the following: • Planning of process flow and cell layout to permit the maximum lean performance • Strategy used to determine machine specification and selection method. • Assessment of process capability • Influence of design for manufacture on process efficiency and product quality • Experience gained during actual production of first commercial components
3
Thomas, Aby. "Managing Asset Integrity and Safe Operations at the Bahrain Petroleum Company: Operational Assets in Unfenced/Unmanned Areas." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93190.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Managing operational assets outside the Refinery, in unfenced/unmanned areas is of paramount importance for the successful and safe operations of the company. Operational assets include gas, oil and utility pipelines, distribution and metering stations, valve stations, power distribution cables and such other assets. These assets are ‘on land’ inside populated urban areas, desert locations and sub-sea installations. Primarily, company’s operational assets are protected by constant patrolling by the nation’s public security agencies and also by the company security department. However risks to the company’s operational assets arise from Contractors engaged by the company to perform any work on the asset or near the asset or other agencies including ministries or utility companies or authorities engaging their Contractors in carrying out new installation or maintenance work of their own assets located in and around company assets. In the context of Bahrain as a nation, the oil and gas industry contributes substantially to the economy and hence it is very important that all necessary processes are established to protect operational assets. When work is performed by Contractors not directly within operational control i.e. taking place in remote, normally unmanned or minimally manned facilities the inherent risk is high and has to be managed through legally mandated processes. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS: Bapco has an established ‘Process Safety Management’ (PSM) system accepted and implemented in the company. The ‘Safe Work Permit’ system is a very critical control system/measure to ensure Contractor compliance when performing any work. Coupled with the effectiveness of PSM and Contractor Safety process the Government of Bahrain mandated legally binding process of the ‘Wayleave’ system along with other processes such as Planning Permission, helps in enforcing control of company’s operational assets in company’s unfenced or remote areas with minimal or no manning. A procedure for ‘Processing of Planning Permissions and Wayleave pertaining to BAPCO’s Unfenced Areas’ has been developed based on engineering design requirements basis international design codes and best professional practices. Details of these practices will be described and illustrated in the detailed presentation. PRESENTATION/CONCLUSION: Bapco has over the past years developed procedures and processes to manage operational assets/ areas within the Oil and Gas Fields, Oil transmission pipelines and the ‘Right-of-Way’, Gas Distribution Network and the ‘Right-of-Way’, Refinery, Tank Farms and its own Shipping Wharf Operations in keeping with the highest engineering standards, safety and quality requirements. Purpose of this presentation is to list and explain the adaptation of these procedures and processes coupled with pragmatic solutions that forms the basic architecture that aids in controlling the safety and operability of assets in ‘Unfenced/ unmanned Operating Areas’. This ensures generating positive economics and aiding in the growth of the nation’s economy.
4
Morton, John H., Steve T. Rowe, Rosemary C. Hargrave, Catherine F. Storey, and Stephanie L. White. "Understanding State Variability and Recommendations for Minimizing Schedule Risk in Pipeline Siting and Development." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33504.
Full textAbstract:
States are facing multiple challenges around new pipeline infrastructure as a result of unconventional oil and gas development. In many instances, federal oversight of interstate pipelines has failed to keep up with state interest in new pipelines. However, some states lack an efficient centralized or streamlined siting and permitting process to accommodate new development. This paper examines the different approaches by various states and what oil and gas companies can do to minimize risk by balancing the competing public and private interests to obtain the necessary permits and approvals without delaying project construction. The paper includes discussion of both Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) regulated natural gas pipelines as well as crude oil and product lines not regulated by FERC. In addition, this paper provides a first-hand perspective on how public opposition can change the regulatory landscape during the course of a project using the Keystone XL Project as an example. After the Keystone XL Project ran into permitting issues, the Nebraska Legislature modified its law, directing the state to evaluate the environmental, economic, social and other impacts of the Nebraska segment of the project. Because the state did not have a specific NEPA process, Nebraska had to first establish a process to conduct the state’s evaluation and produce the functional equivalent of a NEPA document, resulting in project delays. This paper also describes how the evolving use of social media has provided a mechanism for rapid dissemination of information for both project opponents and proponents. There is a heightened national awareness that may now target certain projects based on impacts to select environmental resources such that just meeting the minimum regulatory requirements may not be enough moving forward. In today’s regulatory environment, strategic planning and communications are critical to raise awareness in advance of the potential opposition.
5
Nwankwo, Okechukwu K., Jennifer S. Muku, Oladipo G. Ogunbona, Chidi B. Ike, Mutiu K. Amosa Dr., and Ebipador Ogionwo. "The Implementation of Offshore Safety Program OSP in Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry- A Performance Assessment." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207121-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Offshore Safety Permit (OSP) Program is the Personnel Accountability System, being utilized by the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Regulator, in line with global best practices to manage the details of over 40,000 oil workers registered to work on offshore and swamp facilities and track their movements to-and-fro such facilities. The Program was introduced in 2012 to standardize requirement for personnel travel to offshore and swamp locations and to eliminate issues such as: non-compliance with mandatory competency and safety training; non-compliance with medical fitness to work requirement; unauthorized extended stay on facilities at offshore/remote location; inaccurate documentation of personnel movement to-and-fro facilities at offshore/remote location leading to delayed/wrong incident reporting. This paper examines, through the review of the OSP policy, Guidelines and database, the value addition of the program since its inception., detailed and insightful discussions are made on the importance and potentials of the OSP program as a simple but integral policy and planning tool in managing risks, enhancing collaboration and improving safety and emergency services in Nigeria's oil and gas industry.
6
Cohen, Alan S., Shawn Worster, and Michael Brown. "Back to the Future: Lesson Learned in Implementing Emerging Technologies." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2318.
Full textAbstract:
“Energy cost increases are expected to continue.... The impact of these energy cost increases on attractiveness of energy recovery could be significant.” “A number of new technological developments have been underway over the past few years that are now becoming available as full-scale systems and that are greatly expanding the opportunities for energy recovery from mixed municipal waste.” These sound like statements from today’s headlines or the latest marketing brochures reflecting the promise of emerging waste management technologies. The reality is that these statements were made over thirty years ago. Communities planning on implementing any new technology as part of their solid waste management program should proceed with caution. After all, the second quote above was followed by the following statement. “These systems have generally been developed by firms in private industry as new business ventures. Monsanto, Union Carbide, Devco, Garrett Research and Development (a division of Occidental Petroleum), Hercules, Black-Clawson, Horner-Schiffrin and Combustion Equipment Associates have been some of the most active firms.” Although many communities relied upon performance and financial guarantees offered by these companies, none of projects developed by them were successful. Similarly, there was a wave of optimism and projects that were implemented in the 1990’s involving numerous mixed municipal waste biological (i.e., composting) projects that also failed for economic or technical reasons. From these prior experiences, lessons can be drawn to assist communities evaluate the risks and rewards in procuring and contracting for today’s emerging technologies. The waste being delivered to these failed projects, unlike some of the salespersons, did not go away. These failed projects had to be redeveloped and replacement projects implemented to deal with the daily tide at the curb. A number of consultants, including the authors, started in the solid waste business redeveloping some of these failed initial efforts. From these prior experiences, lessons can be drawn to assist communities evaluate the risks and rewards in procuring today’s emerging technologies. New thermal conversion, pyrolysis, gasification, and bioconversion technologies are being proposed for projects throughout the U.S. based on experience in North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Many communities have issued RFP’s to include emerging technologies in their integrated solid waste management systems. To successfully procure and finance a project involving one of these emerging technologies, the project sponsor or developer will need to: • Locate a politically suitable site for the project; • Acquire waste supply commitments; • Develop energy and material sales approaches and agreements; • Arrange for residue disposal; • Obtain permits to operate; and • Arrange for the financing. In addition to the above components, the efficacy of the technology and the financial backing provided by the technology supplier are critical to a successful project. Not unlike the early 1970’s and 1990’s companies are promoting the advantages and successful applications of new approaches to solid waste management. In doing so, some companies are asking communities to provide a suitable site (usually adjacent to or near an exiting permitted landfill or other solid waste management facility), supply waste, dispose of any residue, and assist in the permitting of a new project. The company may take the responsibility to arrange for energy and material markets, obtain the permits, and finance the project. The company’s objective is to develop a demonstration of their technology using mixed municipal solid waste, or a portion of the waste stream, in a U.S. community from which it can build its business. Before entering into long term obligations associated with such arrangements, it is important that a community consider the following: • How much will it cost to deliver waste to the new facility? • What impact will it have on the balance of the solid waste management system? • If the new system does not work, is there an alternative location, both in the short- and long-run to process/dispose of the waste? • If there are odor or other environmental problems that cannot be mitigated, is there a way to terminate the operation of the facility? • If the project does not succeed, will the company be responsible for razing the facility and returning a clean site? What other obligations will the company have? • What are the obligations of the community if the project does succeed? • What is the definition of success? • How long must the project be successfully demonstrated before it is converted into a fully commercial operation? • If this involves an expansion of the project, is the community obligated to proceed? This presentation compares and contrasts the experiences of the past with the current approaches being taken by firms promoting these technologies and communities implementing them in the hope of learning from our past.. Case studies will be discussed to support the conclusions and recommendations presented.