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Journal articles on the topic 'Plamitic acid (16:O)'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Tripathi, Pushpendra Kumar, Shraddha Gupta, Suruchi Rai, Ankur Shrivatava, Shalini Tripathi, Sima Singh, Ajay J. Khopade, and Prashant Kesharwani. "Curcumin loaded poly (amidoamine) dendrimer-plamitic acid core-shell nanoparticles as anti-stress therapeutics." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 46, no. 3 (February 24, 2020): 412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2020.1724132.

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2

Lee, Byung Chul, Dong Hyun Kim, Iljung Lee, Yearn Seong Choe, Dae Yoon Chi, Kyung-Han Lee, Yong Choi, and Byung-Tae Kim. "16-Cyclopentadienyl Tricarbonyl99mTc 16-Oxo-hexadecanoic Acid: Synthesis and Evaluation of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Mouse Myocardium†." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 51, no. 12 (June 2008): 3630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm800049h.

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3

Protiva, Jiří, Jaroslav Pecka, Eva Klinotová, and Miloš Procházka. "Synthesis of 16-(4-iodophenyl)hexadecanoic acid." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 4 (1986): 872–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19860872.

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16-(4-Iodophenyl)hexadecanoic acid was prepared in six steps by two methods: from 6-(2-thienyl) hexanoic acid and 6-phenylhexanoyl chloride or by alkylation, or acylation, of 2-thienylthiophene. Mass and 1H NMR spectra of some prepared compounds are discussed. The synthesis is suitable for preparation of radioactively labelled acids used as myocardial imaging agents.

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4

Sanda, Fumio, Taizo Fujiyama, and Takeshi Endo. "Stepwise Synthesis ofγ-Glutamic Acid 16-Mer." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 203, no. 4 (March 1, 2002): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3935(20020301)203:4<727::aid-macp727>3.0.co;2-s.

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5

HAGEY, L. "16$alpha;-hydroxychenodeoxycholic acid, a new major bile acid in birds." Hepatology 18, no. 4 (October 1993): A305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0270-9139(93)92745-l.

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6

Schneider, Silke, Marcel G. Wubbolts, Dominique Sanglard, and Bernard Witholt. "Production Of Alkanedioic Acids By Cytochrome P450Bm-3Monooxygenase: Oxidation Of 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic Acid To Hexadecane-1, 16-Dioic Acid." Biocatalysis and Biotransformation 17, no. 3 (January 1999): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10242429909040113.

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7

Kataev, V. E., A. P. Timosheva, A. I. Nugmanov, A. T. Gubaidullin, I. Yu Strobykina, R. R. Shagidullin, L. V. Avvakumova, and O. I. Militsina. "Structure of 16-hydroxyisosteviol-derived dicarboxylic acid esters." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 77, no. 6 (June 2007): 1069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363207060217.

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8

Roy, Amlan K., James R. Hart, and Ajit J. Thakkar. "Clusters of glycolic acid and 16 water molecules." Chemical Physics Letters 434, no. 4-6 (February 2007): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2006.12.010.

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9

Sharpe, Ruben B. A., Dirk Burdinski, Jurriaan Huskens, Harold J. W. Zandvliet, David N. Reinhoudt, and Bene Poelsema. "Spreading of 16-Mercaptohexadecanoic Acid in Microcontact Printing." Langmuir 20, no. 20 (September 2004): 8646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la0487040.

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10

le Bars, D., M. Apparu, P. M. Léo, M. Vidal, and C. Luu-Duc. "Synthesis of 16-iodo-[carboxyl-14C]hexadecanoic acid." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 22, no. 9 (September 1985): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.2580220905.

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11

Dolgopalets, V. I., S. M. Volkov, M. A. Kisel', A. N. Kozhevko, and O. G. Kulinkovich. "ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of 16-Oxooctadecanoic Acid." ChemInform 31, no. 37 (September 12, 2000): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200037071.

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12

Dentali, Steven J., and Joseph J. Hoffmann. "16-hydroxycarnosic acid, a diterpene from Salvia apiana." Phytochemistry 29, no. 3 (1990): 993–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)80066-p.

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13

Livni, E., and D. R. Elmaleh. "Synthesis of 16-[18F]fluoro-betamethylhexadecanoic acid ([18F] FBMHA) and 16-[18F] fluorohexadecanoic acid ([18F] FHA) from the corresponding triflates." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 26, no. 1-12 (January 1989): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.25802601105.

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14

Handa, T., K. Tomita, and M. Nakagaki. "Nonideal mixing of 16-(9-anthroyloxy) palmitic acid and fatty acid in monolayer." Colloid and Polymer Science 265, no. 3 (March 1987): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01412715.

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15

Kitamura, Yoshiaki. "Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Mimics and Their Application in Nucleic Acid-based Medicine." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 136, no. 11 (November 1, 2016): 1491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.16-00180.

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16

Joseph, Joy, and Ching-San Lai. "An improved synthesis of [15N] 16-doxyl stearic acid." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 24, no. 10 (October 1987): 1159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.2580241003.

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17

Carballeira, Néstor M., and Mayra Pagán. "Total synthesis of the novel bacterial fatty acid 16-methyl-8(Z)-heptadecenoic acid." Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 113, no. 1-2 (November 2001): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-3084(01)00137-2.

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18

ABSON, ANGELA, NIGEL J. P. BROOM, PHILIPPA A. COATES, JOHN S. ELDER, ANDREW K. FORREST, PETER C. T. HANNAN, AMANDA J. HICKS, et al. "Chemistry of Pseudomonic Acid. Part 16. Aryl and Heteroaryl Ketone Derivatives of Monic Acid." Journal of Antibiotics 49, no. 4 (1996): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.49.390.

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19

Wang, Shuguang, Yongpeng Ma, Chengbin Wan, Chungyun Hse, Todd F. Shupe, Yujun Wang, and Changming Wang. "Immunolocalization of Endogenous Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Abscisic Acid in the Shoot Internodes of Fargesia yunnanensis Bamboo during Development." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 141, no. 6 (November 2016): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs03814-16.

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The Bambusoideae subfamily includes the fastest-growing plants worldwide, as a consequence of fast internode elongation. However, few studies have evaluated the temporal and spatial distribution of endogenous hormones during internode elongation. In this paper, endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were detected in different developmental internodes during shoot elongation by immunolocalization. Immunohistochemistry showed that IAA was mainly present in the shoot apex, leaf sheath primordia, parenchymal cells, and vascular tissues. During internode elongation and maturation, the IAA signals decreased significantly and then increased slightly, with the weakest signals observed in the rapidly elongating internode. Based on immunogold localization, most IAA signals were detected in the cytoplasm and nuclei of both parenchymal and fiber cells, and few signals were detected in cell walls in the unelongated and elongating internodes. After the completion of internode elongation, additional IAA signals were detected in the secondary walls of both parenchymal and fiber cells. Immunohistochemical localization of ABA showed that ABA signals decreased with internode elongation and maturation, with the weakest signal observed in the internodes of 3-month-old shoots. In addition, few ABA signals were detected in the shoot apex. The strongest IAA and ABA signals in unelongated internodes suggested that both hormones participated in the mediation of internode differentiation but not in the rapid elongation. Moreover, IAA was involved in secondary cell wall deposition.

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20

taş, Recep, Muzaffer CAN, and Savaş SÖNMEZOĞLU. "Preparation and characterization of polyaniline microrods synthesized by using dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid and periodic acid." TURKISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 39 (2015): 589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/kim-1411-16.

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21

Burger, Alain, Joan E. Clark, Masazumi Nishimoto, A. Scott Muerhoff, Bettie Sue Siler Masters, and Paul R. Ortiz de Montellano. "Mechanism-based inhibitors of prostaglandin .omega.-hydroxylase: (R)- and (S)-12-hydroxy-16-heptadecynoic acid and 2,2-dimethyl-12-hydroxy-16-heptadecynoic acid." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 36, no. 10 (May 1993): 1418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00062a014.

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22

Khairy, Mostafa A., and Fotouh R. Mansour. "Simultaneous Determination of Ursodeoxycholic Acid and Chenodeoxycholic Acid in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by HPLC–UV Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 100, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0176.

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Abstract A reversed-phase HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and the epimeric isomer, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), in their synthetic mixtures and in tablet dosage form. The proposed HPLC method uses a C18 column and mobile phase consisting of an acetonitrile–phosphate buffer mixture (pH 2.3, 100 mM; 50 + 50, v/v) at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min with UV detection at 210 nm. The method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines; and linearity, range,accuracy, precision, robustness,and system suitability were studied. The LOD and LOQ were also calculated and found to be 1.23 and 3.73 μg/mL for UDCA and 0.83 and 2.52 μg/mL for CDCA, respectively. The method was adapted for UHPLC, in which baseline separation was achieved in <2.5 min. The assay results of Ursomix tablets by the developed method were statistically compared with those obtained by the reference method using t- and F-tests, and no significant differences were observed.

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23

Ghosh, Pranab, and Raju Subba. "ChemInform Abstract: Studies on the Reaction of 16-Dehydropregnenolone Acetate (16-DPA) with m-Chloroperbenzoic Acid." ChemInform 44, no. 51 (December 2, 2013): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201351220.

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24

Siegel, Earl, and Suman Wason. "Boric Acid Toxicity." Pediatric Clinics of North America 33, no. 2 (April 1986): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)35006-4.

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25

Nakano, T., M. A. Maillo, A. C. Spinelli, Alfonso Martin, and A. Usubillaga. "Molecular rearrangements in derivatives of grandiflorenic acid [(-)-kaur-9(11),16-dien-19-oic acid]." Pure and Applied Chemistry 66, no. 10-11 (January 1, 1994): 2357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199466102357.

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26

Fitz, Wolfgang, and Duilio Arigoni. "Biosynthesis of 15,16-dimethyltriacontanedioic acid (diabolic acid) from [16-2H3]- and [14-2H2]-palmitic acids." Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, no. 20 (1992): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39920001533.

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27

Shirasaka, Norifumi, Takuya Umehara, Tetsuo Murakami, Hajime Yoshizumi, and Sakayu Shimizu. "Microbial conversion of palmitoleic acid to 9,12-hexadecadienoic acid (16:2ω4) by Trichoderma sp. AM076." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 75, no. 6 (June 1998): 717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-998-0211-8.

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28

Forsythe, C. E., M. A. French, Y. K. Goh, and M. T. Clandinin. "Cholesterolaemic influence of palmitic acid in the sn-1, 3 v. the sn-2 position with high or low dietary linoleic acid in healthy young men." British Journal of Nutrition 98, no. 2 (August 2007): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507704993.

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Healthy young men were fed four diets for 2 weeks each providing natural fats containing palmitic acid (16 : 0) predominantly in the sn-1, 3 position of dietary TAG or containing 16 : 0 predominantly in the sn-2 position with low or high levels of linoleic acid (18 : 2n-6). Two treatments supplied 16 : 0 in the sn-1, 3 positions from palmstearin with low (3 % energy) or high (>7 % energy) 18 : 2n-6 and two treatments supplied 16 : 0 in the sn-2 position from lard with high or low levels of 18 : 2n-6. Diets contained 30–35 % energy as fat, 7–11 % energy as 16 : 0 and moderate levels of cholesterol. Fasting serum cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations were measured. Cholesterol fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was determined by 2H incorporation. Diets providing 16 : 0 in the sn-2 position resulted in lower fasting serum total cholesterol (TC) and a lower TC:HDL ratio than diets providing 16 : 0 in the sn-1, 3 positions. Diets with high levels of 18 : 2n-6 significantly decreased the TC:HDL ratio, reaffirming the well-known cholesterol-reducing effect of 18 : 2n-6. A lower non-esterified cholesterol FSR was observed with low dietary levels of 18 : 2n-6. No differences between dietary treatments were found for serum HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol or TAG. It is concluded that dietary fats containing 16 : 0 in the sn-2 position may result in slightly lower fasting TC than diets providing 16 : 0 in the sn-1, 3 positions, while the level of n-6 polyunsaturated fat influences endogenous cholesterol synthesis.

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29

Ruiz-Rodado, Victor, Tyrone Dowdy, Jinkyu Yung, Ana Dios-Esponera, Adrian Lita, Tamalee Kramp, Kevin Camphausen, Mark Gilbert, and Mioara Larion. "DDRE-16. CYSTEINE IS AN ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID IN GLIOMAS." Neuro-Oncology Advances 3, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): i9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdab024.038.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Cysteine is a non-essential amino acid, since it can be synthetized from methionine through the transsulfuration pathway; moreover, cysteine is also uptake from the diet as cystine. We have investigated the metabolism of cysteine in glioma cell lines, and how cysteine/cystine-deprivation alters their antioxidant response in addition to the effect of this nutrient restriction to viability and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Cysteine metabolism was investigated through LCMS-based 13C-tracing experiments involving different probes such as 13C-methyl-Methionine, 13C-C3-Cysteine, 13C-C3,3’-Cystine, 13C-C3-Serine and 13C-U-Glutamine and the expression levels of key enzymes in the transsulfuration pathway were also explored. Finally, a mouse model of IDH1 mutant glioma was subjected to a cysteine/cystine-free diet and tumor metabolism was analyzed by LCMS. RESULTS We demonstrated that exogenous cysteine/cystine are crucial for glutathione synthesis, and impact growth and viability. We also found that methionine cycle is disconnected from the transsulfuration pathway based on 13C-tracing data and protein expression levels of cystathionine synthase and cystathioninase. Accordingly, cysteine-related metabolites such as GSH, involved in REDOX hemostasis, are downregulated, revealing a hypersensitive phenotype to ROS. Animal models upon a cysteine/cystine-free diet experienced an increase in survival and elevated levels of oxidative stress in tumor tissue. CONCLUSION This results presented herein reveal an alternative therapeutic approach combining cysteine/cysteine-deprivation diets and treatments involving ROS production by limiting the ability of glioma cells to quench oxidative stress through dietary interventions.

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30

Shimizu, Ken-ichi, Toshiki Kan-no, Tsuyoshi Hatamachi, Shin-ichi Komai, Tatsuya Kodama, and Yoshie Kitayama. "Stereoselective hydrogenation of linoleic acid over Ir/FSM-16 catalyst." Applied Catalysis A: General 228, no. 1-2 (March 2002): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(01)00954-1.

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31

Moribe, Kunikazu, Ryo Kinoshita, Kenjirou Higashi, Yuichi Tozuka, and Keiji Yamamoto. "Coloration Phenomenon of Mefenamic Acid in Mesoporous Silica FSM-16." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 58, no. 2 (2010): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.58.214.

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32

McGinty, D., C. S. Letizia, and A. M. Api. "Fragrance material review on 16-hydroxy-7-hexadecenoic acid lactone." Food and Chemical Toxicology 49 (December 2011): S149—S151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.013.

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33

Jabeen, Nabila, Misbah Mushtaq, Muhammad Danish, Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, and Muhammad Asam Raza. "Crystal structure of 2-benzenesulfonamido-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 11 (October 31, 2015): o902—o903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989015020149.

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In the title compound, C9H11NO5S, the O=S=O plane of the sulfonyl group is twisted at a dihedral angle of 52.54 (16)° with respect to the benzene ring. The dihedral angle between the carboxylic acid group and the benzene ring is 49.91 (16)°. In the crystal, C—H...O, N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into (001) sheets.

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34

Tian, Shi-Lin, Li Li, Yue-Qin Tian, S. N. M. Shah, and Zhen-Hui Gong. "Effects of Abscisic Acid on Capsanthin Levels in Pepper Fruit." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 141, no. 6 (November 2016): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs03898-16.

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Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important plant hormone that plays an important role in stress responses. Previous studies have suggested that ABA can also accelerate ripening in climacteric and nonclimacteric fruit. Capsanthin is a carotenoid that confers red coloration to mature pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit. However, the effect of ABA on capsanthin accumulation in pepper fruit has not been thoroughly studied. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the effects of ABA treatment on capsanthin accumulation in pepper fruit and on the expression of key genes involved in the capsanthin biosynthetic pathway. For this purpose, we treated pepper fruit with ABA at green mature stage. Our results indicate that ABA treatment increased capsanthin content in pepper fruit, with the best result obtained with 150 mg·L−1 ABA solution. Application of exogenous ABA also increased the expression levels of the capsanthin synthesis genes phytoene synthase (Psy), lycopene β-cyclase (Lcyb), β-carotene hydroxylase (Crtz), and capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (Ccs), likely explaining the significant capsanthin content increase in pepper fruit.

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35

Ayub, Ricardo Antonio, and André Belmont Pereira. "Brassinosteroid Combined With Indolbutyric Acid in Blueberry Micropropagation." Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 5 (April 15, 2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v14n5p59.

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The lack of availability of good quality seedlings for blueberry cultivation is an obstacle in the market, preventing the increase of production and cultivated areas. In order to improve rooting of blueberry in vitro, different concentrations of BIOBRAS 16® associated with indolbutyric acid in blueberry micropropagation were evaluated. For such a purpose, the Wood Plant Medium (WPM) culture medium plus the following plant regulators: 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg L-1 brassinosteroids (BIOBRAS 16®) in conjunction with indolbutyric acid (IBA) concentrations of 1.3 and 5 mg L-1, with four replications were taken into account. At the end of 82 days of cultivation and development of the explants in these culture media, the following response variables were assessed: callus percentage (CP), callus diameter (CD), rooting percentage (RP), number of shoots (NS), number of leaves (NL), shoot length (SL), root length (RL) and fresh mass of shoots (FMS). CP was found to be stimulated in so far as concentrations of BIOBRAS 16® and IBA increased up to 0.5 mg L-1 and their diameter increased at concentrations of 3.0 and 5.0 mg L-1 for IBA. Thus, it is concluded that a combination of 0.3 mg L-1 BIOBRAS 16® combined with IBA concentrations of 3.0 and 5.0 mg L-1 contributes to promote root growth and rises in leaf number and fresh mass of micro-propagated blueberry. The use of a 0.3 mg L-1 of BIOBRAS 16® associated with concentrations of 3.0 and 5.0 mg L-1 of IBA showed a high percentage of root formation in blueberry.

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36

Leclercq, Alexandre, Annie Guiyoule, Mohamed El Lioui, Elisabeth Carniel, and Jacques Decallonne. "High Homogeneity of the Yersinia pestisFatty Acid Composition." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 4 (2000): 1545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.4.1545-1551.2000.

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The cellular fatty acid compositions of 29 strains ofYersinia pestis representing the global diversity of this species have been analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography to investigate the extent of fatty acid polymorphism in this microorganism. After culture standardization, all Y. pestis strains studied displayed some major fatty acids, namely, the 12:0, 14:0, 3-OH-14:0, 16:0, 16:1ω9cis, 17:0-cyc, and 18:1ω9trans compounds. The fatty acid composition of the various isolates studied was extremely homogeneous (average Bousfield's coefficient, 0.94) and the subtle variations observed did not correlate with epidemiological and genetic characteristics of the strains. Y. pestis major fatty acid compounds were analogous to those found in other Yersiniaspecies. However, when the ratios for the 12:0/16:0 and 14:0/16:0 fatty acids were plotted together, the genus Yersinia could be separated into three clusters corresponding to (i) nonpathogenic strains and species of Yersinia, (ii) pathogenicYersinia enterocolitica isolates, and (iii) Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis strains. The grouping of the two latter species into the same cluster was also demonstrated by their high Bousfield's coefficients (average, 0.89). Therefore, our results indicate that the fatty acid composition ofY. pestis is highly homogeneous and very close to that ofY. pseudotuberculosis.

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37

Silaban, Bernita. "KOMPOSISI ASAM LEMAK CACING LAUT SIASIA (SIPUNCULUS, SP) DARI PERAIRAN PANTAI PULAU NUSALAUT." BIOPENDIX: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan 4, no. 1 (October 7, 2017): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/biopendixvol4issue1page10-16.

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Background: "Siasia" is a seaworm species in the phylum that includes Sipuncula Sipunculidea class. This animal has been consumed for generations by coastal communities Nusalaut Island, central mollucas but not yet universally known. Until now there has been obtained gisi complete composition. This study aimed to identify the composition of fatty acids contained in vain fresh seaworms. Methods: Seaworms vain taken from coastal waters of Negeri Titawaai and Nalahia Nusalaut Island, Central Moluccas in March 2014. The parameters analyzed include methods is sokhlet fat content and fatty acid by GC method. Results: The results showed fresh siasia fat content 1.12% of coastal waters Titawaai while 1.91% of coastal waters Nalahia. Fatty acids seaworms were identified from coastal waters Titawai is kaparat acid (C10: 0), lauric acid (C12: 0), myristic acid (C14: 0), palmitoleic acid (C16: 1), stearic acid (C18: 0), linolenic acid (C18: 3) acid and eicosapentaenoic (C20: 5) while the fatty acids of seaworm vain of coastal waters Nalahia include is lauric acid (C12: 0), myristic acid (C14: 0), palmitoleic acid ( C16: 1), stearic acid (C18: 0) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20: 3). Conclusion: The fat content of fresh siasia sea worms is 1.12% from the waters of Titawaai beach, while 1.91% of the waters of the coast of Nalahia.

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38

Valcheva-Kuzmanova, S., A. Georgieva, I. Belcheva, S. Belcheva, and R. Tashev. "Investigation of the effects of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid and quercetin on pain sensitivity threshold in rats." European Neuropsychopharmacology 26 (October 2016): S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(16)31077-x.

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39

Bolsoni-Lopes, Andressa, William T. Festuccia, Talita S. M. Farias, Patricia Chimin, Francisco L. Torres-Leal, Priscilla B. M. Derogis, Paula B. de Andrade, et al. "Palmitoleic acid (n-7) increases white adipocyte lipolysis and lipase content in a PPARα-dependent manner." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 305, no. 9 (November 1, 2013): E1093—E1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00082.2013.

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We investigated whether palmitoleic acid, a fatty acid that enhances whole body glucose disposal and suppresses hepatic steatosis, modulates triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism in adipocytes. For this, both differentiated 3T3-L1 cells treated with either palmitoleic acid (16:1n7, 200 μM) or palmitic acid (16:0, 200 μM) for 24 h and primary adipocytes from wild-type or PPARα-deficient mice treated with 16:1n7 (300 mg·kg−1·day−1) or oleic acid (18:1n9, 300 mg·kg−1·day−1) by gavage for 10 days were evaluated for lipolysis, TAG, and glycerol 3-phosphate synthesis and gene and protein expression profile. Treatment of differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with 16:1n7, but not 16:0, increased basal and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis, mRNA levels of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and protein content of ATGL and pSer660-HSL. Such increase in lipolysis induced by 16:1n7, which can be prevented by pharmacological inhibition of PPARα, was associated with higher rates of PPARα binding to DNA. In contrast to lipolysis, both 16:1n7 and 16:0 increased fatty acid incorporation into TAG and glycerol 3-phosphate synthesis from glucose without affecting glyceroneogenesis and glycerokinase expression. Corroborating in vitro findings, treatment of wild-type but not PPARα-deficient mice with 16:1n7 increased primary adipocyte basal and stimulated lipolysis and ATGL and HSL mRNA levels. In contrast to lipolysis, however, 16:1n7 treatment increased fatty acid incorporation into TAG and glycerol 3-phosphate synthesis from glucose in both wild-type and PPARα-deficient mice. In conclusion, palmitoleic acid increases adipocyte lipolysis and lipases by a mechanism that requires a functional PPARα.

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40

Heger, Dominik, Alexis J. Eugene, Sean R. Parkin, and Marcelo I. Guzman. "Crystal structure of zymonic acid and a redetermination of its precursor, pyruvic acid." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 75, no. 6 (May 24, 2019): 858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989019007072.

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The structure of zymonic acid (systematic name: 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid), C6H6O5, which had previously eluded crystallographic determination, is presented here for the first time. It forms by intramolecular condensation of parapyruvic acid, which is the product of aldol condensation of pyruvic acid. A redetermination of the crystal structure of pyruvic acid (systematic name: 2-oxopropanoic acid), C3H4O3, at low temperature (90 K) and with increased precision, is also presented [for the previous structure, see: Harata et al. (1977). Acta Cryst. B33, 210–212]. In zymonic acid, the hydroxylactone ring is close to planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0108 Å) and the dihedral angle between the ring and the plane formed by the bonds of the methyl and carboxylic acid carbon atoms to the ring is 88.68 (7)°. The torsion angle of the carboxylic acid group relative to the ring is 12.04 (16)°. The pyruvic acid molecule is almost planar, having a dihedral angle between the carboxylic acid and methyl-ketone groups of 3.95 (6)°. Intermolecular interactions in both crystal structures are dominated by hydrogen bonding. The common R 2 2(8) hydrogen-bonding motif links carboxylic acid groups on adjacent molecules in both structures. In zymonic acid, this results in dimers about a crystallographic twofold of space group C2/c, which forces the carboxylic acid group to be disordered exactly 50:50, which scrambles the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups and gives an apparent equalization of the C—O bond lengths [1.2568 (16) and 1.2602 (16) Å]. The other hydrogen bonds in zymonic acid (O—H...O and weak C—H...O), link molecules across a 21-screw axis, and generate an R 2 2(9) motif. These hydrogen-bonding interactions propagate to form extended pleated sheets in the ab plane. Stacking of these zigzag sheets along c involves only van der Waals contacts. In pyruvic acid, inversion-related molecules are linked into R 2 2(8) dimers, with van der Waals interactions between dimers as the only other intermolecular contacts.

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41

ABSON, A., N. J. P. BROOM, P. A. COATES, J. S. ELDER, A. K. FORREST, P. C. T. HANNAN, A. J. HICKS, et al. "ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Pseudomonic Acid. Part 16. Aryl and Heteroaryl Ketone Derivatives of Monic Acid." ChemInform 27, no. 39 (August 4, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199639261.

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42

Katz, Julian. "Acid Secretion and Suppression." Medical Clinics of North America 75, no. 4 (July 1991): 877–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30418-7.

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43

Conger, John D. "Acute Uric Acid Nephropathy." Medical Clinics of North America 74, no. 4 (July 1990): 859–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30522-3.

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44

Ismaila, Shina Sadiq, Yahaya Sani, Ali Audu Sani, Saminu Murtala Yakasai, Hajara Momoh, and Sa’adatu Eri Mohammed. "Determination of fatty acids and physicochemical properties of neem (Azadrachta indica L) seed oil extracts." Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 8, no. 1a (May 5, 2022): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v8i1a.16.

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Neem tree is a folklore plant mostly used in medicinal preparations. Therefore, neem seeds were investigated with the aim of determining its fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of the oil extract. The oil was extracted from the powdered seed using n-hexane with the help of Soxhlet which yielded 29.71% oil. Results revealed that the oil was liquid at room temperature and physically stable at varying temperatures (0, 50 and 100°C). It appeared to be pale greenish yellow, garlic-like odour, had a little bitter taste, viscosity of 12.2Pas and pH value of 6.78 ± 0.0135. The chemical parameters were identified to be 1.22 ± 0.029%, 2.36 ± 0.054 mg NaOH/g oil, 172.84 ± 0.559 mgNaOH/g oil and 1.88 ± 0.059 meq/kg oil for free fatty acids, acid value, saponification value and peroxide value respectively. The GC-MS analysis showed that the oil extract contained six different fatty acids with total composition of 63.07% oil. The compound with the highest composition was linoleic acid (40%) followed by oleic (35%), cis-13-octadecenoic acid (8.9%), palmitic acid (8.5%), stearic acid (7.5%) while the least compound was cis-vaccenic acid (0.5%). However, contrary to previous work where it was reported that oleic acid or linoleic acid was the dominant fatty acid found in neem oil. Linoleic acid was found to be dominant in this current research work. It is however recommended that under-utilized neem seeds should be explored the more with a view to producing viable products.

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45

Geers, J., R. Appleby, and J. Walters. "Ursodeoxycholic Acid Increases Obeticholic Acid Stimulation of FGF19 in Human Ileal Explants." Journal of Hepatology 64, no. 2 (2016): S440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(16)00724-8.

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46

Thomas, Maciej, Simona Kliś, Krzysztof Barbusiński, and Marek Chyc. "Removal of Acid Red 27, Reactive Black 5 and Acid Green 16 from Aqueous Solutions using Potassium Ferrate(VI)." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 27, no. 4(136) (August 31, 2019): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1821.

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The article presents the possibility of using potassium ferrate(VI) (K2FeO4) to remove dyes (Acid Red 27, Reactive Black 5, Acid Green 16) belonging to the single azo, double azo and triarylmethane classes from aqueous solutions with an initial concentration of 100 mg/l (Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values for AR27, RB5 and AG16 sulutions were 172, 156 and 198 mg O2/l, respectively). For the most favorable values of oxidation parameters of AR27 and RB5 (pH 7, K2FeO4 concentration, 180 and 240 mg/l, respectively, reaction time 10 min), visual discolouration of the aqueous solutions investigated and a decrease in COD values of 83.7% and 81.4%, respectively, were achieved. In the case of AG 16 dye, in the most favorable conditions of the oxidation process (pH 3, K2FeO4, concentration 300 mg/l, 15 min), visual discolouration and a decrease in the COD value of 83.8% were also obtained. The probable reasons for the higher resistance of AG16 to oxidation using K2FeO4 compared to AR27 and RB5 were also explained, based on the analysis of the structure and type of bonds present in the molecule AG 16.

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Karpova, Tatiana R., Evgeniy A. Buluchevskiy, and Alexander V. Lavrenov. "Mesoporous composite materials based on acid-activated montmorillonites." Vestnik Тomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Khimiya, no. 15 (December 1, 2019): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24135542/16/2.

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Tarng, D. C., T. P. Huang, and Y. H. Wei. "Erythropoietin and iron: the role of ascorbic acid." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 16, suppl 5 (July 1, 2001): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/16.suppl_5.35.

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Guba, Gusar, Bakibayev, Tazhbayev, and Minayeva. "Dehydration/polycondensation of lactic acid under microwave irradiation." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Chemistry" series 93, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2019ch1/8-16.

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Yagi, Shusuke, Takeshi Soeki, Ken-ichi Aihara, Daiju Fukuda, Takayuki Ise, Muneyuki Kadota, Sachiko Bando, et al. "Low Serum Levels of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid are Risk Factors for Cardiogenic Syncope in Patients with Brugada Syndrome." International Heart Journal 58, no. 5 (2017): 720–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1536/ihj.16-278.

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