Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Planification systématique de la conservation'
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Cimon-Morin, Jérôme, and Jérôme Cimon-Morin. "Développement d'une approche de planification systématique de la conservation des milieux humides intégrant les services écologiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25763.
Full textGlobalement, le statut de la plupart des services écologiques (SE) est jugé préoccupant. Des actions de conservation permettraient de maintenir l’apport de certains SE à des emplacements cruciaux pour le maintien du bien-être humain. Néanmoins, comparée aux approches de conservation traditionnelles, la conservation des SE requiert des considérations particulières afin de capter le lien spatial qui unit les flux de services à leurs bénéficiaires. Or, ces connaissances demeurent fragmentaires. Cette thèse s’insère donc dans ce contexte et tente de répondre à trois questions principales, soit : (1) comment considérer le lien spatial entre les flux de SE et leurs bénéficiaires lors de la sélection des réserves?; (2) comment peut-on aligner la conservation de la biodiversité à celle des SE le plus efficacement possible?; et (3) quelles sont les conséquences de retarder la mise en œuvre des actions de conservation sur l’atteinte des objectifs? Nous avons d’abord montré que lorsque la demande pour les services à échelle locale était directement intégrée dans les procédés de planification systématique de la conservation, cela favorisait la sélection de sites qui étaient jusqu’à trois fois plus efficaces pour combler la demande des bénéficiaires par rapport à des approches qui ne ciblaient que l’apport des services uniquement. Cette nouvelle approche permet donc de concentrer les efforts de conservation aux endroits où les ressources investies contribueront le plus au bien-être humain. Ensuite, en utilisant cette dernière approche conjointement avec des cibles de biodiversité par l’entremise d’approche de sélection basée sur la complémentarité des sites, nous avons montré qu’il était possible d’atteindre toutes les cibles de conservation pour seulement 6 % de superficie supplémentaire à protéger. Lorsque l’atteinte de toutes les cibles de conservation est désirée, miser sur la congruence spatiale entre la biodiversité et les SE était de deux à cinq fois moins efficace que l’utilisation d’une approche basée sur la complémentarité entre les sites. Finalement, dans un contexte d’augmentation des pressions provenant des activités industrielles, nous avons évalué les effets du retard dans la mise en œuvre de la conservation sur le coût de remplacement des réseaux de conservation. Nous avons montré que ce coût peut s’élever jusqu’à 15 % lorsque la conservation est effectuée après le début du développement.
The current global status of most ecosystem services (ES) is precarious. Conservation actions could help secure their provision in locations deemed critical for the maintenance of human well-being. However, compared to traditional conservation planning approaches, ES conservation requires particular considerations to capture the spatial link between human beneficiaries and services flows; this knowledge is still fragmentary. This thesis examines one such context and tries to answer the following three main research questions: (1) How do we identify important sites for ES conservation? (2) How do we best align biodiversity and ES conservation? (3) What are the consequences of the delayed implementation of ES conservation actions? We first showed that considering demand in systematic conservation planning procedures fostered the selection of sites that may be up to three times more efficient in fulfilling beneficiary demand. This approach enables conservation efforts to focus on locations where resource investment will yield the greatest return for human well-being. Then, using this novel approach simultaneously with wetland biodiversity features within a complementary based selection procedure, we showed that it was possible to achieve all biodiversity and ES targets for only six percent of the additional area to be protected. When all conservation targets are sought to be a attained, counting on the spatial congruence between biodiversity and ES may be two to five times less efficient than using a complementarity based approach. Finally, in a context of increasing pressures from industrial development, we assessed the role of timing where the implementation of ES conservation actions is concerned on the replacement cost of the resultant networks. We showed that a slight increase in the percentage of the study area subjected to development can raise the replacement cost of conservation networks of up to fifteen percent.
The current global status of most ecosystem services (ES) is precarious. Conservation actions could help secure their provision in locations deemed critical for the maintenance of human well-being. However, compared to traditional conservation planning approaches, ES conservation requires particular considerations to capture the spatial link between human beneficiaries and services flows; this knowledge is still fragmentary. This thesis examines one such context and tries to answer the following three main research questions: (1) How do we identify important sites for ES conservation? (2) How do we best align biodiversity and ES conservation? (3) What are the consequences of the delayed implementation of ES conservation actions? We first showed that considering demand in systematic conservation planning procedures fostered the selection of sites that may be up to three times more efficient in fulfilling beneficiary demand. This approach enables conservation efforts to focus on locations where resource investment will yield the greatest return for human well-being. Then, using this novel approach simultaneously with wetland biodiversity features within a complementary based selection procedure, we showed that it was possible to achieve all biodiversity and ES targets for only six percent of the additional area to be protected. When all conservation targets are sought to be a attained, counting on the spatial congruence between biodiversity and ES may be two to five times less efficient than using a complementarity based approach. Finally, in a context of increasing pressures from industrial development, we assessed the role of timing where the implementation of ES conservation actions is concerned on the replacement cost of the resultant networks. We showed that a slight increase in the percentage of the study area subjected to development can raise the replacement cost of conservation networks of up to fifteen percent.
André, Laure Vaitiare. "Planification spatiale systématique pour la gestion des lagons perlicoles dans le Pacifique selon une approche multicritère (biodiversité, ressources, usages, ciguatéra)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS382.pdf.
Full textEffective conservation and sustainable resource management are critical. Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP) identifies the areas that best meet the trade-offs between conservation objectives and costs, providing managers with a transparent decision support. However, our state of the art indicates a tendency for marine SCP in Oceania to be too generic regarding local needs, revealing several orphaned themes, yet crucial locally. This thesis aims to fill this gap by examining four research questions, applied to three lagoons in French Polynesia. 1. How can ciguatera be integrated into SCP? 2. Can SCP guide pearl farming management? 3. Can SCP make a useful contribution to traditional management? 4. How can strategies for diversifying activities be designed with SCP? Connected to the problems of managers, to local criteria and based on spatial data from surveys of fishers, this thesis formalizes a new method for integrating ciguatera into the SCP and produces original results with optimized costs. Two strong aspects emerge: optimizing traditional fisheries management and identifying areas for reintroducing pearl oysters. This confirms the practical interest and the initial choice of a “think globally, act locally” approach. In a context where commitments for conservation and sustainable management are multiplying, the SCP proves to be a precious tool to reduce the gap between research and action by translating, in conjunction with the managers, international ambitions into adapted local responses
Saucier, Frédérique. "Développement d'une approche de planification systématique pour l'élaboration de réseaux de conservation représentatifs faits d'aires protégées qui visent la persistance de la biodiversité à long terme : Étude de cas au Moyen Nord du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28328/28328.pdf.
Full textAbstract 1: Design persistent protected areas to form representative conservation networks: solving the dual problem to protect ecosystem functions and biodiversity on the long term —Case study: conservation planning in Quebec’s Moyen Nord Recent developments in conservation planning integrate persistence of biodiversity on the long term with representation objective. To maintain biodiversity on the long-term and keep its dynamic aspect, criteria of size, intactness and connectivity are identified as key components in the design process. Our systematic conservation planning method considers all three features through protected areas known as ecological benchmarks that 1) are big enough to sustain large-scale ecological process such as fire, 2) are highly intact to be used as reference sites and 3) are connected via the hydrological system using catchments as planning units in order to protect freshwaters. Promoting persistence, ecological benchmarks can be assembled to form networks that are in aggregate representative. We developed two automated algorithms to build benchmarks (Builder) and to combine them into potential networks that are ranked from most performing to worst according to their representation (Ranker). The method was tested for the first time in the province of Quebec. Abstract 2: Developing conciliation between mining and protected areas using a decision making system to plan for representative conservation networks Recognizing the economic importance of the mining industry and the ecological importance of safeguarding biodiversity, there is a need to develop better conciliation of these two elements during land-use planning. In this study, we present a decision-making system which allows the comparison of different conservation scenarios according to their capacity to represent biodiversity. The method has been applied in Quebec’s Moyen Nord to analyze scenarios enlarging the existing conservation network until 12 and 17 % of the territory is reached using persistent protected areas known as ecological benchmarks. These scenarios excluded mining activity zones to verify if it is possible to establish a representative protected areas network which maximizes the protection of biodiversity while minimizing the impacts on the mining industry.
Jiang, Zhengkun. "Développement et implémentation d’une stratégie systématique de développement de modèle se basant sur la planification optimale d’expériences." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0349.
Full textAdequate and accurate models describing quantitatively the syntheses of fine and pharmaceutical chemicals are essential to optimize the performances of chemical processes. However, it is difficult, time consuming and experimentally expensive to develop such models. Appropriate, efficient and systematic strategies for model development are therefore required. In this context, the aims of this work consist in methodological development, numerical implementation and experimental validation of a systematic model-development strategy. In the first stage of this work, a methodologically systematic model-development strategy, consisting of initial data acquisition, model development, model identification, model validation and model refining modules, is developed. In the initial data acquisition module, preliminary experiments are designed and performed to provide the basic information for the initial model development. Module development module is composed of three steps: model structure development, model structure analysis and model parameter development. Model structure development is based on the reaction network proposed within the reaction supernetwork containing all feasible chemical reactions and mass transfers. For model identification, validation and refining, the model-based experimental design is performed by taking into consideration several reactors, which enlarges the explored experimental windows. In the second stage of this work, in order to facilitate the application of the strategy, a software, integrating model parameter estimation, model evaluation, model-based experimental design for model refining and performance optimization, is developed using MATLAB R2014a. The initial version of the software is suitable for the liquid-phase reaction systems, 4 ideal reactors are taken into consideration: batch stirred-tank reactor, semi-batch stirred-tank reactor, continuous stirred-tank reactor and continuous tubular reactor. In the third stage of this work, the feasibilities and generalities of the developed strategy and strategy-based software are demonstrated with two experimental case studies, relating to the valorization of sunflower oil, namely, NaOH-catalyzed ethanolysis of sunflower oil and epoxidation of sunflower oil by performic acid generated in situ
Mouly, Arnaud. "Systématique de la tribu des Ixoreae A. Gray (Rubiaceae) : phylogénie, biogéographie et taxonomie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MNHN0012.
Full textRubiaceae (also known as coffee family) is one of the largest flowering plant families with ca. 14000 species and 700 genera. The family comprises two to three subfamilies depending on the subfamilial limits used. The tribe Ixoreae, belonging to the subfamily Ixoroideae, is a recently recognized group within Rubiaceae that was classified under the tribe Pavetteae until 2000. A phylogenetic study of Ixoroideae, based on rbcL data and numerous Pavetteae genera confirmed that Ixoreae and Pavetteae, both in a narrow sense, were not closely related. Recently, the results of a combined molecular analysis based on rbcL, rps16, and trnT-F sequence data of Ixoreae and its allied genera led to a proposition of a narrowly circumscribed Ixoreae (including Captaincookia, Doricera, Hitoa, Ixora, Myonima, Sideroxyloides Thouarsiora, and Versteegia) and descriptions of two new tribes, Aleisanthieae Mouly, J. Florence & B. Bremer (Aleisanthia and Aleisanthiopsis) and Greeneeae Mouly, J. Florence & B. Bremer (Greenea and Greeniopsis). Plus, this latter study additionally revealed the polyphyly of the presently circumscribed Ixora with ca. 500 species. More recently, another combined chloroplast (rps16 and trnT-F) and nuclear (ETS) analysis was performed to rigorously assess the generic limits within the newly circumscribed Ixoreae. This study further confirmed the polyphyly of Ixora, as all sequences species of its allied genera (Captaincookia, Doricera, Hitoa, Myonima, Sideroxyloides, Thouarisora, Versteegia) were nested within the studied Ixora species. Accordingly, we merged all the allied genera in Ixora, making Ixoreae a monogeneric tribe. Within this broad Ixora concept, the five strongly supported clades can be defined geographically: two Asian, a South-American, an Afro-Malagasy, a Mascarene, and a Pacific clades. Ixoreae appears to have originated from a Malesian common ancestor. Based on relaxed molecular dating, Ixoreae appeared ca. 20 My ago, and the diversification of the current lineages occurred ca. 14 My ago. The possible times and modes of dispersal and diversification were proposed and discussed for clade of Ixora sensu lato. From a study of ca. 350 Ixoreae species, a new survey of morphological characteristics was established, and the evolution of morphological and reproductive characters were interpreted in the light of phylogenetic relationships, especially in the Captaincookia group. The processes of speciation were so examined, notably focusing on the putative hybrid origin of the I. Coccinea lineage. As complementary results of this research, several unknown taxa of Ixora were found and described, and a particular attention was given to their conservation status
Hardion, Laurent. "Evolution et systématique du genre Arundo L. (Poaceae) et conservation d'une endémique ligure : interactions Homme/Biodiversité en Méditerranée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4765.
Full textHuman activities have scrambled biodiversity persistence and evolution of Mediterranean species since the Neolithic, inducing various impacts on biodiversity, from reduction to homogenisation. With only three to five species, the Mediterranean and South- Asian genus Arundo L. (Poaceae) well illustrate these Human-Biodiversity interactions. First, the taxonomic mess for almost all Arundo taxa harms the conservation of protected French populations of A. plinii Turra s.l. as much as the biological control of the worldwide invasive A. donax L. The systematic revision of the circum-Mediterranean A. plinii complex in three distinct taxa has distinguished French populations as a Ligurian endemic species, A. donaciformis (Loisel.) Hardion et al. This species was differentiated from its nearest relative, the italo-balkan A. plinii s.s., under the coupled effects of polyploidy and Pleistocene climatic variations. The dominating clonality of the genus and the recent speciation of A. donaciformis have reduced its adaptive potential. Despite its ancient persistence under farmlands, its current urban position on the French Riviera threatens this protected species. Finally, the Persian origin of A. donax and its hypothetic status of archeophyte in the Mediterranean show the essential usefulness of this genus during the development of antic civilisations
Sarthou, Jean-Pierre. "Contribution à l'étude systématique, biogéographique et agroécocénotique des Syrphidae (Insecta. Diptera) du Sud-Ouest de la France." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT021A.
Full textDrira, Sabrine. "Vers une meilleure prise en compte des incertitudes dans le processus de la planification systémique de la conservation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG074.
Full textSystemic conservation planning attempts to identify priority conservation areas. Bringing together tools and theories of several fields of research in ecology, the outcomes of the systemic planning of the conservation reflect the uncertainties inherent to the different stages of its process. This thesis proposes new approaches to address several methodological challenges related to various sources of uncertainty in systemic conservation planning.First, we propose a new conceptual framework for integrating uncertainties related to species distribution data into the systemic conservation planning process. The optimal conservation solutions, relative to the distribution scenarios, are identified through integers linear programming in, and take into account, through a post-selection approach, the variability of the species distribution models predictions throughout the process. This approach avoids the tacit trade-off between flexibility and efficiency of conservation solutions.Secondly, we provided a methodological background for optimizing three measures of functional richness in a set of reserves, thanks to integer linear programming. The differences between the corresponding conservation solutions highlight a source of uncertainty related to the definition and operationalization of the functional richness. At the origin of this uncertainty, a functional space built on different assumptions as to the calculations of functional distances between species.Third, we identified a source of uncertainty inherent to the species-area model fitting, and its impact along the systemic conservation planning process. We have shown that the application of one particular model may not provide reliable predictions for all habitats, which affects the estimation of conservation targets. Depending on the model used, the set of reserves selected is either ineffective or overestimated for habitat protection, resulting in a waste of conservation resources or inefficiencies in protecting biological resources. We then suggest performing a multi-model inference to provide robust habitat-specific conservation targets
Lagabrielle, Erwann. "Planification de la conservation de la biodiversité et modélisation territoriale à l'île de la Réunion." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00247406.
Full textLoiseau, Charles. "Méthodes pour évaluer la planification de l'espace marin : La gestion des pressions anthropiques au cœur de la conservation des écosystèmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLP004.
Full textAs the pressures exerted by human activities on the marine environment intensify, a rational organization of these activities is needed to stem the degradation of the ecosystems on which the supply of goods and services to human societies depends. Recent concepts of the ecosystem approach and their promising application to maritime spatial planning provide answers to this challenge, but the complexity of the tissue formed by marine ecosystems and the human uses interacting with them makes it difficult to operationalize these approaches. This thesis proposes to put marine ecosystem conservation back at the heart of the planning process, by integrating the principles of ecosystem-based management into maritime spatial planning, and by assessing the role of marine protected areas (MPAs) as a preferred tool for ecosystem conservation within the planning process. Assessing the cumulative impact of human activities at a scale relevant to management in Moorea, French Polynesia, has highlighted the strong contribution of land-based activities to cumulative impact at lagoon scale, underlining the need for integrated management of the land-sea continuum. We then demonstrate the added value of this same approach in guiding management decisions in a rational and transparent way, and in particular the contribution of MPAs to effectively reducing human pressures within them. Indeed, MPAs are a preferential zoning tool for the conservation of marine ecosystems, and can thus be integrated into maritime spatial planning, provided that the activities responsible for deleterious pressures on the environment are effectively managed. We used an MPA classification system based on regulated and unregulated activities to assess the actual level of protection afforded by MPAs in France and the Mediterranean Sea. The results show that, although some countries have achieved the target of 10% MPAs by 2020, the vast majority of MPAs do not have sufficient levels of protection to deliver socio-ecological benefits. In order to ensure that MPAs can fulfill their role in ecosystem conservation, the recently set targets for 2030 now set 10% of strict or strong protection. We therefore analyzed which factors explain the presence of the highest levels of protection in the Mediterranean Sea, and the results show that the high levels of protection in the Mediterranean Sea are opportunistic, targeting neither particular biodiversity components nor high levels of human pressure. Taken together, the results highlight the lack of consideration given to conservation objectives, both within the MSP, through a lack of approaches dedicated locally to assessing the cumulative impact of human activities and evaluating different planning scenarios with regard to conservation issues, and within the MPAs, which are nonetheless dedicated to achieving these conservation objectives. the various approaches proposed here make it possible to place biodiversity back at the heart of marine spatial planning
Philippot, Véronique. "Les gorgones des Petites Antilles : un objet d'étude plurisciplinaire dans une perspective de conservation." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEP002/document.
Full textIn the 80's the inventory in situ of the gorgonians in French Lesser Antilles leads to the knowledge of 46 species up to 55 m and six other ones deep. For the first time, five new species have been discovered in these geographical zones. The gorgonians are widespread in the shallow waters. They positively act on the ecosystems but they are not particularly taken into account for conservation of marine areas. However they are of great interest for humans since a long time. The first part of this work is therefore a cultural approach. It consists in describing the evolution in the way of seeing the gorgones. They were scientifically studied from the XVIIIth century and they were afterward noticed by multidisciplinary fields. Ethnological surveys on the users of the sea are interesting but the taxonomic expertise is inevitable for the management issues and researches upon marines ecosystems. Thus, the second part describes the systematic of caribbean gorgonians and submits 1) The sea fans Gorgonia ventalina and G. flabellum and the sister species Pterogorgia anceps and P. citrina are synonymous 2) The rise of the sub-genus Eunicea and Euniceopsis to genus level 3) The description of a new Eunicea species 4) The recognition of species complexes. Each taxonomical feature is analyzed and discussed. Datas of this work are a baseline before local and worldwide changes which affect the landscapes and the marine ecosystems functioning
Pillon, Yohan. "Biodiversité, origine et évolution des Cunoniaceae : implications pour la conservation de la flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Phd thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00493106.
Full textPillon, Yohan. "Biodiversité, origine et évolution des Cunoniaceae : implications pour la conservation de la flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Phd thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2008. http://portail-documentaire.univ-nc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/TheseYohannPillon2008.pdf.
Full textAzandi, Ngnintedem Laura. "Délimitation taxonomique et étude de la biologie de la reproduction du genre africain Cyrtorchis Schltr. (Orchidaceae)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/323916.
Full textThe genus Cyrtorchis, grouped of 18 angraecoid orchids species endemic to tropical Africa, and was known for its large, white, fragrant flowers with a long spur well suited for studies on reproductive biology. It was also known for its taxonomic delimitation problems, which can be detrimental to the conservation of the species.This PhD thesis aims to address the delimitation problems within the genus at the inter- and intraspecific level using an integrative taxonomic approach and to investigate its reproductive biology.Visual inspection of 1752 specimens, morphometric and phylogenetic analyses was used to clarify the taxonomy within the genus. Visual inspection delineated 27 a priori morphogroups, from which a sample of 171 specimens representing 20 morphogroups was used for morphometric analyses. For phylogenetic reconstructions, 69 specimens representing 21 of the 27 morphogroups were sequenced with six molecular markers. The characterization of flowering patterns and the observation of pollinators were carried out respectively through a three-year shadehouse phenological survey of 494 living specimens representing 15 taxa and a survey of the natural in situ pollination of two taxa in Cameroon. The assessment of factors affecting fruit and viable seed production was carried out in two species of the genus through 448 hand pollination tests for which the effect of pollination system and resource limitation were examined.Morphological approaches allow to distinguish two groups corresponding to the two sections previously identified for the genus Cyrtorchis. Molecular analyses support only the monophyly of on of the sections, Cyrtorchis sect. Cyrtorchis. Eight morphologically defined taxa including three new species are also well supported by morphometric and phylogenetic analyses. The insertion point of the stipites at the rear third of the length of the viscidium appears to be one of the main reproductive characters supporting the monophyly of the genus while other traits (such as the viscidium structure, the shape of the stipites and the lateral lobes of the rostellum) are found to be important criteria for inferring phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Finally this analysis highlights 27 taxa within the genus (including six new taxa to be described), of which 12 taxa, confirmed by morphometric and/or phylogenetic approaches. Flowering of most species at the shadehouse is peaking during the main rainy season (between August and October). However, some sympatric species present non-overlapping flowering periods and an asynchronism of flowering between populations of the same species. Natural pollination is a rare event and difficult to observe in the two studied species. Indeed, the overall pollination/fruiting rate is low (39% of flowers with pollinia removed and 16% of fruits produced in C. okuensis; 31-15% of flowers with pollinia removed and 7-4% of fruits produced in C. letouzeyi) because of the reduced number of pollinators visits. Additionally, both species were found to be pollinated by hawkmoths. Manual pollination tests revealed that cross-pollination appears to be the most efficient pollination system to produce fruits and viable seeds. However, more species will need to be tested to confirm this pattern.The multidisciplinary approaches developed in this work provide a solid basis to define and implement effective conservation strategies for threatened orchid species. To produce a complete taxonomic revision of the genus, a completed phylogeny including the five remaining and the yet unresolved taxa is required. The newly identified taxa should be described and the conservation status assessed for all species recognised in the genus.
Option Biologie des organismes du Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
MacKillop, Fionn. "Vers une gestion de l'eau plus "durable" ? : les enjeux des mutations de la planification de l'eau et du foncier dans la métropole de Los Angeles." Marne-la-Vallée, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MARN0363.
Full textThis dissertation analyzes the current debate in Southern California on water supply and land use planning in major development projects. Developers and local authorities claim that these developments are more “sustainable” than the traditional urbanism of the region. Numerous opponents, who argue that current practices are still characterized by excessive water use and other environmental damages, contest these claims. These controversies take place against the backdrop of perceived growing political, environmental and economic threats to the region’s water supply. We discuss the changes and elements of continuity in the current evolutions, and analyze their environmental, political and social consequences. We thus build a critique of “sustainability” and “environmental protection”, by showing how these notions are socially and politically shaped in given geographical contexts
Mathon, Laëtitia. "L’ADN environnemental pour décrire les patrons de diversité des poissons à large échelle et informer la conservation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONG005.
Full textAccelerating global changes and human impacts threaten the survival of fish communities worldwide, which are critical to the functioning of marine ecosystems and fisheries-dependent populations. Only an effective and rapid monitoring of fish communities at small and large scales to understand their distributions, assembly rules and impacts of human and environmental pressures can enable the implementation of optimal conservation measures. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a recent method that has been demonstrated to be effective at local and regional scales for studying coastal fish communities. This method makes it possible to overcome some biases induced by conventional monitoring methods (fishing, diving, cameras). The goal of this thesis is to use eDNA to study fish distributions at various spatial scales in response to environmental, geographic, and socioeconomic factors, and then to feed conservation planning approaches. I first compared frequently used bioinformatics tools for eDNA data analysis, identified the best programs and pipelines, and constructed an optimal pipeline for identifying species contained in a sample, in the case of a complete reference database. However, at a large scale, the genetic reference databases are largely incomplete for the 12S mitochondrial gene we use, and thus do not allow for taxonomic assignment of all eDNA fragments. The other studies in this thesis therefore rely on a method of clustering sequences into molecular taxonomic units (MOTUs). From a large-scale dataset sampled in three oceans (Indian, Pacific, Atlantic), I compared estimates of coral reef fish diversity obtained with eDNA and with visual census data, at the scale of several bioregions. I demonstrated that eDNA estimated a higher diversity of families and MOTUs than visual census, while recovering the known major distribution patterns (longitudinal gradient, isolation of the Caribbean fauna). Then, on a global scale, I investigated the influence of environmental, geographical and socio-economic factors on several alpha and beta diversity indices, using more than 500 eDNA samples collected in 11 regions of the world. The results show a dominant effect of the environment (temperature and productivity) on alpha and beta diversity, but also a decrease of these diversities in areas close to human populations, and in particular in countries depending on marine resources. Finally, at a regional scale in New Caledonia, by combining eDNA with more conventional methods (baited cameras and acoustic echosounder), I estimated and modeled several metrics of fish diversity on deep outer slopes and seamounts, down to 600m depth, which I then integrated into three-dimensional conservation planning. These results indicate high richness, abundance and biomass on shallow and isolated seamounts, as well as on the deep slopes of islands and atolls far from urbanized areas, which should be prioritized in conservation plans. All this thesis work demonstrates the utility of eDNA metabarcoding to study fish distribution at fine and large spatial scales, to study the impact of environmental and socio-economic conditions on the diversity and distribution of fish communities, and to inform managers on priority areas for conservation
Nguyen, Vu Minh. "Le processus de patrimonialisation des paysagesde la rivière des parfums à Hué (Vietnam)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0078.
Full textThis thesis describes the different historical stages of heritage landscapes of Perfume River in Hue in the central of Vietnam. The research hypothesis defend that the meaning of the famous site of the Perfume River, as both symbolic, imagery and materiality of a river was built culturally, socially and politically as a set of landscapes for transmit. It’s shown that three steps were undertaken: first, cosmological and poetic of the Nguyen dynasty times in XIX century, then the picturesque form during the colonial period, and finally the juridical mode in the list of World Heritage in 1993. These steps are added to each other in the imagination of local collective, provincial and national levels to get a reference to the current ecomuseum project which should allow the implementation of a policy for the inventive landscape conservation site in an orientation of tourism development
Delavenne, Juliette. "Conservation des habitats marins soumis à des usages multiples : méthodes, objectifs et contraintes pour l'optimisation d'un réseau d'Aires Marines Protégées en Manche Orientale." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871864.
Full textPrié, Vincent. "Taxonomie et biogéographie des mollusques d'eau douce patrimoniaux : quelles échelles pour la délimitation des taxons et des unités de gestion ?" Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00994315.
Full textGajny, Laurent. "Approximation de fonctions et de données discrètes au sens de la norme L1 par splines polynomiales." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENAM0006/document.
Full textData and function approximation is fundamental in application domains like path planning or signal processing (sensor data). In such domains, it is important to obtain curves that preserve the shape of the data. Considering the results obtained for the problem of data interpolation, L1 splines appear to be a good solution. Contrary to classical L2 splines, these splines enable to preserve linearities in the data and to not introduce extraneous oscillations when applied on data sets with abrupt changes. We propose in this dissertation a study of the problem of best L1 approximation. This study includes developments on best L1 approximation of functions with a jump discontinuity in general spaces called Chebyshev and weak-Chebyshev spaces. Polynomial splines fit in this framework. Approximation algorithms by smoothing splines and spline fits based on a sliding window process are introduced. The methods previously proposed in the littérature can be relatively time consuming when applied on large datasets. Sliding window algorithm enables to obtain algorithms with linear complexity. Moreover, these algorithms can be parallelized. Finally, a new approximation approach with prescribed error is introduced. A pure algebraic algorithm with linear complexity is introduced. This algorithm is then applicable to real-time application
Maire, Anthony. "Comment sélectionner les zones prioritaires pour la conservation et la restauration des communautés de poissons de rivière ? Applications aux échelles de la France et du Pas-de-Calais." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/13313/1/Maire.pdf.
Full textTreyer, Sébastien. "A quelle raréfaction de l'eau faut-il se préparer ? : construire une intervention prospective au service de la planification pour les ressources en eau en Tunisie." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002653.
Full textCarneiro, Ferreira Francisco Antônio. "Les réserves de biosphère : une réponse pour concilier développement urbain et conservation de la biodiversité ? : Expériences comparées d’urbanisation et de protection dans trois réserves de biosphères (Brésil, France Chine)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA030019.
Full textUrban development is an important driver of environmental change on a global scale, which has exerted enormous pressure on ecosystems thanks to rapidly changing population densities and displacement, particularly migration from rural to urban areas. In this context, in which conservation and development objectives have historically been antagonistic, nature reserves have emerged as the main global strategy for biodiversity conservation. In order to verify the limits and possibilities of reconciling environmental protection and urban development, this study used the perspective of socio-environmental assessment studies, focusing on the issue of relations between society and the environment in urbanization processes around biosphere reserves. In this sense, it identifies different points of intersection between the theme of urban planning experiences and the notion of sustainable development. In the comparative analysis of three biosphere reserve cases - Mata Atlântica (Brazil), Yancheng (China) and Camargue (France) - we examine the experience of occupying of the transition zones of these biosphere reserves, located in coastal areas. The case studies offer additional information to reinforce the hypothesis that the urban development process in transition zones of the reserves has involved the reinforcement of predatory social and ecological strategies of urban and peri-urban occupation. The socio-economic and socio-cultural fragmentation of nature and local communities has contributed to the intensification of environmental pollution indices and the reduction of biological productivity in coastal regions. Finally, the work recognized the importance of strengthening an integrated and participatory planning system capable of correcting and preventing the deterioration of the natural and built environment caused by urban and peri-urban ocupation. it is considered essential to open up interdisciplinary research efforts to explore alternative policies for the sector, such as ecotourism
O desenvolvimento urbano é um importante motor da mudança ambiental em escala global, que tem exercido uma enorme pressão sobre os ecossistemas, graças à rápida mudança das densidades populacionais e deslocamentos, particularmente a migração das áreas rurais para as áreas urbanas. Neste contexto, em que os objetivos de conservação e de desenvolvimento tem sido historicamente antagônicos, as reservas naturais apresentam-se como a principal estratégia global de conservação da biodiversidade. A fim de verificar os limites e possibilidades de conciliar a proteção ambiental e o desenvolvimento urbano, neste estudo utilizou-se a perspectiva dos estudos de avaliação socioambiental, centrando-se na questão das relações entre a sociedade e o ambiente nos processos de urbanização em torno das reservas da biosfera. Nesse sentido, identifica diferentes pontos de intersecção entre o tema da planejamento urbano e a noção de desenvolvimento sustentável. Na análise comparativa dos três casos de Reservas da Biosfera - Mata Atlântica (Brasil), Yancheng (China) e Camargue (França) - examina a experiência de ocupação das áreas de transição dessas reservas biosfera, situadas em regiões costeiras. Os estudos de caso fornecem informações adicionais que reforçam a hipótese de que o processo de desenvolvimento urbano em zonas de transição das reservas envolvem o fortalecimento de estratégias sociais e ecológicas predatórias de ocupação urbana e periurbana. A fragmentação sócio-econômica e sociocultural da natureza e das comunidades locais tem contribuído à intensificação dos índices de poluição ambiental e a diminuição da produtividade em regiões costeiras. Finalmente, o trabalho reconheceu a importância de fortalecer um sistema de planejamento integrado e participativo que possa corrigir e prevenir o agravamento dos verdadeiros focos de deterioração do ambiente natural e construído induzido pela ocupação urbana e peri-urbana. Considera-se imprescindível a abertura do esforço de pesquisa interdisciplinar, para a exploração de políticas alternativas para o setor, como o ecoturismo. Palavras-chave: Urbanização, desenvolvimento urbano-turístico, ocupação periurbana, desenvolvimento sustentável, reservas da biosfera, ecoturismo
Delattre, Laurence. "Analyse des déterminants des choix de préservation des espaces agricoles et naturels dans les politiques locales d'urbanisme : apports d'une approche multi-méthodes." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0054.
Full textIn a context of strong spatial urban growth and given the social emerging issues related to peri-urban farmland preservation against sprawl, we look into the elements that determine local public choices of urban development, in terms of land consumption and densities. We first consider economic frameworks of analysis from Urban and Welfare Economics that address urban planning decision making. Then, we analyze how a multi-method approach (discourse analysis, text statistics and econometrics on a large municipal database) can help build a theoretical framework adapted to a regulated and decentralized context as the French one. We apply this approach to Southeastern France municipal land use plans (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, "PACA" Region). The result is an enriched framework of analysis that shows the importance of determinants rarely mentioned in the literature and an assessment of their effect on public decision. Particular roles of some agricultural activity characteristics, elected officials' legitimacy, some of the political characteristics, supra¬municipal policies and interactions between municipalities are outlined. We also highlight synergies between qualitative and quantitative methods such as between discourse, text analyses and econometrics, namely in a perspective of generalization to heterogeneous geographical and institutional contexts. Avenues for future research and some recommendations to public decision-makers are lastly proposed for an in-depth examination
Bigard, Charlotte. "Eviter-Réduire-Compenser : d’un idéal conceptuel aux défis de mise en œuvre : une analyse pluridisciplinaire et multi-échelle." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG010/document.
Full textTerritory provides the support for interactions between humans avec their living environment. Among these interactions, it is well known that anthropic activities are a major cause of biodiversity erosion. In this respect, the mitigation hierarchy (avoidance, reduction and offsetting impacts) is a regulatory tool whose objective is to achieve a “no net loss” of biodiversity following urban development. However, the efficiency of the tool is questioned because of its practical and theoretical limits, and the recurring focus on biodiversity offsets and on the “project” scale, or the convergence of studies on large development projects.Based on questions arising from practical action and by adopting a multi-disciplinary approach and posture at the knowledge-action interface, this thesis hypothesizes that the current lack of efficiency is the result of a problem of scale and that a temporal, spatial and functional switch in scale could help the mitigation hierarchy to reach its objectives. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis of the mitigation hierarchy implementation for small-scale development projects, we identify a set of limits associated with studies done at scale of individual projects. These findings illustrate the need to upscale towards a territorial and strategic approach to the implementation of the mitigation hierarchy. Finally, we initiate a reflexion on the development of a methodological framework to anticipate the mitigation hierarchy implementation at the urban planning stage, and we test it on the Montpellier metropolitan territory.Finally, these research studies provide new answers to the question of the effective purpose of the tool: is its aim to avoid or legitimise biodiversity loss? Our propositions and perspectives for practitioners and scientists are in line with a mitigation hierarchy implementation that is more likely to reach no net loss objectives
Kolb, Mélanie. "Dinámica del uso del suelo y cambio climático en la planeación sistemática para la conservación : un caso de estudio en la cuenca Grijalva-Usumacinta." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00907915.
Full textChiu, Victoria. "La protection de l'eau en droit public : Étude comparée des droits espagnol, français et italien." Thesis, Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0081/document.
Full textWater as a natural resource in constant motion is difficult to grasp by the law. The shortage of this resource remains a major problem in parts of southern Europe, particularly in Spain, France and Italy. Faced with this challenge, enhanced legal protection is necessary with force. Is the law able to guarantee this resource protection through a special status that respects its vital and rare character? The purpose of this piece of work is mainly to set a comparative law perspective between the French, Italian and Spanish legal systems, studied in the light of the law of the European Union which promoted a standardization of water protection, even if it remains insufficient. The public domain, the concept of heritage, and the gradual recognition of the right to drink water and sanitation are the solutions proposed by the legal systems studied. The question of the effectiveness and efficiency of public water protection is at the heart of the study. It raises questions about the actors in the implementation of the protection of water, as well as an often complex sharing of skills. In this perspective, the role of the administrative judge and judges of public waters in terms of effective enforcement of protective standards for water is fundamental. So the question of the effectiveness of protection raises central, because it follows both the preventive character and the repressive nature of the sanctions imposed in the case of damaging the water resources
Liu, Kun. "Procédures et acteurs de l'utilisation du foncier chinois dans un contexte de mutations socio-économiques : le cas de Beijing, Shangai et Xi'an." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557956.
Full textBabineau, Marielle. "Systématique moléculaire et biogéographie de trois genres malgaches menacés d'extinction Delonix, Colvillea et Lemuropisum (Caesalpinioideae: Leguminosae)." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9958.
Full textThis thesis discusses the phylogenetic, geographic, and historic relationships of the eleven species of the afro-madagascan genus Delonix, as well as the endemic, monospecific genera Colvillea and Lemuropisum. The intergeneric and interspecific relationships of these taxa are unresolved which limits the evaluation of taxonomic changes suggested by some studies and of conflicting biogeographical hypotheses regarding plant dispersal around Madagascar. These species are all endangered, therefore a better understanding of their evolutionary pattern would benefit conservation efforts in Madagascar. The objective of this thesis is to reconstruct a phylogeny using multiple loci from two distinct genomes, and to use it to reconstruct the ancestral geographic range of species and estimate the times of divergence of the lineages. Results indicate that genus Delonix is not supported as monophyletic and a taxonomic revision is necessary. The exact position for Colvillea is ambiguous and suggests hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting for this taxon. Species evolved mostly during the Miocene from southern Madagascan ancestors. The phylogeny shows two clades associated with the geographic distribution of species, opposing the widespread species to the rare and mostly southern, endemic, spiny thicket species. The different hypotheses that could explain the Miocene long distance dispersal of the two African Delonix species from Madagascar are discussed. We recommend that conservation efforts should focus on past and present biotic and abiotic interactions in the Madagascar spiny thicket, considering that this unique habitat is an evolutionary cradle for at least three genera.
Ayadi, Sofiène. "Le modèle de gestion du patrimoine par les valeurs comme outil de développment : la restructuration de l'ancien port et du quartier de la Petite Sicile à Tunis." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18093.
Full textBenoit, Bouvrette Louis Philip. "Caractérisation systématique des motifs de régulation en cis à l’échelle transcriptomique et liens avec la localisation des ARN." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24578.
Full textThe subcellular localization of RNA allows a rapid and spatially restricted deployment of protein and noncoding RNA activities. The trafficking of RNA is directed by sequence elements (primary subsequences, secondary structures), also called regulatory motifs, present in cis within the RNA molecule. These motifs are recognized by RNA-binding proteins that mediate the transport of transcripts to specific sites in the cell. Recent studies in the Drosophila embryo indicate that the majority of RNAs display an asymmetric subcellular localization, suggesting the existence of a complex "localization code". However, this may represent an exceptional example and the question remained, until now, whether a comparable prevalence of RNA localization is observable in standard cells grown in culture. In addition, readily available information about the topological distribution of pattern instances across full transcriptomes has been hitherto lacking. In order to have a broad overview of the extent and properties involved in RNA localization, we subjected Drosophila (D17) and human (HepG2) cells to biochemical fractionation to isolate the nuclear, cytosolic, membrane and insoluble fractions. We then performed deep sequencing on the extracted RNA and analyzed through mass spectrometry the proteins extracted from these fractions. We named this method CeFra-Seq. Through bioinformatics analyses, I then profiled the enrichment of various RNA biotypes (e.g. messenger RNA, long noncoding RNA, circular RNA) and proteins within the subcellular fractions. This revealed the high prevalence of asymmetric distribution of both coding and noncoding RNA species. An analysis of orthologous genes between fly and human has also shown strong similarities, suggesting that the localization process is evolutionarily conserved. In addition, I have observed distinct attributes (e.g. transcript size) among fraction-specific messenger RNA populations. Finally, I observed specific correlations and anti-correlations between defined groups of messenger RNAs and the proteins they encode. To study motifs topology and their conservation, I created oRNAment, a database of putative RNA-binding protein binding sites instances in coding and noncoding RNAs. Using data from protein binding motifs assessed by RNAcompete and by RNA Bind-n-Seq experiments, I have developed an algorithm allowing their rapid identification in a complete transcriptome. I was able to catalog the instances of 453 motifs from 223 RNA-binding proteins for 525,718 transcripts in five species. The results obtained were validated by comparing them with public data from eCLIP. I then used oRNAment to further analyze the topological aspects of these motifs’ instances and their relative evolutionary conservation. This showed that most motifs are distributed in a similar fashion between species. In addition, I have detected commonalities between the subgroups of proteins linking preferentially distinct biotypes or specific RNA regions. The presence or absence of such pattern between species is likely a reflection of the importance of their functions. Moreover, a more precise analysis of the position of a motif among comparable transcriptomic regions in vertebrates suggests a syntenic conservation, to varying degrees, in all RNA biotypes. The regional topology of certain motifs as repeated instances also appears to be evolutionarily conserved and may be important in order to allow adequate binding of the protein. Finally, the results compiled with oRNAment allowed to postulate on a potential new role for the long noncoding RNA HELLPAR as an RNA-binding protein sponge. The systematic characterization of RNA localization and cis regulatory motifs presented in this thesis demonstrates how the integration of information at a transcriptomic scale enables the assessment of the prevalence of asymmetry, the distinct characteristics and the evolutionary conservation of RNA clusters.
Garcia, Sylvain. "Patrimoine urbain et urbanisme à Montréal : l'expérience du début des années 2000." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17161.
Full textBoushaba, Kamal. "Analyse de la stratégie et du plan d'action de conservation de la biodiversité au Maroc et enjeux de développement durable." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17147.
Full textPayette-Hamelin, Mathieu. "L'intégration d'un discours de la conservation à la pratique urbanistique québécoise: réflexions sur la période 1960-2006." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2608.
Full textFor a few decades now, urban planners have tried to include the conservation of built environment in their practices. In Quebec, the first introduction of this consideration takes place in 1980 by the adoption of the Act respecting land use planning and development. Unfortunately, this new consideration was never fully included in the practice, even if urban planning tried to considerer conservation of built environment as one of his main interest. Regarding the definition of built heritage by Gustavo Giovannoni, this study is concerned with the consideration of built heritage in an urban planning’s point of view. In the first part, we will go through an overview of the evolution of the term built heritage. Secondly, we will review three different moments in the constitution of a specific point of view of Quebec’s built heritage. Finally, we will dedicate the third part of our thesis to the birth of urban planning in the province of Quebec. The results of our study show that the modern urban planner’s point of view on built heritage is still characterized by a disinterest in the urban and architectural forms. The focus made by urban planners on the rational management of the twentieth century’s city caused a misunderstanding of its evolution process. What we will demonstrate is that a real urban planning’s point of view on built heritage must consider these processes as well as the inclusion of the old city within the new agglomeration.
Brochu, Johanne. "La conservation du patrimoine urbain, catalyseur du renouvellement des pratiques urbanistiques? : une réflexion théorique sur l'appropriation de la notion de patrimoine urbain par l'urbanisme." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5432.
Full textThis thesis questions the contribution of heritage conservation to urbanism. It has been proposed that the association between heritage conservation and urbanism in their present conceptual framework, rather than being the catalyst for rethinking urban projects has perpetuated a sectoral approach and atomization of human settlement, thus entrenching the functionalist paradigm that still largely conditions contemporary planning practices, notably in Québec. Indeed, although heritage conservation has been a recurrent theme since the 1960s in the redeployment of town planning skills, several studies have underscored the mitigated results of numerous conservation attempts and also of the limited contribution made to the planning of urban projects. More specifically, in spite of the interest in heritage conservation and the potentially fertile nature of the idea of heritage generally, urbanism has not yet defined the terms of the contribution, not only from a conceptual point of view but also from a urbanistic point of view with respect to its project-based thinking (progettualità). Consequently, urbanism does not succeed in overcoming the heritage idea of the preservation register in order to fully encompass it. This thesis explains the causes of this inability from an analysis of the conditions for adopting the notion of urban heritage as advanced by Giovannoni. This fundamentally urbanistic approach puts forward a concept of urban heritage that has freed itself from the historical monument of the preservation register. Inseparable from an urbanistic project-based system, the interest for Giovannoni’s urban heritage arises from a recognition that what already exists creates a means for grasping the true personality of place and therefore offers insight for better urban design and planning. Giovannoni’s idea of urban heritage becomes the basic element of an urbanistic morphological analysis that allows for the conceptualization of the modern city as an entity marked by ruptures and discontinuities. Giovannoni exploits the differences in the personality of urban entities, such as places, neighbourhoods, etc., and visits back and forth between different scales and registers, those of forms and forces, of the existing and the hoped for, of ideas and action. Giovannoni thus goes beyond the divergence between continuity and rupture that marks, in a general way, the practices for envisioning the articulation of the new to the old. When we compare Giovannoni’s approach to the different views that have impacted modern urbanism, we find that his practices for using what already exists is the condition for the realization of urban heritage promises. Otherwise, the association of heritage conservation and urbanism culminates in the assimilation of urban heritage to the historical monument of architecture, and therefore leads to equating the urban project to the conservation project.
Payette-Hamelin, Mathieu. "Pour une approche urbanistique de la conservation et de la mise en valeur du patrimoine bâti : l’expérience du canal de Lachine à Montréal." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6933.
Full textFor a few decades now, we are witnessing in the province of Quebec a multiplication of industrial wastelands. If those spaces represent predilection sites to urban redevelopment, their location in the core of the city encourages their reoccupation and their reconversion. However, their transformation doesn’t appear to be solely motivated by their emplacement but also by the historic interest that they arouse. In this thesis we aim to determine how we can integrate urbanistic dimensions to the elaboration of a project which intends to preserve an old urban area. This thesis has for main objective to enlighten elements of an urbanistic perspective of heritage conservation. From the study of nine projects of heritage preservation located along the Lachine canal in Montreal, we question the contribution of the actual discourse on heritage conservation to the revitalization of old urban areas. We consider more specifically the morphological dimensions and the vocational activities of those projects. Our research is based on the following hypothesis: that the integration of heritage conservation issues to the transformation of the city results from the diversity and the complementarity of the vocational activities and from the different uses of the urban spaces. The study of those projects is conducted in order to identify how they take place in an urban project’s perspective. Constituted as a reaction to decontextualized urban planning practices, the notion of urban project is based on works related to the concept of urban heritage, specifically those of Gustavo Giovannoni and the Italian school of typomorphology. Because the projects that we have studied insist on a sectorial approach of the transformation of the old industrial corridor, and only on its integration to a regional scale of the organization of the territory, we can’t consider that they take place in an urban project’s perspective. We show how they differ from such an approach and how the discourse on heritage conservation developed in those projects forbids the integration of the Lachine canal corridor into local urban dynamics.
Thèse réalisée dans le cadre d'une cotutelle avec l'Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III
Piper, Brooks Cameron. "Legacies of the modern movement : intraurban freeways and the renewed role of heritage." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23919.
Full textThis paper explores the changing definition of heritage in recent years and its potential application to aging automotive infrastructure in urban settings across the globe. The proposed new approach to heritage, unlike a conventional understanding of the term, which emphasizes aesthetic and historical attributes, acknowledges a wider range of values that a structure can possess. This range includes social and ecological values either existing or added through adaptation. This broader understanding of heritage reflects current discussions about a paradigm shift in heritage conservation, which is rooted principally in English scholar Graham Fairclough's writings and in UNESCO's Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape. These theoretical developments embrace a holistic view of heritage, with the totality of the inherited urban environment potentially exhibiting value. Based on these principles, the term “heritage” applies not only to that which is rare, old, or aesthetically pleasing, but also to that which is commonplace, recently built, and unappealing. This definition suggests that not only buildings and monuments but also infrastructure can constitute heritage, as it can be associated with a broad range of values. This concept is put to the test through three case studies of aging intraurban expressways in three dense urban environments: central Seoul (Korea), Seattle (USA), and São Paulo (Brazil). Through examining these cases, this thesis attempts to deduce the role of this new heritage perspective in dealing with aging automotive infrastructure in cities.
Nadeau, Noémie. "La gestion du cadre bâti dans l'Arrondissement historique et naturel du Mont-Royal." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11762.
Full textWhen a site or a good is protected whit a conservation status, either national or local, the municipal regulations are one of the main tools to manage the built environment modifications. How do the regulation participate in values conservation? To explore this question, we chose to study the case of the arrondissement historique et naturel du Mont-Royal (AHNMR), a major site in the Montreal identity. We listed the heritage values recognized to the site and analyzed the project management process in the four boroughs who share the Montreal part of the AHNMR territory; we analyzed a few permit requests as well. The process is complex, the evaluation being mostly discretionary, including functionary analysis and advisory comities as well as public consultation exercises. The research highlights that urban regulation tend to concentrate on values know for their materiality (architectural values, landscape values for instance) and to neglect immaterial values (custom values, identity and iconic values). The values juxtaposition can mitigate this disproportion by protecting an immaterial value through a material value. The documentation on heritage values and their embodiment in the arrangement of a site has a major importance for the application of the evaluation criteria. The discretionary evaluation brings multiple views on a project, actor’s opinions, heritage experts or non-experts, generally not participating in project’s evaluation process, which contributes to their evolution. Public consultations give rise to reevaluating heritage values as well as knowledge deepening.
Fernet, Catherine. "Réduction du ruissellement par l’augmentation de surfaces perméables : évaluation de 2 scénarios d’aménagement d’un ensemble résidentiel à Laval." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10044.
Full textThe widespread introduction of new residential developments in the urban periphery is partly responsible for declining vegetation cover and a large scale increase in impervious surfaces. Cities are now grappling with a constant increase in runoff, which they have to manage through a vast network of sewers and drains. Data on the impacts of current residential models reveal that this form of development causes the degradation of natural and aquatic environments. The present study aims to test Open space design strategy by comparing the effect of three development situations on the weighted runoff coefficient (Cw). The three situations are 1: the actual development as conceived by the project’s promoter; 2: development aimed at preserving existing streams, reducing lot sizes and impervious surfaces; and 3: a higher-density cluster development plan. The weighted coefficients obtained are 0.50 for scenario 1, 0.40 for scenario 2 and 0.34 for scenario 3. As a result, it appears that the density of the structures, the nature of the surfaces and the spatial organization can all contribute to reducing the runoff in a given area. This study underlines the importance of runoff management in planning and land use.