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1
Godard, Alain. "Des Hautes terres d'Asie centrale aux plateaux et aux plaines alluviales de Chine." Annales de Géographie 101, no. 566 (1992): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geo.1992.21099.
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Mottet, Éric. "Un Plan Nord comme outil géopolitique en RDP lao : le cas du développement des terres et des ressources naturelles de Luang Namtha." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 57, no. 160 (August 6, 2013): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017807ar.
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Résumé Dans un contexte d’ouverture et d’intégration régionale, la province de Luang Namtha cristallise l’ensemble des défis auxquels le Laos doit faire face aujourd’hui. En effet, cette région connaît depuis une dizaine d’années des changements importants liés à la construction du corridor nord-sud reliant la Chine à la Thaïlande. Ce Plan Nord, piloté par la Banque asiatique de développement et la Chine, constitue la colonne vertébrale du quadrangle économique, espace transfrontalier de croissance. Pour le gouvernement lao, l’objectif est, d’une part, de transformer ces marges montagneuses en vaste espace de libre-échange et, d’autre part, de consolider l’existence de l’État-nation moderne, à travers le transfert des populations montagnardes vers les plaines afin de mieux contrôler le territoire et ses ressources. En réalité, ce corridor économique constitue un nouvel axe de pénétration pour les investissements laotiens et étrangers privilégiant la mise en exploitation des terres, l’extraction des ressources minières et la production d’hydroélectricité. Le territoire de la province de Luang Namtha et les populations qui y vivent, contraintes de s’adapter aux changements radicaux provoqués par la nouvelle stratégie du pouvoir central, subissent des transformations en profondeur mettant en relief des conflits autour d’enjeux sociaux et environnementaux.
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Yu, Zhen, Xiaobin Jin, Lijuan Miao, and Xuhong Yang. "A historical reconstruction of cropland in China from 1900 to 2016." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 7 (July 6, 2021): 3203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3203-2021.
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Abstract. A spatially explicit cropland distribution time-series dataset is the basis for the accurate assessment of biogeochemical processes in terrestrial ecosystems and their feedback to the climate system; however, this type of dataset is lacking in China. Existing cropland maps have a coarse resolution, are intermittently covered, or the data are inconsistent. We reconstructed a continuously covered cropland distribution dataset in China spanning from 1900 to 2016 by assimilating multiple data sources. In total, national cropland acreage expanded from 77.72 Mha in 1900 to a peak of 151.00 Mha in 1979, but it consistently decreased thereafter to 134.92 Mha in 2016. The cropland was primarily distributed in three historically cultivated plains in China: the Sichuan Plain, the Northern China Plain, and the Northeast China Plain. Cropland abandonment was approximately 43.12 Mha: it was mainly concentrated in the Northern China Plain and the Sichuan Plain and occurred during the 1990–2010 period. Cropland expansion was over 74.37 Mha: it was primarily found in the southeast, northern central, and northeast regions of China and occurred before 1950. In comparison, the national total and spatial distribution of cropland in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE) were distorted during the period from 1960 to 1980 due to the biased signal from the Chinese Agricultural Yearbook. We advocate that newly reconstructed cropland data, in which the bias has been corrected, should be used as the updated data for regional and global assessments, such as greenhouse gas emission accounting studies and food production simulations. The cropland dataset is available via an open-data repository (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13356680; Yu et al., 2020).
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Zhou, Pengchong, Shaobo Wang, Liangliang Guo, Ying Shen, Huifang Han, and Tangyuan Ning. "Effects of subsoiling stage on summer maize water use efficiency and yield in North China Plains." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 11 (December 2, 2019): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/353/2019-pse.
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Aiming at the problems of shallow effective soil layering and low utilization rate of precipitation in the North China Plain. The effects of different subsoiling stages on soil physical properties and water use in winter wheat/summer maize fields were studied. Three kinds of tillage treatments were studied: rotary tillage to a depth of 15 cm in October and no-tillage in June (RT), rotary tillage to a depth of 15 cm in October and subsoiling to 35 cm in June (ST-J), subsoiling to a depth of 35 cm in October and no-tillage in June (ST-O). Changes in soil bulk density and soil compaction were consistent over two seasons. Compared to RT, in the 10–50 cm soil layer, ST-J and ST-O decreased the average soil bulk density by 6.18% and 5.66%, respectively, and the soil compaction in the 10–60 cm layer was reduced by 17.89% and 20.50%. ST was improved soil structure and increased the water content of deep soil. The water use efficiency (WUE) of ST-J and ST-O increased by 4.73% and 14.83%, respectively, and the maize yields by 2.90% and 11.35%, respectively. Considering the WUE and maize yields, it was considered that ST-O is more suitable for tillage in the North China Plain.
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Trombert, Éric. "The Karez Concept in Ancient Chinese Sources Myth or Reality?" T'oung Pao 94, no. 1 (2008): 115–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/008254308x367031.
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AbstractThe karez (or qanât) is an ancient kind of underground waterworks that can be found still working from Iran to Morocco and, in present-day China, in Xinjiang (mostly in the Turfan Basin). In western countries and in the Middle East, historians generally consider the Iranian world as the core area of karez since the Achaemenid era (550-330 BC). In China, however, the prevailing theory concerning the origins of the karez technology in Xinjiang is that it was developed elsewhere in China's Central Plain and then imported with some minor modifications. This article intends to demonstrate that this was not the case and that the technique was unknown in the western regions at the height of the Han Chinese presence in Xinjiang in the late 8th century. This conclusion is confirmed by examining the historical process of the development of the karez technique as it is known through Qing sources. It started no sooner than the early 19th century and was related to the Qing colonial enterprise in the western regions. Le karez (ou qanât) est un type ancien d'aménagement hydraulique souterrain dont on trouve encore des exemples en activité de l'Iran au Maroc, et, en Chine aujourd'hui, au Xinjiang (principalement dans le bassin de Turfan). Dans les pays occidentaux et au Moyen Orient les historiens considèrent généralement le monde iranien comme la zone centrale des karez depuis l'époque achéménide (550-330 av. J.-C.). En Chine, en revanche, la théorie prédominante concernant l'origine de la technique des karez au Xinjiang veut que celle-ci ait été développée ailleurs dans la Plaine Centrale, pour être ensuite importée avec quelques modifications mineures. Le présent article entend démontrer que tel n'a pas été le cas et que cette technique était inconnue dans les régions occidentales à l'apogée de la présence chinoise au Xinjiang, à la fin du VIIIe siècle. Cette conclusion est confirmée par l'examen du processus historique de développement de la technique des karez telle qu'on la connaît à travers les sources d'époque Qing. Elle n'est pas apparue avant le début du XIXe siècle et doit être mise en relation avec l'entreprise coloniale des Qing dans les régions occidentales.
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He, Huizhong, and Fuqing Zhang. "Diurnal Variations of Warm-Season Precipitation over Northern China." Monthly Weather Review 138, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 1017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010mwr3356.1.
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Abstract This study examines the diurnal variations of the warm-season precipitation over northern China using the high-resolution precipitation products obtained from the Climate Prediction Center’s morphing technique (CMORPH) during May–August of 2003–09. The areas of focus are the Yanshan–Taihangshan Mountain ranges along the east peripheries of the Loess and Inner Mongolian Plateaus and the adjacent North China Plains. It is found that the averaged peak in local precipitation begins early in the afternoon near the top of the mountain ranges and propagates downslope and southeastward at a speed of ∼13 m s−1. The peak reaches the central North China Plains around midnight and the early morning hours resulting in a broad area of nocturnal precipitation maxima over the plains. The diurnal precipitation peak (minimum) is closely collocated with the upward (downward) branch of a mountain–plains solenoid (MPS) circulation. Both the MPS and a low-level southwesterly nocturnal jet are likely to be jointly responsible for the nighttime precipitation maxima over the plains.
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Chen, Zhongyuan, Yongqiang Zong, Zhanghua Wang, Hui Wang, and Jing Chen. "Migration patterns of Neolithic settlements on the abandoned Yellow and Yangtze River deltas of China." Quaternary Research 70, no. 2 (September 2008): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.03.011.
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AbstractArchaeological records of the Neolithic settlements on the eastern China coast between 35°N and 30°N, an area covering the abandoned Yellow River and the Yangtze River delta plains, reveal that Neolithic people moved from the Yellow River basin onto the northern coast for fishing, hunting and dry-land agriculture ~ 7000 yr ago. Marine transgression interrupted their activities on the low-lying (2–5 m in elevation) coastal wetlands between 6000 and 5000 yr ago, after which they reclaimed their land near the river mouths. Their migration routes on the southern Yangtze delta plain indicate another scenario: early Neolithic communities moved onto the plain for wet-rice cultivation. Despite relative sea-level rise from 7000 to 4000 yr ago, a large number of settlements were established on the lowlands between the eastern Chenier Ridges and the western Taihu Lake depression. The Chenier Ridges, with ~ 1.0 m higher topography than the adjacent coastal area, played a role in sheltering the Neolithic people. Subsequently, settlements waned considerably, possibly due to further marine inundation combined with cold climate. The present study shows that migration patterns of the Neolithic settlements are closely associated with a gradually rising sea level between 7000 and 4000 yr ago.
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Zhou, Yan, Ming Luo, and Zhong Ke Bai. "Land Reclamation Zoning and Evaluation of Land Suitability in Mining Areas in China." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 4751–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4751.
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Different types of reclaimed land require different land reclamation techniques. This study uses previous research to divide the mining areas in China into 10 land reclamation zones according to the climatic zones, soil conditions and the distribution of mines. The country is divided into the following zones: the northeast plains and hills region, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain region, the Yangtze River Basin region, the southwest mountainous and hilly region, the central mountainous and hilly region, the southeast coast hilly region, the northwest arid semi-arid region, the Loess Plateau region, the Inner Mongolian grasslands region, and the Tibetan Plateau region. The subsided, excavated and occupied lands in the mining areas are divided into two categories, suitable for reclamation and unsuitable for reclamation, based on geological and geomorphological characteristics, climate, hydrology, soil conditions, and social demand. In addition, the suitability of waste land in each area is evaluated. This study provides a basis for waste land reclamation in Chinas mining areas.
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Su, Tianning, Zhanqing Li, and Ralph Kahn. "Relationships between the planetary boundary layer height and surface pollutants derived from lidar observations over China: regional pattern and influencing factors." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 21 (November 7, 2018): 15921–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15921-2018.
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Abstract. The frequent occurrence of severe air pollution episodes in China has been a great concern and thus the focus of intensive studies. Planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) is a key factor in the vertical mixing and dilution of near-surface pollutants. However, the relationship between PBLH and surface pollutants, especially particulate matter (PM) concentration across China, is not yet well understood. We investigate this issue at ∼1600 surface stations using PBLH derived from space-borne and ground-based lidar, and discuss the influence of topography and meteorological variables on the PBLH–PM relationship. Albeit the PBLH–PM correlations are roughly negative for most cases, their magnitude, significance, and even sign vary considerably with location, season, and meteorological conditions. Weak or even uncorrelated PBLH–PM relationships are found over clean regions (e.g., Pearl River Delta), whereas nonlinearly negative responses of PM to PBLH evolution are found over polluted regions (e.g., North China Plain). Relatively strong PBLH–PM interactions are found when the PBLH is shallow and PM concentration is high, which typically corresponds to wintertime cases. Correlations are much weaker over the highlands than the plains regions, which may be associated with lighter pollution loading at higher elevations and contributions from mountain breezes. The influence of horizontal transport on surface PM is considered as well, manifested as a negative correlation between surface PM and wind speed over the whole nation. Strong wind with clean upwind air plays a dominant role in removing pollutants, and leads to obscure PBLH–PM relationships. A ventilation rate is used to jointly consider horizontal and vertical dispersion, which has the largest impact on surface pollutant accumulation over the North China Plain. As such, this study contributes to improved understanding of aerosol–planetary boundary layer (PBL) interactions and thus our ability to forecast surface air pollution.
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Wang, Mei, Yu, Li, Meng, and Hu. "Anthropogenic Effects on Hydrogeochemical Characterization of the Shallow Groundwater in an Arid Irrigated Plain in Northwestern China." Water 11, no. 11 (October 26, 2019): 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112247.
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Many irrigated plains in arid and semi-arid regions have groundwater quality issues due to both intensive human activity and natural processes. Comprehensive studies are urgently needed to explore hydrogeochemical evolutions, investigate possible pollution sources, and understand the controls on groundwater compositions in such regions. Here, we combine geostatistical techniques and hydrogeochemical assessments to characterize groundwater quality over time in the Yinchuan Plain (a typical irrigated plain in China), using 12 physicochemical variables derived from sampling in 600 and 602 wells in 2004 and 2014, respectively. Our results show that groundwater-rock interactions and evaporation are the key natural factors controlling groundwater compositions. Hydrogeochemical water types in both 2004 and 2014 were Ca-HCO3, Na-Cl, and mixed Ca·Mg-Cl. Along with the hydrogeochemical compositions, we used ionic ratios and the saturation index to delineate mineral solution reactions and weathering processes. Dissolution of gypsum, halite, fluorite, and mirabilite, along with silicate weathering and cation exchange, were identified in the study area. Our results indicated rising ion concentrations in groundwater, which could be the result of anthropogenic influences. Increasing total hardness and nitrates over the study period were most likely caused by agricultural activity and the discharge of waste water from human residential areas.
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Zhao, Chun, Yuhang Wang, and Tao Zeng. "East China Plains: A “Basin” of Ozone Pollution." Environmental Science & Technology 43, no. 6 (March 15, 2009): 1911–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8027764.
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Yueping, Liang, Gao Yang, Wang Guangshuai, Si Zhuanyun, Shen Xiaojun, and Duan Aiwang. "Luxury transpiration of winter wheat and its responses to deficit irrigation in North China Plain." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 8 (August 1, 2018): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/331/2018-pse.
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Reducing crop luxury transpiration is an important step in improving water productivity; water shortage regions are potential hotspots for studying physiological water conservation. This study investigated the amount of luxury transpiration in winter wheat and its responses to different irrigation treatments in North China Plain. The results showed that luxury transpiration existed and increased with growth of winter wheat and after rainfall. In each sampling day, the amount of luxury transpiration under full irrigation was significantly higher than that under deficit irrigation. The average amount of luxury transpiration was 258.87 g/m<sup>2</sup> under full irrigation, and 125.18 g/m<sup>2</sup> under deficit irrigation during the experimental period. Although the amount of luxury transpiration was 2.09-fold higher under full irrigation than that in deficit irrigation, the water loss ratio due to luxury transpiration in deficit irrigation (8.13%) was significantly higher than that in full irrigation (6.75%). Furthermore, the ratio between luxury transpiration amount and crop daily transpiration was revealed in all sampling dates. Therefore, deficit irrigation should be generalized in the water shortage area, because it can save irrigation water and reduce the amount of luxury transpiration. Full irrigation should be carried out in the water abundant region mainly for higher production.
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Li, Xuedong, Yunhui Liu, Yajuan Chen, Pengyao Li, and Zhenrong Yu. "Village Regrouping in the Eastern Plains of China: A Perspective on Home-Field Distance." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061630.
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Rural decline caused by rapid urbanization is a global issue, and village regrouping is an effective way to revitalize the countryside. The eastern plains of China (EPC) were the first regions to implement the policy of village regrouping in China. Despite being one of the most critical factors in village regrouping, home-field distances (HFDs) in these areas have received little attention. In this study, we selected 240 sample points in the EPC through spatial stratified sampling, each of which is a square of 10 × 10 km2. Based on high-resolution remote sensing images, the inter-regional differences of rural settlements and home-field straight-line distances (HFLDs) in the EPC were systematically analyzed. Based on the central place theory (CPT), the influencing mechanism of the HFLD, the maximum HFLD acceptable to farmers, and the reasonable number, distribution pattern, and service scope of central villages in the EPC were further explored. The results indicate that HFLDs in the EPC have significant latitude zonality and spatial autocorrelation. In the northeastern China plain (NECP), north China plain (NCP), and middle and lower reaches plain of the Yangtze River (MLPYR), the ranges of the maximum HFLD are 1000–4000 m, 500–2200 m, and 500–1500 m, respectively. The distribution pattern of rural settlements, the traffic conditions, and the vehicles used by farmers during periods of land development directly impact the HFLD. HFLDs in the EPC should not exceed 3.6–4.2 km (NECP can use the higher standard-4.2 km, NCP and MLPYR can use the lower standard-3.6 km), the service range of each rural settlement should not exceed 33.6–45.8 km2, and the number of rural settlements per 100 km2 should be greater than three. The rural settlements should be discretely distributed so that each piece of farmland can be tended. The MLPYR demonstrates the greatest potential for village regrouping, and the Chinese government should invest more funds in village regrouping and central village construction in the MLPYR. This study can provide a case study for developing countries in the urbanization phase, so as to improve the rationality of village regrouping planning.
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Li, Ke, Dingsheng Wan, Yuelong Zhu, Cheng Yao, Yufeng Yu, Cunyou Si, and Xiangchao Ruan. "The applicability of ASCS_LSTM_ATT model for water level prediction in small- and medium-sized basins in China." Journal of Hydroinformatics 22, no. 6 (October 15, 2020): 1693–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.043.
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Abstract Water level prediction of small- and medium-sized rivers plays an important role in water resource management and flood control. Such a prediction is concentrated in the flood season because of the frequent occurrence of flood disasters in the plain area. Moreover, the flood in mountainous areas suddenly rises and falls, and the slope is steep. Thus, establishing a hydrological prediction model for small- and medium-sized rivers with high accuracy and different topographic features, that is, plains and mountains, is an urgent problem. A prediction method based on ASCS_LSTM_ATT is proposed to solve this problem. First, the important parameters are optimized by improving the cuckoo search algorithm. Second, different methods are used to determine the forecast factors according to various topographic features. Finally, the model is combined with the self-attention mechanism to extract significant information. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed model has the ability to effectively improve the water level prediction accuracy and parameter optimization efficiency.
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Drogue, Claude, and Pascal Bidaux. "Structural and hydrogeological origin of tower karst in southern China (Lijiang plain in the Guilin region)." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 36, no. 1 (March 24, 1992): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/36/1992/25.
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Ma, Yuzhao, Naikun Kuang, Shengzhe Hong, Fengli Jiao, Changyuan Liu, and Quanqi Li. "Water productivity of two wheat genotypes in response to no-tillage in the North China Plain." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 4 (March 30, 2021): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/27/2021-pse.
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Uneven distribution of precipitation and overexploitation of groundwater resources threatens the sustainability of agriculture in the North China Plain. Adoption of water deficit-tolerant winter wheat genotypes coupled with timely, adequate farming practice is crucial to enhance sustainable crop production and water productivity in the region. The present study aimed to evaluate water consumption patterns and water productivity of two winter wheat genotypes (Tainong-18 and Jimai-22), under no-tillage or conventional tillage, over a period of four consecutive cropping seasons. Under no-tillage, Tainong-18 showed the lowest soil moisture consumption before sowing in the 30–110 cm soil profile. Jimai-22 under conventional tillage and Tainong-18 under no-tillage showed the highest and lowest evapotranspiration across cropping seasons, respectively. Compared with conventional tillage, no-tillage reduced grain yield and water productivity of winter wheat, and the difference between them increased for grain yield (6.79, 11.99, 14.78, and 15.73%) and water productivity (0.99, 8.14, 12.18, and 13.30%) over the 2015–2016, 2016–2017, 2017–2018, and 2018–2019 cropping seasons, respectively. In contrast, Tainong-18 showed lower evapotranspiration and increased grain yield and water productivity compared with Jimai-22. Further, Tainong-18 showed a compensatory effect on the reduction of water productivity under no-tillage, compared with Jimai-22. Our conclusions indicate that the combination of no-tillage and water-efficient winter wheat genotypes is an effective strategy to offset the reduction in water productivity caused by no-tillage and thus maximise water productivity in the North China Plain.
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Xia, Rudi, Da-Lin Zhang, and Bailin Wang. "A 6-yr Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Climatology and Its Relationship to Rainfall over Central and Eastern China." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 12 (December 2015): 2443–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0029.1.
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AbstractThe cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning climatology and its relationship to rainfall over central and eastern China is examined, using data from 32 million CG lightning flashes and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission measurements during a 6-yr period covering 2008–13. Results show substantial spatial and temporal variations of flash density across China. Flash counts are the highest (lowest) in summer (winter) with the lowest (highest) proportion of positive flashes. CG lightning over northern China is more active only in summer, whereas in winter CG lightning is more active only in the Yangtze River basin. The highest CG lightning densities, exceeding 9 flashes per kilometer squared per year and more than 70 CG lightning days per year, are found in the northern Pearl River delta region, followed by the Sichuan basin, the Yangtze River delta, and the southeastern coast of China in that order. Lower-flash-density days occur over mountainous regions as a result of the development of short-lived afternoon storms, while higher-flash-density days, typically associated with nocturnal thunderstorms, appear over the north China plain and Sichuan basin. The highest number of CG lightning flashes is found in August whereas monthly convective rainfall peaks in May or July. Flash rates during the warm season are typically maximized in the afternoon hours in coincidence with a convective rainfall peak except for the Sichuan basin and its surrounding mountainous areas where a single late-night convective rainfall peak dominates. Much less lightning activity corresponds to a late-night to morning rainfall peak over the plains in eastern China because of the increased proportion of stratiform rainfall during that period.
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SHI, XUFEI, WEIHONG DONG, MANZHOU LI, and YAN ZHANG. "Evaluation of groundwater renewability in the Henan Plains, China." GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 46, no. 2 (2012): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.1.0154.
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Sun, Jianhua, and Fuqing Zhang. "Impacts of Mountain–Plains Solenoid on Diurnal Variations of Rainfalls along the Mei-Yu Front over the East China Plains." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 2 (February 2012): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00041.1.
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Convection-permitting numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are performed to examine the impact of a thermally driven mountain–plains solenoid (MPS) on the diurnal variations of precipitation and mesoscale convective vortices along the mei-yu front over the east China plains during 1–10 July 2007. The focus of the analyses is a 10-day simulation that used the 10-day average of the global analysis at 0000 UTC as the initial condition and the 10-day averages every 6 h as lateral boundary conditions (with diurnal variations only). Despite differences in the rainfall intensity and location, this idealized experiment successfully simulated the observed diurnal variation and eastward propagation of rainfall and mesoscale convective vortices along the mei-yu front. It was found that the upward branch of the MPS, along with the attendant nocturnal low-level jet, is primarily responsible for the midnight-to-early-morning rainfall enhancement along the mei-yu front. The MPS is induced by differential heating between the high mountain ranges in central China and the low-lying plains in east China. Diabatic heating from moist convection initiated and/or enhanced by the solenoid circulation subsequently leads to the formation of a mesoscale convective vortex that further organizes and amplifies moist convection while propagating eastward along the mei-yu front. The downward branch of the MPS, on the other hand, leads to the suppression of precipitation over the plains during the daytime. The impacts of this regional MPS on the rainfall diurnal variations are further attested to by another idealized WRF simulation that uses fixed lateral boundary conditions.
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Cui, Yanqiang, Bo Zhang, Hao Huang, Jianjun Zeng, Xiaodan Wang, and Wenhui Jiao. "Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Drought in the North China Plain over the Past 58 Years." Atmosphere 12, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070844.
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Understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of regional drought is of great significance in decision-making processes such as water resources and agricultural systems management. The North China Plain is an important grain production base in China and the most drought-prone region in the country. In this study, the monthly standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) was used to monitor the spatiotemporal variation of agricultural drought in the North China Plain from 1960 to 2017. Seven spatial patterns of drought variability were identified in the North China Plain, such as Huang-Huai Plain, Lower Yangtze River Plain, Haihe Plain, Shandong Hills, Qinling Mountains Margin area, Huangshan Mountain surroundings, and Yanshan Mountain margin area. The spatial models showed different trends in different time stages, indicating that the drought conditions in the North China Plain were complex and changeable in the past 58 years. As an important agricultural area, the North China Plain needs more attention since this region shows a remarkable trend of drought and, as such, will definitely increase the water demand for agricultural irrigation. The strong correlation between these spatial distribution patterns indicates that the climate and weather conditions leading to drought are consistent and that drought conditions are independent for regions that are not correlated. If this trend continues, the characteristics of drought variability in the North China Plain will become more complex, and a more detailed water management strategy will be needed to address the effects of drought on agro-ecosystems. Recognizing the drought variability in the North China Plain can provide a basis for agricultural disaster reduction planning and water resources allocation.
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Zhang, Yangchengsi, Long Guo, Yiyun Chen, Tiezhu Shi, Mei Luo, QingLan Ju, Haitao Zhang, and Shanqin Wang. "Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon based on Landsat 8 Monthly NDVI Data for the Jianghan Plain in Hubei Province, China." Remote Sensing 11, no. 14 (July 16, 2019): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11141683.
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High-precision maps of soil organic carbon (SOC) are beneficial for managing soil fertility and understanding the global carbon cycle. Digital soil mapping plays an important role in efficiently obtaining the spatial distribution of SOC, which contributes to precision agriculture. However, traditional soil-forming factors (i.e., terrain or climatic factors) have weak variability in low-relief areas, such as plains, and cannot reflect the spatial variation of soil attributes. Meanwhile, vegetation cover hinders the acquisition of the direct information of farmland soil. Thus, useful environmental variables should be utilized for SOC prediction and the digital mapping of such areas. SOC has an important effect on crop growth status, and remote sensing data can record the apparent spectral characteristics of crops. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is an important index reflecting crop growth and biomass. This study used NDVI time series data rather than traditional soil-forming factors to map SOC. Honghu City, located in the middle of the Jianghan Plain, was selected as the study region, and the NDVI time series data extracted from Landsat 8 were used as the auxiliary variables. SOC maps were estimated through stepwise linear regression (SLR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural network (ANN). Ordinary kriging (OK) was used as the reference model, while root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and coefficient of determination of prediction (R2P) were used to evaluate the model performance. Results showed that SOC had a significant positive correlation in July and August (0.17, 0.29) and a significant negative correlation in January, April, and December (−0.23, −0.27, and −0.23) with NDVI time series data. The best model for SOC prediction was generated by ANN, with the lowest RMSEP of 3.718 and highest R2P of 0.391, followed by SVM (RMSEP = 3.753, R2P = 0.361) and PLSR (RMSEP = 4.087, R2P = 0.283). The SLR model was the worst model, with the lowest R2P of 0.281 and highest RMSEP of 3.930. ANN and SVM were better than OK (RMSEP = 3.727, R2P = 0.372), whereas PLSR and SLR were worse than OK. Moreover, the prediction results using single-data NDVI or short time series NDVI showed low accuracy. The effect of the terrain factor on SOC prediction represented unsatisfactory results. All these results indicated that the NDVI time series data can be used for SOC mapping in plain areas and that the ANN model can maximally extract additional associated information between NDVI time series data and SOC. This study presented an effective method to overcome the selection of auxiliary variables for digital soil mapping in plain areas when the soil was covered with vegetation. This finding indicated that the time series characteristics of NDVI were conducive for predicting SOC in plains.
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Zhang, Yuanchun, Fuqing Zhang, Christopher A. Davis, and Jianhua Sun. "Diurnal Evolution and Structure of Long-Lived Mesoscale Convective Vortices along the Mei-Yu Front over the East China Plains." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 1005–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0197.1.
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Abstract The structure and diurnal evolution of long-lived, eastward-propagating mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) along typical summertime mei-yu fronts over the east China plains are investigated through composite analysis of a 30-day semi-idealized simulation. The simulation uses lateral boundary conditions that vary only diurnally in time using analyses of recurring MCV events during 1–10 July 2007. Hence, the behavior of convection and vorticity follows a closely repeating diurnal cycle for each day during the simulation. Assisted by the eastward extension of enhanced vorticity anomalies from the Sichuan basin, the incipient MCV forms in the morning hours over the immediate lee (east) of the central China mountain ranges (stage 1). From local afternoon to early evening, as the MCV moves over the plains, convection weakens in the daytime downward branch of the mountain–plains solenoid. This allows the upper-level and lower-level portions of the vortex to partially decouple, and for convection to shift to the east-southeast side of the surface vortex (stage 2). Immediately after sunset, convection reinvigorates above the low-level MCV center as a result of moistening and destabilization from a combination of radiative forcing and an intensified low-level jet. This intensifies the MCV to maturity (stage 3). The mature MCV eventually evolves into an occluding subsynoptic cyclone with strong convection across all sectors of the low-level vorticity center during the subsequent day’s morning hours along the east China coastal plains before it moves offshore (stage 4).
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Hung, Chih-wen, and Pei-ken Kao. "Weakening of the Winter Monsoon and Abrupt Increase of Winter Rainfalls over Northern Taiwan and Southern China in the Early 1980s." Journal of Climate 23, no. 9 (May 1, 2010): 2357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3182.1.
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Abstract The rainfall characteristic of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) is less emphasized in previous works. This study reveals that the circulation of the EAWM weakened in recent decades, which results in a decrease of winter rainfall over several windward coastal areas over East Asia including the hills in northern Taiwan. In contrast, there is an abrupt increase of rainfall in southern China and the plains of northern Taiwan during the early 1980s. This is due to the increase in sea surface temperature and lower-troposphere moisture over the South China Sea and the anomalous northward flow that enhances the moisture transport to southern China. Because more moisture is provided for the frontal system that moves eastward, the fronts frequently come with abundant moisture and a well-developed rainband in winter. Therefore, the plains of northern Taiwan receive more rainfall after the 1980s.
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Shan, Yueying. "The pattern of archaeological cultures in northern China during the Eastern Zhou Period to the Qin Dynasty – also on the interactions among the Rong, Di and Hu ethnic groups and the Central Plains." Chinese Archaeology 16, no. 1 (November 27, 2016): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2016-0017.
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Abstract Through the systematic trimming and analysis to the remains of the archaeological cultures of the Eastern Zhou Period through the Qin Dynasty in northern China, this paper puts forward that during this period, there were two cultural zones (the north and south cultural “belts”) with clearly different cultural features and connotations and peoples bearing clearly different physical characteristics in northern China, and discussed the regional differences of the remains of the archaeological cultures in each cultural belt and their developments and changes. The cultures in the south cultural belt could not be regarded as a part of the early Iron Age cultures in the Eurasian Steppes, but a kind of culture peculiar to the transitional zone between the cultures in the Eurasian Steppes and that in the Central Plains; the development and evolution of the north cultural belt, which emerged in the mid to the late Spring-and-Autumn Period, can be divided into three clear phases: the first phase was a part of the early Iron Age cultures in the Eurasian Steppes, but since the second phase, the cultural features and connotations of this belt began to stray out of the cultures in the Eurasian Steppes, which would be closely related to the military conquering and political management of the Central Plains polities and the powerful northward advance of the cultures of the Central Plains. Referring to the relevant historic literature, this paper made further observations to the interactions among the polities of the Central Plains and the peoples in these two cultural belts and the changes of the cultural patterns in each of the two cultural belts, and revealed the processes of the Sinicization of the Rong, Di and Hu ethnic groups in northern China. This paper pointed out that the Hu ethnic group lived in northern China since the mid Spring-and-Autumn Period, and the later appearance of the Hu people in the historic literatures was related to the northward advances of the territories of polities of the Central Plains rather than the southward invasion of the nomadic tribes living in the present-day Mongolian Plateau.
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Jun, Li, Liu Lixin, Zhang Chunlei, Chen Chang, Lu Guangyuan, Xiong Junlan, and Yang Hongjun. "Effects of crop type on soil microbial properties in the cropland of the Jianghan plain of China." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 9 (September 13, 2018): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/283/2018-pse.
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Soil microbial properties are varied by growing different crops, ultimately reflecting the growth and reproduction of crops. In this study, two types of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ZS11 and ZY821) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ZM9023) were planted in the Jianghan plain of China. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected three months after sowing. Soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities and microbial diversity were determined. The results showed that soil available phosphorus significantly increased from 25.57 mg/kg (ZM9023) to 33.20 mg/kg (ZS11) and 35.72 mg/kg (ZY821), respectively. Invertase activity of ZS821 (0.86 mg glucose/g) was significantly lower than in ZS11 (1.04 mg glucose/g). Acid phosphatase activity under planting rapes was significantly higher than that under wheat. Urease activities significantly increased from 40.88 mg NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N/g soil/24 h (NFP) to 49.04 mg NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N/g soil/24 h (FNP) and 51.28 mg NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N/g soil/24 h (ZM9023), 51.60 mg NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N/g soil/24 h (ZY821) and 52.28 mg NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N/g soil/24 h (ZS11), respectively. The ACE (abundance based coverage estimator) and Chao1 indexes of bacteria of ZS11 were lower than ZY821, which were similar to ZM9023. Fertilization increased soil bacterial ACE and Chao1 indexes. However, ACE and Chao1, Shannon and Simpson indexes of soil fungi for ZS11 were significantly higher than in ZY821, which were similar to ZM9023 (except for the Shannon index).
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Pei, Hongwei, Bridget R. Scanlon, Yanjun Shen, Robert C. Reedy, Di Long, and Changming Liu. "Impacts of varying agricultural intensification on crop yield and groundwater resources: comparison of the North China Plain and US High Plains." Environmental Research Letters 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 044013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/4/044013.
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Jiongxin, Xu. "Study of overall longitudinal profile shape of alluvial rivers: an example from rivers in the Huanghuaihai Plain, China." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 35, no. 4 (December 20, 1991): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/35/1991/479.
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Zhang, Xueru, Jie Zhou, and Wei Song. "Simulating Urban Sprawl in China Based on the Artificial Neural Network-Cellular Automata-Markov Model." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 4341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114341.
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In recent years, China’s urbanization rate has been increasing rapidly, reaching 59.58% in 2018. Urbanization drives rural-to-urban migration, and inevitably promotes urban sprawl. With the development of remote sensing and geographic information technologies, the monitoring technology for urban sprawl has been constantly innovated. In particular, the emergence of night light data has greatly promoted monitoring research of large-scale and long-time-series urban sprawl. In this paper, the urban sprawl in China in 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017 was identified via night light data, and the Artificial Neural Network-Cellular Automata-Markov (ANN-CA-Markov) model was developed to simulate the future urban sprawl in China. The results show that the suitability of urban sprawl based on the ANN model is as high as 0.864, indicating that the ANN model is very suitable for the simulation of urban sprawl. The Kappa coefficient of simulation results was 0.78, indicating that the ANN-CA-Markov model has a high simulation accuracy on urban sprawl. In the future, the hotspot areas of urban sprawl in China will change over time. Although the urban sprawl in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River delta, and the Pearl River delta will still be considerable, the urban sprawl in the Chengdu-Chongqing city cluster, the Guanzhong Plain city cluster, the central plains city cluster, and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River will be more prominent. Overall, China’s urban sprawl will be concentrated in the east of Hu’s line in the future.
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Shi, Jingsong. "Shang dynasty bronzes and society in southern China: an illustration of complexity and diversity." Chinese Archaeology 20, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2020-0013.
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AbstractThe production and use of bronzes had significant influences on the social developments even the formation of the early states. However, in different areas, the bronzes played different roles. By observing the different characteristics of the bronzes in the Central Plains, the Ganjiang River basin, the Xiangjiang River basin, and the Chengdu Plains, various developments of societies can be revealed. The case studies of these areas can further explain the complex relationships between the bronzes and their societies, as well as the diversity of the patterns of the developments of the ancient societies.
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CHRISTOPOULOS, CONSTANTIN P. "Great Plain-Building in North China*." Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 27, no. 1 (May 29, 2009): 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1947.mp27001021.x.
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Ma, Ruoyun, Shuanglei Feng, Shuanglong Jin, Jianhua Sun, Shenming Fu, Shijun Sun, and Hong Han. "Statistical Characteristics and Environmental Conditions of the Warm-Season Severe Convective Events over North China." Atmosphere 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010052.
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Based on severe weather reports, surface precipitation observations, surface routine observations, and the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA5 reanalysis dataset during the warm seasons (May–September) of 2011–2018 over North China, this paper analyzes the statistical characteristics and environmental conditions of three types of severe convective events. Results are compared between events with different altitudes (i.e., mountains and plains), severities (i.e., ordinary and significant), and months. Hail and thunderstorm high winds (THWs) are more common over the mountains whereas short-duration heavy rainfall (SDHR) is more frequent over the plains. The occurrence frequency of severe convective events exhibits distinct monthly and diurnal variations. Analyses of the environmental parameters provide reference for the potential forecasting of severe convective events over this region. Specifically, the 850–500 hPa temperature lapse rate (LR85), pseudo-equivalent potential temperature at 500 hPa (thetase500), and precipitable water (PW) are skillful in distinguishing hail and THW environments from SDHR environments, and thetase500 is useful in discriminating between hail and THW environments. The convective environments over the plains are characterized by significantly higher (lower) PW (LR85) compared with mountains. The skill of these parameters in forecasting the severity of the convective hazards is limited. Probability distributions in the two parameters space indicate that the occurrence of significant hail requires both higher most unstable convective available potential energy (MUCAPE) and stronger 0–6 km bulk wind shear (SHR6) compared with ordinary hail. Compared with ordinary THWs, the significant THWs over the mountains depend more on the SHR6 whereas those over the plains rely more on the MUCAPE. The significant SDHR events over the plains tend to occur under a variety of instability conditions. The thermodynamic parameters (i.e., MUCAPE, thetase500, and downdraft convective available potential energy), and PW are significantly higher in July–August, whereas the LR85 and vertical wind shear are apparently higher in May, June and September.
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Ling-An, Niu. "Impacts of fertilizer application rates on phosphorus dynamics in salt-affected soil." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 10 (November 2, 2017): 468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/580/2017-pse.
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As a new rebuilding agricultural soil on the North China plains, the salt-affected soil had a short soil-forming process of about 30 years. This paper describes the effect of different fertilization systems on phosphorus (P) dynamics in saline-alkali uncultivated land, in the reserved natural salt-vegetation back zone, and in different phases of fertilization for 24 years on the North China plains. The treatments included control (or check, CK), N<sub>1</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, P<sub>1</sub>, P<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>1</sub>P<sub>1</sub>, N<sub>1</sub>P<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>P<sub>1</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>. The contents of total phosphorus (TP) showed a significantly decreasing trend from 1.32–1.38 gP/kg to 0.40–0.96 g P/kg. The contents of rapidly available P (RP) were low in the no-P fertilizer treatments and the RP concentrations increased with P fertilizer applications. Corn was the crop that used the most P, especially in the no-P and P fertilizer-only treatments. The treatment with 270 kg N/ha/year and 59 kg P/ha/year represents the most economical fertilizer rates for these salt-affected soils on the North China plains.
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Liu, Luo, Xi Chen, Xinliang Xu, Yong Wang, Shuang Li, and Ying Fu. "Changes in Production Potential in China in Response to Climate Change from 1960 to 2010." Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/640320.
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From the Global Agro-Ecological Zone (GAEZ) model, changes in the three climate factors (temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation) over the past five decades showed different trends and that production potential was impacted significantly by the geographic heterogeneity of climate change. An increase of approximately 1.58 million tons/decade in production potential correlated with climate change. Regions with increased production potential were located mainly in the Northeast China Plain, the northern arid and semiarid region, and the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Regions with decreased production potential were located mainly in the Middle-lower Yangtze Plain and southern China. The climate factors that impacted production potential varied by region. In the Northeast China Plain, increased temperature was the major cause of the increased production potential. In the northern arid and semiarid region, temperature and precipitation were the major factors affecting production potential, but their effects were in opposition to each other. In southern China, increased temperature and decreased solar radiation caused a decreased production potential. In the Middle-lower Yangtze Plain, a decrease in solar radiation was the major factor resulting in decreased production potential. In the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, changes in temperature and solar radiation had large but opposite effects on production potential.
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Li, Jian She, and Qian Song. "Study on Mechanism of Regional Economy Integrated Development in Central Plains Economic Zone." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 998–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.998.
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Central plains economic zone is the significant strategic concept to reduce the economic gap with eastern region, and realize the rise of central China. Based on members positioned, economic integrated development mechanism of the central plains economic zone is the vital drivers of optimizing the resources configuration, accelerating industrial structure adjustment and realizing the coordinated development of the area. From the division mechanism, cooperative mechanism and cluster mechanism, the article analyses the necessity of operating mechanism by the game model, and puts forward some proposal for the economy integrated development mechanism on government, industry and society.
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Lin, W., X. Xu, X. Zhang, and J. Tang. "Contributions of pollutants from North China Plain to surface ozone at the Shangdianzi GAW Station." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 19 (October 14, 2008): 5889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5889-2008.
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Abstract. Regional ozone pollution has become one of the top environmental concerns in China, especially in those economically vibrant and densely populated regions, such as North China region including Beijing. To address this issue, surface ozone and ancillary data over the period 2004–2006 from the Shangdianzi Regional Background Station in north China were analyzed. Due to the suitable location and valley topography of the site, transport of pollutants from the North China Plain was easily observed and quantified according to surface wind directions. Regional (polluted) and background (clean) ozone concentrations were obtained by detailed statistic analysis. Contribution of pollutants from North China Plain to surface ozone at SDZ was estimated by comparing ozone concentrations observed under SW wind conditions and that under NE wind conditions. The average daily accumulated ozone contribution was estimated to be 240 ppb·hr. The average regional contributions to surface ozone at SDZ from the North China Plain were 21.8 ppb for the whole year, and 19.2, 28.9, 25.0, and 10.0 ppb for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The strong ozone contribution in summer led to disappearance of the spring ozone maximum phenomenon at SDZ under winds other than from the NNW to E sectors. The emissions of nitrogen oxide in the North China plain cause a decrease in ozone concentrations in winter.
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Lin, W., X. Xu, X. Zhang, and J. Tang. "Contributions of pollutants from North China Plain to surface ozone at the Shangdianzi GAW station." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 21, 2008): 9139–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-9139-2008.
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Abstract. Regional ozone pollution has become one of the top environmental concerns in China, especially in those economically vibrant and densely populated regions, such as North China region including Beijing. To address this issue, surface ozone and ancillary data over the period 2004–2006 from the Shangdianzi Regional Background Station in north China were analyzed. Due to the suitable location and valley topography of the site, transport of pollutants from the North China Plain was easily observed and quantified according to surface wind directions. Regional (polluted) and natural (clean) background ozone concentrations were obtained by detailed statistic analysis. Contribution of pollutants from North China Plain to surface ozone at SDZ was estimated by comparing ozone concentrations observed under SW wind conditions and that under NE wind conditions. The average daily accumulated ozone contribution was estimated to be 240 ppb·hr. The average regional contributions to surface ozone at SDZ from the North China Plain were 21.8 ppb for the whole year, and 19.2, 28.9, 25.0, and 10.0 ppb for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The strong ozone contribution in summer led to disappearance of the spring ozone maximum phenomenon at SDZ under winds other than from the WNN to E sectors. High winter NOx concentrations in the North China Plain caused negative ozone contribution in winter.
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Hildreth, Laura A. "The economic impacts of agroforestry in the Northern Plains of China." Agroforestry Systems 72, no. 2 (March 27, 2007): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9060-y.
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Ren, Zhanbing, Yifan Zuo, Yudan Ma, Mu Zhang, Lee Smith, Lin Yang, Paul D. Loprinzi, Qian Yu, and Liye Zou. "The Natural Environmental Factors Influencing the Spatial Distribution of Marathon Event: A Case Study from China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072238.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of natural environmental factors on the spatial distribution of marathon events in China, and to identify the suitable natural environmental factors for the marathon events. Methods: Geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis tools were used to perform coupling analysis, e.g. overlap, neighborhood, intersection and buffer for terrain, climate, air quality, mountains and water resources with 342 marathon events held in China in 2018. Results: The results indicate that the spatial distribution of marathon events in China is negatively correlated with the elevation of the terrain (plain > hill > plateau > mountain > basin); climate (subtropical monsoon climate > temperate monsoon climate > temperate continental climate > tropical monsoon climate > plateau alpine climate), air quality (level 3 > level 2 > level 4 > level 1). Results indicate that buffer zones can protect water resources: there are 24 items in the buffer zone of river 0.5 km and lake 1 km, 131 items in the buffer zone of river 3 km and lake 5 km, 191 items in the buffer zone of river 5 km and lake 10 km, 298 items in the buffer zone of river 10 km and lake 20 km. Results indicate for mountain range buffer: 13 items in the 20 km buffer and 39 items in the 50 km buffer. Conclusions: Marathon events are more likely to be held on the third rung of China’s topography where a city has a typical landform (plains, basins, hills, or mountain) with good climate and air quality. Meanwhile a city with water and mountain resources for recreational events such as cross-country or obstacle course are essential. The contribution of this study is to systematically and intuitively reflect the influence of natural environment factors on the distribution of marathon events in China, and to provide evidence for the medium and long-term planning of marathon events in China, the selection of venues for different types of marathon events and how to attract participants.
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Shen, L., R. Lin, L. Lu, C. Xu, and Y. Liu. "Accuracy analysis of IMERG and CMORPH precipitation data over North China." Climate Research 81 (August 6, 2020): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01610.
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Large-scale agricultural production in North China makes the study of precipitation in this area vital. The performance of the Integrated Merged Multisatellite Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) precipitation products for 2015 was evaluated against daily precipitation data from 404 rain gauges in North China. Relative errors, correlation coefficients, Pearson’s chi-squared test values, and root mean square errors, as well as the probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio, and critical success index, were used to analyze the accuracy of both IMERG and CMORPH precipitation products on daily, monthly, and seasonal timescales. The probability density function (PDF) was also considered. Overall, both products overestimated ground precipitation, especially in summer. Positive correlation coefficients between satellite-derived and rain-gauge monthly precipitation data were higher over plains and coastal areas, compared with plateau regions. The PODs of both IMERG and CMORPH data were highest in summer. The PODs of IMERG data were much higher than for CMORPH data in autumn. The PODs over coastal regions, plains, and plateaus at lower latitudes also were considerably better than over inland and plateau areas at higher latitudes. The precipitation products performed best over coastal areas, plains, and areas with high rainfall. Both CMORPH and IMERG products were prone to identifying non-rainy days as rainy days. They also overestimated light (0.1-9.9 mm d-1) and moderate (10-24.9 mm d-1) precipitation events, although the IMERG product was more sensitive to precipitation. Accordingly, we find that both of these satellite-derived precipitation products require further modification to enable them to substitute for gauge precipitation data in North China.
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Xiao, Yong, Kui Liu, Qichen Hao, Jianfeng Li, Yunhui Zhang, Weizhe Cui, Limao qin, and Qiuming Pei. "Hydrogeochemical Features and Genesis of Confined Groundwater and Health Perspectives for Sustainable Development in Urban Hengshui, North China Plain." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (April 15, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5578192.
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Groundwater in confined aquifers is the preferred water resource worldwide, and its hydrochemical quality is the premise for sustainable development. A systematic hydrogeochemical research was conducted to get insight into the hydrochemical characteristics, genesis, and potential health threats of confined groundwater, based on analytical data of 45 groundwater samples collected from the urban area of Hengshui, Central North China Plain (NCP). The results showed most groundwater had desirable hydrochemical quality with a nearly neutral to slightly alkaline nature and dominantly soft-fresh Cl-Na face. Solute chemistry was governed by rock-water interaction including minerals dissolution and ion exchange, but out of the anthropogenic influences. All nitrogen pollutants and Zn were within the desirable limit, while F−, Mn, and Fe were beyond the desirable limit recommended by WHO in 28.9%, 15.6%, and 68.9% of samples. Overall chronic health risk from these toxic elements was identified in terms of various populations and mainly contributed by F−. Infants were more prone to the health risks of aqueous pollutants. Differential water supplies based on hydrochemical quality are recommended, and water improvement measures are suggested to be conducted aiming at the harmful fluoride in confined groundwater. The present research could provide valuable references for the health sustainability of confined groundwater utilization in sedimentary plains like NCP worldwide.
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Tassé, Loïc. "La politique institutionnelle de sécurité de la Chine." Études internationales 30, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 303–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/704030ar.
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La politique institutionnelle de sécurité de la Chine est contradictoire : elle prétend défendre les PVD dans la réforme du Conseil de sécurité, mais prône le statu quo; elle plaide pour le désarmement nucléaire et joint le Traité d'interdiction complet des essais nucléaires, mais participe à l'escalade nucléaire dans la région asiatique ; elle appelle au dialogue et à la coopération dans les Spratleys, mais y intervient militairement. Les divers changements de conjoncture expliquent une partie de ces contradictions, mais en général, la politique institutionnelle de sécurité de la Chine demeure fidèle aux grandes orientations de la politique extérieure du pays. Il se pourrait qu'une nouvelle division chinoise du monde se dissimule derrière le comportement de la Chine.
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Tang, G., Y. Wang, X. Li, D. Ji, and X. Gao. "Spatial-temporal variations of surface ozone and ozone control strategy for Northern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 9 (September 20, 2011): 26057–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-26057-2011.
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Abstract. The Project of Atmospheric Combined Pollution Monitoring over Beijing and its Surrounding Areas, was an intensive field campaign conducted over northern China between June 2009 and September 2011 to provide an in-depth understanding and a comprehensive record of ozone (O3), respirable suspended particulate (PM10), fine particle (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other air pollutants in this quickly developing region of China. In this campaign, 25 stations in an air-quality monitoring network provided regional-scale spatial coverage. In this study, we analyzed the data on O3 and NOx levels obtained at the 22 sites over northern China between 1 September 2009 and 31 August 2010. Our goal was to investigate the O3 spatial-temporal variations and control strategy in this area. Significant diurnal, and seasonal variations were noted, with the highest concentrations typically found at around 03:00 p.m. (LT) and in June. The lowest concentrations were generally found during early morning hours (around 06:00 a.m.) and in December. Compared with July and August, June has increased photochemical production due to decreasing cloudiness coupled with reduced O3 loss due to less dry deposition, inducing an O3 peak appearing in June. The averaged O3 concentrations were lower in the plains area compared with the mountainous area due to the titration effects of high NOx emissions in urban areas. When the characteristics of O3 pollution in different regions were distinguished by factor analysis, we found high levels of O3 that exceeded China's National Standard throughout the plains areas, especially over Beijing and the surrounding areas. An integrated analysis with emissions data, meteorological data, and topography over northern China found that the meteorological results were the main factors that dominated the spatial variations of O3, with the presence of abundant emissions of precursors in this area. The smog production algorithm and space-based HCHO/NO2 column ratio were used to show the O3-NOx-VOCs sensitivity and examine the control strategy of O3 over northern China. The results show that summer O3 productions in the plains and northern mountainous areas were sensitive to VOCs and NOx, respectively. Our results are helpful for redefining government strategies to control the photochemical formation of air pollutants over northern China and are relevant for developing urban agglomerations worldwide.
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Tang, G., Y. Wang, X. Li, D. Ji, S. Hsu, and X. Gao. "Spatial-temporal variations in surface ozone in Northern China as observed during 2009–2010 and possible implications for future air quality control strategies." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 5 (March 15, 2012): 2757–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2757-2012.
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Abstract. The Project of Atmospheric Combined Pollution Monitoring over Beijing and its Surrounding Areas, was an intensive field campaign conducted over Northern China between June 2009 and August 2011 to provide a comprehensive record of ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and contribute to an in-depth understanding of air pollution in Northern China and its driving forces. In this campaign, 25 stations in an air-quality monitoring network provided regional-scale spatial coverage. In this study, we analyzed the data on O3 and NOx levels obtained at 22 sites (out of 25 sites due to data availability) over Northern China between 1 September 2009 and 31 August 2010. Our goal was to investigate the O3 spatial-temporal variations and control strategy in this area. Significant diurnal and seasonal variations were noted, with the highest concentrations typically found at around 03:00 p.m. (local time) and in June. The lowest concentrations were generally found during early morning hours (around 06:00 a.m.) and in December. Compared with July and August, June has increased photochemical production due to decreased cloud cover coupled with reduced O3 loss due to less dry deposition, inducing an O3 peak appearing in June. The averaged O3 concentrations were lower in the plains area compared with the mountainous area due to the titration effects of high NOx emissions in urban areas. When the characteristics of O3 pollution in different regions were distinguished by factor analysis, we found high levels of O3 that exceeded China's National Standard throughout the plains, especially over Beijing and the surrounding areas. An integrated analysis with emissions data, meteorological data, and topography over Northern China found that the meteorological conditions were the main factors that dominated the spatial variations of O3, with the presence of abundant emissions of precursors in this area. The smog production algorithm and space-based HCHO/NO2 column ratio were used to show the O3-NOx-VOCs sensitivity and examine the control strategy of O3 over Northern China. The results show that summer O3 production in the plains and northern mountainous areas was sensitive to VOCs and NOx, respectively. The presented results are intended to provide guidance for redefining government strategies to control the photochemical formation of air pollutants over Northern China and are relevant for developing urban agglomerations worldwide.
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Zhang, Guangxin, Lei Wang, Xinmin Xie, Zhenzhen Ma, Zilong Liao, and Peng Qi. "The role of scientific research in the formulation of the double-control policy for groundwater management in China." Water Policy 21, no. 6 (October 22, 2019): 1193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.223.
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Abstract Groundwater is a major source of water supply in China. However, groundwater levels have declined in many regions of China due to groundwater over-extraction, leading to adverse impacts on the eco-environment in China. It is urgent to formulate policy for sustainable groundwater management. In this study, we described and discussed the role of scientific research in China when creating a policy of double-control groundwater management. We used examples of three regions with the groundwater over-extraction problem, i.e., the Sanjiang Plain of northeast China, North China Plain, and the Xilin River Basin of northwest China, to demonstrate the support of scientific research in developing the policy. In addition, it was found that that the interactions between science and policy need to be further improved for the management of groundwater in China. Therefore, we developed a control-loop theory to enhance the interactions between science and policy in China.
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Thireau, Isabelle, and Linshan Hua. "Le sens du juste en Chine: En quête d’un nouveau droit du travail." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 56, no. 6 (December 2001): 1283–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900033989.
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RésuméFondé sur l’analyse de cent vingt-trois plaintes écrites adressées au Bureau du travail de la municipalité de Shenzhen, cet article cherche à comprendre comment les ouvriers migrants auteurs de ces lettres s’efforcent d’identifier et de mobiliser des références communes pour exprimer leur sentiment d’injustice, participant ainsi au processus de recomposition de repères partagés comme à la formation d’un droit du travail dans un nouveau contexte d’industrialisation. Ces références communes ont souvent pour point d’appui des éléments choisis de l’action publique — principes idéologiques, objectifs politiques ou règles prescriptives — ancrés dans les périodes politiques diverses et réinterprétées, mais aussi associées en des figures diverses dans le cours même de leur mobilisation.
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Dai, Junhu, Huanjiong Wang, and Quansheng Ge. "Characteristics of Spring Phenological Changes in China over the Past 50 Years." Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/843568.
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In order to understand past plant phenological responses to climate change in China (1963–2009), we conducted trends analysis of spring phenophases based on observation data at 33 sites from the Chinese Phenological Observation Network (CPON). The phenological data on first leaf date (FLD) and first flowering date (FFD) for five broad-leaved woody plants from 1963 to 2009 were analyzed. Since most phenological time series are discontinuous because of observation interruptions at certain period, we first interpolated phenological time series by using the optimal model between the spring warming (SW) model and the UniChill model to form continuous time series. Subsequently, by using regression analysis, we found that the spring phenophases of woody plants in China advanced at a mean rate of 0.18 days/year over the past 50 years. Changes of spring phenophases exhibited strong regional difference. The linear trends in spring phenophases were −0.18, −0.28, −0.21, −0.04, and −0.14 days/year for the Northeast China Plain, the North China Plain, the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and South China, respectively. The spatial differences in phenological trends can be attributed to regional climate change patterns in China.
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Willis, Robert, Brad A. Finney, and Daoshuai Zhang. "Water Resources Management in North China Plain." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 115, no. 5 (September 1989): 598–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1989)115:5(598).
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Jin, Fei. "Groundwater resources in the North China Plain." Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 12, no. 1 (August 1988): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02574828.
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Zhou, Yu, Yanxin Wang, Yilian Li, François Zwahlen, and Julie Boillat. "Hydrogeochemical characteristics of central Jianghan Plain, China." Environmental Earth Sciences 68, no. 3 (July 17, 2012): 765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1778-9.
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Wang, Shiqin, Xianfang Song, Qinxue Wang, Guoqiang Xiao, Changming Liu, and Jianrong Liu. "Shallow groundwater dynamics in North China Plain." Journal of Geographical Sciences 19, no. 2 (April 2009): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11442-009-0175-0.
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