Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Planctonique'
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Bonou, Clément A. "Étude de la productivité planctonique dans des étangs d'aquaculture en milieu saumâtre tropical." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT007A.
Full textPanaïotis, Thelma. "Distribution du plancton à diverses échelles : apport de l'intelligence artificielle pour l'écologie planctonique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS155.
Full textAs the basis of oceanic food webs and a key component of the biological carbon pump, planktonic organisms play major roles in the oceans. However, their small-scale distribution − governed by biotic interactions between organisms and interactions with the physico-chemical properties of the water masses in their immediate environment − are poorly described in situ due to the lack of suitable observation tools. New instruments performing high resolution imaging in situ in combination with machine learning algorithms to process the large amount of collected data now allows us to address these scales. The first part of this work focuses on the methodological development of two automated pipelines based on artificial intelligence. These pipelines allowed to efficiently detect planktonic organisms within raw images, and classify them into taxonomical or morphological categories. Then, in a second part, numerical ecology tools have been applied to study plankton distribution at different scales, using three different in situ imaging datasets. First, we investigated the link between plankton community and environmental conditions at the global scale. Then, we resolved plankton and particle distribution across a mesoscale front, and highlighted contrasted periods during the spring bloom. Finally, leveraging high frequency in situ imaging data, we investigated the fine-scale distribution and preferential position of Rhizaria, a group of understudied, fragile protists, some of which are mixotrophic. Overall, these studies demonstrate the effectiveness of in situ imaging combined with artificial intelligence to understand biophysical interactions in plankton and distribution patterns at small-scale
Da, Silva Ophélie. "Structure de l'écosystème planctonique : apport des données à haut débit de séquençage et d'imagerie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS183.
Full textPlanktonic organisms are key actors in oceanic ecosystems, which support trophic networks and play a major role in biogeochemical cycles and climate regulation. While the spatio-temporal distribution of planktonic diversity can be investigated at several levels, from the gene to the ecosystem, identifying the underlying mechanisms is challenging. Indeed, the structure of diversity results from different evolutionary and ecological processes that can act simultaneously. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the oceanic environment has been increasingly monitored. Numerous observation platforms have been deployed, leading to the acquisition of a large amount of data for multiple environmental characteristics. At the same time, technologies for studying living organisms have been developed. Thus, an unprecedented sampling of planktonic organisms has taken place. In particular, high-throughput sequencing and imaging data provide molecular, taxonomic and functional information at several biological levels. The objective of this thesis was to explore the structure of planktonic ecosystems using high-throughput sequencing and imaging data. Coupling with environmental data could contribute to a better understanding of the spatial distribution of planktonic diversity, from species to communities. In the first part, the genetic diversity of protists was studied at the species level. The hypothesis was that metagenomics could provide access to the poorly characterized spatial organization of the intraspecific protist genetic diversity, as well as to the mechanisms underlying it. In a second part, the link between genetic diversity and functional diversity was explored. Transparency was targeted. This functional trait is little explored at the community level and its molecular basis is poorly identified. A data-driven approach allowed this trait to emerge from imaging data, leading to the exploration of its biogeography and molecular basis. In the last part, the high potential of complementarity between sequencing, imaging and environmental datasets was explored, in order to highlight the multi-scale structure of the planktonic ecosystem and to identify its global structure. Finally, all the results were discussed to highlight the contributions that these data can provide to the understanding of planktonic ecosystems, as well as the limitations they can face
Perruche, Coralie. "Influence de la dynamique mésoéchelle et submésoéchelle sur la compétition au sein d'un écosystème planctonique." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00508647.
Full textGheffar, Chahrazed. "Nanoparticules de PLGA chargées en ciproflaxine : élaboration, caractérisation, activité antibactérienne en modes planctonique et biofilm." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES009.
Full textThe adhesion of bacteria and hence formation of biofilms on the surface of materials are recurring problems that can have serious consequences at both public health and industrial level. The eradication of biofilms today remains a challenge and a proposed strategy is the vectorization of biocidal agents by using polymeric nanoparticles. This study reports the elaboration of biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) by the nanoprecipitation method. The nanoparticles were also pegylated in order to modulate their interaction with the biological media. The particles were loaded with ciprofloxacin (CIP) with a drug content of about 5 %, which allows a gradual release of the CIP during 5-6 days. Microbiological tests were made against gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. This bacteria is one of the major causes of chronic and nosocomial infections, most often involving biofilms. The naked NPs and the pegylated ones exhibited an antibacterial activity on planktonic cells against two strains of S. Aureus (ATCC 29213 and 610520), probably related to a size effect (nanoscale). These NPs showed no cytotoxicity in vitro on neuronal cells. Finally, the antibacterial activity studies of NPs loaded with CIP were conducted against a S. Aureus (ATCC 29213) on planktonic cells and biofilm. Encapsulated CIP remains effective after sequestration and is more active to eradicate biofilm than free CIP (decrease of the minimum biofilm eradication concentration)
Aldamman, Lama. "Rôle des copépodes dans le réseau trophique pélagique : dynamique de population de Temora stylifera." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066004.
Full textRossi, Vincent. "Influence des processus physiques à mésoéchelle sur l'écosystème planctonique : application aux zones d'Upwelling de Bord Est." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00504979.
Full textLatour, Delphine. "Vie planctonique et vie benthique de la Cyanobactérie Microcystis aeruginosa sur la retenue de Grangent (Loire)." Saint-Etienne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STET4008.
Full textDespite a decrease of nutrient content, the Cyanobacterium M. Aeruginosa, forms blooms every summer in the hypereutrophic Grangent reservoir (Loire). . . [etc. ]
Jacquet, Séverine. "Impact des apports en nutriments sur le réseau trophique planctonique du lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00962269.
Full textBennaceur, Imène. "Etude du recrutement de la phase planctonique par le biofilm chez Bacillus cereus : approches physiologiques et moléculaires." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112056.
Full textWhen biofilm is developing in static conditions, cell exchanges between sessile and planktonic coexisting population can emerge. Up to now, very few are known about the implication of planktonic cells integration in monospecies biofilm development. in B. cereus, a foodborne pathogen, our team have shown that motility is a key factor for biofilm development and for the deep penetration of motile planktonic bacteria inside a biofilm formed in immersed condition. Based on these data, the purpose of the present work was to determine the role of recruitment in the development of biofilm in air-liquid interface and to characterize this phenomenon physiologically and in a molecular aspect. We showed that a massive planktonic population is integrated in the developing biofilm, however, in our experimental conditions this recruitment contributes only marginally to the biofilm growth. We have developed two recruitment systems (in air-liquid interface and in immersion condition), to quantify recruitment, which has allowed us to screen a library of mutants obtained by random mutagenesis in order to select clones unable to be recruited by a preformed biofilm. Screening of 1700 clones resulted in the selection of a gene: Bthur002_62720. The deletion of this gene by allelic exchange strongly affects the ability of the mutant to be recruited, and complementation restored the wild type phenotype. This gene encodes a protein probably localized in the bacterial envelope. It is carried by a plasmid, pCT8513, and could be a mobile element whose acquisition would greatly increase the ability of the recipient bacterium to be recruited by a biofilm. Finally, we have highlighted the role of the eps locus in the recruitment of planktonic cells in a biofilm formed at air-liquid interface. This locus is homologous to Bacillus subtilis epsA-O locus, required in this species for the production of exopolysaccharides of the biofilm matrix. In B. cereus, we have shown that the eps locus is involved in the formation of an exopolysaccharides sheath weakly bound to the bacterial cell wall. This exopolysaccharides layer contributes with other exopolysaccharides of unknown origin, to the formation of the biofilm matrix, and plays an important role in the adhesion of bacteria on inanimate and living surfaces.By promoting bacterial adhesion on living surfaces; the eps locus could help bacteria integration into the biofilm. It could also be involved in the pathogenicity of bacteria
Warembourg, Caroline. "Analyse temporelle du mésozooplancton dans la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer à l'aide d'un nouveau système automatique d'imagerie numérique, le Zooscan : influence des apports particulaires, de la production primaire et des facteurs environnementaux." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066469.
Full textVillon, Nadine. "Traitement et valorisation des eaux usées de bassin d'élevage de poissons marins : système de recyclage et production planctonique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30013.
Full textDavid, Valérie. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle du zooplancton dans l'estuaire de la Gironde et implications au sein du réseau trophique planctonique." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13173.
Full textSakka, Asma. "Structure et dynamique de la communauté planctonique dans le lagon de l'atoll de Takapoto, Archipel des Tuamotu, Polynésie française." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0005/NQ43111.pdf.
Full textTunin-Ley, Alina. "Déterminisme de la biodiversité du genre Ceratium Schrank (dinoflagellé planctonique) en Méditerranée nord-occidentale à différentes échelles de temps." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066256.
Full textHerrmann, Marine. "Formation et devenir des masses d'eau en Méditerranée nord-occidentale - Influence sur l'écosystème planctonique pélagique - Variabilité interannuelle et changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00329937.
Full textNous nous intéressons d'abord à la formation et au devenir des masses d'eau en Méditerranée nord-occidentale. L'influence de la résolution spatiale du modèle océanique est examinée lors de l'étude de la convection profonde au large pour une année réelle. Le rôle essentiel joué par les structures de méso-échelle dans la formation et le devenir de l'eau profonde est mis en évidence. La comparaison de simulations effectuées avec différents forçages atmosphériques permet de montrer l'influence de la résolution spatiale de ce forçage sur la modélisation de la convection, liée à l'importance des extrêmes atmosphériques. Puis nous examinons l'impact de la variabilité interannuelle atmosphérique et du changement climatique sur la formation d'eau dense sur le plateau du Golfe du Lion. Les volumes d'eau dense formée, exportée, et cascadant sont corrélés à la perte de chaleur atmosphérique hivernale. L'intensification de la stratification de la colonne d'eau d'ici la fin du XXIème siècle provoque une quasi-disparition du cascading.
L'influence des processus physiques sur l'écosystème planctonique pélagique est examinée au moyen d'un modèle couplé hydrodynamique-biogéochimie. L'étude d'une année de référence permet de valider le modèle et d'en soulever les points faibles. Si les bilans de production présentent une faible variabilité interannuelle, celle de l'exportation de carbone et du métabolisme net est plus marquée. Le changement climatique provoque une augmentation de la production primaire et une intensification de la boucle microbienne.
Marquis, Élise. "Le microzooplancton dans le réseau trophique planctonique : importance et rôle fonctionnel : étude sur le plateau continental du Golfe de Gascogne." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS194.
Full textOn the Bay of Biscay continental shelf, the large plumes of the Loire and Gironde rivers induce a strong halostrification of the water column at the end of winter. This stratification contributes to the development of winter microphytoplankton blooms that enhance phosphorus limitation in the photic zone in spring. As a consequence, small autotrophic cells are a primary component of the spring primary production. Based on this observation, it was hypothesized that, early in the season (early spring) the microzooplankton (20-200 m heterotrophic dinoflagellates, ciliates and metazoan larvae) would play an essential role in carbon flow towards higher trophic levels of the plankton community on the Bay of Biscay continental shelf. The goal of this study was to test this hypothesis. A survey of the spring plankton composition on the shelf showed that plankton was most abundant close to the coast and that, in agreement with the above hypothesis, the spring heterotrophic community was dominated by microzooplankton: Biomasses of the latter represented on average more than 60% of the total biomass, with up to 70% made up of ciliates. A subsequent investigation of the temporal dynamics of the ciliate community across the shelf revealed that the early-spring ciliate development was controlled by the increase and diversification of prey. Conversely, at the end of spring, the ciliate dynamics was mainly controlled by the increase of grazing pressure by mesozooplankton. The estimation of the microzooplankton grazing activity on primary and secondary productions showed a very high impact during the three studied seasons across the shelf (grazing rates of up to and exceeding 100% of the daily production). Nevertheless, the winter diatom bloom was not efficiently consumed by microzooplankton. On the other hand, a high contribution of microzooplankton to the mesozooplankton diet was demonstrated in spring over the continental shelf and especially to the diet of the dominant small copepods (< 750 m). Moreover, the first-feeding larvae of small pelagic fish (Anchovy and Sardines) appeared to preferentially consume microzooplankton (mainly protozoa), making it an essential diet item for their survival. The last part of the study was to synthesize the collected data in order to model the planktonic food web dynamics using inverse analysis. The results showed that in spring, the food web functioned through complex carbon pathways, both herbivorous and microbial. At the end of the summer, microbial pathways dominated. Close to the coast, they were mainly based on new production, while offshore, they were mainly based on bacterial production. The study confirmed the essential role of microzooplankton as a vector of carbon flows from small cells to mesozooplankton. However, the importance of microzooplankton in the carbon pathways leads to a decrease of the systems capacity to export primary and microbial biogenic carbon towards the plankton predators. Finally, the inclusion of pelagic fish to the study of the planktonic food web permitted to show that the early-season dominance of microbial pathways tends to saturate the carrying capacity of this system early in spring
Niquil, Nathalie. "Etude par la modélisation du fonctionnement et de la stabilité du réseau trophique planctonique d'un lagon d'atoll (Takapoto, Polynésie française)." Perpignan, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PERP0317.
Full textOry, Pascaline. "Interactions entre les virus, les flagellés et les bactéries au sein du réseau microbien planctonique du bassin de Marennes-Oléron." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LAROS294.
Full textPlanktonic microbial compartments are important in the trophic and biogeochemical functioning of marine ecosystems. This assessment brought us to place these objectives: characterization of virus, bacteria and flagellate compartments and their interactions in Marennes-Oléron Bay (France). Two different approaches have been followed: 1) In situ annual surveys were performed in 2006 and 2007 in order to characterize microbial compartments dynamics and to place them within the bay functioning, compared to Arcachon Bay. The succession of trophic models implied the importance of the microbial food web in both bays. In Marennes Oléron Bay, spatially homogeneous, large inter annual and inter seasonal variations are observed considering the strength of the common link between virioplankton and bacterioplankton. These variations are related to the occurrence of an occasional interaction of phytoplankton. 2) In vitro experiments allow to focus on the processes controlling the dynamics of viruses, flagellates and bacteria and their interactions. The impacts of viral bacteriolysis and flagellate bacterivory are assessed considering environmental variability factors: trophic models, predation pressure and influence of benthic contribution. The bacterial community composition is always influenced by viral lysis and bacterivory due to the sensitivity of bacterial groups. However, bacterial cellular production evolves differently with a stimulation by flagellates during herbivorous food web while bacterivory induces daily production loss of 16% during multivorous food web. Finally, the resuspension of benthic organic components during tide phase tends to increase the microbial loop activity
Herrmann, Marine. "Formation et devenir des masses d'eau en Méditerranée nord-occidentale : influence sur l'écosystème planctonique pélagique : variabilité inter-annuelle et changement climatique." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/489/.
Full textOur objective is to contribute to the understanding of the functioning of the Mediterranean system using modeling tools. We first study the formation and fate of water masses in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The impact of the oceanic model spatial resolution on open-ocean deep convection modeling is examined through a real case study, and is related to the essential role played by the mesoscale structures in the formation and fate of deep water. The comparison of simulations performed under different atmospheric forcings enables to study the influence of the spatial resolution of this forcing on the modeling of deep convection and to underline the importance of atmospheric extremes. We then investigate the impact of interannual atmospheric variability and climate change on dense water formation over the Gulf of Lions shelf. The volumes of dense water formed over the shelf, exported and cascading into the deep ocean are well correlated with the winter atmospheric heat loss. The strengthening of the water column stratification between the XXth and the XXIst centuries induces a strong decrease of these volumes. We examine the impact of physical processes on the planktonic pelagic ecosystem using a coupled hydrodynamical - biogeochemical model. The study of a reference year enables to validate the model and to underline its defects. Primary production and respiration show a weak interannual variability, however, carbon exportation and net metabolism show a stronger variability. Finally, the warming of sea water due to climate change induces an increase of primary production by the end of the XXIth century, together with an enhancement of the microbial loop
Ettahiri, Omar. "Etude de la phase planctonique de la sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walb. ) et de l'anchois, Engraulis encrasicolus (L. ) des côtes atlantiques marocaines." Brest, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BRES2037.
Full textLe, Fouest Vincent. "Étude couplage circulation-production planctonique à méso-échelle dans le Golfe du Saint-Laurent (Canada) via une approche par modélisation tridimentionnelle." Thèse, [Rimouski, Québec] : Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2005.
Find full textTitre de lʹécran-titre (visionné le 1er septembre 2006). Thèse présentée à l'Université du Québec à Rimouski comme exigence partielle du programme de doctorat en océanographie. CaQRU CaQRU Bibliogr.: f. 155-189. Paraît aussi en éd. imprimée. CaQRU
Rossi, Nadège. "Écologie des communautés planctoniques méditerranéennes et étude des métaux lourds (Cuivre, Plomb, Cadmium) dans différents compartiments de deux écosystèmes côtiers (Toulon, France)." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439972.
Full textMartinet, Isabelle. "Nannoplancton et microfaune planctonique du campanien et du maastrichtien des petites pyrenees et du plantaurel occidental (haute-garonne et ariege, france) : biostratigraphie, paleoenvironnement, systematique." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066339.
Full textNozais, Christian. "Impact des processus biologiques et des parametres physiques sur la presence planctonique des larves d'invertebres benthiques et sur leur recrutement en baie de banyuls." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066682.
Full textLabry, Claire. "Dynamique du phosphore et rôle comme facteur limitant de la production planctonique dans le panache de la Gironde sur le plateau continenal Sud Gascogne." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX22092.
Full textDelpy, Floriane. "Ecologie du ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (Agassiz, 1865) dans l'Etang de Berre : Etude des facteurs contrôlant sa population et son impact potentiel sur l'écosystème planctonique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4018.
Full textThe ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi has established a sustainable population in the Berre Lagoon since its first observation in 2005. This invasive species took advantage of a plankton ecosystem disturbed particularly by successive modifications of the hydrohalin conditions of the lagoon. Indeed, regulation of the freshwater inputs through the hydroelectric power plant of Saint-Chamas (2006) leads to an increase of the mean salinity, resulting in a more diversified and a more marine plankton community. Characteristics of the plankton ecosystem and population dynamics of M. leidyi was studied during an in situ survey in 2010-11. Metabolism (ingestion, respiration, excretion and growth) of the ctenophore adult and transition stages were studied in controlled conditions. Temperature influences the life cycle of M. leidyi with cyddipid larvae observed in winter, then transitional stages in winter/spring and adults from spring to autumn. The ctenophore seems to prefer brackish and eutrophic environments linked with its optimal salinity conditions (between 10 and 30) and its need for an important prey concentration (copepods nauplii and copepodites). The active selectivity of prey and the lack of a satiety level can largely explain the drop in copepod abundance following M. leidyi proliferations. New hydrological modifications (evolution towards a marine lagoon) will certainly continue to transform in the future the functioning of the Berre Lagoon
Ippolito, Pascale. "Contribution de l'analyse de la microfaune planctonique et benthique à la paléo-océanographie de l'Océan Austral (Atlantique S-E et Océan Indien S-O)." Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10505.
Full textWang, Zixian. "Variations à court-terme de la faune planctonique et suprabenthique en baie de Seine dans la zone sous influence d'apports d'eau douce en conditions printanières." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-412.pdf.
Full textGimenez, Audrey. "Etude des interactions entre diazotrophie, disponibilité nutritive et production planctonique dans l'océan de surface du pacifique tropical sud-ouest par une approche combinant observation et modélisation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0208/document.
Full textThis work is part of the OUTPACE project which aimed to characterize the western tropical south Pacific (WTSP) in terms of biogeochemical stocks and fluxes and biological diversity of diazotrophs along a West-East longitudinal transect. This work combines an experimental with a modeling approach in order to study the role of diazotrophy in the planktonic dynamics and biogeochemical cycles of the WTSP surface waters. The values measured during the campaign, iespecially those of primary production (PP) and dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) turnover time, revealed a West-East gradient of productivity and nutrient availability, closely related to the spatial variability of N$_2$ fixation rates. The use of a mechanistic biogeochemical model (implemented in the Eco3M platform) explicitly including two compartments of diazotrophs and coupled with a vertical 1D physical model, allowed to highlight the fact that the absence / presence of diazotrophy could explain the contrast between the western regions of the Melanesian Archipelago (WMA) and the west of the south Pacific gyre (WGY). ). The model results showed that non-diazotrophic organisms benefited from the new nitrogen supply provided by nitrogen fixers, and that the surface planktonic production depended significantly on diazotroph activity, which is controlled by the phosphate availability in the west and by the iron availability in the east of the WTSP
Glé, Corine. "Structure et dynamique des communautés microbiennes autotrophes et production primaire planctonique dans une lagune côtière macrotidale, le Bassin d'Arcachon : facteurs de contrôle de type bottom-up." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13556.
Full textBerthelot, Hugo. "Fixation d'azote et son devenir dans l'océan de surface : transfert dans le réseau trophique planctonique et influence sur les cycles biogéochimiques de l'azote et du carbone." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4103/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis, achieved within the framework of the VAHINE project, focuses on the fate of the recently fixed N2 by diazotrophes in the oligotrophic surface ocean.It appears that the release of the recently fixed N2 in the dissolved pool is a process shared between all diazotrophs tested and that the magnitude of this release depend on the environmental contrains rather than on diazotroph involved in fixation.The transfer of the N2 fixed toward non-diazotroph plankton has been investigated using an innovative methodology (coupling of nano-scale mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) and cell sorting flow cytometry). It appeared that 5 to 20 % of the recently fixed N2 is transferred toward non-diazotroph plankton, mainly through NH4+ release. This transfer is twice more efficient when the N2 is fixed by the filamentous Trichodesmium compared to Crocosphaera and Cyanothece.Particulate export of the fixed N2 has been investigate in large in-situ mesocosms equipped with sediment traps, deployed in the New Caledonian lagoon and enriched with PO43- in order to stimulate N2 fixation. During this experiment, N2 fixation fueled a large part of the new primary production (>90 %) and that fixed N2 was quickly exported. The export has been direct, through the sedimentation of the diazotrophs themselves, and indirect, through the transfer of ~20 % of the recently fixed N2 toward non-diazotrophic plankton that have, in turn, sedimented
Bec, Alexandre. "Flux de matière dans le réseau trophique planctonique du lac d'Annecy : approche expérimentale et in situ par les acides gras marqueurs et leurs rapports isotopiques (ς13C)." Chambéry, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CHAMS021.
Full textThis study is mostly dedicated to microorganisms-crustacean zooplankton trophic relationships occurring in Lake Annecy. Nutrition experiments were performed to evaluate food quality of heterotrophic protists for zooplankton. Food contents in (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) seem to be the main factor determining food quality. Moreover this study shows that the addition of an algivorous flagellate as an intermediary trophic level in the microalga-zooplancton food chain enhance Daphnia hyalina development. Trophic upgrading of food quality may be surely associated to biosynthetic capacities of heterotrophic protists. The field study mainly focused on FA transfer between microbial communities and crustacean zooplankton sampled in the pelagic zone between march and september 2000. To facilitate the FA biomarker approach, seston has been fractionated in different size classes. The evolution of 20:5(n-3) contents in Daphnia hyalina lipids has been positively correlated to its fecundity. Cryptophytes and centric diatoms appears as the main sources in (n-3) PUFA for the cladoceran. Endly the reliability of fatty acids-specific stable isotope analysis (ς13C) for trophic studies has been assessed
Roudesli, Sonia. "Modélisation des processus biogéochimiques à petite et moyenne échelles en Atlantique Nord Est." Paris 6, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00457103.
Full textMaugendre, Laure. "Response of plankton communities to ocean warming and acidification in the NW Mediterranean Sea." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066286/document.
Full textPlankton plays a key role in the global carbon cycle. It is therefore important to projectthe evolution of plankton community structure and function in a future high-CO2 world.Several experimental results reported at the community level have shown increased rates ofprimary production as a function of increasing pCO2 and few multi-driver experiments havebeen performed. However, the great majority of these experiments have been performedunder high natural or nutrient-enriched conditions and very few data are available in areaswith naturally low levels of nutrient and chlorophyll i.e. oligotrophic areas such as theMediterranean Sea, although they represent a large and expanding part of the ocean surface.Several approaches have been used during this thesis to investigate the effects ofocean warming and acidification on plankton communities in the NW Mediterranean Sea.One approach, restricted to the investigation of ocean acidification effects alone, was the useof mesocosms. In the Bay of Calvi (experiment #1; summer 2012 during 22 days), thecommunity was very efficient in recycling nutrients and showed important regeneratedproduction while in the Bay of Villefranche (experiment #2; winter/spring 2013 during 11days) the community was characterized by a more autotrophic state and larger newproduction. A third experiment was set-up to investigate the combined effects of oceanacidification and warming in small containers in the Bay of Villefranche (experiment #3;March 2012; post-bloom conditions).All experiments were conducted under low nutrient conditions with communitiesdominated by small species (e.g. haptophytes, cyanobacteria, chlorophytes). During the thirdexperiment, biomass of populations decreased throughout the experiment (12 days), exceptcyanobacteria (mostly Synechococcus spp.) that significantly increased during that period.This increase was even more pronounced under elevated temperature, albeit the combinationwith elevated pCO2 tended to limit this effect. For the three experiments, ocean acidificationalone had no effect on any of the metabolic processes, irrespective of the methods used (O2-LD, as well as 18O, 13C and 14C labelling) while during the multi-driver experiment #3, oceanwarming led to enhanced gross primary production as measured by the 18O labellingtechnique. Specific biomarkers, polar lipid fatty acids, were used in combination with 13Clabelling to assess group primary production rates. This confirmed that ocean acidificationalone did not favour any phytoplankton group under our experimental conditions.Based on our findings and on an extensive literature review, it appears that most (57%) of the experiments performed to date have shown no effect of ocean acidification alonewhile ocean warming seem to have an effect on plankton composition and production.Furthermore, plankton biomass in ecosystems dominated by small phytoplankton speciesappears insensitive to elevated CO2. It remains, for the moment, impossible based on thesefindings to provide a general concept on the effect of ocean acidification on planktoncommunities. However, it appears that ocean acidification will likely not lead to increasedbiomass and primary production rates for most communities, as it was previously anticipated.Furthermore, although warming will likely lead to increased primary production, it appearsthat small species with a low capacity for export will be favoured. If this proves to be awidespread response, plankton will not help mitigating atmospheric CO2 increase through anenhancement of the biological pump
Blais, Marie-Amélie. "Étude en mésocosmes des impacts de l'acidification et du réchauffement sur la composition élémentaire de la biomasse planctonique et le cycle de l'azote dans l'estuaire maritime du Saint-Laurent." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27839.
Full textEleaume, Heïdy. "Etude comparative du rôle du Quorum Sensing dans la régulation de l'expression des facteurs de virulence chez un isolat clinique de Staphylococcus Aureus en culture planctonique et en biofilm." Littoral, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DUNK0119.
Full textStaphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen producing a large number of virulence factors. Among these, the secreted alpha-toxin, encoded by hla, and the surface-associated protein A, encoded by spa, are often considered as reporters of virulence factors regulation studies. The quorum sensing (QS) system, encoded by agr, is involved in their regulation in vitro. The biofilm formation ability of S. Aureus is also considered as a virulence factor, as it is the cause of heavier and chronic infections. One of the biofilm components (PIA) is synthesized by the products of the ica locus. QS involvement in the expression regulation of hla, spa and ica is studied in a clinical strain, isolated from an infected prosthesis, and in an isogenic mutant strain deleted in agrC gene, during planktonic and biofilm sessile growth. The real-time quantitative PCR technique associated with relative quantification method of target genes transcripts compared to 16S transcripts appeared to be the best method for transcription study during growth. In both growth conditions, we have demonstrated that the RNAIII transcript, the QS molecular effector, was expressed in a basal level in agrC mutant. In the same time, our study has for the first time outlined an ica activation by the QS, whereas the biofilm production by the mutant was more important. Finally, hla and spa expression regulation by QS is very different depending on growing conditions
Auger, Pierre-Amaël. "Modélisation des écosystèmes planctoniques pélagiques en Méditerranée nord-occidentale : impact des eaux du Rhône à l'échelle du plateau du golfe du Lion et variabilité interannuelle à décennale au large." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1496/.
Full textThe pelagic planktonic ecosystem dynamics of the north-western Mediterranean Sea has been studied by a realistic modelling approach. The dynamics of coastal ecosystems sustained by the Rhone River nutrient loads, and offshore ecosystems are considered separately. Through an high resolution modelling of the Rhone River plume, a specific calibration dedicated to river plume ecosystems has been proposed and validated on in situ data. Our results suggest a positive influence of river loads on the zooplankton biomass, which in turn limits the organic carbon deposition on the Gulf of Lion shelf through grazing on organic detritus. Low salinity water lenses detached from the Rhone River plume, owing to their positive influence on zooplankton development, could favour this process. Offshore, an extended simulation of 30 years shows that the interannual variability of planktonic ecosystems is controlled by the vertical mixing, in relation with atmospheric forcing. The winter deep convection determines the structure of the phytoplanktonic ecosystem by favouring microphytoplancton, and seems unfavourable to zooplankton and bacterial communities. The vertical mixing also controls the interannual variability of particulate and dissolved organic carbon export. The net metabolism in the MEDOC area tends to be weakly heterotroph during a weak convection period, reducing the sink pattern of the MEDOC area. However, there is an increased accumulation of carbon within planktonic ecosystems and organic detritus
Campbell, Rose. "Tourbillons anticycloniques dans le golfe du Lion : Modélisation couplée physique-biogéochimique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4118.
Full textThe role that mesoscale physical structures play in driving plankton community shifts and transporting matter is key to the understanding of food web dynamics at the regional scale
Roudesli, Sonia. "Modélisation des processus biogéochimiques à petite et moyenne échelle en Atlantique Nord Est." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00457103.
Full textLefebvre, Alain. "Reproduction d'une espèce benthique à phase larvaire planctonique, l'ophiure Ophiothrix fragilis (échinoderme), dans un système côtier à fort hydrodynamisme (détroit du Pas-de-Calais) : interactions physique-biologie et implications dans le fonctionnement global de l'ecosystème." Lille 1, 1999. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/40edcdc2-5512-495f-9dfa-c7eb554d3a17.
Full textMaugendre, Laure. "Response of plankton communities to ocean warming and acidification in the NW Mediterranean Sea." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066286.
Full textPlankton plays a key role in the global carbon cycle. It is therefore important to projectthe evolution of plankton community structure and function in a future high-CO2 world.Several experimental results reported at the community level have shown increased rates ofprimary production as a function of increasing pCO2 and few multi-driver experiments havebeen performed. However, the great majority of these experiments have been performedunder high natural or nutrient-enriched conditions and very few data are available in areaswith naturally low levels of nutrient and chlorophyll i.e. oligotrophic areas such as theMediterranean Sea, although they represent a large and expanding part of the ocean surface.Several approaches have been used during this thesis to investigate the effects ofocean warming and acidification on plankton communities in the NW Mediterranean Sea.One approach, restricted to the investigation of ocean acidification effects alone, was the useof mesocosms. In the Bay of Calvi (experiment #1; summer 2012 during 22 days), thecommunity was very efficient in recycling nutrients and showed important regeneratedproduction while in the Bay of Villefranche (experiment #2; winter/spring 2013 during 11days) the community was characterized by a more autotrophic state and larger newproduction. A third experiment was set-up to investigate the combined effects of oceanacidification and warming in small containers in the Bay of Villefranche (experiment #3;March 2012; post-bloom conditions).All experiments were conducted under low nutrient conditions with communitiesdominated by small species (e.g. haptophytes, cyanobacteria, chlorophytes). During the thirdexperiment, biomass of populations decreased throughout the experiment (12 days), exceptcyanobacteria (mostly Synechococcus spp.) that significantly increased during that period.This increase was even more pronounced under elevated temperature, albeit the combinationwith elevated pCO2 tended to limit this effect. For the three experiments, ocean acidificationalone had no effect on any of the metabolic processes, irrespective of the methods used (O2-LD, as well as 18O, 13C and 14C labelling) while during the multi-driver experiment #3, oceanwarming led to enhanced gross primary production as measured by the 18O labellingtechnique. Specific biomarkers, polar lipid fatty acids, were used in combination with 13Clabelling to assess group primary production rates. This confirmed that ocean acidificationalone did not favour any phytoplankton group under our experimental conditions.Based on our findings and on an extensive literature review, it appears that most (57%) of the experiments performed to date have shown no effect of ocean acidification alonewhile ocean warming seem to have an effect on plankton composition and production.Furthermore, plankton biomass in ecosystems dominated by small phytoplankton speciesappears insensitive to elevated CO2. It remains, for the moment, impossible based on thesefindings to provide a general concept on the effect of ocean acidification on planktoncommunities. However, it appears that ocean acidification will likely not lead to increasedbiomass and primary production rates for most communities, as it was previously anticipated.Furthermore, although warming will likely lead to increased primary production, it appearsthat small species with a low capacity for export will be favoured. If this proves to be awidespread response, plankton will not help mitigating atmospheric CO2 increase through anenhancement of the biological pump
Merle, Christophe (19. "Phylogénie moléculaire des foraminifères planctoniques." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX11022.
Full textAuger, Pierre-Amaël. "Modélisation des écosystèmes planctoniques pélagiques en Méditerranée nord-occidentale : Impact des eaux du Rhône à l'échelle du plateau du golfe du Lion et variabilité interannuelle à décennale au large." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672663.
Full textChabert, Pierre. "Impact of Synoptic Wind Variability on the Dynamics and Planktonic Ecosystem of the South Senegalese Upwelling Sector." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS096.
Full textIn addition to the wind seasonal cycle, Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems undergo fluctuations at shorter synoptic to intraseasonal time scales. This thesis focuses on the impact of synoptic wind intensifications and relaxations with a period of 5-10 days on the dynamics and planktonic ecosystem of the South Senegalese Upwelling Sector (SSUS). This system is located south of the sharp Cape Verde peninsula which acts as an abrupt coastline break and has a particularly shallow continental shelf. We aim to bring additional knowledge on this important coastal upwelling system that has received little attention, especially at synoptic time scales. To investigate this, we develop a modeling framework that involves applying idealized synoptic wind intensification and relaxation to an ensemble of climatological SSUS states. Synoptic fluctuations impact all dynamical variables out of their intrinsic variability range and shape robust anomalies of SSUS-scale and mesoscale spatial patterns. Using a mixed layer heat bud- get over the shelf, we identify the importance of horizontal processes in the SSUS heat variability and the very localized importance of vertical processes. Plankton biomass are found to oscillate in space and time in response to synoptic wind fluctuations. The atmospheric perturbation is damped during its propagation towards the upper trophic levels of the ecosystem. The response of the planktonic ecosystem is complex and heterogeneous over the shelf, with a distinctive inner shelf behavior. A diatoms budget reveals that their biomass is primarily controlled by primary production, zooplankton grazing and mortality-aggregation. The balance between these processes is responsible for the oscillatory responses of the diatoms biomass to synoptic wind events. All dynamical and biogeochemical variables exhibit modest asymmetries between wind intensification and relaxation responses. This brings support to the hypothesis that synoptic variability has a modest net impact on the climatological mean state. The implications of our results for future research questions are discussed, including the importance of biogeochemical observations and advances in plankton ecosystem modeling
Romagnan, Jean-Baptiste. "Les communautés planctoniques des bactéries au macroplancton : dynamique temporelle en Mer Ligure et distribution dans l'océan global lors de l'expédition Tara Oceans. - Approche holistique par imagerie -." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4050.
Full textPlankton constitutes the bulk of pelagic biomass and plays a major role in the global biogeochemical cycles that regulate the earth system. It encompasses all the organisms that drift with the water masses movements, from bacteria to giant medusae. Studies of the entire community are scarce, and plankton has been traditionally studied by fractions. The Tara Oceans expedition is the first attempt to simultaneously collect plankton in every size classes at the global scale. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, samples of plankton from bacteria to gelatinous macroplankton were collected weekly over ten months at a reference site (point B), in Villefranche Bay, northwestern Mediterranean, and analyzed using imaging techniques. Imaging enabled us to compare 1) the functional taxonomic information as derived from the analysis of 18 Plankton Ecological Groups (PEGs), and 2) the size structure of the same planktonic community over 6 orders of magnitude in size. The plankton dynamics at point B are driven by a complex succession process involving all plankton groups, from bacteria to macroplanktonic gelatinous predators. Environmental impulsive events such as wind events trigger sharp community level reorganizations via interplay of bottom-up controls followed by top-down controls. However, the total biovolume of the planktonic community varies within only one order of magnitude over the period studied. In addition, the size structure of the entire community does not vary significantly over time. The total biovolume and size structure stability suggest that strong and compensative mechanisms drive community dynamics within a narrow range of biomass variation. The use of both taxonomic and size structured data reveals a reorganization of the food web between winter and summer. In winter and spring the microplanktoniczooplanktonic food web is shaped by the grazing function. In summer, it is shaped by the predation function (chaetognaths and gelatinous predators). In summer, the food web self organizes in two distinct food chains discriminated by size relations between predators and preys. This reorganization underlines the key role of zooplankton and predation in structuring planktonic communities. In parallel to this temporal dynamics study, we used the Tara Oceans expedition samples to study the global scale distribution of mesozooplankton. We showed that characteristic mesozooplanktonic communities were associated with distinct environmental conditions, at the global scale. Using a similar methodology as for the temporal study we found that three different mesozooplanktonic communities were associated with 1) productive environments (e.g. upwellings), 2) Oxygen Minimum Zones, and 3) Oligotrophic oceanic gyres. This work is the first typology of mesozooplanktonic communities at the global scale. It will be further developed in the future by the integration of other planktonic compartments and particulate organic matter fluxes data, to improve our knowledge on the relations between phytoplankton, zooplankton and particulate organic matter fluxes
Rault, Jonathan. "Modélisation mathématique structurée en taille du zooplancton." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00850906.
Full textPEUTO-MOREAU, MICHELE. "Symbiose plastidiale et mixotrophie des cilies planctoniques marins (ciliophora oligotrichina)." Nice, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NICE4473.
Full textPrzytulska-Bartosiewicz, Anna. "Écologie des cyanobactéries planctoniques dans les lacs de thermokarst subarctiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26392.
Full textGiven their great abundance throughout the circumpolar North, and their intense production of greenhouse gases, thermokarst lakes (shallow lakes and ponds caused by thawing permafrost) have been identified as a globally important class of freshwater ecosystems. The objective of this doctoral study was to characterize the autotrophic plankton of this lake type, with emphasis on two ecological groups of cyanobacteria (bloom-formers and picoplankton) and their responsiveness to climate change. Thermokarst lakes were sampled across a range of landscapes in northern Quebec. Phytoplankton community structure and relationships with environmental variables were assessed with a combination of methods including limnological profiling, pigment analysis by high performance liquid chromatography, picoplankton analysis by flow cytometry, molecular assays of protist community structure, and analysis of lake water samples by inverse microscopy. Additionally, an incubation experiment with thermokarst lake water was performed to evaluate the potential direct (warming) and indirect (phosphorus enrichment) effects of climate change. Finally, a laboratory system was designed and applied to test the effects of temperature on herbivore-cyanobacteria feeding relationships using subarctic and temperate clones of the keystone species Daphnia pulex, and a high latitude strain of picocyanobacteria. The results showed that thermokarst lakes as well as a set of reference rock-basin lakes contained diverse pigments originating from autotrophic plankton, including some pigments specific for cyanobacteria and green photosynthetic sulfur bacteria. Indicators of trophic status (chlorophyll a and total phosphorus concentrations) showed that the thermokarst lakes were more enriched than the oligotrophic reference lakes. The phytoplankton communities of both groups contained low concentrations of bloom-forming cyanobacteria and picocyanobacteria, but in highly variable proportions of their total phototrophic biovolume. The experimental results indicated that climate warming may both directly and indirectly stimulate cyanobacterial growth and dominance, and may cause a decrease in phytoplankton food quality for zooplankton. Chrysophytes were also stimulated by warmer temperatures. The growth rate and performance of the subarctic Daphnia clone was negatively affected by higher temperatures and lower food quality (increased feeding thresholds), but to a lesser extent than the temperate clone. Overall, thermokarst lakes are a class of high latitude freshwater ecosystems that occur in high abundance across thawing permafrost landscapes and that have a number of distinctive limnological properties. Despite the strong attenuation of light by their coloured dissolved organic matter and suspended particles, and their strongly heterotrophic character, the results of this research show that they contain diverse phytoplankton in terms of pigment groups, size classes and taxa. Cyanobacteria may become more prevalent in these waters as a consequence of ongoing climate change. Cyanobacterial blooms are likely to follow the combined effects of warming and increased phosphorus loading, and would in turn affect phytoplankton diversity and the efficiency of food web processes.
Le, Moal Morgane. "Diversité, distribution et activité des diazotrophes planctoniques en mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22128.
Full textThe Mediterranean Sea is one of the most oligotrophic marine areas on earth where nitrogenfixation has been formally believed to play an important role in carbon and nitrogen fluxes. Although thisview is under debate, the diazotrophs responsible for this activity have still not been investigated. The aimsof this PhD were to characterise the diversity (abundance and species richness) and the spatio-temporaldistribution of diazotrophs, as well as factors controlling their development, with a particular focus onunicellular cyanobacteria. A combination of microscopic counts with size fractionated in situ hybridization(TSA-FISH), and 16S rDNA and nifH phylogenies were done, either over a year and a half seasonal cycle atthe coastal SOMLIT station off Marseilles, and across the entire Mediterranean Sea during the BOUMtransect. Low concentrations of diazotrophic cyanobacteria were detected and this community wasdominated at 99.9% by picoplankton hybridized with Nitro821 probe, specific for unicellular diazotrophiccyanobacteria (UCYN). Among filamentous cyanobacteria, only 0.02 filament ml-1 of Richeliaintracellularis and Trichodesmium sp. were detected sporadically in time and space. Small (0.7-1.5 μm) andlarge (2.5-3.2 μm) Nitro821-targeted cells were recovered in low concentrations (1-6 cell ml-1) across theentire Mediterranean Sea and all the year long, except over a month period in summer 2006 whenconcentrations of small cells reached 5300 cell ml-1, during an exceptionally high urban pollution event.Similar blooms of small and large cells were reported after Saharan dust inputs off Corsica and at open Sea,simultaneously with increases in N2 fixation rates. The affiliation of the small Nitro821-targeted cells toUCYN-A was confirmed by 16S and nifH phylogenies offshore in the western Mediterranean Sea. Rhizobiasequences, including the ones of a new marine group of Bradyrhizobium, were dominating nifH clonelibraries from picoplanktonic size fractions. A few sequences of γ-proteobacteria were also detected incentral Mediterranean Sea. While low phosphate and iron concentrations could explain the absence ofTrichodesmium sp. offshore, the factors that prevent the development of UCYN-B and C remain unknown.It is proposed that the dominating Mediterranean picoplankters (Bradyrhizobium, rhizobia, UCYN-A)probably developed specific strategies, such as associations with protists or particles, and/or photosyntheticactivity, to acquire carbon for sustaining diazotrophy