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1
Hussain, Atif, Nazma Kiran, Nida Qasim Hayat, Sadaf Shaheen, Abdul Hafeez Baloch, and Abdul Rashid. "Compare the Histological Features between the Normal and Hypertensive Placenta." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2022): 1193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221631193.
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Objective: The purpose of the current research was to investigate the morphology and histology of placentas collected from moms who had PIH and to compare those results to placentas taken from women who had normal pregnancies. Study Design: The study was conducted at Anatomy department of Women Medical and Dental College Hospital Abbottabad and Mohi-ud-Din Islamic Medical College, Mirpur, AJK during the period from February 2021 to July 2021. Place and Duration: Observational/comparative study Methods: In this study total 80 pregnancies, 40 normal placenta’s and 40 hypertensive placenta’s were presented. At first, the physical aspects of placentas, also known as their morphological traits, were noted. In order to investigate the histology, pieces of each placenta measuring 5 millimetres in thickness were removed. After this, the tissue underwent further histological processing, after which it was fixed in formal saline at a concentration of 10 percent. It was noted down how much newborns weighed at birth. SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze complete data. Results: Placental weight, size, surface area and number of cotyledons were decreased in hypertensive placentas, whereas regions of infarction, retroplacental clot, and calcification were increased. Hyalinized villi and atherosclerosis have been reported in hypertensive placentas (p0.05). Foetal mortality and morbidity were closely linked to these alterations. We also found that among women with high blood pressure who had the aforementioned histological alterations in their placentas, the risk of foetal death and morbidity was higher. Conclusion: We concluded that, PIH reduces placenta weight and size. Changes in utero-placental blood flow may induce placental insufficiency. It affects newborn birth weight. PIH impacts placenta shape, histology, and foetal development. Keywords: Placenta, Pregnancy-induced hypertension, Histological, Morphological, Mortality, Morbidity
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Begum, Nasrin, and Roxana Ferdousi. "Study of Gross Anatomy of Human Placenta in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v10i2.25923.
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Introduction: Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), also referred to as Gestational hypertension is a condition of high blood pressure during pregnancy. Progression the disease causes preeclampsia and eclampsia, which are the commonest causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.Objective: The objectives of the study were to observe and measure the macroscopic changes in the placenta in pregnancy induced hypertension and to compare the placental findings of the control group. .Method: This descriptive observational study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). Forty placentas were collected from Bangladesh Institute of Research & Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. Out of forty placentas, twenty were from non-hypertensive mother considered as controls and twenty from PIH mothers. Mother who had Rh-negative blood group, positive for VDRL and HbsAg and mother delivered multiple babies or babies with any visible congenital malformation were excluded. All women included in the study gave birth to a live born baby after 35 weeks of gestation by caesarian section. The macroscopic features of placentas were recorded and after that specimen was fixed in 10% formol saline. After two week of fixation, a point counting method was used on placental slices for estimation of the volume of parenchyma and non-parenchyma.Results: The general features of the control and PIH mother were statistically matched. As compared with the control group, PIH group showed no statistically significant difference in values of placental weight, volume and diameter.Mean placental weight (gm), mean volume (ml) and the mean diameter (cm) of the placental, mean absolute volume of parenchyma, mean proportional and mean absolute volume of non-parenchyma were lower in PIH group than the control group. The mean number of cotyledon of the placenta and mean proportional volume of parenchyma were higher in PIH group than control group and. These differences did not reach statistically significant level.Conclusion: Several authors has concluded that the changes in the placenta in diabetic and toxaemic mother are the reflection of some compensatory mechanism, but the present study fails to identify any statistically significant changes in PIH group in favour of such statement.Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.10(2) 2014
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Falak Naz, Zainab Rehman, Shazia Iftikhar, Waqar Ahmed, Parkha Rehman, and Saeeda BiBi. "MORPHOMETRIC VARIATION OF PLACENTA AND UMBILICAL CORD INSERTION." Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry 11, no. 04 (December 31, 2021): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33279/jkcd.v11i04.114.
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Objective:
To relate and appraise the morphological variationsof placenta and umbilical cord in normal pregnancy.
Materials and Methods:
The study included 100 placentas which were collected from GovernmentMaternity Hospital Hashtnagri and studied in the Anatomy department of Khyber Medical CollegePeshawar over one month duration. The morphological variations of placenta, like shape, weightand attachment of umbilical cord were noted and photographed.
Results:
In our study, we observed round placentas in 91 cases (91%), oval placentas in 5 cases(5%), irregular placentas in 3 cases (3%), and bilobed placenta in 1 case (1%), respectively. Normal cord insertion was found in 75% and abnormal insertion in 25% of cases respectively. The mean placental weight was 509.5g (normal weight ranges between 400 to 650gs).
Conclusion:
In the present study, the majority of the placentas presented with round shape,few placentae with oval and irregular shape or with an accessory lobe. The existing study alsoincluded variations in insertion of umbilical cords which was eccentric in majority of the casesfollowed by central and marginal insertion.
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Morrish, D. W., H. Marusyk, and O. Siy. "Demonstration of specific secretory granules for human chorionic gonadotropin in placenta." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 35, no. 1 (January 1987): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/35.1.2432115.
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Existence of secretory granules and exocytosis during secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in human placenta has been a point of controversy. Using two methods, the highly sensitive avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method and the protein A-gold technique, for immunochemical identification of beta-hCG on electron microscopic sections, we have examined placentas at 8-10 weeks gestation and at term for the presence of secretory granules. First-trimester placentas demonstrated plentiful syncytiotrophoblast cytoplasmic granules, some undergoing exocytosis, when stained using specific beta-hCG antiserum in the ABC and protein A-gold methods. Term placentas did not show positive reaction product. The data demonstrate that the classic secretory granule-exocytosis pathway mediates placental hCG secretion. However, clear morphological differences exist between placenta granules and hormone secretory granules observed in pituitary, consistent with known functional differences between these organs. This methodology will be useful for further studies of the secretory pathways for placental peptides.
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Lobo, Sonja E., Luciano César P. C. Leonel, Carla M. F. C. Miranda, Talya M. Coelho, Guilherme A. S. Ferreira, Andrea Mess, Mauricio S. Abrão, and Maria Angelica Miglino. "The Placenta as an Organ and a Source of Stem Cells and Extracellular Matrix: A Review." Cells Tissues Organs 201, no. 4 (2016): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443636.
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The placenta is a temporal, dynamic and diverse organ with important immunological features that facilitate embryonic and fetal development and survival, notwithstanding the fact that several aspects of its formation and function closely resemble tumor progression. Placentation in mammals is commonly used to characterize the evolution of species, including insights into human evolution. Although most placentas are discarded after birth, they are a high-yield source for the isolation of stem/progenitor cells and are rich in extracellular matrix (ECM), representing an important resource for regenerative medicine purposes. Interactions among cells, ECM and bioactive molecules regulate tissue and organ generation and comprise the foundation of tissue engineering. In the present article, differences among several mammalian species regarding the placental types and classifications, phenotypes and potency of placenta-derived stem/progenitor cells, placental ECM components and current placental ECM applications were reviewed to highlight their potential clinical and biomedical relevance.
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GOSWAMI, PUSHPA, SAMREEN MEMON, MUHAMMAD ASLAM CHANNA, and Hemlata Rathi. "EXCESSIVE CALCIFICATION OF PLACENTA;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 05 (October 15, 2013): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.05.1452.
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Objective: To examine the morphological change due to excessive calcification of placenta of pregnancies complicated bypregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) and placental Abruption and its relation with fetal outcome. Study design: Case control type ofstudy. Place and duration: This study was conducted from June 2008 to July 2009 at the department of Anatomy of Liaquat University ofMedical & Health Sciences Jamshoro. Material and Methods: One hundred twenty placentae were collected from labor room andgynecology operation theatre of Liaquat University Hospital. Forty placentae from parturients that had pregnancy induced hypertension(PIH), forty from parturient having placental abruption & forty placentae of normal pregnancy (Control Group). Age of all parturients isbetween 17 to 32 years. Fetal outcome and data was recorded. Weight and diameter of Placentae were measured. Approximately five cmpiece of placenta was taken and processed for histological study. Results: The weight of placenta in control group were 450 to 650 gmwith a mean weight of 526.25± 8.414 gm and their diameter from 19 to 24 cm with a mean of 21.225±0.2148cm. In PIH group weight ofplacenta was from 200 to 550gm with a mean weight of 432.25 ± 11.889gm and their diameter ranges from 10 to 16cms with amean14.208 ± 0.1914cm. In placental abruption group the weight of placenta ranges from 180 to 400 gm with a mean weight of 284.88±9.084 gms and diameter ranges from 10 to 14cms with mean 13.070 ± 0.2504 cm. The difference in weight and diameter of placentain PIH and abruptio placentae was found statistically significant when compared with weight and diameter of normal placentae. Theweight of new born babies in control group was 1.8 kg to 3.6 kg mean weight of 2.790± 0.0689kg. In PIH group, the fetal weight was 1.4kg to 3.0 kg with a mean weight of 2.195 ±0.0703kg. In abruptio placentae group, the weight of new born baby ranges from 1.0 kg to2.8kg with a mean weight of 1.898 ± 0.0660 kg. Conclusions: Fetal outcome in cases of PIH and in abruptio placentae was poor ascompared to control group.
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Hiremath, Jayashree N., and Ramesh P. "Cross-Sectional Study of Placental Surface Area and Umbilical Cord Attachment on Placenta in Normal and PIH Pregnancy and Its Effects on Foetal Weight." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 8297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.212.
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Introduction: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is one of the risk factor in pregnancy leading to placental insufficiency which in turn is responsible for maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. PIH causes morphological changes in placenta. Decreased placental surface area and variation in the attachment of umbilical cord on placenta are more commonly noted in PIH which hampers the uteroplacental perfusion resulting in foetal mortality and morbidity. Hence afforts were made to study the incidence of reduced placental surface area and mode of cord attachment on placenta. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Sri Siddhartha medical college and Hospital, Tumakuru, Karnataka. A total of 100 (50 normal and 50 PIH) human placentae were studied. Placental surface area and mode of attachment of umbilical cord in normal and PIH pregnancy were measured and noted. This study was analysed statistically by using Unpaired t-test and Chi-square test. Results: The study revealed significantly decrease in placental surface area and also there is increased incidence of central and marginal attachment of umbilical cord in PIH cases. Conclusion: Study reveals, PIH cause morphological changes in placenta, it decreasing the uteroplacental blood flow which reduces foetal nutrition ultimately decreasing the neonatal weight. KEY WORDS: PIH, uteroplacental blood flow, neonatal weight, placental surface area and Umbilical cord.
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Vishram Singh, Kumud Ranjan, Tewarson S L, Rashi Singh, and Yogesh Yadav. "Study of placental morphometric anatomy in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus and inৎluence of gestational diabetes mellitus on the fetal weight." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 7549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3961.
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The placenta is an organ which is an indicator of maternal and fetal disorders. Gestational Diabetes mellitus complicates 2-5% of all pregnancy. Therefore our work was an analysis of changes in placental morphometric anatomy in mothers of gestational diabetes mellitus and the influence of gestational diabetes mellitus on the fetal weight. Sixty-two placentas of full-term pregnancy collected from labour room/operation theatre of Gynaecology and obstetrics, department of government medical college and super facility hospital Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh. Out of sixty-two placentas, 31 are from mothers with no known history of preexisting gestational diabetes mellitus cases as controls and 31 collected from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. We found mean placental weight, mean placental area, mean placental volume, mean no of cotyledons significantly more in placentas of gestational diabetic mothers. Mean fetal weight of gestational diabetic mothers were more in comparison with controls. Mean transverse diameter of placentas of the diabetic mothers were more than mean transverse diameter of placentas of the non-diabetic mothers, statistically significant. Mean longitudinal diameter also more in placentas of diabetic mothers, not statistically significant. Mean thickness at the centre more in placentas of diabetic mothers, statistically significant. Mean thickness mid-way between centre and margin and mean thickness at margin more in diabetic placentas, not statistically significant. Gestational diabetic mothers had more round-shaped placentas. Marginal insertion of umbilical cord presents more in placentas of gestational diabetic mothers.
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Vishram Singh, Kumud Ranjan, Tewarson S L, Rashi Singh, and Yogesh Yadav. "Study of placental morphometric anatomy in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus and inৎluence of gestational diabetes mellitus on the fetal weight." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 7549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3961.
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The placenta is an organ which is an indicator of maternal and fetal disorders. Gestational Diabetes mellitus complicates 2-5% of all pregnancy. Therefore our work was an analysis of changes in placental morphometric anatomy in mothers of gestational diabetes mellitus and the influence of gestational diabetes mellitus on the fetal weight. Sixty-two placentas of full-term pregnancy collected from labour room/operation theatre of Gynaecology and obstetrics, department of government medical college and super facility hospital Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh. Out of sixty-two placentas, 31 are from mothers with no known history of preexisting gestational diabetes mellitus cases as controls and 31 collected from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. We found mean placental weight, mean placental area, mean placental volume, mean no of cotyledons significantly more in placentas of gestational diabetic mothers. Mean fetal weight of gestational diabetic mothers were more in comparison with controls. Mean transverse diameter of placentas of the diabetic mothers were more than mean transverse diameter of placentas of the non-diabetic mothers, statistically significant. Mean longitudinal diameter also more in placentas of diabetic mothers, not statistically significant. Mean thickness at the centre more in placentas of diabetic mothers, statistically significant. Mean thickness mid-way between centre and margin and mean thickness at margin more in diabetic placentas, not statistically significant. Gestational diabetic mothers had more round-shaped placentas. Marginal insertion of umbilical cord presents more in placentas of gestational diabetic mothers.
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Hata, Toshiyuki, and Sarah Cajusay-Velasco. "Three-dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound Study of the Placenta." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 4 (2014): 400–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1380.
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ABSTRACT Advanced ultrasound technology has been a valuable tool in the assessment of placental anatomy and physiology. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) sonography reveals placental morphological characteristics, 2D color Doppler can assess blood flow in the placenta, 2D power Doppler can evaluate placental vascular trees, and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound gives more detailed information on the surface anatomy. Recent advances, such as 3D power Doppler with virtual organ computer aided-analysis (VOCAL) and histogram analysis can measure the placental volume, and assess uteroplacental and fetoplacental perfusions. In particular, ‘placental vascular sonobiopsy’ can specifically evaluate the second- and thirdtrimester placental blood flow and vascularity by obtaining several spherical samples from the placenta that will represent the entire placenta. This article presents normal placental development and pathological findings of the placenta using 3D power Doppler ultrasound, and discusses 3D power Doppler assessments of placental perfusion in high-risk pregnancies, such as fetal growth restriction, pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia, and, from this basis, re-establishes the importance of 3D power Doppler ultrasound as a screening, diagnostic, and surveillance tool in normal and abnormal pregnancies. How to cite this article Tanaka H, Cajusay-Velasco S, Noguchi J, Hata T. Three-dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound Study of the Placenta. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(4):400-409.
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Bhagat, Prachi, Arun Kumar Singh, Vivek Singh, and Roshan Chaudhary. "MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PLACENTAE IN PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54530/jcmc.1256.
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Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension is a common pathological problem which leads to placental insufficiency. This in turn leads to significant foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study is to study the morphological changes in placentae in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital from May 2021 to April 2022. A total of 100 placentas were collected from postpartum mothers with Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel (2007) and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5. Results: The mean weight of placentae in this study was 486.68±65.86. The mean diameter was 17.84±1.89. The mean thickness was 2.67±0.45. There was a strong positive correlation between weight of placentae and weight of neonate ((r = 0.434, p<0.01). Similarly, there was a positive correlation between placental thickness and placental diameter with the neonatal weight(r=0.39, p<0.01) and (r=0.318, p<0.01) respectively. Conclusions: There is significant reduction in weight and dimensions of placentae in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. These may result in placental insufficiency as a result of compromised utero-placental blood flow. This may have an adverse effect on the neonatal birth weight.
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Tanaka, Hirokazu, and Masato Mashima. "HDlive for Assessment of Placenta and Umbilical Cord." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 4 (2014): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1379.
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ABSTRACT We present the latest HDlive images of normal and abnormal placentas and umbilical cords. By means of HDlive, more detailed information on placental and umbilical cord abnormalities can be obtained, because this technique is a new surfacerendering mode that uses an adjustable light source to create lighting and shadowing effects, thereby increasing depth perception. HDlive provides extraordinarily realistic imaging of the placenta and umbilical cord, making it almost impossible to differentiate between fetoscopic findings and ultrasound scans. This novel technique may assist in evaluation of the placental and umbilical cord anatomy, and offer potential advantages over conventional two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. HDlive may be an important modality in future placental and umbilical cord research and in the evaluation of their abnormalities. How to cite this article Hata T, Tanaka H, Mashima M, Kanenishi K, Marumo G. HDlive for Assessment of Placenta and Umbilical Cord. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(4):391-399.
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Kumar, Dhinesh, and Muthuprasad. "Study of Morphology of Placenta in Fifty Specimens." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 2.3 (June 5, 2021): 8020–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.131.
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Introduction: The placenta is an important organ for keeping a pregnancy going and promoting normal foetal development. As a foetal organ, the placenta is subjected to the same stress and strain as the foetus. The growth of the foetus depends upon the location, functional capacity and integrity of the placental attachment. Aim: To study the morphology of the placenta in fifty placental specimens. Methods: The study was conducted in the Institute of Anatomy, Madurai Medical College, in collaboration with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. A total of fifty placental specimens were collected and analyzed for shape, diameter, thickness, placenta weight, maternal and fetal cotyledons, and attachment of cord, vascular pattern, fetoplacental ratio and placental co-efficient. Results: In fifty placentae, 60% circular in shape; 38% oval in shape; 2% triangular in shape. The mean diameter is 17.7 cm. The diameter is increased in anaemia and decreased in prematurity. The average thickness is 1.993 cm. The thickness is increased in Diabetes mellitus and decreased in anaemia. The average number of maternal cotyledons is 17; increased in Diatebes mellitus and decreased in prematurity. The average number of fetal cotyledons is 59 and increased in Diabetes mellitus. The feto-maternal cotyledon ratio is 3.5:1. It is increased in prematurity and decreased in Diabetes mellitus. The average weight of the placenta is 471 grams. The placental weight is increased in Diabetes mellitus and decreased in prematurity. The fetoplacental weight ratio is 5.805 and is decreased in prematurity. The placental coefficient is 0.18 and is increased in prematurity. Conclusion: The examination of the placenta yields valuable information regarding the intra-uterine events and fetal outcomes. KEYWORDS: Placenta, Macroscopic Morphology, Pregnancy.
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Storm, Tina, Erik I. Christensen, Julie Nelly Christensen, Tine Kjaergaard, Niels Uldbjerg, Agnete Larsen, Bent Honoré, and Mette Madsen. "Megalin Is Predominantly Observed in Vesicular Structures in First and Third Trimester Cytotrophoblasts of the Human Placenta." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 64, no. 12 (October 23, 2016): 769–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155416672210.
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The membrane receptor megalin is crucial for normal fetal development. Besides its expression in the developing fetus, megalin is also expressed in the human placenta. Similar to its established function in the kidney proximal tubules, placental megalin has been proposed to mediate uptake of vital nutrients. However, details of megalin expression, subcellular localization, and function in the human placenta remain to be established. By immunohistochemical analyses of first trimester and term human placenta, we showed that megalin is predominantly expressed in cytotrophoblasts, the highly proliferative cells in placenta. Only limited amounts of megalin could be detected in syncytiotrophoblasts and least in term placenta syncytiotrophoblasts. Immunocytochemical analyses furthermore showed that placental megalin associates with structures of the endolysosomal apparatus. Combined, our results clearly place placental megalin in the context of endocytosis and trafficking of ligands. However, due to the limited expression of megalin in syncytiotrophoblasts, especially in term placenta, it appears that the main role for placental megalin is not to mediate uptake of nutrients from the maternal bloodstream, as previously proposed. In contrast, our results point toward novel and complex functions for megalin in the cytotrophoblasts. Thus, we propose that the perception of placental megalin localization and function should be revised.
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Renegar, R. H., J. N. Southard, and F. Talamantes. "Immunohistochemical co-localization of placental lactogen II and relaxin in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 7 (July 1990): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.7.2355175.
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Two hormones with lactogenic activity are produced by the hamster placenta during the second half of pregnancy. One of these hormones, hamster placental lactogen II (haPL-II), has been well characterized; however, its cellular source is not known. In the present study, haPL-II was localized in placental tissues using a specific antibody and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique. Because relaxin has been localized in the hamster placenta, it was of interest to determine if haPL-II and relaxin are localized in the same cells. haPL-II immunoactivity was observed in primary and secondary giant trophoblast cells of the placenta on Days 12, 14, and 15 of pregnancy. On Day 15 positive staining was also observed in large cells located within mesometrial arteries and in eosinophilic bodies associated with degenerating sheathed arteries of the decidua basalis. haPL-II-positive staining was not observed in placentae from Days 8 or 10 of pregnancy. On Day 14, haPL-II was colocalized with relaxin in 75% of the giant trophoblast cells observed. Therefore, it is probable that these hormones are synthesized and secreted by the same cell.
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Gundling, William E., and Derek E. Wildman. "A review of inter- and intraspecific variation in the eutherian placenta." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1663 (March 5, 2015): 20140072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0072.
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The placenta is one of the most morphologically variable mammalian organs. Four major characteristics are typically discussed when comparing the placentas of different eutherian species: placental shape, maternal–fetal interdigitation, intimacy of the maternal–fetal interface and the pattern of maternal–fetal blood flow. Here, we describe the evolution of three of these features as well as other key aspects of eutherian placentation. In addition to interspecific anatomical variation, there is also variation in placental anatomy and function within a single species. Much of this intraspecific variation occurs in response to different environmental conditions such as altitude and poor maternal nutrition. Examinations of variation in the placenta from both intra- and interspecies perspectives elucidate different aspects of placental function and dysfunction at the maternal–fetal interface. Comparisons within species identify candidate mechanisms that are activated in response to environmental stressors ultimately contributing to the aetiology of obstetric syndromes such as pre-eclampsia. Comparisons above the species level identify the evolutionary lineages on which the potential for the development of obstetric syndromes emerged.
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Begum, Mahamuda, Shamim Ara, Shahnaz Begum, Segupta Kishwara, Khondaker Abu Rayhan, Asad Hossain, and Anjuman Nahar. "Big placenta and anaemia in pregnancy." Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College 1, no. 2 (October 14, 2012): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v1i2.12161.
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Background: Birthing process is the journey of the spirit/ soul. The Placenta is the home for this spirit/ soul for nine months. Placenta has a huge role to play throughout the pregnancy acting as the kidneys, lungs and intestines all in one1. Placenta is an organ that is essential to the survival and growth of the fetus of the mammals. Anaemia in pregnancy is common and one of the risk factors in pregnancy. Maternal anaemia result in fetal hypoxemia and also stimulates placental growth. In anaemia, significant changes both in gross morphology and in histology of the placenta can occur. Type of study: Descriptive. Place of study: Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Study period: July 2005 to June 2006. Methods: Sixty (60) placentas of Bangladeshi pregnant women were studied. Out of 60 placentas, anaemic and control group were 40 and 20 respectively. The study was designed to determine, morphological changes of placenta which is influenced by maternal anaemia. Macroscopic dimension of the placenta were measured with observation and dissection method. The samples were divided into group A (control), group B1 (mild anaemia), group B2 (moderate anaemia) and group B3 (severe anaemia). The severe group was not found in present study. Result: In anaemia, placental diameters, surface area and thickness were increased. Conclusion: There were morphological changes of the placenta in association with maternal anaemia. However, comprehensive work considering the physiological, biochemical, genetic as well as further gross, light, electron microscopic and morphometric placental studies are needed in order to support the findings of present study. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v1i2.12161 Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Vol.1, No.2, December 2009 p.17-20
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Yan, Hao, Zhihua Li, Zhonghai Yan, Xiuying Li, Xiaomei Li, Lin Yu, Chunhong Su, and Dunjin Chen. "Methotrexate Induces Apoptosis of Postpartum Placental Cytotrophoblasts." Cells Tissues Organs 203, no. 4 (2017): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452947.
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Background: Though methotrexate (MTX) is known to inhibit proliferation of trophoblasts derived from ectopic and intrauterine pregnancies, its action on trophoblasts derived from postpartum placenta remains questionable. This study was designed to ascertain the efficacy of MTX in inducing cell death of postpartum placental cytotrophoblasts (PPTC). Methodology: Primary human cytotrophoblasts were isolated from placentae of 1st and 2nd trimester intrauterine pregnancies and from postpartum placentae. The isolated trophoblasts were identified based on the expression of cytokeratin 7. MTX-induced inhibition of proliferation of cytotrophoblasts was detected by flow cytometry combined with the WST-1 assay. Secretion of HCG-β and invasiveness were evaluated to assess the effect of MTX on blocking the differentiated cellular function of cytotrophoblasts in relation to the gestational age. The efficacy of MTX in inducing apoptosis of cytotrophoblasts was estimated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Results: MTX significantly inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of cytotrophoblasts. MTX-induced cell apoptosis of PPTC was confirmed by increased expression of Fas, FasL, Bax, cleaved caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9, and decreased expression of Bcl-2. Conclusion: MTX inhibits replication and differentiation of cytotrophoblasts and appears to be an efficient inducer of PPTC apoptosis.
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Duello, T. M., P. J. Bertics, D. L. Fulgham, and P. J. Van Ess. "Localization of epidermal growth factor receptors in first- and third-trimester human placentas." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 42, no. 7 (July 1994): 907–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/42.7.8014474.
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Studies to date have demonstrated epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors primarily on the outer plasma membrane of the human placental syncytiotrophoblasts facing maternal blood and to a lesser extent on the cytotrophoblast stem cells. In the present studies, first- and third-trimester human placental tissues were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to the EGF binding domain of the human EGF receptor or to the activated (tyrosine-phosphorylated) human EGF receptor. Cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, and fetal connective tissue cells in first-trimester tissues immunostained with both MAb, with the notable exception of the absence of staining of activated EGF receptor over cytotrophoblast plasma membranes. In contrast, staining of third-trimester placentas with either MAb yielded little to no staining of either trophoblast cell layer but intense staining of fetal connective tissue cells. Staining for EGF receptors over cytotrophoblasts in the first trimester is consistent with the hypothesis that maternal EGF or TGF-alpha derived from the endometrium or placenta may be the mitogen responsible for cytotrophoblast cell division and that the receptors localized to the syncytiotrophoblast are involved in EGF regulation of differentiated function. The absence of heavy staining of activated EGF receptor on trophoblast plasma membranes in third-trimester placentas is consistent with down-regulation of EGF receptor activity.
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Zalud, Ivica, Jennifer Holzman, and Marguerite Lisa Bartholomew. "Ultrasound of the Placenta." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, no. 4 (2007): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1119.
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Abstract This review covers ultrasound evaluation of the normal and abnormal placenta with clinical correlation. Normal placental function is essential for a healthy pregnancy outcome as well as for maternal, fetal, childhood, and adult health. Abnormal placental function may result in a compromised pregnancy, creating pathology for the fetus and mother alike. Despite the fact that placental anatomy, function, and location has far-reaching effects for the parents and the developing offspring, ultrasound examination of the placenta is often considered secondary to the fetus by expectant parents and sonographers as well. Location, size, shape, and architecture are easily ascertained with two-dimensional techniques. Three-dimensional ultrasound and Doppler techniques have opened up the frontier of placental function and have set the stage to make placental evaluation as fascinating as that of the fetus. Learning objectives To assess normal placenta by ultrasound. To discuss abnormal placenta and umbilical cord. To understand placentation in multiple gestation.
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Sawa, Hiroki, Hiroyuki Ukita, Minoru Fukuda, Hajime Kamada, Isamu Saito, and Björn öbrink. "Spatiotemporal Expression of C-CAM in the Rat Placenta." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 45, no. 7 (July 1997): 1021–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549704500711.
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We investigated the expression of the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule, C-CAM, in developing and mature rat placenta. By immunohistochemical staining at the light microscopic level, no C-CAM-expression was seen before Day 9 of gestation, when it appeared in the trophoblasts of ectoplacental cones. On Day 10.5, spongiotrophoblasts and invasive trophoblasts around the maternal vessels of the decidua basalis were stained positively. On Day 12.5, C-CAM was detected in the spongiotrophoblasts of the junctional layer, but labyrinth trophoblasts and secondary giant trophoblasts were not stained. On Day 17.5, C-CAM was found only in the labyrinth and lacunae of the junctional layer. At this stage, both the labyrinth cytotrophoblasts of the maternal blood vessels and the endothelial cells of the embryonic capillaries were strongly stained. Placental tissues from gestational Days 12.5 and 17.5 were analyzed by immunoelectron microscopy to determine the location of C-CAM at the subcellular level. On Day 12.5, positive staining of the spongiotrophoblasts was observed, mainly on surface membranes and microvilli between loosely associated cells. On Day 17.5, staining was found primarily on the microvilli of the maternal luminal surfaces of the labyrinth cytotrophoblasts, and both on the luminal surface and in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of the embryonic vessels. RT-PCR analysis and Southern blotting of the PCR products revealed expression of mRNA species for both of the major isoforms, C-CAM1 and C-CAM2. Immunoblotting analysis of C-CAM isolated from 12.5-day and 14.5-day placentae showed that it appeared as a broad band with an apparent molecular mass of 110–170 kD. In summary, C-CAM was strongly expressed in a specific spatiotemporal pattern in trophoblasts actively involved in formation of the placental tissue, suggesting an important role in placental development. In the mature placenta, C-CAM expression was confined to the trophoblastic and endothelial cells lining the maternal and embryonic vessels, respectively, suggesting important functions in placental physiology.
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Novis, Maria Inês, Ana Paula Carvalhal Moura, Agnes de Paula Fernandes Watanabe, Luciana Carla Longo e. Pereira, Gisele Warmbrand, and Giuseppe D'Ippolito. "Placental magnetic resonance imaging: normal appearance, anatomical variations, and pathological findings." Radiologia Brasileira 54, no. 2 (April 2021): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2020.0010.
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Abstract Placental magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been increasingly requested, especially for the evaluation of suspected cases of placental adhesive disorders, generally known as placenta accreta. Abdominal radiologists need to become familiar with normal placental anatomy, anatomical variations, the current terminology, and major placental diseases that, although rare, are important causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this didactic pictorial essay is to illustrate various findings on placental MRI, as well as to emphasize the importance of communication between radiologists and obstetricians in the search for best practices in the management of the affected patients.
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Soliman, Natasha. "HOW IT WORKS 5: PHYSIOLOGICAL BIRTH OF THE PLACENTA." Practising Midwife 27, no. 02 (March 1, 2024): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55975/nuap7898.
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In this article I talk about physiological birth of the placenta by exploring the anatomy and physiology of the placenta and its role in childbirth, pairing this with the skills required to facilitate a physiological placental birth. It is important for midwives to understand the anatomy and physiology behind the skill set required to provide care during physiological birth of the placenta and to understand how midwifery practice can influence achieving this for women and birthing people.
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Naganuma, H., H. Ohtani, N. Harada, and H. Nagura. "Immunoelectron microscopic localization of aromatase in human placenta and ovary using microwave fixation." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 10 (October 1990): 1427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.10.2401783.
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In this study we investigated the immunohistochemical localization of a unique aromatase, a single protein of 51,000 daltons, in the human placenta and ovary at light and electron microscopic levels. Microwave fixation was adopted for the immunoelectron microscopic study because it is an excellent method for preserving antigenicity and subcellular structures in frozen sections. Tissue samples from four immature human placentas, four full-term human placentas, and two human ovaries fixed in 10% formalin were examined by light microscopy. In addition, tissues from three full-term human placentas and one immature human placenta fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde were examined by electron microscopy. By light microscopy, immunoreactivity for this aromatase was located in the syncytiotrophoblast and a part of the cytotrophoblast of the placenta and in the lutein and granulosa cells of the ovary. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the aromatase antigen was localized on the surface of the microvilli, the lateral plasma membrane, and in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta. The positive immunoreactivity in the syncytiotrophoblast ER is consistent with previous results using antibodies for other types of aromatase, whereas the reactivity on the microvilli has not been previously described. The present report describes the fine localization of this unique aromatase in placental and ovarian tissues; its localization on the plasma membranes requires further physiological investigation.
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Qureshi M. A, Shaikh B. A, Mangi M.M, and Bhurgri G.R. "Morphological and Histological Changes in Placentae of Hypertensive Women." JMMC 4, no. 2 (May 8, 2014): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.62118/jmmc.v4i2.344.
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Objective: To determine the changes in placentae in pregnant ladies suffering from pregnancy induced Hypertension.Research Design: A cross sectional studyPlace and duration: Sampling was done of the patients from the OPD’s of Taluka hospital Hala and basic healthunit Hala old, with collaboration of department of Anatomy, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, from june-2011-Dec- 2011Material and Methods: Placentae were preserved in 10% formalin of Merck Company and studied macroscopically as well as microscopically. These features include shape, size, and site of attachment of umbilical cord,central thickness and diameter (in centimeter, diameters) and weights (in grams) of fully developed placentae.Microscopic feature will include infarction, placental haemorrhage, villous edema, hyper vascularity and increaseproduction of syncytial epithelial knots.Results: Central thickness (Mean ± S.D ± SEM) of hypertensive placenta 2.2 ± 0.58 ± 0.11 were significantlyless (p<0.01) as compared to normal placenta 3.0 ± 0.03 ± 0.01. Hypertensive placenta diameter 19.5 ± 5.10 ±0.93), weight 524.4 ± 154.7 ± 28.4.Conclusion: Eclampsia causes significant morphological changes in placenta that affects fetal and maternalwellbeing. This study is helpful for those who are concerned for mother and child health.Keywords: Placentae, Eclampsia, Macroscopy, Microscopically.
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Dumitru, Catalin, Izabella Petre, Marius Craina, Lavinia Cristina Moleriu, Nicolae Suciu, Carolina Gobjila, Elena Pop, Alina Sisu, Daniela Radu, and Roxana Oancea. "The Study of Placental Vascularization Using Type AGO II Plastic Substances." Materiale Plastice 56, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.19.1.5145.
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Placental blood circulation has certain features that allow the exchange of nutrients between the maternal and fetus blood, respectively allow exchanges of nutrients between the mother and the fetus. We studied 50 human placentas. The method used in the case of our study is a standardized method of the Laboratory of Anatomy and Embryology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, for over 50 years. The making of corrosion concoction followed the recipe of the laboratory using type AGO II plastic substances, differently coloured and then subjected to the corrosive action of hydrochloric acid. The model of corrosion preparations showed the distributions known as dichotomic and magisterial distribution. The normal development of placenta remains a major factor in the growth and development of the fetus, and maternal-fetal vasculature in the placenta is essential in this regard.
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Aman, Shehla, Sher Zamir, Jamshed Khan, Sarah Yunus, Sadaf Rasheed, Usman Ullah, and Fidaullah Wazir. "WEIGHT AND VOLUME OF PLACENTA IN NORMOTENSIVE PREGNANCIES VERSUS PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION." Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46903/gjms/16.02.1889.
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Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertension adversely affects the development of placenta and growth of fetus. The objective of the study was to compare the weight and volume of placentae in normotensive pregnancies versus patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Material & Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, from January 2014 to October 2014. Sample size was 150. Consecutive sampling technique was used. Inclusion criteria was pregnant women of all ages and parity. Grouping variable was presence of PIH with two attributes of yes and no. Research variables were placental weight in grams and placental volume in milliliters. A total of 150 placentae with the cord were collected after delivery from pregnant women, from the labour room of obstetric unit, DHQ Teaching Hospital, D.I.Khan. Structured proforma was used to record the presence or otherwise of PIH. Subjects were divided into two groups on basis of presence or absence of PIH; group A with 50 normotensive pregnant females and group B with 100 patients with PIH. Placental weight and volume were measured in terms of mean ± SD, whereas categorical variables as frequency and percentage. Students t test was used in Social Sciences Online calculator. Results: Out of 150 patients, 50 were normotensive and 100 were having PIH. Mean weight of placentae in groups A and B were 421.40±17.90 g and 320.60 ±14.95 g respectively whereas mean volume of placentae in groups A and B were 396.10±10.40 ml and 280.50 ±10.35 ml respectively. (p
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Hamidi, Odessa P., Avi Hameroff, Allen Kunselman, William M. Curtin, Risha Sinha, and Serdar H. Ural. "Placental thickness on ultrasound and neonatal birthweight." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 47, no. 3 (April 24, 2019): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2018-0100.
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Abstract Objective To investigate the relationship between maximal placental thickness during routine anatomy scan and birthweight at delivery. Methods This retrospective descriptive study analyzed 200 term, singleton deliveries in 2016 at Penn State Hershey Medical Center. We measured maximal placental thickness in the sagittal plane from the ultrasound images of the placenta obtained at the 18–21-week fetal anatomy screen. The relationship between placental thickness and neonatal birthweight was assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Logistic regression was used to assess the association between placental thickness and secondary binary outcomes of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission and poor Apgar scores. Two-sample t-tests, or exact Wilcoxon rank-sum test for non-normally distributed data, were used to assess for differences attributable to medical comorbidities (pre-gestational diabetes, gestational diabetes, chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia). Results Placental thickness had a positive correlation with neonatal birthweight [r=0.18, 95% CI=(0.05, 0.32)]. The mean placental thickness measured 34.2±9.7 mm. The strength of the correlation remained similar when adjusting for gestational age (r=0.20) or excluding medical comorbidities (r=0.19). There was no association between placental thickness and NICU admission, Apgar scores <7 or medical comorbidities. Conclusion Our study demonstrated a positive correlation between sonographic placental thickness and birthweight. Future prospective studies are warranted in order to further investigate whether a clinically significant correlation exists while adjusting for more covariates.
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Nikitenko, Leonid, Geoffrey Morgan, Sergei I. Kolesnikov, and F. B. Peter Wooding. "Immunocytochemical and In Situ Hybridization Studies of the Distribution of Calbindin D9k in the Bovine Placenta Throughout Pregnancy." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 46, no. 5 (May 1998): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549804600513.
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The fetus must transport considerable and increasing amounts of calcium across the placental trophoblast epithelium to support growth and development and bone formation. Active calcium transport across epithelia has been shown to correlate with calbindin D9k or 28k content. This study examined the distribution of calbindin D9k (9CBP) protein and mRNA during pregnancy in the bovine placenta to determine its possible role in calcium transport in this system. The immunocytochemical results show 9CBP in an increasing percentage of interplacentomal uninucleate trophoblast cells until, at term, all show a level at least eight times that of any other placental cell. There is a similar, although smaller, rise in their 9CBP mRNA content. The mature interplacentomal binucleate cell (∼5% of the total) contains no 9CBP at any stage of pregnancy. In interplacentomal uterine epithelium, 9CBP protein and mRNA decrease to zero in late pregnancy but the glands maintain constant low levels throughout. In the placentome trophoblast, uninucleate cells show insignificant amounts but binucleate cells (15–20% of the total trophoblast cells) contain considerable levels of both 9CBP protein and mRNA, as do all the uninucleate uterine epithelial cells. The placentomal binucleate cells show peak values at mid-pregnancy; the placentomal uterine epithelium shows only small changes in levels in the second half of pregnancy. Increase in fetal calcium demand in the second half of pregnancy therefore correlates with a major increase in 9CBP only in the interplacentomal trophoblast, as we have also shown in the sheep and goat, indicating an important role for this region in active calcium transport by the ruminant placenta. The 9CBP is distributed uniformly in the cytosol and nucleoplasm, supporting a role in facilitated diffusion of calcium through the cell rather than a vesicular shuttle system.
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Morrish, D. W., H. Marusyk, and D. Bhardwaj. "Ultrastructural localization of human placental lactogen in distinctive granules in human term placenta: comparison with granules containing human chorionic gonadotropin." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 36, no. 2 (February 1988): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/36.2.2447154.
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Human placental lactogen (hPL) is known to originate in the syncytiotrophoblast, as demonstrated by light microscopic peroxidase and immunofluorescent staining. However, ultrastructural localization of hPL has not previously been performed. In these experiments, immunostaining of electron microscopic sections using protein A-gold and avidin-biotin complex techniques was used to study hPL and human chorionic gonadotropin (beta hCG) localization in first trimester and term placentae. HPL was localized in many small (0.12-0.25 micron) granules. In contrast, beta hCG was found in large (0.40-1.2 micron) granule complexes. The results therefore demonstrate that these two hormones are stored in two morphologically distinct types of cytoplasmic granules. Since hPL and hCG have different secretory mechanisms, this methodology will be useful in studying these differing mechanisms in human placenta.
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Jahnavi, C., and Gomathy E. "A case series on abnormal placenta accreta spectrum in a rural tertiary care centre." Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research 9, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijogr.2022.030.
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Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a potentially life-threatening obstetric condition that requires a multidisciplinary approach to management. The main complication of PAS is due to it’s massive obstetric haemorrhage which leads to maternal morbidity and mortality. The incidence of placenta accreta spectrum increases day by day due to an alarming increase in caesarean section rates. Depending on the range of invasiveness, The Placenta accreta spectrum is classified as placenta accreta, placenta increta and placenta percreta. The etiology of placenta accreta spectrum is that a defect of the endometrial–myometrial interface leading to failure of normal decidualization in the area of a uterine scar, which allows abnormally deep placental anchoring villi and trophoblast infiltration. In recent times, prenatal ultrasound scanning with gray scale imaging and color Doppler imaging seems to be an excellent tool for screening of PAS.We report here a series of 5 cases of Placenta Accreta who reported to hospital as Bleeding P/v or USG scan report showing Abnormal Placental invasion or Placental Position. Patients reported were posted for Emergency LSCS under definitive indications but underwent Peripartum hysterectomy. The Ultrasound findings were subsequently confirmed at surgery and proven on histopathological examination. Peripartum hysterectomy remains the life saving procedure over conservative methods for PPH secondary to Abnormal Placental invasion.
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Honig, Arnd, Lorenz Rieger, Michaela Kapp, Johannes Dietl, and Ulrike Kämmerer. "Immunohistochemistry in Human Placental Tissue—Pitfalls of Antigen Detection." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 53, no. 11 (June 13, 2005): 1413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.5a6664.2005.
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Because incongruous controversial staining results are a common phenomenon in the placenta, methodical investigations are important to prevent researchers from obtaining misleading results. While investigating dendritic cells (DC) at the human fetomaternal interface, we observed staining of endothelial cells (EC) in chorionic villi for CD83. Given the high specificity of this antigen for DC, this did not seem credible. Previous studies had revealed the same surprising staining pattern with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G antibodies. We therefore analyzed human placental EC staining more closely. Both CD83 and HLA-G antibodies were of the same mouse IgG2b isotype. We also observed EC staining with a panel of control antibodies of the IgG2b isotype. This suggests a high affinity of human placental capillaries for mouse IgG2b. Several commonly used techniques for blocking nonspecific binding of antibodies could not prevent this nonspecific EC staining. A new preincubation step with purified human IgG was introduced. This abolished any placental EC staining with CD83, HLA-G, and IgG2b isotype control antibodies, presumably by blocking Fc receptors, whereas specific staining patterns remained unchanged. Mouse antibody of the IgG2b isotype are bound nonspecifically by vascular endothelial cells in human placenta and this can be overcome by blocking with purified human IgG. This blocking procedure could also be appropriate for frozen tissues other than placenta in which Fc receptors are expressed.
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Ashwal, Eran, Jasmine Ali-Gami, Amir Aviram, Stefania Ronzoni, Elad Mei-Dan, John Kingdom, and Nir Melamed. "Contribution of Second Trimester Sonographic Placental Morphology to Uterine Artery Doppler in the Prediction of Placenta-Mediated Pregnancy Complications." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 6759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226759.
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Background: Second-trimester uterine artery Doppler is a well-established tool for the prediction of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. At delivery, placentas from affected pregnancies may have gross pathologic findings. Some of these features are detectable by ultrasound, but the relative importance of placental morphologic assessment and uterine artery Doppler in mid-pregnancy is presently unclear. Objective: To characterize the association of second-trimester sonographic placental morphology markers with placenta-mediated complications and determine whether these markers are predictive of placental dysfunction independent of uterine artery Doppler. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with a singleton pregnancy at high risk of placental complications who underwent a sonographic placental study at mid-gestation (160/7−246/7 weeks’ gestation) in a single tertiary referral center between 2016–2019. The sonographic placental study included assessment of placental dimensions (length, width, and thickness), placental texture appearance, umbilical cord anatomy, and uterine artery Doppler (mean pulsatility index and early diastolic notching). Placental area and volume were calculated based on placental length, width, and thickness. Continuous placental markers were converted to multiples on medians (MoM). The primary outcome was a composite of early-onset preeclampsia and birthweight <3rd centile. Results: A total of 429 eligible patients were identified during the study period, of whom 45 (10.5%) experienced the primary outcome. The rate of the primary outcome increased progressively with decreasing placental length, width, and area, and increased progressively with increasing mean uterine artery pulsatility index (PI). By contrast, placental thickness followed a U-shaped relationship with the primary outcome. Placental length, width, and area, mean uterine artery PI and bilateral uterine artery notching were all associated with the primary outcome. However, in the adjusted analysis, the association persisted only for placenta area (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.21, 95%-confidence interval [CI] 0.06–0.73) and mean uterine artery PI (aOR 11.71, 95%-CI 3.84–35.72). The area under the ROC curve was highest for mean uterine artery PI (0.80, 95%-CI 0.71–0.89) and was significantly higher than that of placental area (0.67, 95%-CI 0.57–0.76, p = 0.44). A model that included both mean uterine artery PI and placental area did not significantly increase the area under the curve (0.82, 95%-CI 0.74–0.90, p = 0.255), and was associated with a relatively minor increase in specificity for the primary outcome compared with mean uterine artery PI alone (63% [95%-CI 58–68%] vs. 52% [95%-CI 47%−57%]). Conclusion: Placental area is independently associated with the risk of placenta-mediated complications yet, when combined with uterine artery Doppler, did not further improve the prediction of such complications compared with uterine artery Doppler alone.
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Singal, Sahil S., Karen Nygard, Robert Gratton, Thomas Jansson, and Madhulika B. Gupta. "Increased Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1 Phosphorylation in Decidualized Stromal Mesenchymal Cells in Human Intrauterine Growth Restriction Placentas." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 66, no. 9 (May 2, 2018): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155418772574.
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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is often caused by placental insufficiency, which is believed to be associated with decreased delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the placental barrier. We recently reported that hypoxia and/or leucine deprivation triggered hyperphosphorylation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in decidualized human immortalized endometrial stromal cells (HIESCs), resulting in decreased insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) bioactivity. To test the hypothesis that human IUGR is associated with increased decidual IGFBP-1 phosphorylation at discrete sites, we used IUGR and gestational age matched appropriate for gestational age (AGA) placentas ( n=5 each). We performed dual immunofluorescence immunohistochemistry (IHC) using IGFBP-1 and vimentin as decidual and mesenchymal markers, respectively. Employing a unique strategy with imaging software, we extracted signal intensity of IGFBP-1 expressed specifically from truly decidualized cells of the placenta. Relative IGFBP-1 was increased (85%; p=0.0001) and using custom phospho-site-specific antibodies, we found that IGFBP-1 phosphorylation (pSer101; +40%, p=0.0677/pSer119; +60%, p=0.0064/pSer169; +100%, p=0.0021) was markedly enhanced in IUGR. Together, our data links for the first time, increased decidual IGFBP-1 phosphorylation at discrete sites with human IUGR. These novel findings suggest that hyperphosphorylation of IGFBP-1 in decidualized stromal mesenchymal decidua basalis contributes to potentially elevated levels of phosphorylated IGFBP-1 in maternal circulation in IUGR pregnancies.
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Mikkelsen, Emmeli, Henrik Lauridsen, Per Mose Nielsen, Haiyun Qi, Thomas Nørlinger, Maria Dahl Andersen, Niels Uldbjerg, Christoffer Laustsen, Puk Sandager, and Michael Pedersen. "The chinchilla as a novel animal model of pregnancy." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 4 (April 2017): 161098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.161098.
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Several parameters are important when choosing the most appropriate animal to model human obstetrics, including gestation period, number of fetuses per gestation and placental structure. The domesticated long-tailed chinchilla ( Chinchilla lanigera ) is a well-suited and appropriate animal model of pregnancy that often will carry only one offspring and has a long gestation period of 105–115 days. Furthermore, the chinchilla placenta is of the haemomonochorial labyrinthine type and is therefore comparable to the human villous haemomonochorial placenta. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated the feasibility in laboratory settings, and demonstrated the potential of the pregnant chinchilla as an animal model for obstetric research and its potential usefulness for non-invasive measurements in the placenta. We demonstrate measurements of the placental and fetal metabolism (demonstrated in vivo by hyperpolarized MRI and in vitro by qPCR analyses), placental vessels (demonstrated ex vivo by contrast-enhanced CT angiography) and overall anatomy (demonstrated in vivo by whole-body CT).
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Schiessl, Barbara, Ioannis Mylonas, Peer Hantschmann, Christina Kuhn, Sandra Schulze, Susi Kunze, Klaus Friese, and Udo Jeschke. "Expression of Endothelial NO Synthase, Inducible NO Synthase, and Estrogen Receptors Alpha and Beta in Placental Tissue of Normal, Preeclamptic, and Intrauterine Growth-restricted Pregnancies." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 53, no. 12 (June 27, 2005): 1441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.4a6480.2005.
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In the physiology of placental blood circulation, nitric oxide (NO) synthases seem to play important roles, although their expression in pathological placentas and their role is still unclear. In addition, NO synthase activation seems to be related to estrogen receptor expression. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the expression of estrogen receptors alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor beta (ER and the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) placentas, preeclamptic placentas, and in normal healthy control placentas. Slides of paraffin-embedded placental tissue were obtained after delivery from patients diagnosed with IUGR, preeclampsia, and normal term placentas and analyzed for eNOS, iNOS as well as ERα and ERβ expression. Intensity of immunohistochemical reaction was analyzed using a semiquantitative score and statistical analysis was performed. In addition, Western blot experiments were performed for comparison of staining intensities obtained by immunohis-tochemistry and western blot. Expression of eNOS, iNOS, and ERβ is significantly reduced in trophoblast cells of placentas with IUGR. However, preeclamptic placentas demonstrated a significant elevated expression intensity of these proteins compared with normal controls. A different expression of eNOS, iNOS, ERα, and ERβ by human trophoblast cells seems to results in lower NO output and impaired trophoblast invasion. Results obtained in our study provide evidence that reduced expression of the investigated proteins is related to IUGR.
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Mitrofanova, Irina V., Elena D. Lutsai, and Elizaveta N. Sirik. "Specific features of human placenta anatomy in pregnancy achieved by in vitro fertilization." Science and Innovations in Medicine 8, no. 3 (September 8, 2023): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35693/2500-1388-2023-8-3-148-153.
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Aim to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative morphological characteristics of placentas of pregnant women after in vitro fertilization (IVF) registered in the prenatal period and after birth.
Material and methods. The retrospective study of medical records of pregnant and puerperia women focused on the chorion and placenta parameters registered by ultrasound examinations in the I, II, III trimesters. The patients' inclusion criteria were singleton pregnancy and birth at 37-41 weeks' gestation. The types of assisted reproductive technologies and delivery were not specified in this study. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to their age: 1 Group I period of adulthood, 2 Group II period of adulthood. The postpartum placenta morphometry included registration of shape, diameter, weight, thickness of the placenta, the place of attachment and length of the umbilical cord, the type of vessels branching.
Results. 1. The ultrasound characteristics of the placenta anatomy during pregnancy achieved by IVF are generally normal and do not have specific features.
The pathological location of the chorion in the uterine cavity in the first trimester of pregnancy is characterized by a risk factor the older age group.
The weight of the placenta during full-term pregnancy after in vitro fertilization is higher than normal, its average area is larger due to a decrease in thickness.
A large proportion of pathological (sheath) attachment of the umbilical cord can lead to more frequent complications of pregnancy acute placental insufficiency.
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Bonte, Diana Camelia, Olivera Iordache, Izabella Petre, Marius Craina, Veronica Daniela Chiriac, Dana Stoian, Lavinia Cristina Moleriu, and Alina Sisu. "Macroscopic Examination of Placental Vascularization with a Corrosive Agent in Pregnant Women Diagnosed with Thrombophilia." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.4.4924.
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The normal development of the placenta is a major factor in the fetus s growth and development, whilst the maternal-fetal placental vasculature is essential in this regard. During placentation, there is an ongoing process, which combines angiogenesis with vasculogenesis, as demonstrated by numerous studies, which reveal important roles of various known angiogenic factors, while other studies show the roles of different classes of factors in vascular morphogenesis nonspecific to the placenta. The method used in the case of our study is a standardized method of the Laboratory of Anatomy and Embryology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, for over 50 years. The making of corrosion concoction followed the recipe of the laboratory using type AGO II plastic substances, differently colored and then subjected to the corrosive action of hydrochloric acid. During the routine check outs all the pregnant woman�s were diagnosed with thrombophilia. The examination of the placental parameters - shape, weight, thickness - is important as a preliminary stage for the study of the placental architecture. The normal placental development remains a major factor in the growth and development of the fetus, and the maternal-fetal placental vasculature is essential in this regard. Placental angiogenesis has a different local component of angiogenesis, found in other anatomical regions.
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Leitner, Karl, Roman Szlauer, Isabella Ellinger, Adolf Ellinger, Klaus-Peter Zimmer, and Renate Fuchs. "Placental Alkaline Phosphatase Expression at the Apical and Basal Plasma Membrane in Term Villous Trophoblasts." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 49, no. 9 (September 2001): 1155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540104900909.
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Human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) was localized at the apical and basal plasma membrane of syncytiotrophoblasts and at the surface of cytotrophoblasts in term chorionic villi using immunoelectron microscopy. Similarly, apical and basolateral PLAP expression was found in polarized trophoblast-derived BeWo cells. Trophoblasts isolated from term placentas exhibited mainly vesicular PLAP immunofluorescence staining immediately after isolation. After in vitro differentiation into syncytia, PLAP plasma membrane expression was upregulated and exceeded that observed in mononuclear trophoblasts. These data call for caution in using PLAP as a morphological marker to differentiate syncytiotrophoblasts from cytotrophoblasts or as a marker enzyme for placental brush-border membranes. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:1155–1164, 2001)
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Narayanan, S., T. Mohamed, and N. Shankar. "Cord centrality and eccentricity indices of the placenta and their associations." Journal of Morphological Sciences 32, no. 03 (July 2015): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.076414.
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Abstract Introduction: The shape of the placenta and position of umbilical cord insertion are associated with perinatal outcome. Cord centrality index (CCI) is a measure of the distance of the umbilical cord insertion from the center of the placenta. Eccentricity index (EI) is a measure of placental shape. Hyrtl's anastomosis (HA) connects the two umbilical arteries and helps to equalize pressure differences. The hypothesis of the study was that there would be a significant correlation between the diameter of HA and the CCI and EI. Materials and Methods: The maximum length, maximum breadth, and distance of the umbilical cord insertion from the center were estimated using Image J software on superior view digital photographs of 88 placentae. The CCI and EI were then calculated. Relevant diameters were measured, and the twist of each umbilical cord was categorized as left and right. Strength of association was estimated using Spearman's correlation, and the independent sample T test for estimating group differences. Results: The mean values of the CCI and EI were 0.41±0.19 and 0.42±0.17. A significant correlation was noted with the diameter of HA between both CCI (0.237, p = 0.029) and EI (-0.252, p = 0.020). No significant differences were observed in the CCI and EI between cords with right and left twist. Conclusion: A greater diameter of the HA is likely be indicative of a higher difference in the blood flow between the umbilical arteries which in turn could influence the placental shape and umbilical cord insertion.
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De Paepe, Monique E., Sarah Burke, Francois I. Luks, Halit Pinar, and Don B. Singer. "Demonstration of Placental Vascular Anatomy in Monochorionic Twin Gestations." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 5, no. 1 (January 2002): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10024-001-0089-z.
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Invasive treatment modalities for severe chronic twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), such as fetoscopic laser coagulation of communicating vessels, have revived the need for detailed studies of placental angioar-chitecture. We describe a practical placental vascular injection technique using alcohol-resistant tissue-staining dyes. Injection of color-coded gelatin-dye mixtures effectively delineated the intertwin vasculature, and allowed unequivocal macroscopic classification of vascular communications as artery-to-artery, vein-to-vein, or deep artery–to-vein anastomoses. The existence of deep artery–to-vein anastomoses was further confirmed by light microscopic demonstration of venous dye of one twin and arterial dye of the opposite twin within the same stem villus. Furthermore, the injection technique allowed determination of the caliber of the anastomoses, the direction of the artery-to-vein anastomoses, and the relative vascular territory of each twin. Documenting the vascular communications in monochorionic twin placentas with and without TTTS may enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic TTTS. Correlating the anastomotic patterns and location of the laser coagulation scars with post-ablation outcome will aid in the design of rational therapeutic methods for this often lethal condition.
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Vijaianand M, Geeta Anasuya D, Sheela Grace Jeevamani, and Sutha S. "Comparative Histological study of Normal human placentae with Hypertensive placentae in Western part of Tamilnadu state (Kongunadu region)." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 2.1 (April 15, 2021): 7948–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.115.
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Background: Placenta forms an intimate bonding between the mother and the foetus. Apart from gaseous exchange, transport of nutrients from mother to the foetus, any disease or disorder affecting the mother also reflects the foetus. Hypertension during antenatal period produces maternal vasospasm and vascular damage due to luminal constriction of uterine spiral arterioles causing histological changes in the placenta and ultimately leads to foetal hypoxia and death. Aim of the study: To compare the histological features between the normal and hypertensive placenta. Materials and Methods: 30 normal and 30 hypertensive placentae were collected, processed in the Department of Anatomy, Karpagam Faculty of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, and visualised under light microscope and their histological features are noted. Results: Various histological features obtained are Syncytial knots, Fibrinoid necrosis, Calcification of Placenta, Placental infarction, Stromal fibrosis, Hypovascularity of Villous, Intervillous fibrin deposition and Basement membrane thickening. Conclusion: In our study, the histological features are more prominent and their areas in microscopic field is noted more in hypertensive placentae than normal placentae.Histtological features are mainly due to maternal vasospasm and vascular endothelial injury.The statistical analysis calculated for the histological features was found to be significant. KEY WORDS: Placenta, Hypertension, Histology, Syncytial knots, Calcification.
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Domagała, Zygmunt, Agnieszka Pinkowska, Aleksandra Piotrowska, Jurand Domański, Victoria Tarkowski, Aleksandra Zimmer-Stelmach, and Jakub Śliwa. "Utility of the Movat pentachrome stain technique in the microanatomical analysis of the human placenta." Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology 126, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13882.
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The efficacy and utility of pentachrome staining has been demonstrated in many studies on diverse human body tissues. Movat pentachrome technique is used for multicolor staining of tissue sections and vascular and stroma visualization. So far, the utility of this method for microanatomical evaluation of placental structures has not been demonstrated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the image of normal placenta and to develop some reference images for future evaluation of pathological tissues based on this technique. Material and method. The study was carried out on 21 paraffin slices taken from seven mature human placenta of single pregnant women without significant pathology and completed with a planned, elective Caesarean section. All paraffin slices were used for preparation of tissue microarrays and then performing a histochemical staining (HE and Movat). Results. On the basis of the collected material, microscopic analysis enabled the identification of normal placental villi - terminal villi,mature intermediate villi and stem villi. Moreover the maternal part of placenta was visualized. It is worth emphasizing that in each case not only the trophoblast but also the stroma structures were visualized. Conclusions. This study proved the effectiveness and usefulness of Movat imaging of placenta especially in visualization of the stroma.
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Ahmed, Sami, and Brijesh Kumar Aghera. "A study on association of placental morphometry with newborn anthropometry." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 7, no. 4 (January 15, 2021): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2020.077.
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Fetal improvement is the fundamental part of maternal supplement stores & compelling transportation through the placenta. Consequently, any distinction in the placenta brings about inconsistent fetal advancement results of expanded danger of delayed sicknesses in the neonatal. This investigation was expected to find the impact of placental morphometry on infant anthropometry.In current study lacentae were obtained from Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit & pacific medical college & hospital Udaipur and study was conducted in the Dept. of Anatomy, Geetanjali M.C. and Hospital, Udaipur (Rajasthan) from August 2018 to November 2019, by using standard operating methods in a pre-designed & pre-tested format, distributions of placental morphology & newborn anthropometry are stated in percentage & box plots, evaluation of variance is used to study the differences in means of placental morphometry in various groups of newborn anthropometry. The Means & SD of placental morphometry; weight, volume, surface area & thickness were found to be 440 ± 100gm, 386 ± 101 ml, 230 ± 50 cm sq, & 2.1±0.4cm respectively, whereas Mean for birth weight & length found to be 2700±500 gm & 46.6 ±2.5cm of newborn. Placental morphometry & newborn anthropometry improved significantly with pregnancy. The study extrapolates that maternal pre-pregnancy & during pregnancy condition status along with placental morphology determines neonatal health status. Hence, variations in the maternal nutrient status lead to an adverse gestational outcome.
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Bayer, Carolyn. "Photoacoustic imaging for assessment of abnormal placental function during pregnancy." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018421.
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Insufficient placental function is a comorbidity of many pregnancy pathologies, including preeclampsia, and may be a driver of epigenetic changes affecting the future health of mother and child. Existing ultrasound imaging modalities assess placental anatomy, but provide insufficient information about function, limiting clinical care. Our research develops photoacoustic imaging of placental function to characterize progression and treatment of placental-related diseases. In photoacoustic imaging, short laser pulses generate acoustic signals from light-absorbing chromophores within the tissue. Since the optical absorption of many tissue chromophores is wavelength dependent, by varying the wavelength of the laser, estimates of the tissue composition can be obtained through analytical fitting of the acquired photoacoustic signal to the known optical absorption of the tissue chromophores, termed spectral photoacoustic imaging (sPA). sPA imaging was applied to demonstrate that ischemia of the placenta is a defining condition of preeclampsia in a preclinical animal model of the disease, and that therapeutics demonstrate a mechanism-specific reduction in the extent of ischemia in the preeclamptic placenta. Currently, tissue optical attenuation limits the imaging depth of photoacoustic imaging, but strategies are being developed to improve imaging depth and potentially enable clinical translation.
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Nadyal, Shreyas Raghavan, Sakinala Niveditha, and V. Janaki. "Is vertical transmission that dreadful in COVID 19 pregnancy." Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research 9, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijogr.2022.013.
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: Since the emergence of coronavirus illness in 2019 (COVID-19), there has been discussion on whether pregnant women are more vulnerable to COVID-19 and whether there is any vertical transmission through the placenta.: We describe a collection of thirty placentae collected from pregnant women who were tested at our hospital for SARS cov-2 infection by RT-PCR and turned to be positive. They were divided based on clinical symptoms into asymptomatic, mild and moderate groups before giving birth. We performed a thorough histopathological examination of placental tissue, RTPCR of amniotic fluid and placentae, between April 2021 and July 2021. All were term deliveries (between 37 and 39 gestational weeks). Sixty percent were asymptomatic and 23% had mild symptoms, 17% had moderate symptoms. On histopathologial examination, signs of maternal and/or foetal malperfusion were present in 36.6% of cases, which can be explained by the presence of altered coagulative or microangiopathic state induced by SARS-CoV-2.Inspite of the fact that most of the neonates born to mothers with COVID 19 positive status, were tested negative for SARS CoV 2 by RTPCR, we observed that COVID 19 in term patients admitted for delivery is associated with increased rates of placental histopathological abnormalities particularly fetal vascular malperfusion and villitis of unknown cause. These findings seem to occur even among asymptomatic term patients.
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Zhang, Baozhen, Ruijing Liang, Mingbin Zheng, Lintao Cai, and Xiujun Fan. "Surface-Functionalized Nanoparticles as Efficient Tools in Targeted Therapy of Pregnancy Complications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 15 (July 25, 2019): 3642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153642.
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Minimizing exposure of the fetus to medication and reducing adverse off-target effects in the mother are the primary challenges in developing novel drugs to treat pregnancy complications. Nanomedicine has introduced opportunities for the development of novel platforms enabling targeted delivery of drugs in pregnancy. This review sets out to discuss the advances and potential of surface-functionalized nanoparticles in the targeted therapy of pregnancy complications. We first describe the human placental anatomy, which is fundamental for developing placenta-targeted therapy, and then we review current knowledge of nanoparticle transplacental transport mechanisms. Meanwhile, recent surface-functionalized nanoparticles for targeting the uterus and placenta are examined. Indeed, surface-functionalized nanoparticles could help prevent transplacental passage and promote placental-specific drug delivery, thereby enhancing efficacy and improving safety. We have achieved promising results in targeting the placenta via placental chondroitin sulfate A (plCSA), which is exclusively expressed in the placenta, using plCSA binding peptide (plCSA-BP)-decorated nanoparticles. Others have also focused on using placenta- and uterus-enriched molecules as targets to deliver therapeutics via surface-functionalized nanoparticles. Additionally, we propose that placenta-specific exosomes and surface-modified exosomes might be potential tools in the targeted therapy of pregnancy complications. Altogether, surface-functionalized nanoparticles have great potential value as clinical tools in the targeted therapy of pregnancy complications.
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Bose, Sanjib, Labiba Jabeen, Rafuja Shanto, Afsana Khanam, Rawshon Naznin, and Sharmin Sumi. "Study of Number of Cotyledons of Placenta in Different Gestational Age Groups of Healthy Pregnant Mother of Bangladesh." American Journal of Health Research 12, no. 4 (August 30, 2024): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20241204.15.
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<i>Introduction</i>: The placenta has drawn attention as an important indicator of intrauterine condition of fetus and maternal diseases. The study of number of cotyledons of placenta in different gestational age groups of healthy pregnant mother of Bangladesh is cross sectional descriptive study. <i>Aim of the study</i>: The aim of the study was to study the variation of number of cotyledons of placenta in deferent state of gestational ages of healthy pregnant mother. <i>Methods</i>: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, from January 2018 to December 2018. This study was performed on 80 human placentae. <i>Result</i>: The mean (± SD) number of cotyledon of the placenta was 18.56 (±2.15) in group A, 21.21 (±3.11) in group B and 23.75 (±3.45) in group C. The mean number of cotyledon of the placenta was maximum in group C (23.75) and was minimum in group A (18.56). It was also observed that the mean number of cotyledon of the placenta increased with gestational age. The mean difference of the number of placental cotyledons between groups A and C was statistically moderately significant (p < 0.05) but between A and B and B and C was statistically non-significant (p > 0.05). <i>Conclusion</i>: The placental examination becomes important as it will help in understanding the specific etiologies of adverse outcome. This study has shown that the mean number of cotyledon of the placenta increased with gestational age.
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Aman, Shehla, Sarah Arif, Amir Amanullah, Jamshed Khan, Sarah Yunus, and Usman Ullah. "PLACENTAL DIAMETER AND THICKNESS AND NUMBER OF COTYLEDONS IN MILD AND SEVERE PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSIVE WOMEN VERSUS NORMOTENSIVE WOMEN OF DISTRICT D.I.KHAN, PAKISTAN." Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences 18, no. 4 (August 16, 2021): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46903/gjms/18.04.839.
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Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) adversely affects the development of placenta and growth of fetus. The objectives of this study were to compare the placental diameter, placental thickness and number of cotyledons in mild PIH and severe PIH women versus normotensive women of District D.I.Khan, Pakistan.Material Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from January to October 2014. Three samples were selected; each of size 50, group 1 normotensive/ control, group 2 with mild PIH and group 3 with severe PIH. Three research variables; placental diameter (cm), thickness (mm) and number of cotyledons were measured on ratio scale for three groups. Descriptive analysis included mean± SD with 95% confidence intervals for each group separately. With three groups on ratio data, one way-ANOVA test was applied to see significance of difference between three groups. Post hoc Dunnett’s t test was applied at alpha 0.05 to see difference of mild PIH group 2 to normotensive/ control group 1 and of severe PIH group 3 to normotensive/ control group 1separately.Results: Mean placental diameter was 18.28±2.15, 16.57±1.94 and 16.18±1.75 cm and mean placental thickness was 19.33 ±3.70, 19.18±2.78 and 17.60±3.52 mm in group 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Mean number of cotyledons was 14.42±2.25, 14.08±2.30 and 13.16±2.15 in group 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Placental diameter was statistically significantly lower in group 2 (p=.00001) and 3 (p=.00001) than group 1. Placental thickness in group 2 (p=.957) was similar to group 1, while in group 3 (p=.019) it was lower than group 1. Number of cotyledons in group 2 (p=.666) was similar to group 1, while in group 3 (p=.011) it was lower than group 1.Conclusion: In mild pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), placental diameter was lower than normotensives, while placental thickness and number of cotyledons were similar to normotensives. In severe PIH, placental diameter, placental thickness and number of cotyledons were all lower than normotensives. It is concluded that in mild PIH, the development of placenta is mildly affected, while in severe PIH, the development of placenta is severely affected.
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Padodara, Ramesh Jamnadas, Vivek Kumar Singh, Dhaval Tribhovanbhai Fefar, Amit Rameshbhai Bhadaniya, Anshu Rampal Ahlawat, Harish Hirjibhai Savsani, and Vijay Manoharbhai Mehta. "Gross as well as microscopic anatomy and physiological functions of fetal placenta in Jaffrabadi buffaloes." Buffalo Bulletin 43, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.56825/bufbu.2024.4314022.
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The present study was conducted to know the gross morphology and histo-morphological structure of fetal placenta in Jaffrabadi buffaloes. Parameters like calf weight, placental weight, numbers, and size of cotyledons were observed in Jaffrabadi buffaloes and morphologically, fetal cotyledons were convex and non-pendunculated in Jaffrabadi buffaloes were found. Histological studies of small and large cotyledons showed extensive branching of secondary and tertiary villi that were longer, slender, and well developed in Jaffrabadi buffalo. A less developed basal lamina was seen in small cotyledon whereas developed basal lamina with numerous capillaries and connective tissue were observed in the large cotyledon. The diameter of trophoblast giant cells (TGC) in larger cotyledons were significantly (P<0.05) than the small cotyledons in expelled placenta at full term in Jaffrabadi buffaloes. A distinct distribution of carbohydrate and lipids in cotyledons were observed between large and small cotyledons as evident by acid mucopolysaccharides, neutral polysaccharides, and sudanophilic staining. Specific staining for calcium with Alizarin red stain showed that calcium is not present in a noticeable amount in small and large cotyledons. Isolation and culture of Jaffrabadi placental cells in M-199 medium with antibiotics and 2% FBS results in the efficient production of progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone. This study has shown that trophoblast cells are the actual sites for steroid hormone production. These cultured placental cells (1x106 cells/ ml) produce Progesterone, Estradiol-17β and Testosterone in the range of 1.72 to 2.12, 16.03 to 19.51 and 0.51 to 0.58 ng/ml, respectively in Jaffrabadi buffalo.