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Academic literature on the topic 'Planar Faults'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Planar Faults"

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FANG, ZIJUN, GUANSHUI XU, and DAVID D. OGLESBY. "GEOMETRIC EFFECTS ON EARTHQUAKE NUCLEATION ON BENT DIP-SLIP FAULTS." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 03, no. 01 (March 2011): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825111000890.

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The geometric effects on earthquake nucleation processes on bent dip-slip faults are studied using a slip strengthening and weakening friction law implemented in a two-dimensional quasi-static boundary integral model. The results show that the bend causes normal stress variations under tectonic loading on both the upper and lower segments. These stress variations differ from those on planar faults, leading to significant effects on earthquake nucleation location and time. Earthquakes tend to nucleate at shallower locations on thrust faults and at deeper locations on normal faults for steeper dipping angles on the lower fault segments. The elapsed time until nucleation on both thrust and normal faults is increased considerably as the bend angle becomes larger. For a thrust fault with a nearly horizontal lower segment, the time until nucleation can be more than 10 times larger than that for a corresponding planar fault. These findings may provide important insights for earthquake hazard analysis by taking the fault geometry effect into account when estimating hypocenter positions and time to instability.
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Kurz, Silke Julia Birgit, Udo Welzel, Ewald Bischoff, and Eric Jan Mittemeijer. "Diffraction stress analysis of highly planar-faulted, macroscopically elastically anisotropic thin films and application to tensilely loaded nanocrystalline Ni and Ni(W)." Journal of Applied Crystallography 47, no. 1 (January 18, 2014): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576713030756.

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The presence of planar faults complicates the diffraction stress analysis enormously owing to fault-induced displacement, broadening and asymmetry of the Bragg reflections. A dedicated stress-analysis method has been developed for highly planar-faulted, fibre-textured thin films of cubic crystal symmetry, using only specific reflections for diffraction stress analysis. The effect of unjustified use of other reflections has been demonstrated in the course of application of the method to Ni and Ni(W) thin films exhibiting excessive faulting and subjected to (1) a planar, rotationally symmetric stress state and (2) a planar biaxial stress state. In case 1 the crystallite-group method has been used, whereas in case 2 the stress-analysis method based on X-ray stress factors had to be applied. The successful separation of stress- and fault-induced reflection displacements has enabled the investigation of the mechanical behaviour of Ni and Ni(W) thin films byin situstress measurements during tensile loading, thereby exposing pronounced stiffness and increased strength by alloying with W.
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Zhang, Hanlei, Hongchao Kou, Xiaolei Li, Bin Tang, and Jinshan Li. "An Atomic Study of Substructures Formed by Shear Transformation in Castγ-TiAl." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/675963.

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Substructures and microsegregation ofγ/γlaths are analyzed with HRTEM and HAADF-STEM. Results show that the substructures are generated during evolution of shear transformation on the(111-)plane ofγlath. At the beginning, shear transformation evolves in a singleγlath, and a superstructure intrinsic stacking fault (SISF) forms in theγlath. After the formation of the SISF, the shear transformation may evolve in two different ways. If the shear transformation evolves into neighboringγlaths, the SISF also penetrates into neighboringγlaths and a ribbon of SISFs forms. If shear transformation continues to evolve in the original lath, complex substructures begin to form in the original. If shear transformation in the original lath is homogeneous and complete, secondary twin forms which may further grow into twin intersection. Incomplete shear transformation could not form secondary twins but generates a high concentration of planar faults on the(111-)plane. These planar faults may further penetrate theγ/γlath interface, grow into adjacent laths, and form a ribbon of planar faults.
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Ojok, Tonny, John BK Duot, Majorine Namaganda, Nasra Sadiki, and Michael Msabi. "Analogue Sandbox Scaled Modelling of Oblique and Orthogonal Extension Rifting in Rukwa Rift Basin, Tanzania." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 5 (December 1, 2021): 1660–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i5.15.

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Fault evolution in oblique and orthogonal rift systems in the brittle upper crust of the Rukwa rift basin was simulated using scaled sandbox modelling by varying the angle between the rift axis and the extension direction, α, through 45° and 90°, over a 10 cm displacement. The 45° oblique model exhibits a half-graben architecture bounded by a planar fault, intra-rift faults and a conjugate fault in some vertical sections. The map view of the model’s basin trends in the NW-SE direction, and is comparable with the Rukwa rift basin orientation. The 90° oblique model forms a basin structure which is orthogonal to the extension direction of the model in aerial photos. Its linear fault remains orthogonal to the extension direction, while the flexural side of the model segments into sinuous normal faults. Planar to slightly curved intra-rift faults are observed in vertical sections. The half-grabens have similar geometries in vertical sections for both models, while intra-rift faults elongate in vertical sections. The results of the oblique model are similar to natural examples of rift fault systems like the Rukwa rift. The fault geometries of the sandbox models can serve as examples for recognizing fault styles in oblique rift systems. Keywords: Analogue Sandbox modelling, Oblique rifting, Orthogonal rifting, Tanganyika-Rukwa-Malawi Rift Segment, Rukwa Rift Basin
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Ulloa, Sirena, and Julian C. Lozos. "Surface Displacement and Ground Motion from Dynamic Rupture Models of Thrust Faults with Variable Dip Angles and Burial Depths." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 6 (August 11, 2020): 2599–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200143.

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ABSTRACT Thrust-fault earthquakes are particularly hazardous in that they produce stronger ground motion than normal or strike-slip events of the same magnitude due to a combination of hanging-wall effects, vertical asymmetry, and higher stress drop due to compression. In addition, vertical surface displacement occurs in both blind-thrust and emergent thrust ruptures, and can potentially damage lifelines and infrastructure. Our 3D dynamic rupture modeling parameter study focuses on planar thrust faults of varying dip angles, and burial depth establishes a physics-based understanding of how ground motion and permanent ground surface displacement depend on these geometrical parameters. We vary dip angles from 20° to 70° and burial depths from 0 to 5 km. We conduct rupture models on these geometries embedded in a homogeneous half-space, using different stress drops but fixed frictional parameters, and with homogeneous initial stresses versus stresses tapered toward the ground surface. Ground motions decrease as we bury the fault under homogeneous initial stresses. In contrast, under tapered initial stresses, ground motions increase in blind-thrust faults as we bury the fault, but are still the highest in emergent faults. As we steepen dip angle, peak particle velocities in the homogeneous stress case generally increase in emergent faults but decrease in blind-thrust faults. Meanwhile, ground motion consistently increases with steepening dip angle under the stress gradient. We find that varying stress drop has a considerable scalar effect on both ground motion and permanent surface displacement, whereas changing fault strength has a negligible effect. Because of the simple geometry of a planar fault, our results can be applied to understanding basic behavior of specific real-world thrust faults.
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Čeh, M., H. Gu, H. Müllejans, and A. Rečnik. "Analytical electron microscopy of planar faults in SrO-doped CaTiO3." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 9 (September 1997): 2438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0322.

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Oxide-rich planar faults within a perovskite matrix are the prevailing type of extended defects in polycrystalline SrO-doped CaTiO3. These defects form, depending on the temperature of sintering, random networks, or ordered structures. The chemistry of the polytypoid, the isolated planar faults, and the perovskite phase have been studied by spatially resolved electron energy-loss and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopies using a dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope. We have found that Sr ions from SrO additions preferably substitute Ca in the CaTiO3 lattice, thus forming a solid solution (Ca1–xSrx)TiO3. The surplus of Ca ions forms single and ordered CaO-rich planar faults in the host (Ca1–xSrx)TiO3 phase. Whereas the excess Ca segregates in a form of single planar faults at lower temperatures, it forms a stable polytypoidic phase at higher temperatures. For materials having up to 25 mol% of SrO additions, this phase has (Ca1–xSrx)4Ti3O10 composition, comprising a sequence of CaO faults followed by three (Ca1–xSrx)TiO3 perovskite layers. Analytical electron microscopy revealed that the composition of the single planar faults, formed at lower temperatures, is identical to that of polytypoids, which are stable at higher sintering temperatures.
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Diederichs, A., E. K. Nissen, L. J. Lajoie, R. M. Langridge, S. R. Malireddi, K. J. Clark, I. J. Hamling, and A. Tagliasacchi. "Unusual kinematics of the Papatea fault (2016 Kaikōura earthquake) suggest anelastic rupture." Science Advances 5, no. 10 (October 2019): eaax5703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax5703.

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A key paradigm in seismology is that earthquakes release elastic strain energy accumulated during an interseismic period on approximately planar faults. Earthquake slip models may be further informed by empirical relations such as slip to length. Here, we use differential lidar to demonstrate that the Papatea fault—a key element within the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake rupture—has a distinctly nonplanar geometry, far exceeded typical coseismic slip-to-length ratios, and defied Andersonian mechanics by slipping vertically at steep angles. Additionally, its surface deformation is poorly reproduced by elastic dislocation models, suggesting the Papatea fault did not release stored strain energy as typically assumed, perhaps explaining its seismic quiescence in back-projections. Instead, it slipped in response to neighboring fault movements, creating a localized space problem, accounting for its anelastic deformation field. Thus, modeling complex, multiple-fault earthquakes as slip on planar faults embedded in an elastic medium may not always be appropriate.
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Woodward, C., J. M. MacLaren, and S. Rao. "Electronic structure of planar faults in TiAl." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 7 (July 1992): 1735–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.1735.

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The mechanical behavior of intermetallic alloys is related to the mobility of the dislocations found in these compounds. Currently the effect of bonding on dislocation core structure and its influence on deformation behavior is not well understood. However, the unusual properties of these materials, such as the anomalous temperature dependence of flow stress observed in TiAl, are derived in part from the aspects of bonding that determine dislocation mobility. Several recent studies have suggested a particular relationship between directional bonding in TiAl and dislocation mobility. To understand better the flow behavior of high temperature intermetallics, and as a step toward bridging the gap between electronic structure and flow behavior, we have calculated the electronic structure of various planar faults in TiAl. The self consistent electronic structure has been determined using a layered Korringa Kohn Rostoker (LKKR) method which embeds the fault region between two semi-infinite perfect crystals. Calculated defect energies in stoichiometric TiAl agree reasonably well with other theoretical estimates, though overestimating the experimental (111) anti-phase boundary (APB) energy, found for Ti46Al54. We approximate the energy of the (111) APB for the Al-rich stoichiometry by calculating the energy of Al antisites near that defect plane. The calculated (111)APB energy decreases by 6% in going from stoichiometric TiAl to Ti46Al54. The overall hierarchy of fault energies is found to be associated with the number of crystal bond states that are disrupted by the introduction of the fault plane. However, the hierarchy of fault energies is inconsistent with the traditionally accepted ordering. Changes in bonding taking place in the vicinity of the planar defects are illustrated through the density of states and charge density plots. A three body atomistic model is introduced to parameterize the bonding observed in TiAl. The L10 lattice (c/a = 1.00), within a second nearest neighbor three body model, yields a (111)APB energy which is the sum of the complex and superlattice-intrinsic stacking fault energies.
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Šturm, S., A. Rečnik, C. Scheu, and M. Čeh. "Formation of Ruddlesden–Popper faults and polytype phases in SrO-doped SrTiO3." Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 10 (October 2000): 2131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0307.

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The formation of so-called Ruddlesden–Popper planar faults was studied in SrO-doped SrTiO3 for different quantities of SrO additions and sintering conditions. For small SrO additions we observed a microstructure with a uniform grain size distribution and the enrichment of SrO at the grain boundaries. Larger additions of SrO produced a microstructure of elongated grains containing random planar faults, polytypic lamellae of more or less ordered faults, and polytype loops within SrTiO3 grains. We showed that these SrTiO3 grains were elongated as a result of preferential growth of the polytypic lamellae. In addition, we discuss a correlation between the formation of planar faults embedded in the perovskite matrix at low firing temperatures and Ruddlesden–Popper phases that are stable at higher temperatures.
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Ungár, Tamás, L. Balogh, and Gábor Ribárik. "Twinning, Dislocations and Grain Size in NanoSPD Materials Determined by X-Ray Diffraction." Materials Science Forum 584-586 (June 2008): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.584-586.571.

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High resolution X-ray line profile analysis is sensitive to crystallite size, dislocation densities and character, and to planar defects, especially stacking faults or twinning. The different effects of microstructure features can be evaluated separately on the basis of the different corresponding profile functions and the different hkl dependences of line broadening. Profiles of faulted crystals consist of sub-profiles broadened and shifted according to different hkl conditions. The systematic analysis of the breadts and shifts of sub-profiles enables X-ray line profile analysis by using defect related profile functions corresponding to: (i) size, (ii) strain and (iii) planar faults, respectively. It is shown that twinning can either be enhanced or weakened by severe plastic deformation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Planar Faults"

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Chen, Charn-Ying. "The contrast of planar defects." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338141.

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Li, Wei. "First-principles description of planar faults in metals and alloys." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Tillämpad materialfysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-155120.

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Phase interface and stacking fault are two common planar defects in metallic materials. In the present thesis, the interfacial energy and the generalized stacking fault energy of random alloys are investigated using density functional theory formulated within the exact muffin-tin orbitals (EMTO) method in combination with the coherent-potential approximation (CPA).The interfacial energy is one of the key physical parameters controlling the formation of the Cr-richα’ phases during the phase decomposition in Fe-Cr ferrite stainless steels. This decomposition is believed to cause the so-called“475°C embrittlement”. Aluminum addition to ferritic stainless steels was found to effectively suppress the deleterious 475oC embrittlement. The effect of Al on the interfacial energy and the formation energy of Fe-Cr solid solutions are studied in this thesis. The interface between the decomposed Fe-rich α and Cr-rich α phases carries a positive excess energy, which represents a barrier for the process of phase separation. Our results show that for the α-Fe70Cr20Al10/α0-Fe100−x−yCryAlx(0≤x≤10, 55≤y≤80) interface, the Al content(x) barely changes the interfacial energy. However, when Al is partitioned only in the alpha phase, i.e. for the α-Fe100−x−yCryAlx/α0-Fe10Cr90(0≤x≤10,0≤y≤25) interface, the interfacial energy increases with Al concentration due to the variation of the formation energies of the Fe-Cr alloys upon Al alloying. The intrinsic energy barriers (IEBs) of the γ surface (also called generalized stacking fault energy, GSFE) provide fundamental physics for understanding the plastic deformation mechanisms in face-centred cubic metals and alloys. In this thesis, the GSFEs of the disordered Cu-X (X=Al, Zn, Ga, Ni) and Pd-X (X=Ag,Au) alloys are calculated. Studying the effect of segregation of the solutes to the stacking fault planes shows that only the local chemical composition affects the GSFEs. Based on the calculated GSFEs values, the previously revealed “universal scaling law” between these IEBs is demonstrated to be well obeyed in random solid solutions. This greatly simplifies the calculations of the twinning parameters or the critical twinning stress. Adopting two twinnability measure parameters derived from the IEBs, we find that in binary Cu alloys, Al, Zn and Ga increase the twinnability, while Ni decreases it. Aluminum and gallium yield similar effects on the twinnability. Our theoretical predictions are in line with the available experimental data. These achievements open new possibilities in understanding and describing the plasticity of complex alloys.

QC 20141104

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Vailhé, Christophe N. P. "Planar fault energies and dislocation core spreadings in B2 NiAl." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46303.

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The lack of ductility of the B2 NiAl alloy stands in the way of promising applications. In an effort to understand the dislocation behavior, computer simulation of the planar faults involved in the core spreadings of <100> and <111> dislocations was carried out. Seven γ-surfaces were computed for different crystallographic planes ({110}, {112}, {123}, {210}, {100}, {111} and {122}). Stable APB's are observed in the {110} and {112} planes but they are deviated from the exact 1/2a<111> position. No other stable planar fault was observed. The dislocation core spreadings are explained by the energy balance among the directions of lowest restoring forces observed in the γ-surfaces. The complete <111> screw dislocation was stable in the simulation. According to the stable APB's, two dissociation reactions of the <111> screw dislocation in the {110} and {112} planes are proposed. The simulation of metastable superpartials shows that the dissociation in the {112} planes is very close to a stable dissociation.
Master of Science
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Vailhe, Christophe N. P. "Planar fault energies and dislocation core spreadings in B2 NiAl /." This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12172008-063647/.

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Zacarias, Alisson Teixeira. "Determinação da variação de rigidez em placas, através da metodologia dos observadores de estados /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94563.

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Orientador: Gilberto Pechoto de Melo
Banca: Vicente Lopes Júnior
Banca: Raquel Santini Leandro Rade
Resumo: Hoje em dia um dos fatores de interesse das indústrias no desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de detecção e localização de falhas é a preocupação com a segurança de seus sistemas, tendo-se a necessidade de supervisão e monitoramento de modo que as falhas sejam detectadas e corrigidas o mais rápido possível. Verifica-se na prática que determinados parâmetros dos sistemas podem variar durante o processo, devido a características específicas ou o desgaste natural de seus componentes. Sabe-se também que, mesmo nos sistemas bem projetados, a ocorrência de trincas em alguns componentes pode provocar perdas econômicas ou conduzir a situações perigosas. Os observadores de estado podem reconstruir os estados não medidos do sistema, desde que os mesmos sejam observáveis, tornando possível, desta forma, estimar as medidas nos pontos de difícil acesso. A técnica dos observadores de estado consiste em desenvolver um modelo para o sistema em análise e comparar a estimativa da saída com a saída medida, a diferença entre os dois sinais presentes resulta em um resíduo que é utilizado para análise. Neste trabalho foi montado um banco de observadores associado a um modelo de trinca de modo a acompanhar o progresso da mesma. Os resultados obtidos através de simulações computacionais em uma placa engastada discretizada pela técnica dos elementos finitos e as análises experimentais realizadas foram bastante satisfatórios, validando a metodologia desenvolvida.
Abstract: Nowadays a main factor of interest in industries in the development of new techniques for detection and localization of faults is the concern with the security of its systems. There is the need of supervising and monitoring the machines to detect and correct the fault as soon as possible. In practice it is verified that some determined parameters of the systems can vary during the process, due to the specific characteristics or the natural wearing of its components. It is known that even in well-designed systems the occurrence of cracks in some components can induce economic losses or lead to dangerous situations. The state observers methodology can reconstruct the unmeasured states of the system, since they are observable, becoming possible in this way to estimate the measures at points of difficult access. The technique of state observers consists of developing a model for the system under analysis and to compare the estimated with the measured exit, and the difference between these two signals results in a residue that is used for analysis. In this work was set up a bank of observers associated to a model of crack in order to follow its progress. The results obtained through computational simulations in a cantilever plate discretized by using the finite elements technique and the accomplished experimental analysis were sufficiently satisfactory, validating the developed methodology.
Mestre
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Polit, Anjani T. "Influence of mechanical stratigraphy and strain on the displacement-length scaling of normal faults on Mars." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433375.

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Zacarias, Alisson Teixeira [UNESP]. "Determinação da variação de rigidez em placas, através da metodologia dos observadores de estados." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94563.

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Hoje em dia um dos fatores de interesse das indústrias no desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de detecção e localização de falhas é a preocupação com a segurança de seus sistemas, tendo-se a necessidade de supervisão e monitoramento de modo que as falhas sejam detectadas e corrigidas o mais rápido possível. Verifica-se na prática que determinados parâmetros dos sistemas podem variar durante o processo, devido a características específicas ou o desgaste natural de seus componentes. Sabe-se também que, mesmo nos sistemas bem projetados, a ocorrência de trincas em alguns componentes pode provocar perdas econômicas ou conduzir a situações perigosas. Os observadores de estado podem reconstruir os estados não medidos do sistema, desde que os mesmos sejam observáveis, tornando possível, desta forma, estimar as medidas nos pontos de difícil acesso. A técnica dos observadores de estado consiste em desenvolver um modelo para o sistema em análise e comparar a estimativa da saída com a saída medida, a diferença entre os dois sinais presentes resulta em um resíduo que é utilizado para análise. Neste trabalho foi montado um banco de observadores associado a um modelo de trinca de modo a acompanhar o progresso da mesma. Os resultados obtidos através de simulações computacionais em uma placa engastada discretizada pela técnica dos elementos finitos e as análises experimentais realizadas foram bastante satisfatórios, validando a metodologia desenvolvida.
Nowadays a main factor of interest in industries in the development of new techniques for detection and localization of faults is the concern with the security of its systems. There is the need of supervising and monitoring the machines to detect and correct the fault as soon as possible. In practice it is verified that some determined parameters of the systems can vary during the process, due to the specific characteristics or the natural wearing of its components. It is known that even in well-designed systems the occurrence of cracks in some components can induce economic losses or lead to dangerous situations. The state observers methodology can reconstruct the unmeasured states of the system, since they are observable, becoming possible in this way to estimate the measures at points of difficult access. The technique of state observers consists of developing a model for the system under analysis and to compare the estimated with the measured exit, and the difference between these two signals results in a residue that is used for analysis. In this work was set up a bank of observers associated to a model of crack in order to follow its progress. The results obtained through computational simulations in a cantilever plate discretized by using the finite elements technique and the accomplished experimental analysis were sufficiently satisfactory, validating the developed methodology.
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Almeida, Roberto Silva de 1978. "Identificaçao do local de impacto em placas instrumentadas com sensores piezelétricos." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265723.

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Orientador: Carlos Alberto Cimini Junior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho, foi desenvolver uma metodologia para identificar impacto em placas laminadas de materiais compósitos, a fim de reduzir o tempo de inspeção e assim otimizar o intervalo de inspeção para uma determinada estrutura, já que muitas vezes é necessário interromper a sua operação. Uma compreensão abrangente dos efeitos de interação estrutura, sensores piezelétricos e objetos utilizados para aplicar cargas de impacto foi essencial. Este trabalho efetua uma análise numérica a partir dos tempos que conduziram ondas de deformação para alcançar os sensores e os seus efeitos sobre a exatidão dos resultados, obtidos pelo algoritmo desenvolvido, bem como a exatidão da metodologia aplicada. Sensores piezelétricos fabricados pela International APC e um sistema de aquisição de dados da National Instruments foram utilizados para obter respostas de ondas de tensão geradas por cargas de impacto. Uma identificação simples e robusta do impacto em tempo real com base na triangulação foi implementada. O uso de recursos computacionais através da plataforma Labview, juntamente com um algoritmo implementado no código computacional, forneceu resultados promissores, após testes realizados em configurações de placas experimentais monitoradas com redes de sensores piezelétricos. A metodologia proposta foi validada para placas de material isotrópico (aço) e anisotrópico (carbono/epóxi) apresentando bons resultados. A interface foi desenvolvida para ser aplicada a materiais com diferentes índices de anisotropia, onde se pode ajustar os valores de velocidade das ondas em diferentes direções. Observou-se que o erro máximo medido foi de 0,028 m. O código computacional apresentou-se robusto para identificar o local do impacto em qualquer ponto da placa em tempo real. Foi possível também comprovar para as diferentes massas de impacto que um procedimento simples de triangulação combinado com as características de velocidade de propagação das ondas proporciona um meio de localizar impactos
Abstract: The main objective of this work was to develop a methodology for identifying impact in laminated plates of composite materials in order to reduce inspection time and thus reduce the inspection interval for a given structure, since it is often necessary to stop its operation. A comprehensive understanding of the interaction effects of structure, piezoelectric sensors and objects used to apply impact loads was essential. This work demonstrates the numerical analysis of time leading waves of deformation to reach the sensors and their effect on not only the accuracy of the results obtained by the algorithm but also the accuracy of the methodology applied. In this work, piezoelectric sensors manufactured by International APC and data acquisition system of National Instruments were used. A simple and robust real-time impact identification based on triangulation was implemented. The use of computational resources within Labview platform along with a computer code implemented algorithm provided promising results after testing experimental settings for plates monitored with of piezoelectric sensors. The proposed methodology was validated for isotropic (steel) and anisotropic (carbon/epoxy) plate materials with fairly good results. The interface was designed to be applied to materials with different degrees of anisotropy, adjusting the values of wave velocity in different directions for composite materials. It was observed that the maximum error was 0.028 m. The computer code was robust enough to identify the impact location at any point of the plate in real time. It was also possible to demonstrate for different impact masses that a simple triangulation procedure combined with the characteristics of wave propagation provides a methodology for locating impacts
Mestrado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Pereira, Vilson Souza. "Analise de vibrações de placas finas em medias e altas frequencias usando metodos de energia." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263264.

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Orientador: Jose Maria Campos dos Santos
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Neste trabalho, estudam-se os fenômenos de propagação de ondas elásticas em placas simples e acopladas e se propõe unia metodologia para análise do comportamento vibracional médio cm frequência-espaço com o objetivo de identificar como as vibrações se propagam através dessas estruturas em médias e altas freqüências. Para isso utilizou-se de métodos de energia originados da Análise de Fluxo de Energia (EFA) e que têm como variáveis primárias a densidade de energia e fluxo de energia. Duas formulações foram usadas para resolver as equações diferenciais de energia aproximada derivada du EFA: o Método dos Elementos Finitos de Energia (EFEM) e o Método do Elemento Espectral de Energia (ESEM). O Método do Elemento Espectral (SEM) foi uma outra formulação estudada para resolver as equações diferenciais de propagação de onda em placa fina, bem como para validar a metodologia proposta. Diferentes tipos de acoplamentos foram investigados e implementados tais como: placa-placa, placa com reforço e placa com dano. Para isso, desenvolveram-se relações de acoplamentos que descrevem essas descontinuidades estruturais. Uma investigação experimental do comportamento vibracional de uma placa simples e com reforço foi realizada para verificar os resultados do ESEM. De forma geral, observa-se que os resultados obtidos pelos modelos simulados apresentaram um comportamento semelhante aos resultados encontrados experimentalmente
Abstract: In this research, propagation phenomena of elastic waves to simple and coupled plates are investigated and a methodology, based on energy methods, is proposed to predict the space- and frequency-averaged vibrational response of these structures, at mid and high frequencies. These methods, originated from Energy Flow Analysis, use as primary variables the energy density and the energy flow, which are parameters to vibrational analysis. Two methodologies are used to solve approximated energy differential equations derived from EFA: Energy Finite Element Method (EFEM) and Energy Spectral Element Method (ESEM). Another formulation the Spectral Element Method (SEM), is used to solve differential wave equation of thin plates in terms of displacement, based on classical mechanics; moreover this method is applied to validate the proposed methodology. Different discontinued structures were investigated, such as plate-plate, reinforced plate and damaged plate. To this purpose, coupled relationships that represent these discontinuities are developed. An experimental investigation of vibrational response of a simple and reinforced plate was performed to verify the results of ESEM. The experimental results, calculated in terms of energy variables, to both analyzed structures, showed a good agreement with the simulated models
Doutorado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Ahnesjö, Henrik. "Fault detection of planetary gearboxes in BLDC-motors using vibration and acoustic noise analysis." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för elektroteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-425966.

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This thesis aims to use vibration and acoustic noise analysis to help a production line of a certain motor type to ensure good quality. Noise from the gearbox is sometimes present and the way it is detected is with a human listening to it. This type of error detection is subjective, and it is possible for human error to be present. Therefore, an automatic test that pass or fail the produced Brush Less Direct Current (BLDC)-motors is wanted. Two measurement setups were used. One was based on an accelerometer which was used for vibration measurements, and the other based on a microphone for acoustic sound measurements. The acquisition and analysis of the measurements were implemented using the data acquisition device, compactDAQ NI 9171, and the graphical programming software, NI LabVIEW. Two methods, i.e., power spectrum analysis and machine learning, were used for the analyzing of vibration and acoustic signals, and identifying faults in the gearbox. The first method based on the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) was used to the recorded sound from the BLDC-motor with the integrated planetary gearbox to identify the peaks of the sound signals. The source of the acoustic sound is from a faulty planet gear, in which a flank of a tooth had an indentation. Which could be measured and analyzed. It sounded like noise, which can be used as the indications of faults in gears. The second method was based on the BLDC-motors vibration characteristics and uses supervised machine learning to separate healthy motors from the faulty ones. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is the suggested machine learning algorithm and 23 different features are used. The best performing model was a Coarse Gaussian SVM, with an overall accuracy of 92.25 % on the validation data.
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Books on the topic "Planar Faults"

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C, Haneberg William, ed. Faults and subsurface fluid flow in the shallow crust. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 1999.

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Kikō, Genshiryoku Anzen Kiban. Jishin, jishindō hyōka no uchi nairiku no katsudansō chōsa ni motozuku shingen dansō hyōka shuhō no kentō (Heisei 19-nendo). [Tokyo]: Genshiryoku Anzen Kiban Kikō, 2009.

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Daigaku, Tōkyō Kōgyō. Dansō kinbō ni okeru henkeitai no haba ni kansuru kenkyū. [Tokyo]: Tōkyō Kōgyō Daigaku, 2007.

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Sōgō Chishitsu Chōsa Kabushiki Kaisha. Heisei 20-nendo genshiryoku hatsuden shisetsu taishin anzensei jisshō kaiseki chōsa (Chūetsuoki kaijō onpa tansa) hōkokusho. [Tokyo]: Sōgō Chishitsu Chōsa Kabushiki Kaisha, 2008.

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Daigaku, Tōkyō Kōgyō, and Genshiryoku Anzen Kiban Kikō, eds. Dansō kinbō ni okeru henkeitai no haba ni kansuru kenkyū. [Tokyo]: Tōkyō Kōgyō Daigaku, 2008.

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Gevorgian, V. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault currents of a wind power plant: Preprint. Golden, CO]: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.

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Muljadi, E. Fault-Current Limiter (FCL) application in a wind power plant. Golden, Colo: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.

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Suzuki, Yasuhiro. Genpatsu to katsudansō: "sōteigai" wa yurusarenai. Tōkyō-to Chiyoda-ku: Iwanami Shoten, 2013.

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Muljadi, E. Wind power plant enhancement with a fault-current limiter: Preprint. Golden, CO]: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.

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Elks, Carl R. Development of a fault injection-based dependability assessment methodology for digital I & C systems. Washington, D.C: United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Planar Faults"

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Zhao, Yu, Yongfa Zhang, and Pengfei He. "Formation of Complex Networks." In Hydraulic Fracturing and Rock Mechanics, 231–65. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2540-7_9.

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AbstractWhen a hydraulic fracture interacts with multiple natural fractures (such as bedding planes, faults, weak interlayers, and formation interfaces) in the formation, arrests, bifurcations, crossings, and openings may occur, contributing to forming a complex fracture network (referred as CFN). Shale differs from other types of rocks due to its apparent bedding anisotropy, making it easier to form complex fracture networks during hydraulic fracturing. A mass of field hydraulic fracturing data and laboratory studies have confirmed that the hydraulic fractures generated in shale reservoirs are not bi-wing planar fractures in homogeneous media, but multi-dimensional, asymmetric, and non-planar complex hydraulic fractures (as shown in Fig. 9.1) (Liu et al. in Guti Lixue Xuebao/Acta Mech Solida Sin 37:34–49, 2016; Xiao in Research of hydraulic fracturing dynamic propagation in fractured reservoirs, 2014; Guo and Wang in J Eng Geol 26:118–128, 2016).
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Aochi, Hideo, and kimb Olsen. "On The Effects Of Non-planar Geometry for Blind Thrust Faults on Strong Ground Motion." In Computational Earthquake Science Part II, 2139–53. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7875-3_3.

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Diedrich, Alexander, Kaja Balzereit, and Oliver Niggemann. "First Approaches to Automatically Diagnose and Reconfigure Hybrid Cyber-Physical Systems." In Machine Learning for Cyber Physical Systems, 113–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62746-4_12.

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AbstractMaintaining modern production machinery requires a significant amount of time and money. Still, plants suffer from expensive production stops and downtime due to faults within individual components. Often, plants are too complex and generate too much data to make manual analysis and diagnosis feasible. Instead, faults often occur unnoticed, resulting in a production stop. It is then the task of highly-skilled engineers to recognise and analyse symptoms and devise a diagnosis. Modern algorithms are more effective and help to detect and isolate faults faster and more precise, thus leading to increased plant availability and lower operating costs.In this paper we attempt to solve some of the described challenges. We describe a concept for an automated framework for hybrid cyberphysical production systems performing two distinct tasks: 1) fault diagnosis and 2) reconfiguration. For diagnosis, the inputs are connection and behaviour models of the components contained within the system and a model describing their causal dependencies. From this information the framework is able to automatically derive a diagnosis provided a set of known symptoms. Taking the output of the diagnosis as a foundation, the reconfiguration part generates a new configuration, which, if applicable, automatically recovers the plant from its faulty state and resumes production. The described concept is based on predicate logic, specifically Satisfiability-Modulo-Theory. The input models are transformed into logical predicates. These predicates are the input to an implementation of Reiter’s diagnosis algorithm, which identifies the minimum-cardinality diagnosis. Taking this diagnosis, a reconfiguration algorithm determines a possible, alternative control, if existing. Therefore the current system structure described by the connection and component models is analysed and alternative production plans are searched. If such an alternative plan exists, it is transmitted to the control of the system. Otherwise, an error that the system is not reconfigurable is returned.
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Bar-Natan, Aviv, Panagiotis Charalampopoulos, Paweł Gawrychowski, Shay Mozes, and Oren Weimann. "Fault-Tolerant Distance Labeling for Planar Graphs." In Structural Information and Communication Complexity, 315–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79527-6_18.

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Wada, Koichi, Yoriyuki Nagata, and Wei Chen. "An Optimal Fault-Tolerant Routing for Triconnected Planar Graphs." In Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science, 191–201. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46784-x_20.

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Abu-Siada, Ahmed, Mohammad A. S. Masoum, Yasser Alharbi, Farhad Shahnia, and A. M. Shiddiq Yunus. "Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage, a Promising FACTS Device for Wind Energy Conversion Systems." In Recent Advances in Renewable Energy, 49–86. UAE: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681085425117020004.

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The applications of FACTS devices have become popular in the last few decades. There are many types of FACTS devices that are currently used in power systems to improve system stability, power quality and the overall reliability of the power systems. Since the involvement of renewable energies based power plants such as wind and PV, problems related to power system stability and quality has become even more complex, therefore the deployment of FACTS devices has become a challenging task. In this chapter, a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Unit is applied to improve the performance of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind turbine during various disturbances such as voltage sag, short circuit faults and load variation, including problems related to internal faults within the DFIG converters.
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Wakizaka, Yasuhiko, Atsushi Kajiyama, Hiroyuki Watatani, and Mutsuo Kozuma. "Estimation of Continuity of a Fault Based on Composite Planar Fabric." In IAEG/AEG Annual Meeting Proceedings, San Francisco, California, 2018 - Volume 4, 25–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93133-3_4.

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Fukuyama, Eiichi, and Raúl Madariaga. "Dynamic Propagation and Interaction of a Rupture Front on a Planar Fault." In Microscopic and Macroscopic Simulation: Towards Predictive Modelling of the Earthquake Process, 1959–79. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7695-7_9.

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Aochi, Hideo, Eiichi Fukuyama, and Mitsuhiro Matsu’ura. "Spontaneous Rupture Propagation on a Non-planar Fault in 3-D Elastic Medium." In Microscopic and Macroscopic Simulation: Towards Predictive Modelling of the Earthquake Process, 2003–27. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7695-7_11.

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Lenz, Malte, Mingjian Wu, Junyang He, Surendra K. Makineni, Baptiste Gault, Dierk Raabe, Steffen Neumeier, and Erdmann Spiecker. "Atomic Structure and Chemical Composition of Planar Fault Structures in Co-Base Superalloys." In Superalloys 2020, 920–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51834-9_90.

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Conference papers on the topic "Planar Faults"

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Zhou, Tianwei, Hailong Xu, Chongqian Yuan, Bo Han, and Hongwei Chang. "Influences of the Pre-Existing Faults on Later Faults: Insights from Planar Sandbox Experiments." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/16880-abstract.

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Zhou, Tianwei, Hailong Xu, Chongqian Yuan, Bo Han, and Hongwei Chang. "Influences of the Pre-Existing Faults on Later Faults: Insights from Planar Sandbox Experiments." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-16880-abstract.

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Brown, John Paul, and Rajarajan Narayanasamy Naidu. "Lateral Extension in Response to Late Stage Transpression, An Example from the Zhdanov Field, Caspian Sea - An Alternative to Flower Structures." In Gas & Oil Technology Showcase and Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214213-ms.

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Abstract The Zhdanov Field is located on the eastern margin of the Caspian Sea and is geologically a part of the Apsheron-PreBalkan Fault Zone which crosses the Caspian Sea from Azerbaijan to Turkmenistan. Structurally, the field is part of an east-west orientated plunging anticline (hereafter referred to as the Cheleken Nose) that plunges westwards from the Cheleken Dome for over 25 km into the Caspian Sea. The structure of the Zhdanov Field formed in response to Pleistocene to Recent (post Apsheron) transpressive reactivation of a pre-existing fault at the Miocene and deeper levels (hereafter referred to as the Zhdanov Fault). Transpressive reactivation of the deep-seated fault created a southward verging reverse offset at the Miocene level with up to 600m of vertical displacement, with an unknown amount of lateral or strike slip offset. Data from the orientations of associated fault structures and borehole breakout data indicate that the stress field associated with the reactivation was a north-south compression with the maximum horizontal stress orientated 007 degrees N which is consistent with regional Caspian Sea tectonics. The overlying Pliocene to Recent, Red Series stratigraphy accommodated the reactivation and vertical displacement on the Zhdanov Fault on a series of extensional faults which strike NNE-SSW, orthogonal to the strike of the underlying fault. Because the extensional faults are dominantly post sedimentary, the faults have a planar geometry which form a set of domino style faults that show rigid rotation of the Red Series stratigraphy between faults. The extension direction of the planar faults is sub-parallel to the major east-west fold axis and orthogonal to the southward maximum dip direction of the fold structure which is to the south. The extension direction is therefore orthogonal to the extension direction that would be expected to occur due to gravity driven extension. Instead, the extensional faults represent lateral extension, or expulsion along the strike of the fold that was driven by the ongoing north-south compression which effectively prevented gravity driven extensional movement to the south. The extensional fault set all downthrow to the west aligning with the down plunge direction of the Cheleken Nose. The extensional fault set is likely to have been formed as a response to vertical offset in a structurally confined compressional / transpressional setting. The orientation and movement direction of the resulting extensional fault set is in direct contrast to that which would be expected in either gravity driven extension, or a positive Flower Structure that is commonly associated with transpressive strike slip faults. Lateral expulsion on extensional faults associated with transpression is valid from a kinematic and stress orientation stand point and is therefore a valid alternative to Flower Structures. At the Zhdanov Field, the series of tilted fault blocks created by the lateral extension may lead to new exploration opportunities with potential fault traps throughout the Red Series stratigraphy.
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Abdi, Hamid, and Saeid Nahavandi. "Minimum Reconfiguration for Fault Tolerant Manipulators." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28536.

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When a robotic manipulator is fault tolerant it is beneficial to study the configurations which tolerate non-catastrophic locked joint failures with a minimum relative change for the joint velocities. This problem is addressed using the properties of the condition number of the Jacobian matrix. The relationship between the faults within the joints of the manipulators and the condition number of the Jacobian matrix is used to introduce the optimal configurations for fault recovery. These optimum configurations require a minimum reconfiguration for fault tolerance of robotics manipulators. Then these configurations are studied for a 4-DOF planar manipulator to validate the proposed framework.
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Toshev, Alexander G. "Excitation Faults Detection in Relatively Large Planar Array Antennas, Measured in Short Antenna Ranges." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Antennas, Communications and Electronic Systems (COMCAS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comcas44984.2019.8958255.

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Zeno, Aldrich. "Planar and Spatial Analysis of Transients in Impedance Angle during Faults and Power Swing." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid, and Renewable Energy (PESGRE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgre52268.2022.9715904.

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Okihara, M., H. Tanaka, N. Hirashita, T. Nakamura, H. Okada, Y. Hijikata, and K. Shimoda. "Pin-Point Transmission Electron Microscopic Analysis Applied to Off-Leakage Failures of a Bipolar Transistor in 0.5μm BiCMOS Devices." In ISTFA 1996. ASM International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1996p0207.

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Abstract Pin-point (specific area) planar transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis has been improved to study process-induced defects in recent very large scale integrated (VLSI) devices. The specimens are prepared by a combination of marking failure sites with focused ion beam (FTB) equipment and planar TEM specimen preparation technique. This method provides not only planar observation of localized failures with an accurate observation with high positioning accuracy but also wide range of observable area which is feasible to carry out some application techniques associated with TEM. In particular, it is found to be a powerful method to identify the nature of crystalline defects which cause the failures. This work presents the detailed procedure and demonstrates its successful applicability via studying a leaky bipolar transistor in 0.5μm BiCMOS devices (one failure of more than 4500 transistors). The results clarify the presence of stacking faults, formed during epitaxial growth, between collector and emitter regions in the specific transistor with resistive collector-emitter leakage current.
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Noufal, Abdelwahab. "Fault Planes Materials Fill Characteristics, UAE." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207217-ms.

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Abstract Abu Dhabi subsurface fault populations triggered basin system in diverse directions, because of their significant role as fluid pathways. Studying fault infill materials, fault geometries, zone architecture and sealing properties from outcrops as analogues to the subsurface of Abu Dhabi, and combining these with well data and cores are the main objectives of this paper. The fault core around the fault plane and in areas of overlap between fault segments and around the fault tip include slip surfaces and deformed rocks such as fault gouge, breccia, and lenses of host rock, shale smear, salt flux and diagenetic features. Structural geometry of the fault zone architecture and fault plane infill is mainly based on the competency contrast of the materials, that are behaving in ductile or in a brittle manner, which are distributed in the subsurface of Abu Dhabi sedimentary sequences with variable thicknesses. Brittleness is producing lenses, breccia and gouge, while, ductile intervals (principally shales and salt), evolved in smear and flux. The fault and fractures are behaving in a sealy or leaky ways is mainly dependent on the percentage of these materials in the fault deformation zone. The reservoir sections distancing from shale and salt layers are affected by diagenetic impact of the carbonates filling fault zones by recrystallized calcite and dolomite. Musandam area, Ras Al Khaima (RAK), and Jabal Hafit (JH) on the northeast- and eastern-side of the UAE represents good surface analogues for studying fault materials infill characteristics. To approach this, several samples, picked from fault planes, were analysed. NW-trending faults system show more dominant calcite, dolomite, anhydrites and those closer to salt and shale intervals are showing smearing of the ductile infill. The other linked segments and transfer faults of other directions are represented by a lesser percentage of infill. In areas of gravitational tectonics, the decollement ductile interval is intruded in differently oriented open fractures. The studied outcrops of the offshore salt islands and onshore Jabal Al Dhanna (JD) showing salt flux in the surrounding layers that intruded by the salt. The fractures and faults of the surrounding layers and the embedment insoluble layers are highly deformed and showing nearly total seal. As the salt behaving in an isotropic manner, the deformation can be measured clearly by its impact on the surrounding and embedment's insoluble rocks. The faults/fractures behaviour is vicious in migrating hydrocarbons, production enhancement and hydraulic fracturing propagation.
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Bodrumlu, Tolga, Mehmet Murat Gözüm, and Batıkan Kavak. "Enhanced Fault Detection of Vehicle Lateral Dynamics Using a Dynamically Adjustable Bayesian Network Structure and Extented Kalman Filter." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94176.

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Abstract In order to improve reliability and safety in many technical systems; the importance of the fault diagnosis and detection is increasing day by day. This is particularly important in safety-related industries such as airplanes, trains, automobiles, power plants, and chemical plants. In this study, a model-based fault detection method that can detect faults affecting the lateral dynamic system of a vehicle is proposed. The developed fault detection algorithm includes both Bayesian Network and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). EKF plays an effective role especially in detecting the faulty speed measurements. In the fault detection algorithm, six residual values are calculated. The threshold values of all the calculated residuals are determined using real test dataset. Depending on whether the residuals exceed the threshold value or not, the fault generation coefficients in the Bayesian Network are also dynamically updated to provide precise information regarding which sensor has a fault. The implementation of the fault detection algorithm is carried out using real test data and the numerical simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The results show that the proposed fault detection algorithm gives over 92% fault probability by using Bayesian and EKF structure together.
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Kubiak, J., A. Garci´a-Gutie´rrez, G. Urquiza, and G. Gonza´lez. "Integrated Diagnostic System for the Equipment of Power Plants: Part I — Formulation and Algorithms." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26051.

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The output capacity of combined cycle power plants is reduced in many cases, and sometimes forced to outages, when its main components are affected by faults, i.e., when the rotating equipment such as turbines, generators, compressors, pumps and fans suffer a failure. Normally, the overall reduction of the efficiency, and sometimes the component efficiencies, is monitored but it is difficult to identify the primary causes of the fault of the specific equipment that causes the reduction of plant efficiency. Therefore, to reduce the time of faulty operation, a precise diagnostic tool is needed. One such tool is an expert system approach, which is presented in this work. It consists of several expert systems for the identification of the faults caused by deterioration of the inner parts of the equipment, Fig. 1. Such faults not only reduce the plant efficiency but in many cases also increase the vibrations of the rotor-bearing system. Based on knowledge, the various expert systems have been constructed and their algorithms (efficiency reduction) developed for the following equipment: steam turbines, gas turbines and compressors, condenser, pumps and water cooling system. An expert system for detecting faults that increase the vibration of the rotor–bearing system is also presented. As far as the turbo compressor expert system is concerned the fault hybrid patterns previously developed were implemented and described elsewhere [1].
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Reports on the topic "Planar Faults"

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Seginer, Ido, Louis D. Albright, and Robert W. Langhans. On-line Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Greenhouse Environmental Control. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575271.bard.

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Background Early detection and identification of faulty greenhouse operation is essential, if losses are to be minimized by taking immediate corrective actions. Automatic detection and identification would also free the greenhouse manager to tend to his other business. Original objectives The general objective was to develop a method, or methods, for the detection, identification and accommodation of faults in the greenhouse. More specific objectives were as follows: 1. Develop accurate systems models, which will enable the detection of small deviations from normal behavior (of sensors, control, structure and crop). 2. Using these models, develop algorithms for an early detection of deviations from the normal. 3. Develop identifying procedures for the most important faults. 4. Develop accommodation procedures while awaiting a repair. The Technion team focused on the shoot environment and the Cornell University team focused on the root environment. Achievements Models: Accurate models were developed for both shoot and root environment in the greenhouse, utilizing neural networks, sometimes combined with robust physical models (hybrid models). Suitable adaptation methods were also successfully developed. The accuracy was sufficient to allow detection of frequently occurring sensor and equipment faults from common measurements. A large data base, covering a wide range of weather conditions, is required for best results. This data base can be created from in-situ routine measurements. Detection and isolation: A robust detection and isolation (formerly referred to as 'identification') method has been developed, which is capable of separating the effect of faults from model inaccuracies and disturbance effects. Sensor and equipment faults: Good detection capabilities have been demonstrated for sensor and equipment failures in both the shoot and root environment. Water stress detection: An excitation method of the shoot environment has been developed, which successfully detected water stress, as soon as the transpiration rate dropped from its normal level. Due to unavailability of suitable monitoring equipment for the root environment, crop faults could not be detected from measurements in the root zone. Dust: The effect of screen clogging by dust has been quantified. Implications Sensor and equipment fault detection and isolation is at a stage where it could be introduced into well equipped and maintained commercial greenhouses on a trial basis. Detection of crop problems requires further work. Dr. Peleg was primarily responsible for developing and implementing the innovative data analysis tools. The cooperation was particularly enhanced by Dr. Peleg's three summer sabbaticals at the ARS, Northem Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, in Sidney, Montana. Switching from multi-band to hyperspectral remote sensing technology during the last 2 years of the project was advantageous by expanding the scope of detected plant growth attributes e.g. Yield, Leaf Nitrate, Biomass and Sugar Content of sugar beets. However, it disrupted the continuity of the project which was originally planned on a 2 year crop rotation cycle of sugar beets and multiple crops (com and wheat), as commonly planted in eastern Montana. Consequently, at the end of the second year we submitted a continuation BARD proposal which was turned down for funding. This severely hampered our ability to validate our findings as originally planned in a 4-year crop rotation cycle. Thankfully, BARD consented to our request for a one year extension of the project without additional funding. This enabled us to develop most of the methodology for implementing and running the hyperspectral remote sensing system and develop the new analytical tools for solving the non-repeatability problem and analyzing the huge hyperspectral image cube datasets. However, without validation of these tools over a ful14-year crop rotation cycle this project shall remain essentially unfinished. Should the findings of this report prompt the BARD management to encourage us to resubmit our continuation research proposal, we shall be happy to do so.
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MCDONALD, G. P., and E. A. BOYD-BODIAU. FAULT & COORDINATION STUDY FOR T PLANT COMPLEX. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/833229.

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3

Villaran, M., K. Hillman, J. Taylor, J. Lara, and W. Wilhelm. Selected fault testing of electronic isolation devices used in nuclear power plant operation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10152083.

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4

Lanc, Terry L. The importance of input variables to a neural network fault-diagnostic system for nuclear power plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10138922.

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Lanc, T. L. The importance of input variables to a neural network fault-diagnostic system for nuclear power plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6686435.

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Kim, Keehoon. An artificial neutral network fault-diagnostic adviser for a nuclear power plant with error prediction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10139974.

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Kim, Keehoon. An artificial neutral network fault-diagnostic adviser for a nuclear power plant with error prediction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6632089.

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8

Houzer, Ella, and Ian Scoones. Are Livestock Always Bad for the Planet? Rethinking the Protein Transition and Climate Change Debate. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/steps.2021.003.

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Abstract:
Urgent climate challenges have triggered calls for radical, widespread changes in what we eat, pushing for the drastic reduction if not elimination of animal-source foods from our diets. But high-profile debates, based on patchy evidence, are failing to differentiate between varied landscapes, environments and production methods. Relatively low-impact, extensive livestock production, such as pastoralism, is being lumped in with industrial systems in the conversation about the future of food. This report warns that the dominant picture of livestock’s impacts on climate change has been distorted by faulty assumptions that focus on intensive, industrial farming in rich countries. Millions of people worldwide who depend on extensive livestock production, with relatively lower climate impacts, are being ignored by debates on the future of food. The report identifies ten flaws in the way that livestock’s climate impacts have been assessed, and suggests how pastoralists could be better included in future debates about food and the climate.
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Jones, B. G., S. Shaheen, and N. Moray. Development of advanced direct perception displays for nuclear power plants to enhance monitoring, control and fault management. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/510573.

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Xue, Feng, Hao Huang, Yiwei Fu, Bojun Feng, Weizhong Yan, and Tianyi Wang. Deep Analysis Net with Causal Embedding for Coal-fired power plant Fault Detection and Diagnosis (DANCE4CFDD). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1844966.

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