Academic literature on the topic 'Placental anatomy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Placental anatomy"
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Hussain, Atif, Nazma Kiran, Nida Qasim Hayat, Sadaf Shaheen, Abdul Hafeez Baloch, and Abdul Rashid. "Compare the Histological Features between the Normal and Hypertensive Placenta." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2022): 1193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221631193.
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Objective: The purpose of the current research was to investigate the morphology and histology of placentas collected from moms who had PIH and to compare those results to placentas taken from women who had normal pregnancies. Study Design: The study was conducted at Anatomy department of Women Medical and Dental College Hospital Abbottabad and Mohi-ud-Din Islamic Medical College, Mirpur, AJK during the period from February 2021 to July 2021. Place and Duration: Observational/comparative study Methods: In this study total 80 pregnancies, 40 normal placenta’s and 40 hypertensive placenta’s were presented. At first, the physical aspects of placentas, also known as their morphological traits, were noted. In order to investigate the histology, pieces of each placenta measuring 5 millimetres in thickness were removed. After this, the tissue underwent further histological processing, after which it was fixed in formal saline at a concentration of 10 percent. It was noted down how much newborns weighed at birth. SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze complete data. Results: Placental weight, size, surface area and number of cotyledons were decreased in hypertensive placentas, whereas regions of infarction, retroplacental clot, and calcification were increased. Hyalinized villi and atherosclerosis have been reported in hypertensive placentas (p0.05). Foetal mortality and morbidity were closely linked to these alterations. We also found that among women with high blood pressure who had the aforementioned histological alterations in their placentas, the risk of foetal death and morbidity was higher. Conclusion: We concluded that, PIH reduces placenta weight and size. Changes in utero-placental blood flow may induce placental insufficiency. It affects newborn birth weight. PIH impacts placenta shape, histology, and foetal development. Keywords: Placenta, Pregnancy-induced hypertension, Histological, Morphological, Mortality, Morbidity
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Begum, Nasrin, and Roxana Ferdousi. "Study of Gross Anatomy of Human Placenta in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v10i2.25923.
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Introduction: Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), also referred to as Gestational hypertension is a condition of high blood pressure during pregnancy. Progression the disease causes preeclampsia and eclampsia, which are the commonest causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.Objective: The objectives of the study were to observe and measure the macroscopic changes in the placenta in pregnancy induced hypertension and to compare the placental findings of the control group. .Method: This descriptive observational study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). Forty placentas were collected from Bangladesh Institute of Research & Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. Out of forty placentas, twenty were from non-hypertensive mother considered as controls and twenty from PIH mothers. Mother who had Rh-negative blood group, positive for VDRL and HbsAg and mother delivered multiple babies or babies with any visible congenital malformation were excluded. All women included in the study gave birth to a live born baby after 35 weeks of gestation by caesarian section. The macroscopic features of placentas were recorded and after that specimen was fixed in 10% formol saline. After two week of fixation, a point counting method was used on placental slices for estimation of the volume of parenchyma and non-parenchyma.Results: The general features of the control and PIH mother were statistically matched. As compared with the control group, PIH group showed no statistically significant difference in values of placental weight, volume and diameter.Mean placental weight (gm), mean volume (ml) and the mean diameter (cm) of the placental, mean absolute volume of parenchyma, mean proportional and mean absolute volume of non-parenchyma were lower in PIH group than the control group. The mean number of cotyledon of the placenta and mean proportional volume of parenchyma were higher in PIH group than control group and. These differences did not reach statistically significant level.Conclusion: Several authors has concluded that the changes in the placenta in diabetic and toxaemic mother are the reflection of some compensatory mechanism, but the present study fails to identify any statistically significant changes in PIH group in favour of such statement.Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.10(2) 2014
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Falak Naz, Zainab Rehman, Shazia Iftikhar, Waqar Ahmed, Parkha Rehman, and Saeeda BiBi. "MORPHOMETRIC VARIATION OF PLACENTA AND UMBILICAL CORD INSERTION." Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry 11, no. 04 (December 31, 2021): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33279/jkcd.v11i04.114.
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Objective:
To relate and appraise the morphological variationsof placenta and umbilical cord in normal pregnancy.
Materials and Methods:
The study included 100 placentas which were collected from GovernmentMaternity Hospital Hashtnagri and studied in the Anatomy department of Khyber Medical CollegePeshawar over one month duration. The morphological variations of placenta, like shape, weightand attachment of umbilical cord were noted and photographed.
Results:
In our study, we observed round placentas in 91 cases (91%), oval placentas in 5 cases(5%), irregular placentas in 3 cases (3%), and bilobed placenta in 1 case (1%), respectively. Normal cord insertion was found in 75% and abnormal insertion in 25% of cases respectively. The mean placental weight was 509.5g (normal weight ranges between 400 to 650gs).
Conclusion:
In the present study, the majority of the placentas presented with round shape,few placentae with oval and irregular shape or with an accessory lobe. The existing study alsoincluded variations in insertion of umbilical cords which was eccentric in majority of the casesfollowed by central and marginal insertion.
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Morrish, D. W., H. Marusyk, and O. Siy. "Demonstration of specific secretory granules for human chorionic gonadotropin in placenta." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 35, no. 1 (January 1987): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/35.1.2432115.
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Existence of secretory granules and exocytosis during secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in human placenta has been a point of controversy. Using two methods, the highly sensitive avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method and the protein A-gold technique, for immunochemical identification of beta-hCG on electron microscopic sections, we have examined placentas at 8-10 weeks gestation and at term for the presence of secretory granules. First-trimester placentas demonstrated plentiful syncytiotrophoblast cytoplasmic granules, some undergoing exocytosis, when stained using specific beta-hCG antiserum in the ABC and protein A-gold methods. Term placentas did not show positive reaction product. The data demonstrate that the classic secretory granule-exocytosis pathway mediates placental hCG secretion. However, clear morphological differences exist between placenta granules and hormone secretory granules observed in pituitary, consistent with known functional differences between these organs. This methodology will be useful for further studies of the secretory pathways for placental peptides.
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Lobo, Sonja E., Luciano César P. C. Leonel, Carla M. F. C. Miranda, Talya M. Coelho, Guilherme A. S. Ferreira, Andrea Mess, Mauricio S. Abrão, and Maria Angelica Miglino. "The Placenta as an Organ and a Source of Stem Cells and Extracellular Matrix: A Review." Cells Tissues Organs 201, no. 4 (2016): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443636.
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The placenta is a temporal, dynamic and diverse organ with important immunological features that facilitate embryonic and fetal development and survival, notwithstanding the fact that several aspects of its formation and function closely resemble tumor progression. Placentation in mammals is commonly used to characterize the evolution of species, including insights into human evolution. Although most placentas are discarded after birth, they are a high-yield source for the isolation of stem/progenitor cells and are rich in extracellular matrix (ECM), representing an important resource for regenerative medicine purposes. Interactions among cells, ECM and bioactive molecules regulate tissue and organ generation and comprise the foundation of tissue engineering. In the present article, differences among several mammalian species regarding the placental types and classifications, phenotypes and potency of placenta-derived stem/progenitor cells, placental ECM components and current placental ECM applications were reviewed to highlight their potential clinical and biomedical relevance.
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GOSWAMI, PUSHPA, SAMREEN MEMON, MUHAMMAD ASLAM CHANNA, and Hemlata Rathi. "EXCESSIVE CALCIFICATION OF PLACENTA;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 05 (October 15, 2013): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.05.1452.
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Objective: To examine the morphological change due to excessive calcification of placenta of pregnancies complicated bypregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) and placental Abruption and its relation with fetal outcome. Study design: Case control type ofstudy. Place and duration: This study was conducted from June 2008 to July 2009 at the department of Anatomy of Liaquat University ofMedical & Health Sciences Jamshoro. Material and Methods: One hundred twenty placentae were collected from labor room andgynecology operation theatre of Liaquat University Hospital. Forty placentae from parturients that had pregnancy induced hypertension(PIH), forty from parturient having placental abruption & forty placentae of normal pregnancy (Control Group). Age of all parturients isbetween 17 to 32 years. Fetal outcome and data was recorded. Weight and diameter of Placentae were measured. Approximately five cmpiece of placenta was taken and processed for histological study. Results: The weight of placenta in control group were 450 to 650 gmwith a mean weight of 526.25± 8.414 gm and their diameter from 19 to 24 cm with a mean of 21.225±0.2148cm. In PIH group weight ofplacenta was from 200 to 550gm with a mean weight of 432.25 ± 11.889gm and their diameter ranges from 10 to 16cms with amean14.208 ± 0.1914cm. In placental abruption group the weight of placenta ranges from 180 to 400 gm with a mean weight of 284.88±9.084 gms and diameter ranges from 10 to 14cms with mean 13.070 ± 0.2504 cm. The difference in weight and diameter of placentain PIH and abruptio placentae was found statistically significant when compared with weight and diameter of normal placentae. Theweight of new born babies in control group was 1.8 kg to 3.6 kg mean weight of 2.790± 0.0689kg. In PIH group, the fetal weight was 1.4kg to 3.0 kg with a mean weight of 2.195 ±0.0703kg. In abruptio placentae group, the weight of new born baby ranges from 1.0 kg to2.8kg with a mean weight of 1.898 ± 0.0660 kg. Conclusions: Fetal outcome in cases of PIH and in abruptio placentae was poor ascompared to control group.
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Hiremath, Jayashree N., and Ramesh P. "Cross-Sectional Study of Placental Surface Area and Umbilical Cord Attachment on Placenta in Normal and PIH Pregnancy and Its Effects on Foetal Weight." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 8297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.212.
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Introduction: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is one of the risk factor in pregnancy leading to placental insufficiency which in turn is responsible for maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. PIH causes morphological changes in placenta. Decreased placental surface area and variation in the attachment of umbilical cord on placenta are more commonly noted in PIH which hampers the uteroplacental perfusion resulting in foetal mortality and morbidity. Hence afforts were made to study the incidence of reduced placental surface area and mode of cord attachment on placenta. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Sri Siddhartha medical college and Hospital, Tumakuru, Karnataka. A total of 100 (50 normal and 50 PIH) human placentae were studied. Placental surface area and mode of attachment of umbilical cord in normal and PIH pregnancy were measured and noted. This study was analysed statistically by using Unpaired t-test and Chi-square test. Results: The study revealed significantly decrease in placental surface area and also there is increased incidence of central and marginal attachment of umbilical cord in PIH cases. Conclusion: Study reveals, PIH cause morphological changes in placenta, it decreasing the uteroplacental blood flow which reduces foetal nutrition ultimately decreasing the neonatal weight. KEY WORDS: PIH, uteroplacental blood flow, neonatal weight, placental surface area and Umbilical cord.
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Vishram Singh, Kumud Ranjan, Tewarson S L, Rashi Singh, and Yogesh Yadav. "Study of placental morphometric anatomy in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus and inৎluence of gestational diabetes mellitus on the fetal weight." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 7549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3961.
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The placenta is an organ which is an indicator of maternal and fetal disorders. Gestational Diabetes mellitus complicates 2-5% of all pregnancy. Therefore our work was an analysis of changes in placental morphometric anatomy in mothers of gestational diabetes mellitus and the influence of gestational diabetes mellitus on the fetal weight. Sixty-two placentas of full-term pregnancy collected from labour room/operation theatre of Gynaecology and obstetrics, department of government medical college and super facility hospital Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh. Out of sixty-two placentas, 31 are from mothers with no known history of preexisting gestational diabetes mellitus cases as controls and 31 collected from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. We found mean placental weight, mean placental area, mean placental volume, mean no of cotyledons significantly more in placentas of gestational diabetic mothers. Mean fetal weight of gestational diabetic mothers were more in comparison with controls. Mean transverse diameter of placentas of the diabetic mothers were more than mean transverse diameter of placentas of the non-diabetic mothers, statistically significant. Mean longitudinal diameter also more in placentas of diabetic mothers, not statistically significant. Mean thickness at the centre more in placentas of diabetic mothers, statistically significant. Mean thickness mid-way between centre and margin and mean thickness at margin more in diabetic placentas, not statistically significant. Gestational diabetic mothers had more round-shaped placentas. Marginal insertion of umbilical cord presents more in placentas of gestational diabetic mothers.
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Vishram Singh, Kumud Ranjan, Tewarson S L, Rashi Singh, and Yogesh Yadav. "Study of placental morphometric anatomy in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus and inৎluence of gestational diabetes mellitus on the fetal weight." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 7549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3961.
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The placenta is an organ which is an indicator of maternal and fetal disorders. Gestational Diabetes mellitus complicates 2-5% of all pregnancy. Therefore our work was an analysis of changes in placental morphometric anatomy in mothers of gestational diabetes mellitus and the influence of gestational diabetes mellitus on the fetal weight. Sixty-two placentas of full-term pregnancy collected from labour room/operation theatre of Gynaecology and obstetrics, department of government medical college and super facility hospital Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh. Out of sixty-two placentas, 31 are from mothers with no known history of preexisting gestational diabetes mellitus cases as controls and 31 collected from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. We found mean placental weight, mean placental area, mean placental volume, mean no of cotyledons significantly more in placentas of gestational diabetic mothers. Mean fetal weight of gestational diabetic mothers were more in comparison with controls. Mean transverse diameter of placentas of the diabetic mothers were more than mean transverse diameter of placentas of the non-diabetic mothers, statistically significant. Mean longitudinal diameter also more in placentas of diabetic mothers, not statistically significant. Mean thickness at the centre more in placentas of diabetic mothers, statistically significant. Mean thickness mid-way between centre and margin and mean thickness at margin more in diabetic placentas, not statistically significant. Gestational diabetic mothers had more round-shaped placentas. Marginal insertion of umbilical cord presents more in placentas of gestational diabetic mothers.
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Hata, Toshiyuki, and Sarah Cajusay-Velasco. "Three-dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound Study of the Placenta." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 4 (2014): 400–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1380.
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ABSTRACT Advanced ultrasound technology has been a valuable tool in the assessment of placental anatomy and physiology. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) sonography reveals placental morphological characteristics, 2D color Doppler can assess blood flow in the placenta, 2D power Doppler can evaluate placental vascular trees, and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound gives more detailed information on the surface anatomy. Recent advances, such as 3D power Doppler with virtual organ computer aided-analysis (VOCAL) and histogram analysis can measure the placental volume, and assess uteroplacental and fetoplacental perfusions. In particular, ‘placental vascular sonobiopsy’ can specifically evaluate the second- and thirdtrimester placental blood flow and vascularity by obtaining several spherical samples from the placenta that will represent the entire placenta. This article presents normal placental development and pathological findings of the placenta using 3D power Doppler ultrasound, and discusses 3D power Doppler assessments of placental perfusion in high-risk pregnancies, such as fetal growth restriction, pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia, and, from this basis, re-establishes the importance of 3D power Doppler ultrasound as a screening, diagnostic, and surveillance tool in normal and abnormal pregnancies. How to cite this article Tanaka H, Cajusay-Velasco S, Noguchi J, Hata T. Three-dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound Study of the Placenta. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(4):400-409.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Placental anatomy"
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Shelley, Sarah Laura. "The rise of placental mammals : the anatomy, palaeobiology and phylogeny of Periptychus and the Periptychidae." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29539.
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The diversification of eutherian mammals following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction was a critical period in evolutionary history. The Palaeocene is marked by the proliferation of archaic mammals which exhibit a mosaic of primitive and derived anatomies and whose phylogenetic affinities with extant mammals remain contentious. Consequently, macroevolutionary studies assessing the timing and recovery of eutherian mammals following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction are inhibited by our relatively poor knowledge of the mammals which thrived during the Palaeocene. One group of Palaeocene mammals in particular, the ‘Condylarthra’ have proven especially enigmatic and, as historically conceived, includes families of ungulate-grade mammals some of which are considered the ancestral stock from which modern perissodactyls and artiodactyls arose. The Periptychidae are a distinctive ‘condylarth’ family and were among the first mammals to appear after the extinction. As such they constitute an excellent empirical case study towards resolving the evolutionary relationships and understanding the palaeobiology of Palaeocene mammals. The overarching aim of this thesis has been to generate a comprehensive higher-level phylogenetic hypothesis of Periptychidae and shed light on the species-level interrelationships of taxa historically identified as periptychids and other ‘condylarth’ exemplars. This aim has been achieved by the undertaking a comprehensive anatomical re-description of the archetypal periptychid, Periptychus carinidens, based on a wealth of new fossils recovered from the San Juan Basin in New Mexico, USA. The anatomical information described in this thesis has also facilitated a greater understanding of ecology and functional morphology of Periptychus and its kin. Periptychus carinidens was a medium-sized, robust, stout-limbed animal that was mediportal and adopted a plantigrade mode of locomotion. The cranial and dental anatomy of Periptychus is broadly concurrent with the inferred plesiomorphic eutherian condition albeit more robust in its overall construction. The broad facial region, tall sagittal and nuchal crests and distinctive dentition with strong enamel crenulations and compressive wear are likely indicative of durophagous diet made up of dense, fibrous, plant-based food stuffs. The postcranial skeleton of Periptychus is a miscellany of morphologies with often paradoxical functional implications. Despite its robustness, Periptychus retained a moderately high degree of multiaxial movement and dexterity in its limbs with prominent muscle attachment sites indicative of powerful, non-rapid limb movements. Well-developed manual and digital flexors and extensors are further indicative of some scansorial and fossorial capability. Periptychus and other Palaeocene mammals are characterised by their robust anatomy and tend to lack any obvious extant analogues impeding our understanding of eutherian ecological diversity during the Palaeocene and the roles of many so-called ‘archaic’ mammals. Multivariate analyses on a dataset of functionally significant limb measurements show that Palaeocene mammals exhibit a distinct and more constrained range of locomotor ability defined by their prevalent robust morphology. However, there are subtle distinctions between archaic taxa indicating ecomorphical diversity possibly due to niche partitioning, that are not easily comparable to extant mammals. This suggests that, far from being generalized ancestral stock, Palaeocene taxa were experimenting with their own unique locomotor styles. The extinction of many archaic groups at the end of the Palaeogene is associated with a trend towards increasingly open habitats, which was less conducive to the survivorship of robust, ambulatory mammals. The anatomy of Periptychus combines a basic early placental body plan with numerous unique specialisations in its dental, cranial and postcranial anatomy that not only exemplify the ability of mammals to adapt and evolve following catastrophic environmental upheaval but provide a prime exemplar by which to tackle the taxonomic and systematic conundrum that is ‘Condylarthra’. A cladistic analysis was conducted to determine the phylogenetic affinities of Periptychidae within Placentalia. 141 taxa were scored for 503 characters including 40 periptychid species and 63 novel characters. The dataset was analysed under parsimony optimality criteria and the resulting phylogeny shows a well resolved strict consensus topology with numerous well-supported relationships which help elucidate periptychid phylogeny. The analysis presented here finds Periptychidae as a monophyletic group to the exclusion of several purported periptychid taxa which are recovered with the ‘arctocyonid’, Baioconodon nordicum. The in-group relationships of Periptychidae are resolved to broadly support the subfamilial arrangement proposed by previous workers. Alticonus is recovered the most basal, unambiguous periptychid taxon. Ampliconus forms a paraphyletic stem from Alticonus to all other unequivocal periptychid taxa. Conacodontinae forms a clade which includes Auraria as the most basal taxon relative to Oxyacodon, which forms a paraphyletic stem to Conacodon. The hypsodont periptychids, Haploconus + Goleroconus form a clade, separate from both ‘Anisonchinae’ and Conacodontinae, both of which they have previously been affiliated to. ‘Anisonchinae’ forms a paraphyletic stem relative to Periptychinae. Mithrandir oligustus is the most basal ‘anisonchine’. Gillisonchus is generically distinct from both Mithrandir and ‘Anisonchus’ due to morphological similarities with Hemithlaeus and the Periptychinae. Periptychinae forms a well-supported clade with Hemithlaeus and Tinuviel resolved to be more closely related to Ectoconus than Periptychus + Carsioptychus. Periptychus is a member of Periptychinae and most closely related to Carsioptychus within Periptychini. The phylogeny reported here indicates that Periptychidae were an incredibly successful family during much of their early history and were particularly prolific during the middle Puercan. Most species were small to medium sized animals; however, members of Periptychinae attained large body sizes within less than half a million years of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Periptychids were prolific during early Puercan, but spent the majority of their evolutionary history exhibiting high turnover, with many short-lived species, with the notable exception of three genera: Anisonchus, Haploconus and Periptychus, which prevailed through the Torrejonian. These periptychids are among the most enduring Palaeocene taxa known and reiterate the importance of the Periptychidae in understanding the recovering and radiation of Placentalia following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.
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Rutherford, Julienne Noelle. "Litter size effects on placental structure and function in common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) implications for intrauterine resource allocation strategies /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3278218.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Anthropology, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: A, page: 3930. Adviser: Kevin D. Hunt. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 8, 2008).
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Anto, Enoch Odame. "Evaluation of suboptimal health status and prospective levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and angiogenic growth mediators with placental anatomy and pathology in normotensive and preeclamptic births." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2317.
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Preeclampsia (PE) is the leading cause of poor maternal and perinatal outcomes in both developed and developing countries. Even though the condition is treatable in the developed world, mothers from developing countries still suffer dramatic events due to limited resources. There is the need to identify readily available measures in addition to existing biomarkers that can predict PE. Thus, this thesis evaluated suboptimal health status (SHS) and prospective levels of oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers and angiogenic growth mediators (AGMs) with placental anatomy and pathology in normotensive and preeclamptic births in a Ghanaian Population.
This longitudinal nested case-control study was based on the Ghanaian Suboptimal Health Status Cohort Study (GHOACS) that recruited 593 normotensive pregnant women (NTN-PW) at baseline (10-20 weeks gestation) from the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital between June 2017 and May 2019. Suboptimal health status, a subjective health measure was evaluated using the Suboptimal Health Status Questionnaire-25 (SHSQ-25) at baseline, and participants were subsequently classified into suboptimal health status (SHS) and optimal health status (OHS). Baseline participants were followed at 21-31 weeks, 32-42 weeks of pregnancy and 48 hours-2 weeks postpartum. Of the 593, 488 pregnant mothers aged 18-45 years completed the study and 105 were lost to follow-up. Data on sociodemographic, clinical, obstetric and anthropometric characteristics were collected from participants in addition to urine and venous blood samples. The panel of objective biomarkers of AGMs (placental growth factor [PIGF], vascular endothelial growth factor-A [VEGF-A], soluble endoglin [sEng] and soluble VEGF receptor-1 also known as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase [sFlt-1]) in addition to OS biomarkers (8-epiprostaglandinF2 alpha [8-epi-PGF2α], 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG] and total antioxidant capacity [TAC]) were evaluated across the 4-time sampling periods (10-20, 21-31, 32-42 weeks, and 48 hours-2 weeks postpartum) using ELISA. Placenta tissues were collected after delivery and examined for macroscopical, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Data were analysed using SPSS, GraphPad Prism, XLSTAT and R Core.
There were significant associations between SHS and imbalances in AGMs and OS (Study I: cross-sectional). The incidence of PE was high among SHS pregnant women (30.7%) compared to OHS pregnant women (8.8%), and SHS was an independent risk indicator for PE (Study II: longitudinal nested case-control). Compared to using the biomarkers alone, combining biomarkers of AGMs and OS, particularly 8- OHdG/PlGF ratio measured at 21-31 weeks (mid-pregnancy) yielded the best area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predicted values for predicting the likelihood of SHS and OHS pregnant women developing PE (Study III: longitudinal nested case-control). Placental abnormalities and imbalance in the expression of AGMs and OS were associated more with SHS pregnant mothers who developed PE, particularly early-onset PE than late-onset PE (Study IV: case-control). In contrast to normotensive pregnancy, longitudinal profiling of AGMs and OS showed different patterns across the 4-time sampling periods with significant imbalance among SHS more than OHS mothers who later developed PE. Unlike, the single biomarkers, combined AGMs and OS ratios measured at mid-pregnancy yielded more significant hazard ratios in association with PE development (Study V: longitudinal cohort).
Thus, combined evaluation of SHS, biomarkers of AGMs and OS together with placental examination increased the understanding of the aetiology, diagnosis and prognosis of PE, and created a window of opportunity for developing potentially predictive, preventive and personalised medicine in both high-and low-resource maternal and child health settings.
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Pereira, Flávia Thomaz Verechia. "Desenvolvimento do placentônio em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis bubalisLinnaeus, 1758)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-06082007-092614/.
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A placenta de ruminantes possui uma estrutura macroscópica uniforme, baseada em áreas especializadas de aposição e proliferação das membranas materno-fetais: os placentônios. Mostrando um papel fundamental para o desenvolvimento da prenhez, estasestruturas tem sido muito estudadas em várias espécies domésticas de interesse comercial. Particularmente no búfalo, entretanto, não há dados consistentes quanto à sua capacidade funcional desta estrutura , ou até mesmo, a arquitetura dos vilosem um placentônio individual e sua troca eficaz de metabólitos que caracteriza o processo de placentação. Um estudo macroscópico prévio da placenta do búfalo (Bubalus bubalis bubalis) mostrou que o número de placentônios é de 92 aproximadamentedurante a prenhez, mas a morfologia microscópica e o desenvolvimento de tais estruturas não foram estudadas em todas as fases da prenhez. Neste trabalho, estudou-se os placentônios de búfalos prenhez nos meses 4-5, 7-8, 9-10, os quais forammorfologicamente caracterizados. Os espécimes foram seccionados e fixados por imersão em paraformoldeído à 4% ou em glutaraldeído à 2,5% em tampão fosfato tamponado 0,1M para microscopia de luz e eletrônica, respectivamente. Após 24 horas, osplacentônios foram recortados e processados para inclusão em paraplast, historesina ou em resina Spurr. As secções foram coradas por HE, Azul de Toluidina, Tricrômicos de Gomori e Mallory, Azul de Metileno com Fucsina Básica e submetidos àreação de PAS. Em todos períodos da prenhez encontrou-se placentônios de diferentes tipos e tamanhos, com uma estrutura macroscópica similar à do placentônio bovino, porém mais achatado. Aparentemente, durante o progresso da prenhez, osplacentônios mantiveram a mesma morfologia macroscópica mas com dimensões aumentadas. À microscopia de luz, a interface entre o trofoblasto e o epitélio uterino é extremamente irregular, formando uma árvore fetal vilosa que se conecta com o epitélio materno. O trofoblasto consiste em uma camada simples de células individuais onde células binucleadas estão interpostas com as células trofoblásticas. O eixo da árvore vilosa é formado fundamentalmente por tecido conjuntivofrouxo, considerando que o eixo interno das pregas epiteliais apresentam um tecido conjuntivo rico em fibras colágenas. Quando comparadas às fases precoces de prenhez, as árvores vilosas dos meses 9-10, são mais ramificadas e a aposição dainterface materno-fetal é mais próxima. Ainda, na junção materno-fetal no final da prenhez, encontrou-se regiões de hematomas e eritrofagocitose o que sugere transferência de ferro para o feto. À microscopia eletrônica de transmissão pudemosobservar uma intensa vascularização do vilo fetal, as células binucleadas apresentaram REG (retículo endoplasmático granular) e Complexo de Golgi bem desenvolvidos, indicando comprometimento com síntese protéica e vesículas eram abundantes. Ascélulas epiteliais trofoblásticas mostraram-se unidas por complexos juncionais, principalmente desmossomas, núcleos de contorno esférico e até dois nucléolos bastante evidentes. Superfícies celulares com microvilos também foram observadas.The ruminant placenta has an uniform gross structure based on specialized areas of feto-maternal membrane apposition and proliferation: the placentons. By exerting a fundamental role for the development of the pregnancy, these structures have been very well studied in several domestic species of commercial interest. Particularly in the buffalo, however, there is no consistent data with relationship the functional capabilities of this structure or even, the villus architeture in the individual placenton and their metabolic exchange efficacy that characterize the placentation process. One previous macroscopy study on the placenta of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis bubalis) has shown that the number of the placentons is 92 aproximately during pregnancy, but the fine morphology and development of such structures were not studied in all phases of pregnancy. So, in this work, the placentons of pregnant buffaloes on months 4-5, 7-8 and 9-10 were morphologically characterized. The specimens were sectioned and fixed by immersion in either a 4 % paraformaldehyde or in 2.5 % glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer for light and electron microscopy, respectively. After 24 h, the placentons were cut and processed for embedding in paraplast, historesin or Spurr\'s resin. Sections were stained by HE, Toluidine Blue, Gomori\'s and Mallory\'s trichromes, Methilene Blue and Basic Fucsin and submitted to PAS reaction. In all periods of the pregnancy, we found placentons of different shapes and sizes, with a gross structure similar to the bovine placenton, but more flattened. Apparently, during the progress of the pregnancy, the placentons maintained the same gross morphology but with increased dimensions. At light microscopy, the interface between the trophoblast and the uterine epithelium is extremely irregular forming a fetal villous tree that indents the endometrium. The trophoblast consists of a simple layer of individual cells where binucleated cells are interposed into the remaining trophoblast cells. The axis of the villous tree is fundamentally formed by loose connective tissue, whereas the internal axis of the epithelial folds presented a connective tissue rich in collagen fibers. When compared to early phases of the pregnancy, the villus tree on months 9-10 is much more branched and the materno-fetal interface closely appositioned. Still, in the feto-maternal junction in late pregnancy were found regions of hematomes and erythrophagocytosis. Ultrastructurally, we also observed: the intense vascularization of the fetal villous, binucleated cells presenting a much developed GER (granular endoplasmic reticulum) and Golgi complex, indicating intense secretory activity. The trophoblastic cells showed junctions (desmossomes), euchromatic nuclei and 2 evident nucleoli. The trophoblast and the uterine epithelium were close associated by interdigitated microvilli.
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Montenegro, Nuno Aires Mota de Mendonça. "Anatomo-fisiopatologia da circulação feto-placentar : Implicações clínicas da fluxometria Doppler." Doctoral thesis, Universidade do Porto. Reitoria, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/10316.
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Montenegro, Nuno Aires Mota de Mendonça. "Anatomo-fisiopatologia da circulação feto-placentar : Implicações clínicas da fluxometria Doppler." Tese, Universidade do Porto. Reitoria, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/10316.
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Karimu, Ande Lamidi. "Morphological adaptation of the human placenta for gaseous exchange : formation, stability and specialization of the vasculosyncytial membranes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339113.
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Hafez, Shireen Abdelgawad. "Advanced Studies in Veterinary Anatomy: Angiogenesis in Caprine Reproductive Organs of Non-Pregnant and Pregnant Normal and Swainsonine-Treated Does." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27091.
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The female reproductive organs are among the few adult tissues in which periodic angiogenesis normally occurs. Pathological angiogenesis can occur in various conditions, such as solid tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling often represents a critical rate-limiting step in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. This study utilizes development of utero-ovarian vasculature during pregnancy in goats as a model of physiological angiogenesis. Non-pregnant does and does at 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 18 weeks of gestation were used.
Arteries of the reproductive tract were injected in situ with Microfil®. The tracts were fixed, dehydrated, and rendered transparent to reveal the paths of arteries. The ovarian artery was tortuous and lay in close apposition to the uterine tributary of the ovarian vein in all specimens studied. In non-pregnant does, this arrangement may serve as a local utero-ovarian pathway for the corpus luteum (CL) luteolysis at the end of non-fertile estrous cycle. During pregnancy, this arterio-venous arrangement may transfer luteotropic substances from uterus to ovary, which may serve in maternal recognition of pregnancy and fit the fact that the goat is CL dependent throughout gestation. In some cases of triplets, the size of the uterine branch of the ovarian artery was equal to or even larger than that of its parent artery and/or the ipsilateral uterine artery; and the vaginal artery contributed a connecting branch to the uterine artery. These physiological adaptations of the ovarian and/or vaginal arteries correlate well with the increasing nutrient demands of the growing multiple fetuses.
In a second experiment, the vasculature of the uterus and ovaries was injected in situ with a mixture of Batson's No.17® and methyl methacrylate and then processed for observation by SEM. The microvasculature differed between non-pregnant and pregnant does, and with advancing gestation. We concluded that goats possess a multivillous type placenta. Capillary sinusoids and crypts on the fetal surface of the caruncle may compensate for the negative effect of the increased interhemal distance. Intussusceptive angiogenesis should be considered as equally possible and important mechanism as sprouting angiogenesis during placental development. Capillary diameters increased significantly during pregnancy especially after 4 weeks. Capillary density index was 66.8, 68.7, 55.5, 63.5, 70.1, 70.4, 64.5 percent in non-pregnant, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 18 weeks of pregnancy, respectively. In the ovary, coiling of the ovarian branch of the ovarian artery around the ovarian tributary of the ovarian vein was observed. This may represent a local channel required for product transport from ovarian vein to ovarian artery and might have a role in regulating blood pressure to various ovarian structures.
Immunolocalization of VEGF was performed as a third experiment. Immunostaining was observed in cyto- trophoblasts, maternal epithelial tissues, and vascular endothelium and smooth muscle, but not in binucleate giant cells or connective tissue. No apparent differences were observed in intensity and pattern of VEGF staining associated with advancing gestation. Luteal and follicular cells, and endothelium and smooth muscles of the ovarian vasculature positively stained. Patterns and intensity of staining of VEGF suggest that the fetus is directing its own survival by producing growth factors affecting fetal and maternal tissues. VEGF may have a role in growth and differentiation of cytotrophoblasts, as well as, development and maintenance of CL.
In the fourth experiment, the sequential expression of VEGF and its receptors (fms-like tyrosine kinase, Flt-1 and kinase-insert domain-containing receptor, KDR) was measured using real-time quantitative PCR. Targets were detected in all studied tissues; however, levels of expression differed according to the stage of pregnancy. Expression of VEGF and its receptor mRNAs increased with advancing pregnancy, which correlates with the expansion of vasculature during pregnancy. Differences in the time-courses of the expression of Flt-1 and KDR mRNAs during pregnancy suggest that each receptor plays a different role in the angiogenic process.
As an application of our model of angiogenesis, we tested the effect of swainsonine (active compound of locoweed and a potential anti-cancer drug) on the process. Does treated with swainsonine were euthanized at 7 and 18 weeks. No significant differences were found in sinusoidal diameters in treated does at 7 weeks, but a decrease in capillary density index was noted. In the ovary, focal avascular areas were observed in the corpus luteum of swainsonine-treated does at 7 weeks of pregnancy. Swainsonine caused great distortion in the uterine and ovarian vasculature at 18 weeks. A decrease in intensity of the immunoreactivity to VEGF antibody was observed in tissues from swainsonine-treated does at 7 and 18 weeks. There was no substantial effect of swainsonine on the expression of VEGF and its receptors' mRNAs in any of the studied tissues (except in the left ovary, where it had an inhibitory effect) at 7 weeks of pregnancy, but it had an inhibitory effect at 18 weeks. Demonstration of swainsonine's potential to negatively affect vascular development and suppress genes likely involved in angiogenesis at critical stages of blood vessel proliferation lends credibility to its potential as anti-cancer drug.Ph. D.
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Hidalgo, Moreno Eduardo. "Aislamiento y purificación de membranas apicales y basales de trofoblasto equino (Equus caballus)." Tesis, UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE, 2004. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151396.
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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico VeterinarioLa placenta es el principal órgano de intercambio de nutrientes y productos de desecho entre la madre y el feto. De su normal desarrollo y funcionamiento depende el éxito de la gestación. Si bien la placenta puede considerarse fundamentalmente similar a otros epitelios como el intestinal y renal, ésta presenta algunas características anatómicas e histológicas sinciciales que la diferencian de otros epitelios. Se estandarizó un protocolo de aislamiento de membranas apicales y basales de trofoblasto equino, a partir de una misma placenta en forma simultánea. Esto minimiza las variaciones intrínsecas debido al origen diverso de las membranas analizadas. Las placentas se obtuvieron del Haras Fina Sangre de Carrera (“El Sheik” y “Santa Eladia”, ambos ubicados en la Región Metropolitana). Inmediatamente después, se realizó la purificación de la membrana apical y basal de trofoblasto equino, mediante un método que incluyó centrifugaciones diferenciales, precipitación de membranas con cloruro de magnesio y purificación de membranas utilizando gradiente de sacarosa. La calidad, en cuanto a pureza, se determinó con marcadores bioquímicos específicos tanto de membrana apical y basal Se trabajó con un total de ocho placentas. El tejido fue sometido a dos procedimientos alternativos procesando la membrana corioalantoidea por corte (I) (n=5) o raspado (II) (n=3). En ambos casos las muestras fueron tomadas de las zonas cercanas al cordón umbilical, las que presentaron mayor desarrollo microcotiledonario. El rendimiento de la preparación en términos de recuperación de proteínas obtenidas por (I) y (II), fue para la fracción microsomal apical (fma) de 1,22 % ± 0,10 y de 4,34 % ± 0,73, respectivamente; en tanto que para la fracción microsomal basal (fmb) fue de 0,47% ± 0,13 y 1,65% ± 0,29. El rendimiento de las fracciones puras apicales (PA) fue de 0,046% ± 0,04 y de 0,18% ± 0,01, en tanto el rendimiento de la fracción basal pura (PB) fue de 0,081% ± 0,01 y 0,073% ± 0,01, respectivamente. A fin de asegurar la pureza de las vesículas obtenidas, se midió la actividad enzimática de marcadores específicos para la membrana apical y basal del trofoblasto equino (fosfatasa alcalina y unión de ligandos específicos a receptores -adrenérgicos), respectivamente. La actividad específica de fosfatasa alcalina (UI/ mg prot) se midió por un método comercial, con valores para la fracción microsomal apical (fma) obtenida por (I) y (II), de 80,8 ± 18,05 (I) y de 159,04 ± 15,5 (II). En tanto, para la fracción microsomal basal (fmb) los valores obtenidos fueron 19,7 ± 5,0 (I) y 30,7 ± 3,1 (II), respectivamente. La actividad de fosfatasa alcalina de las fracciones pura apical (PA) que se obtuvo por cortado y raspado fue de 91 ± 6, (I) y 174 ± 8,2 (II), en tanto que la fracción pura basal (PB) arrojó los valores de 15 ± 1,5 y 12 ± 0,1 respectivamente. En tanto el enriquecimiento de la fracción pura apical (PA) que se obtuvo fue de 4,6 ± 0,1 y 5,0 ± 0,1 veces, y para la fracción pura basal (PB) los valores de enriquecimiento fueron de 0,8 ± 0,01 y 0,3 ± 0,05 veces respectivamente. La unión de dihidroalprenolol tritiado a receptores β-adrenérgicos no arrojó un resultado concluyente respecto a la distribución diferencial de dicho marcador en las membranas apical y basal purificadas. Sin embargo, la escasa contaminación de la membrana basal con fosfatasa alcalina es un buen indicador de la calidad de dichas membranas y de la eficiencia del gradiente de sacarosa utilizado para purificar la fracción microsomal basal. Estos datos indican que el rendimiento del método de purificación por raspado es mayor que cuando el procesamiento del tejido se realiza inicialmente por cortado. La actividad y el enriquecimiento de fosfatasa alcalina también respaldan esta conclusión. Con el desarrollo de este método de purificación se ha dado un primer paso para la obtención de membranas apicales y basales de placentas de tipo epiteliocorial, lo que permitirá, posteriormente, aplicar el protocolo de aislamiento en placentas de camélidos sudamericanos, cuyas características fisiológicas son relevantes para el estudio de gestaciones bajo condiciones de hipoxia.
The placenta is the main organ of exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and the fetus in mammalian species. Although the placental epithelium can be considered fundamentally similar to other epithelia, it displays particular anatomical and histological characteristics in both the human and equine placenta, such as its syncytitial nature. The study of transport functions between mother and fetus in these cases necessarily involves the study of such functions in the polarized apical (mother-facing) and basal (fetal-facing) plasma membranes. In this study, a protocol for simultaneous apical and basal membrane isolation in equine trophoblast was standardized. A total of n=8 placentas were obtained from two Thoroughbred Race Horse Haras (El Sheik and Santa Eladia, both located in the Metropolitan Region of Chile). Immediately after birth, the equine placenta was transported to the laboratory on ice to begin the purification protocol, which included two alternative methods for tissue collection followed by differential centrifugations, precipitation of basal membranes with magnesium chloride, and membrane purification using sucrose gradients. Initial tissue collection was done either by chopping the placental tissue (villous tissue adhered to chorioallanthoid membrane) in small pieces (method I; n=5) or by scraping the villous tissue from the chorioallanthoid membrane (method II; n=3). Specific biochemical markers for apical and basal membranes were used to determine purified fraction purity and contamination. The yield of the preparation in terms of protein recovery obtained by method I and method II for the apical microsomal fraction (fma) was of 1.22%±0.10 and 4.34%±0.73, respectively, whereas for the basal microsomal fraction (fmb) the yield was of 0,47% ±0.13 and 1.65%±0.29, respectively. The protein recovery for the purified apical fraction (PA) for method I and method II was of 0.046%± 0,04 and 0.18%± 0,01, respectively, whereas the protein recovery for the purified basal fraction (PB) was of 0.081%± 0,01 and 0,073% ±0.01, respectively. Specific markers for apical membrane (enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase) and basal membrane (substrate binding to -adrenergic receptors) of trophoblast were measured in both the apical and basal fractions to determine their degree of purity and cross-contamination. Measurements of specific activity for alkaline phosphatase (UI/mg prot) were of 80.8± 18,05 for method I and 159.04±15.5 for method II in the apical microsomal fraction (fma), and of 19.7±5.0 for method I and 30,7 ± 3,1 for method II in the basal microsomal fraction (fmb). Alkaline phosphatase activity in the purified apical fraction (PA) was of 91 ± 6,3 for method I and 174 ±8.2 for method II, whereas in the purified basal fraction (PB) values were of 15 ±1.5 for method I and 12 ±0.1 for method II. Enrichment of alkaline phosphatase activity in the PA fraction was of 4,6 ±0.1 fold for method I and 5.0±0.fold 1 for method II, and of 0.8±0.01 fold for method I and 0,3 ±0.05 fold for method II in the PB fraction. Substrate binding to β-adrenergic receptors did not show conclusive results with respect to the differential distribution of this marker in purified apical and basal membranes. Nevertheless, the little contamination of the basal membrane with alkaline phosphatase is a good indicator of the quality of these purified membranes. The exposed data indicate more efficient membrane purification when using method II than when using method I. The activity and the enrichment of alkaline phosphatase also endorse this conclusion. The development of this method of simultaneous isolation of apical and basal trophoblast plasma membranes is a first approximation for the study of transport functions in placentas of the epitheliocorial type. This may allow, in the future, the use of such protocol in placentas of South American camelids, whose physiological characteristics are excellent for the study of gestations under conditions of hypoxia
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LICINI, CATERINA. "Trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 and miR-125b: from normal human placental development to gestational diseases." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/253080.
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Human trophoblastic cell surface antigen 2 (Trop-2) è una glicoproteina di membrana di 35-49 kDa, identificata per la prima volta come marker di superficie nelle cellule di trofoblasto umano.
Trop-2 ha funzioni importanti quali la regolazione dell'adesione cellulare e la crescita e la proliferazione cellulare.
Precedenti studi hanno identificato Trop-2 come target del miR-125b, indicando un possibile ruolo del miR-125b nella modulazione dell'espressione di Trop2.
Lo scopo della tesi è di investigare l'espressione di Trop-2 e del miR-125b durante la gravidanza fisiologica e in condizione di preeclampsia, complicata o no da Restrizione di Crescita Intrauterina (IUGR), così da valutare il possibile ruolo della proteina, e verificare se Trop-2 possa essere il target del miR-125b nella placenta. L'immunofluorescenza in doppio ha mostrato che Trop-2 è localizzato nella membrana basale del sinciziotrofoblasto. Analisi immunoistochimiche e western blotting hanno mostrato un incremento dell'espressione di Trop-2 durante lo sviluppo della normale gravidanza.
In condizioni patologiche, i livelli di Trop-2 sono diminuiti nelle placente PE, mentre sono incrementati nelle PE-IUGR. Il modello in vitro ha confermato quanto osservato con le analisi in vivo.
miR-125b nei tessuti placentari è aumentato durante la normale gravidanza, come Trop-2, suggerendo equilibrio tra le due molecole. In condizioni patologiche, l'espressione del miR-125b è bassa, suggerendo una deregolazione tra Trop-2 e miR-125b nella PE-IUGR.
Nel sangue materno al primo trimestre, miR-125b è più alto nelle donne con PE rispetto a quelle con normale gravidanza, suggerendo che Trop-2 in PE è regolato dal miR-125b circolante nel sangue materno.
Questi risultati supportano la teoria che considera PE e PE-IUGR come due differenti patologie.
Studi futuri possono essere indirizzati sull'approfondimento del ruolo di Trop-2 e sull'uso di miR-125b come biomarker predittivo di PE e PE-IUGR nel sangue materno.Human trophoblastic cell surface antigen 2 (Trop-2) is a 35-49 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein, first identified as a cell surface marker for human trophoblast cells. Trop-2 has important functions, as the regulation in cell-cell adhesion and in cell growth. Previous studies identified Trop-2 as a target for miR-125b suggesting a possible role of miR-125b in the modulation of Trop-2 protein expression. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of Trop-2 and miR-125b during the physiological pregnancy and in preeclampsia (PE), with or without intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), in order to evaluate the possible role of the protein, and to verify if Trop-2 could be a target for miR-125b in placenta. Double-labelling immunofluorescence indicated that Trop-2 is located in the basal membrane of syncytiotrophoblast. Immunohistochemical and western blotting analyses showed an increase of Trop-2 expression during the development of normal pregnancy. In pathological conditions, Trop-2 levels decreased in PE placenta, while increased in PE-IUGR tissues. In vitro model confirmed results obtained by in vivo analyses. miR-125b in placental tissues increased during the normal pregnancy, as Trop-2 expression, suggesting equilibrium between the two molecules. In pathological conditions the expression of miR-125b was low, suggesting the dysregulation between Trop-2 and miR-125b in PE-IUGR tissues. In maternal blood at first trimester, miR-125b was higher in women with PE than in women with normal pregnancy, suggesting that Trop-2 in PE is regulated by miR-125b that circulate in maternal blood. These results support the theory proposed in previous studies that consider PE and PE-IUGR as two different pathologies. Future studies that can be focused on the role of Trop-2 protein and the use of miR-125b as predictive biomarker of PE and PE-IUGR using maternal plasma.
Books on the topic "Placental anatomy"
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Lantbruksuniversitet, Sveriges, ed. Studies of the endometrium and placenta during early pregnancy in the pig: Morphology, growth factors and steroid receptors. Uppsala: Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, 1996.
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Anatomic Pathology Slide Seminar (61st 1995 New Orleans, La.). Placental, neonatal, and pediatric pathology: Based on the proceedings of the Sixty-first Annual Anatomic Pathology Slide Seminar of the American Society of Clinical Pathologists, September 21 and 22, 1995, New Orleans, Louisiana. Chicago: ASCP Press, 1996.
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Schulz, Heribert. Die Plazentavorstellung von Joseph Beuys: Eine synthetische Anatomie. 2nd ed. Köln: Salon Verlag, 1997.
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Wooding, F. B. P. Comparative placentation: Structures, functions and evolution. Berlin: Springer, 2008.
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Burton, Graham, and Peter Wooding. Comparative Placentation: Structures, Functions and Evolution. Springer, 2014.
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O'Reilly, John. Anatomy and Physiology of the Placenta: The Connection of the Nervous Centres of Animal and Organic Life. HardPress, 2020.
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O'Reilly, John. Anatomy and Physiology of the Placenta; the Connection of the Nervous Centres of Animal and Organic Life. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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The Anatomy and Physiology of the Placenta; the Connection of the Nervous Centres of Animal and Organic Life. Franklin Classics, 2018.
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Turner, Wm (William). Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy of the Placenta : First Series: Delivered Before the Royal College of Surgeons of England, June 1875. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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Farre, Arthur. Article Uterus and Its Appendages : From the Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology: Comprising the Normal and Abnormal Anatomy, Physiology and Development of the Uterus, Ovary, Parovarium, Fallopian Tube, Vagina, Vulva and Placenta. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Placental anatomy"
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de Sousa Barros, José Joaquim. "Embryology and Anatomy of Placental Membranes." In Amniotic Membrane, 3–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9975-1_1.
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Benirschke, Kurt, Graham J. Burton, and Rebecca N. Baergen. "Anatomy and Pathology of the Placental Membranes." In Pathology of the Human Placenta, 249–307. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23941-0_11.
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Benirschke, Kurt, and Peter Kaufmann. "Anatomy and Pathology of the Placental Membranes." In Pathology of the Human Placenta, 268–318. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4196-4_12.
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Benirschke, Kurt, and Peter Kaufmann. "Anatomy and Pathology of the Placental Membranes." In Pathology of the Human Placenta, 281–334. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4199-5_11.
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Cohen, Marta C., Irene Scheimberg, and J. Ciaran Hutchinson. "Anatomy and Pathology of the Placental Membranes." In Benirschke's Pathology of the Human Placenta, 281–343. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84725-8_15.
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ten Donkelaar, H. J. "Development of Descending Supraspinal Pathways in Placental Animals." In Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology, 79–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57125-1_8.
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Rampersad, Roxane, Mila Cervar-Zivkovic, and D. Michael Nelson. "Development and Anatomy of the Human Placenta." In The Placenta, 17–26. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444393927.ch3.
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Palacios-Jaraquemada, José M., Nicolás Basanta, Álbaro Nieto-Calvache, and Rozi Aditya Aryananda. "Anatomy of Placenta Accreta Spectrum." In Placenta Accreta Spectrum, 29–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10347-6_4.
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Shanklin, Douglas R. "Anatomy of the Placenta." In Human Growth, 199–220. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2101-9_11.
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Benirschke, Kurt, Graham J. Burton, and Rebecca N. Baergen. "Anatomy and Pathology of the Umbilical Cord." In Pathology of the Human Placenta, 309–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23941-0_12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Placental anatomy"
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Marchiori, Beatriz Andrade, Tiago Coutinho e. Silva, Marcus Vinícius Lacerda Reis, Luís Gustavo Milani Neri, Luís Gustavo da Silva Albertoni, João Marcelo Fernandes Assis, and Regina Valéria da Cunha Dias. "Análise morfológica da placenta associada ao diagnóstico de placentite nocardioforme em éguas." In I Congresso Mineiro de Anatomia Veterinária. Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais: Even3, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/i-congresso-mineiro-de-anatomia-veterinaria-438642.848718.
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Oliveira, Bruna Brandão de, and Bianca do Carmo Schorr. "Relato de caso: aborto espontâneo com placenta retida e suspeita de acretismo placentário." In 45º Congresso da SGORJ XXIV Trocando Ideias. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/jbg-0368-1416-20211311202.
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S.N.S., 28 anos, G8P2A5, idade gestacional 19 semanas, foi atendida na emergência do Hospital da Mulher Heloneida Studart em 7 de abril de 2021 queixando-se de sangramento vaginal com quadro de abortamento em curso. Expeliu feto masculino com 250 g de peso e 23 cm de comprimento e teve a placenta retida. Foi submetida a curagem e wintercuretagem (WC), com placenta sem plano de clivagem e difícil extração, sendo questionado acretismo placentário. Após vigilância clínica, em bom estado geral e diminuto sangramento vaginal, a paciente recebeu alta em 8 de abril de 2021 e retornou um dia após com queixa de febre. Na reinternação, realizou ultrassonografia transvaginal que evidenciou endométrio espessado compatível com restos ovulares e endometrite. Foi iniciada clindamicina associada a gentamicina e realizou-se nova WC, sem intercorrências. Nos dias subsequentes foram realizadas novas ultrassonografias. Uma sugeriu restos ovulares e outra revelou material de cavidade uterina compatível com doença trofoblástica gestacional. Solicitou-se gonadotrofina coriônica humana beta (beta-HCG) e propôs-se vídeo-histeroscopia diagnóstica, que foi adiada pela possibilidade de infecção intrauterina. Na véspera do procedimento, a paciente evoluiu com choque hemorrágico e foi submetida a histerectomia abdominal total, sendo o útero enviado para anatomia patológica. Na peça cirúrgica, visualizou-se característica compatível com placenta acreta (resultado do histopatológico previsto para 19 de maio de 2021).
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Acar, B. Serpil, M. Moustafa, Volkan Esat, and Memis Acar. "Pregnant Occupant Model Including a Fetus for Vehicle Safety Investigations." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20513.
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Computational occupant modelling has an effective role to play in investigating road safety. Realistic representation of occupants is very important to make investigations in virtual environment. Pregnant occupant modelling can help investigating safety for unborn occupants (fetuses) however, existing pregnant occupant models are not very realistic. Most do not anthropometrically represent pregnant women and do not include a fetus model. ‘Expecting’, a computational pregnant occupant model, developed with a view to simulate the dynamic response to crash impacts is briefly explained in this paper. The model is validated through rigid bar impacts and belt loading tests and used to simulate a wide range of impacts. ‘Expecting’, possess the anthropometric properties of a 5th percentile female at around the 38th week of pregnancy. The model is complete with a finite element uterus and a realistic multibody fetus which is a novel feature in models of this kind. In this paper, the effect of further developments to ‘Expecting’, by incorporating a finite element fetus head model is investigated. Further detailed anatomic geometry is used to generate deformable fetus head model. The model is used to simulate a range of frontal impacts with seatbelt and airbag, as well as no restraint cases. The strains developed in the utero-placental interface are used as the main criteria for fetus safety. The effect of incorporating a finite element fetus head in the pregnant occupant model is discussed.
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Rocha, Maria Eduarda Araújo Machado da, Andrey Luis de Oliveira Gonçalves Dias, and Nilson Ramirez de Jesus. "Síndrome em espelho associada a síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann fetal: um relato de caso." In 45º Congresso da SGORJ XXIV Trocando Ideias. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/jbg-0368-1416-20211311209.
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Introdução: A síndrome em espelho (SE) é uma condição materna rara, definida pela tríade hidropsia fetal, hidropsia placentária e edema materno generalizado. Neste relato, descrevemos um caso de SE associada à síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann (SBW), uma anomalia congênita rara. Foi atribuída a expressão “síndrome em espelho” pelo fato de o edema materno refletir o edema fetal. Pode ocorrer em qualquer período da gravidez, mas é mais comum no final do segundo e no início do terceiro trimestre. Está associada a elevada morbimortalidade materna e perinatal. Sua etiopatogenia é variada, e a maioria dos casos é atribuída a malformações fetais, tumores placentários e fetais. Outras etiologias são: isoimunização, síndrome de transfusão feto-fetal e infecções virais, como citomegalovírus e parvovírus B19. Relato: Gestante, 23 anos, G2 PN1, sem comorbidades, com 18 semanas e 5 dias, referia edema de membros inferiores, aumento do volume abdominal, dispneia aos médios esforços de início nas duas semanas anteriores e elevação da pressão arterial. A primeira ultrassonografia (USG) obstétrica, com 13 semanas e 2 dias, mostrou translucência nucal de 5 mm. USG externa realizada na semana anterior à internação evidenciava hidropsia feto-placentária associada a sinais de ascite materna. A paciente chega ao serviço em regular estado geral, em anasarca, apresentando edema de membros inferiores bilateral 3+/4+, ascite e pressão arterial de 150x90 mmHg. Proteína urinária de 1.201 mg em 24 horas. Grupo sanguíneo B Rh+. Pelo alto risco de morbimortalidade materna, optou-se pela interrupção terapêutica da gestação. O abortamento foi induzido com misoprostol e ocorreu expulsão de feto morto empelicado e placenta apresentando numerosas vesículas, que foram enviados à anatomia patológica. A paciente recebeu alta, assintomática, após sete dias. Laudo histopatológico: displasia mesenquimal placentária, feto hidrópico do sexo feminino exibindo fenótipo compatível com SBW com hérnia umbilical, rim direito pélvico, hepatomegalia acentuada, útero bicorno e intestino curto. Conclusão: A SE configura entidade de difícil diagnóstico e alta mortalidade materno-fetal. O diagnóstico precoce faz-se importante visando identificar causas reversíveis que, adequadamente tratadas, podem evoluir para a melhora do quadro materno-fetal, com manutenção da gravidez. No caso apresentado, o tratamento empregado foi a interrupção terapêutica da gestação, por se tratar de etiologia fetal irreversível com sinais de gravidade maternos. A associação da SBW com SE materna é extremamente rara. A SBW é uma condição congênita rara, com incidência aproximada de um caso para 13.500 nascidos vivos. O diagnóstico, em geral, é realizado no período pós-natal, por meio dos seguintes achados: macroglossia, gigantismo, onfalocele, visceromegalia, entre outros. A SBW é causada pela desregulação em genes do imprint genético situado no locus 11p15, responsáveis pelo crescimento.