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Mehare, Tsegaye, and Daniel Kebede. "Fetoplacental Weight Relationship in Normal Pregnancy and Pregnancy Complicated by Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension and Abruption of Placenta among Mothers Who Gave Birth in Southern Ethiopia, 2018." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2020 (January 27, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6839416.
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Introduction. Placenta is a complex multifunctional organ that maintains pregnancy and promotes normal fetal development. The fetal outcome is adversely influenced by pathological changes in the placenta because it is a mirror that reflects the intrauterine status of the fetus. Placental abnormalities are considered a leading cause of maternal and prenatal mortality. This study aimed to assess the fetoplacental weight relationship in pregnancy-induced hypertension and abruption placenta and compare with the normal one. Objective. This study designed to assess fetoplacental weight relationships in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by pregnancy-induced hypertension and abruption of placenta among mothers who gave birth in Dilla University Referral Hospital, southern Ethiopia, 2018. Materials and Methods. Institution-based comparative cross-sectional study was used on 50 placentas from mothers with pregnancy-induced hypertension, 50 placentas from mothers with abruption of placenta, and 50 placentas from mothers with normal pregnancy (control) with an age range of 19–34 years. The weight of the placenta and newborn were taken and the fetoplacental ratio was calculated. Results. Placental index as well as the weight of the newborn shows statistically significant (p<0.001) difference in pregnancy-induced hypertension and abruption placenta group compared with the normal group. The mean of the fetoplacental ratio in the normal group was 5.52 ± 0.07, in pregnancy-induced hypertension was 5.15 ± 0.11, whereas the abruption placenta was 4.99 ± 0.82. Conclusion. Both PIH and abruption placenta were associated with remarkable changes in the placenta index such as small placental weight and diameter and results in different kinds of congenital anomalies and low birth weight of the baby. Hence, fetoplacental ratio was altered. The lowest fetoplacental ratio was 4.99 for abruption placenta, and the highest was for a normal group of the placenta which was 5.52. Therefore, an examination of the placenta before and after birth guarantees for feto-maternal health.
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Dhawle, Manjusha S., Ashwini R. Tangde, Bhagyashree P. Mundhe, Santosh G. Rathod, and Rajan S. Bindu. "Department of Pathology, Government Medical College and Cancer Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 7 (June 24, 2017): 3214. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173015.
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Background: The intrauterine existence of fetus is dependent on one vital organ 'the placenta’. The placenta reflects the status of maternal hypertension as it is the mirror of maternal and fetal health. The hypertensive disorders complicate 5-10% of all pregnancies and form a dangerous triad with haemorrhage and infection that contributes greatly to maternal morbidity and mortality. The fetus is dependent on placenta for growth and development. Many disorders of pregnancy like hypertension are accompanied by gross and histological changes in placenta. Aim of the study was to study the various morphological lesions of placenta in pregnancy induced hypertension and compare them with normal pregnanciesMethods: Gross and microscopic examination was conducted on 70 placentas. These included 15 normal placentas and 55 placentas from pregnancy induced hypertension.Results: In PIH, on gross the placenta showed areas of infarction, perivillous fibrin deposition and basal decidual haematoma, while microscopically showed increased syncytial knotting, cytotrophoblasitc proliferation, basement membrane thickening, vasculosyncytial membrane deficiency, infarction and fibrinoid necrosis.Conclusions: Maternal disorders affect the placental histology and can be detected by morphological examination of such placentae. The placenta from hypertensive pregnant women show significant morphological changes as compared to control, which may alter the perinatal outcome.
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Khan, A. T., and K. S. Stewart. "Ultrasound Placental Localisation in Early Pregnancy." Scottish Medical Journal 32, no. 1 (February 1987): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693308703200109.
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A retrospective study of 400 consecutive case records was made to establish the clinical significance of the low lying placenta found on ultrasound. Diagnostic accuracy is discussed. 30% of the patients had a low lying placenta on early scan. Of these, 73% had a follow up scan. There was a progressive drop in the incidence of low lying placentae through pregancy until at term, in this study, there was no placenta previa. It is considered that a repeat scan is necessary to exclude placenta previa, but not until 34 weeks gestation. Amongst the patients with early low lying placentae the incidence of antepartum haemorrhage of indeterminate type was significantly high (P<0.001). A careful surveillance of these patients is therefore required. Dynamic placental migration may be the cause of this bleeding. Further study is necessary to determine the effect of early placental position on subsequent fetal development.
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Begum, Mahamuda, Shamim Ara, Shahnaz Begum, Segupta Kishwara, Khondaker Abu Rayhan, Asad Hossain, and Anjuman Nahar. "Big placenta and anaemia in pregnancy." Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College 1, no. 2 (October 14, 2012): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v1i2.12161.
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Background: Birthing process is the journey of the spirit/ soul. The Placenta is the home for this spirit/ soul for nine months. Placenta has a huge role to play throughout the pregnancy acting as the kidneys, lungs and intestines all in one1. Placenta is an organ that is essential to the survival and growth of the fetus of the mammals. Anaemia in pregnancy is common and one of the risk factors in pregnancy. Maternal anaemia result in fetal hypoxemia and also stimulates placental growth. In anaemia, significant changes both in gross morphology and in histology of the placenta can occur. Type of study: Descriptive. Place of study: Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Study period: July 2005 to June 2006. Methods: Sixty (60) placentas of Bangladeshi pregnant women were studied. Out of 60 placentas, anaemic and control group were 40 and 20 respectively. The study was designed to determine, morphological changes of placenta which is influenced by maternal anaemia. Macroscopic dimension of the placenta were measured with observation and dissection method. The samples were divided into group A (control), group B1 (mild anaemia), group B2 (moderate anaemia) and group B3 (severe anaemia). The severe group was not found in present study. Result: In anaemia, placental diameters, surface area and thickness were increased. Conclusion: There were morphological changes of the placenta in association with maternal anaemia. However, comprehensive work considering the physiological, biochemical, genetic as well as further gross, light, electron microscopic and morphometric placental studies are needed in order to support the findings of present study. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v1i2.12161 Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Vol.1, No.2, December 2009 p.17-20
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Waszak, Małgorzata, Krystyna Cieślik, Joanna Kempiak, Grzegorz Bręborowicz, and Janusz Gadzinowski. "Relationship between type and weight of placenta and neonate birth weight in twin pregnancy." Anthropological Review 76, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2013-0017.
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Abstract The relationship between the type and size of placenta and the development of twin fetuses is still discussed in perinatology. The objective of this paper is to answer the question whether the final weight and size of placenta is a limiting factor for fetal growth in twin pregnancy. The study material consisted of 1,261 pairs of fetuses from monochorionic (MC) and dichorionic (DC) twin pregnancies, born by cesarean section between pregnancy weeks 22 and 41 at the Perinatology and Gynecology Department of the Poznan University of Medical Sciences between 2003 and 2009. Histological examination of secundines, placental weights, and birth weight of twins were evaluated, and the newborn condition was assessed by the Apgar score. Statistical evaluation by analysis of variance assessed placental growth related to gestational age and also the effect of placental-fetal weight ratio on neonate clinical condition. We observed an increase in placenta growth until 38 weeks of pregnancy in twins sharing one placenta and until 36 weeks of pregnancy in twins with separate placentas. Between 22 and 35 weeks of pregnancy, the placental-fetal weight ratio in twins sharing one placenta was higher and they were also smaller than twins with separate placentas The placental-fetal weight ratio was comparable in all twins at delivery and was associated with the clinical condition of newborns. Newborns who received an Apgar score of 8 or more 10 minutes post delivery had a lower ratio than neonates with Apgar score equal to or lower than 7 (p≤0.01). Although these latter twins had both smaller placentas and smaller birth weights, their placental-fetal weight ratios were significantly higher than those of twins born in good condition. Placental growth decreases before pregnancy term but does not limit fetal birth weight in twin pregnancy.
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GOSWAMI, PUSHPA, SAMREEN MEMON, MUHAMMAD ASLAM CHANNA, and Hemlata Rathi. "EXCESSIVE CALCIFICATION OF PLACENTA;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 05 (October 15, 2013): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.05.1452.
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Objective: To examine the morphological change due to excessive calcification of placenta of pregnancies complicated bypregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) and placental Abruption and its relation with fetal outcome. Study design: Case control type ofstudy. Place and duration: This study was conducted from June 2008 to July 2009 at the department of Anatomy of Liaquat University ofMedical & Health Sciences Jamshoro. Material and Methods: One hundred twenty placentae were collected from labor room andgynecology operation theatre of Liaquat University Hospital. Forty placentae from parturients that had pregnancy induced hypertension(PIH), forty from parturient having placental abruption & forty placentae of normal pregnancy (Control Group). Age of all parturients isbetween 17 to 32 years. Fetal outcome and data was recorded. Weight and diameter of Placentae were measured. Approximately five cmpiece of placenta was taken and processed for histological study. Results: The weight of placenta in control group were 450 to 650 gmwith a mean weight of 526.25± 8.414 gm and their diameter from 19 to 24 cm with a mean of 21.225±0.2148cm. In PIH group weight ofplacenta was from 200 to 550gm with a mean weight of 432.25 ± 11.889gm and their diameter ranges from 10 to 16cms with amean14.208 ± 0.1914cm. In placental abruption group the weight of placenta ranges from 180 to 400 gm with a mean weight of 284.88±9.084 gms and diameter ranges from 10 to 14cms with mean 13.070 ± 0.2504 cm. The difference in weight and diameter of placentain PIH and abruptio placentae was found statistically significant when compared with weight and diameter of normal placentae. Theweight of new born babies in control group was 1.8 kg to 3.6 kg mean weight of 2.790± 0.0689kg. In PIH group, the fetal weight was 1.4kg to 3.0 kg with a mean weight of 2.195 ±0.0703kg. In abruptio placentae group, the weight of new born baby ranges from 1.0 kg to2.8kg with a mean weight of 1.898 ± 0.0660 kg. Conclusions: Fetal outcome in cases of PIH and in abruptio placentae was poor ascompared to control group.
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Khajuria, Ruchi, and Megha Sharma. "Histopathology of placenta in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 3 (February 27, 2019): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20190943.
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Background: Birth of healthy term baby depends on normal placenta. IUGR is a condition associated with placental insufficiency. There is a close relationship between IUGR and placental qualitative changes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphological and histological changes in placentas of IUGR fetuses and in placentas of normal uncomplicated pregnancies and to determine the relationship that exists between morphological change and frequency of IUGR.Methods: In a cross sectional study conducted in the department of Pathology, GMC Jammu, a total of 60 placenta were received, 30 placenta of IUGR fetus (group 1-case) and 30 placenta of uncomplicated pregnancy with normal single fetus (group 2-control). Exclusion criteria: Twin pregnancy, gestational hypertension, diabetes, congenital anomaly, antepartum hemorrhage and systemic disorder.Results: Placental weights in IUGR group were significantly lower than control group. Average placental weight in IUGR group was 425 gms while in the control group (normal placenta) it was 550 gms. Infarction, intervillous thrombosis, chorionic villitis, hemorrhagic endovasculitis, placental intravascular thrombi, perivillous fibrin deposition, fibrinoid necrosis and villous edema were found to be more common in IUGR group (Group 1-case group) than Normal (Group 2- control group).Conclusions: This study highlightened that significant pathological differences were found between the placentas of IUGR fetus and normal fetus. The gross and microscopic measurement of a placenta is a good way to get proper information about IUGR and helps in management of the pregnancy.
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Sosnina, Aleksandra K., Tatyana G. Tral, and Julia S. Krylova. "Functional morphology of the placental villous tree at term singleton pregnancies, achieved by methods of assisted reproductive technology." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 65, no. 3 (June 15, 2016): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd65343-51.
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Introduction. Of special interest in the use of assisted reproductive technology techniques (ART) is the placenta as the main authority responsible for the formation and growth of the fetus. Purpose and objectives. The aim of our research is to study the morpho-functional state of placenta after pregnancy achieved by means of ART. Research objectives: histological and immunohistochemical study using the CD34, NOS-3 and HIF in these placentas. Methods. Total 98 placentas from full-term singleton pregnancies with gestational age were examined. Two study groups were formed: a basic group - the placenta from pregnancy induced methods of ART (n = 60) was divided into I subgroup, which included 30 placentas from women with primary infertility and II subgroup - 30 placentas from women with secondary infertility comparison group consisted of the placenta from the naturally ensuing pregnancy (12 placentas from primigravidae and 26 placentas from multiparous patients). Results. Histological examination of the morphological structure of the placenta was found that the incidence of chronic placental insufficiency was 1.4 times higher than in the subgroup with secondary infertility. Immunohistochemical study of placentas in the basic group, there was a significant decrease in the expression of cell adhesion marker (CD34) in the vascular epithelium chorionic villi, decreased expression of vascular tone marker (NOS-3) and increase the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) in the basic group compared to placenta s from children born naturally. Changes in the expression of the studied markers are most pronounced in the placentas from children born with secondary infertility, which is likely due to the high incidence of inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs in this subgroup. Conclusions. Endometrial pathology in primary and secondary infertility, can cause the formation of functional disorders and morphological structure of placental complex and occurrence in the future placental insufficiency.
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Wang, Joyce, Qing Qiu, Maliha Haider, Michael Bell, Andrée Gruslin, and Julian K. Christians. "Expression of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 during pregnancy in human and mouse." Journal of Endocrinology 202, no. 3 (May 26, 2009): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-09-0136.
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Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and -A2 (PAPPA and PAPPA2) are proteases that cleave IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and thereby increase the bioavailability of growth factors. PAPPA has long been recognized as a marker of fetal genetic disorders and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In contrast, although PAPPA2 is also highly expressed in human placenta, its physiological importance is not clear. To establish whether mice will be a useful model for the study of PAPPA2, we compared the patterns of expression of PAPPA2 in the placentae of mouse and human. We show, for the first time, that Pappa2 is highly expressed in mouse placenta, as is the case in humans. Specifically, it is expressed at the interface of the maternal and fetal layers of the mouse placenta at all gestational stages studied (10.5–16.5 days post coitum). Similarly, PAPPA2 is expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast layer of human placental villi and is also detected in some invasive extravillous trophoblasts in the first trimester. These results are consistent with a model whereby PAPPA2 cleaves IGFBPs produced in the maternal decidua to promote feto-placental growth, and indicate that this protein may play analogous roles in human and mouse placenta. PAPPA2 protein is detectable in the circulation of pregnant mice and humans during the first trimester and at term, raising the possibility that PAPPA2 may be a useful biomarker of placental dysfunction. Pappa2 expression also shows specific localization within the mouse embryo and therefore may play roles in fetal development, independent of its action in the placenta.
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Rizwan Ali Talpur, Samia Siddiqui, Sehar Khowaja, Naila Noor, Muhammad Saqib Baloch, and Mansoor Mukhtar Qazi. "Histomorphometric Variations of the Placenta in Normal and Hypertensive Pregnancies." Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35787/jimdc.v9i4.540.
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Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertension is a leading cause of deleterious changes in the placenta resulting in decreased blood supply towards the placenta. The objective of the current study was to analyze the histo-morphometric variations in the placenta of women with or without known pregnancy-induced hypertension.
Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out in the Gynecology and obstetrics section of Nazeer Hussain Medical Complex, Hyderabad in collaboration with Isra University, Hyderabad from March 2019 to August 2019. A total of 100 placentae were selected and divided into two groups (control and study groups) based on the presence or absence of hypertension in pregnancy. The observations of the control group placenta were compared with the study group placentas. All placentae were observed for morphometric and histological changes. SPSS ver. 22 was used to analyze the collected data.
Results: There was an increase in the mean weight of placentae among the control group as compared to the group having known hypertension cases and the difference was statistically significant (p-value <0.05). The fetoplacental weight ratio was increased among the hypertension group when compared to the statistically insignificant control group (p-value <0.05). Various gross (infarction, calcification) and histological changes (hyalinised villi, intervillous hemorrhage, decreased villous vascularity) were observed in the placentae of the hypertensive group as compared to the normal group.
Conclusion: The findings of the study concluded that Preeclampsia/PIH poses harmful and serious histo-morphometric variations in the placental tissues that affect fetal outcome.
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Meng, Qian, Li Shao, Xiucui Luo, Yingping Mu, Wen Xu, Chao Gao, Li Gao, Jiayin Liu, and Yugui Cui. "Ultrastructure of Placenta of Gravidas with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/283124.
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Objectives. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) leads to an abnormal placental environment which may cause some structural alterations of placenta and affect placental development and function. In this study, the ultrastructural appearances of term placentas from women with GDM and normal pregnancy were meticulously compared.Materials and Methods. The placenta tissues of term birth from 10 women with GDM and 10 women with normal pregnancy were applied with the signed informed consent. The morphology of fetomaternal interface of placenta was examined using light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Results. On LM, the following morphological changes in villous tissues were found in the GDM placentas when compared with the control placentas: edematous stroma, apparent increase in the number of syncytial knots, and perivillous fibrin deposition. On TEM, the distinct ultrastructural alterations indicating the degeneration of terminal villi were found in the GDM placentas as follows: thickening of the basal membrane (BM) of vasculosyncytial membrane (VSM) and the VSM itself, significantly fewer or even absent syncytiotrophoblastic microvilli, swollen or completely destroyed mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and syncytiotrophoblasts with multiple vacuoles.Conclusion. Ultrastructural differences exist between GDM and control placentas. The differences of placenta ultrastructure are likely responsible for the impairment of placental barrier and function in GDM.
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A., Ashoka, Manjunatha Sarthi, Basavraj A. C., and Mahesh T. K. "Placental pathology and its correlation with immediate feto neonatal outcome." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 3 (April 30, 2019): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20191999.
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Background: Placenta plays a major role in growth and development of the fetus as it helps in both exchange of nutrients and removal of waste. Even though it yields a valuable information of prognostic significance for the newborn, majority of the time it will be discarded after the gross examination. Hence the present study was conducted to determine the placental pathology and its correlation with fetal outcome.Methods: The present study was carried out in Davangere for a period of 2 years. The placenta of 100 parturients, more than 28 weeks of gestation were included for the present study. The data was collected after detailed review of the obstetric case records. Placentas were examined soon after delivery. After the gross examination was complete, the placentas were put in a labelled plastic container. The placentas were re-examined macroscopically again by the pathologist. Cut-section examination was done. Then, at least 4 appropriate blocks were taken for each placenta. They were stained with hematoxylin-eosin stain and examined under the microscope. The histopathological examination was conducted as per proforma.Results: One hundred placentae belonging to one hundred babies were studied among which 80% of the maternal cases had anaemia, 68% were term infant, 37% had IUGR. Eccentric insertion of the cord was observed to be the commonest (51). Marginally inserted membranes were seen most frequently (97).Conclusions: In the present study we conclude that placental reserve is large and small alteration do not affect the pregnancy outcome. The placental changes are not specific to a particular condition affecting the pregnancy.
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Nair, Vidhu V., Sobha S. Nair, and Radhamany K. "Study of placental location and pregnancy outcome." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2019): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20191187.
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Background: Placental location can be estimated easily using ultrasonogram by 16 weeks. It can be classified based on its location into central and lateral. Central can be anterior or posterior. Lateral can be left lateral or right lateral. Placental location has been attributed to both normal and abnormal pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.Methods: This is a prospective cohort study conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology which comprised of 450 singleton gestations between 18 and 24 weeks. The primary objective is to determine the association between placental location and pregnancy outcome and secondary objective is to find out the association between placental location and neonatal outcome. The study population was divided into two groups – central and lateral. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 20, Chi square test and independent two sample t-test.Results: The frequency of central placenta was 377 (83.8%) and lateral placenta in 73 (16.2%). Central placentation had an abnormal outcome in 182(48.3%), lateral placentas with abnormal outcome were 44(60.3%). Abnormal maternal outcomes like hypertensive disorders (33.3%), Intra Uterine Growth Restriction (10.2%), Antepartum haemorrhage (25%), Preterm birth (16.3%) were more in lateral placentation. The number of central placentas having NICU admissions were 62(16.4%) and lateral placenta with NICU admissions were 19(26%).Conclusions: There is a significant association between lateral placentation and abnormal pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Second trimester ultrasound can be used as non-invasive predictor of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.
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Zubzhitskaya, Lyudmila Borisovna, Tatyana Valeryevna Semenova, and Olga Nikolayevna Arzhanova. "The Immunomorphological condition placentae of the women connected with tobacco smoking." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 61, no. 6 (December 15, 2012): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd61636-40.
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Immunomorphological, histologic research with application of semi-thin cuts bioptats placentae of the women connected with tobacco smoking to pregnancy, during all pregnancy and in the I trimester of pregnancy is carried out. Immunomorphological researches of placentae of studied groups showed that the greatest percent of the revealed fixed pathogenic immune complexes (PEAK) including existence fibrinogen, C3 fraction of a compliment, antibodies and pro-inflammatory citokins, were observed in group of women which smoked all pregnancy. The smallest percent of identification PEAK was in a placenta of the women, stopped to smoke to pregnancy. By parallel kliniko-laboratory comparison it is established that the greatest frequency of complications of pregnancy is observed at women who smoked all pregnancy. At histologic research of placentae of women of studied groups in the field of adjournment the PEAK is observed tsirkulyatorno-dystrophic and necrotic processes. The most widespread changes of a placenta are found at the smokers which pregnancy became complicated the gestozy. In the field of adjournment the PEAK leads damages of membrane structures of a placentary barrier to destructive changes of a placenta, to development of immunopathological process with violation of an immune homeostasis and to development of placentary insufficiency that is adversely reflected in an outcome of pregnancy and childbirth, and also on a fruit and newborn condition.
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Faizi, Shaweez, and Muralidhar V. Pai. "Role of Midtrimester Localization of the Placenta in predicting Pregnancy Outcome." International Journal of Infertility & Fetal Medicine 5, no. 3 (2014): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10016-1087.
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ABSTRACT The localization of the placenta by ultrasound in the second trimester has been hypothesized to have an impact on the pregnancy, in terms of antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal outcome. Objective To evaluate the role of placental location in predicting the pregnancy outcome. Materials and methods It was a prospective observational study conducted between September 2011 and March 2013 at a tertiary care hospital. Placental location, as determined by midtrimester ultrasound in 620 antenatal women, was divided into five groups—anterior, posterior, fundal, lateral and low lying placenta-depending on where > 75% of the placental mass was located. Outcome variables, such as antenatal complications, intrapartum events and neonatal outcome in these women were studied. Results Out of 620 women, 274 (44.1%) had anterior, 169 (27.2%) had posterior, 98 (15.8%) had fundal, 61 (9.8%) had lateral placentae and 18 (2.9%) had placenta previa as per the last scan done at 28 weeks. Pre-eclampsia (27.9%) and antepartum hemorrhage (19.7%) were more common in lateral placenta whereas term prelabor rupture of membranes (11.2%) was more common in fundal placenta and these findings were statistically significant. The incidence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) was also found to be higher in patients with lateral (16.4%) and posteriorly (16%) implanted placenta although there was no statistically significant association. Conclusion Among the various placental sites of implantation, lateral location of the placenta is associated with adverse antenatal outcomes like pre-eclampsia, antepartum hemorrhage and IUGR. How to cite this article Faizi S, Pai MV. Role of Midtrimester Localization of the Placenta in predicting Pregnancy Outcome. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2014;5(3):87-91.
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Dehghani, Leila, Hedayat Sahraei, Rokhsareh Meamar, and Masoomeh Kazemi. "Time-Dependent Effect of Oral Morphine Consumption on the Development of Cytotrophoblast and Syncytiotrophoblast Cells of the Placental Layers during the Three Different Periods of Pregnancy in Wistar Rats." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/974205.
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Previous studies have shown that morphine abuse during pregnancy cancause a delay in the development of the placenta and embryo and also bring about birth defects. The present study investigates the effect of the duration of maternal morphine consumption during pregnancy, as well as the impacts of morphine abuse on the development of placental layers during the three different periods of pregnancy in Wistar rats.Materials and Methodology. Female Wistar rats have been used in the present study. Experimental groups received morphine (0.05 mg/mL of drinking water) after one night of coupling with male rats for mating. On 9th, 10th, and 14th days of pregnancy, pregnant animals were killed, and placentas were removed and fixed. The cells of the placentas layers were calculated by light microscope and MOTIC and SPSS software.Results. The maternal surface thickness of the placenta was significantly increased, whereasthe fetal surface thickness of placenta was significantly decreased with morphine consumption with a time-dependent manner in experimental groups, compared to control groups. Moreover, the number of trophoblast cells increased in both maternal and fetal surfaces of placenta with respect to the duration of morphine consumption which was overt in the experimental groups compared to the control groups.Conclusion. In general, the time-dependent effects of oral morphine consumption can inhibit the development and natural functioning of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells of the placental layers.
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Nanda J. Patil, Jyoti S. Tele, Rohit S. Kadam, Pawar S. J, and Sujata M. Kumbar. "Placental pathology in intrauterine fetal death." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 21, 2020): 2376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4480.
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Placenta is the most accessible and readily evaluable specimen which is mirror image of pregnancy. The objective here is to study the histomorphological changes in placenta in cases of intrauterine fetal deaths and to study correlation of placental findings with causes of fetal death which is significant to understand. The present cross sectional study was carried out in Department of Pathology of a tertiary care hospital from June 2015 to May 2017. Study of Placental Pathology in Intrauterine Fetal Death cases comprised of 99 placentas. The present study was undertaken to study the placental pathology in cases of intrauterine fetal death. IUFD was found to be more common in primigravida 50/99 (50.50%) mothers. Placental study gives useful morphological information regarding the abnormality of pregnancy. Gross and microscopic examination of the placenta plays an important role in identifying the underlying causes of fetal death and helps prevent further recurrence by making appropriate interventions during the next pregnancy. Study of placental pathology gives clues to events occurring throughout gestation and can potentially help to answer, questions concerning pregnancy management and risk assessment of future pregnancies. It will help the researchers who are doing the research in the field of placental pathology in the days to come.
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Gowda, Pushpa, and Jayanthi KS. "Morphological and morphometrical study of placenta in normal and hypertensive pregnancies." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 03, no. 01 (January 2014): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700715.
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Abstract Background and Aim: Placenta is the main channel in utero, through which the fetus receives its nutrition from the mother. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are fairly common and affect the growth and development of the placenta and fetus in many ways. Knowledge of these changes in placenta due to hypertension in pregnancy is essential as many of these changes can be diagnosed prenatally by available techniques to improve the fetal outcome and reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted to note the morphometrical and morphological parameters in the placenta of normal and hypertensive pregnancies and to correlate them with fetal outcome. The study was done on 30 placentae as control group, obtained after delivery of normotensive women and 30 placentae as study group, which were obtained after delivery of hypertensive mothers which included chronic hypertension, pre eclampsia and eclampsia. The placental specimens were collected from the department of obstetrics and gynecology, KIMS, Bangalore and new bom parameters were taken from their records. Results: The placental morphometrical parameters were significantly less in hypertensive group as compared to the control group. The mean placental weight was 458.33±70.47 gms; mean placental surface area was 215.82±27.83 sqcms, the mean placental volume was 583.67+66.21 cc and mean decidual thickness was 2.50 ±0.24 cms in hypertensive group while in the control group the values were 561.67±77.33 gms, 241.91±37.23 sqcms, 674.00±88.50 cc and 2.83±0.34 cms respectively. The mean birth weight (kg) of newborn was 2.92 ± 0.45 in control group and it was and 2.47 ±0.40 in hypertensive group. Conclusion: Thus hypertensive disorders of pregnancy affects the placenta in a major way by decreasing its weight, surface area, thickness and volume and by increasing pathological changes like placental infarcts and calcified areas which adversely affect fetal parameters like weight and APGAR score.
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Li, Hui, Qianhui Huang, Yu Liu, and Lana X. Garmire. "Single cell transcriptome research in human placenta." Reproduction 160, no. 6 (December 2020): R155—R167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-20-0231.
Full textAbstract:
Human placenta is a complex and heterogeneous organ interfacing between the mother and the fetus that supports fetal development. Alterations to placental structural components are associated with various pregnancy complications. To reveal the heterogeneity among various placenta cell types in normal and diseased placentas, as well as elucidate molecular interactions within a population of placental cells, a new genomics technology called single cell RNA-seq (or scRNA-seq) has been employed in the last couple of years. Here we review the principles of scRNA-seq technology, and summarize the recent human placenta studies at scRNA-seq level across gestational ages as well as in pregnancy complications, such as preterm birth and preeclampsia. We list the computational analysis platforms and resources available for the public use. Lastly, we discuss the future areas of interest for placenta single cell studies, as well as the data analytics needed to accomplish them.
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DiCaglio, Sara. "Placental beginnings: Reconfiguring placental development and pregnancy loss in feminist theory." Feminist Theory 20, no. 3 (October 23, 2018): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700118804446.
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The placenta has played an important role in feminist theories of subjectivity; however, the placenta of feminist theory has been the fully functional placenta of what is considered a successful full-term pregnancy. Pregnancy loss, a topic that has been generally overlooked within feminist scholarship, is absent from feminist theories of the placenta. This article uses early placental development, particularly development that takes place before the placenta becomes fully functional as an organ for hormone production and interchange, as a space through which to consider theorising subjectivity, reproduction and relation through pregnancy loss. In so doing, I argue that turning our attention to the placenta’s early development, regardless of outcomes, allows us to reimagine the role of process for feminist theories of subjectivity while also making room for a wider array of pregnancy outcomes, reinvigorating our ability to think about relations and models of hospitality that do not end as we might imagine.
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Zakurina, Anna N., and Natalia G. Pavlova. "Intraplacental blood flow in third trimester of placental insufficiency pregnancy." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 63, no. 5 (December 15, 2014): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd63551-57.
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Background. Serious perinatal, most of all, neurological consequences of placental insufficiency condition necessity further search it’s markers for optimal delivery time. Methods. At third term of pregnancy we examined 16 singleton physiological pregnant women (first group) and 27 placental insufficiency patients (second group). We standard obstetrical examined, ultrasound fetometry, basic arteries of functional system mother-placenta-fetus Doppler and three-dimensional power Doppler in central, two paracentral and two periphery placenta areas. We processing images by VOCAL and analyzed vascularisation (VI), flow (FI) and vascularisation-flow indexes (VFI). Results. In placentae correlated groups FI differ in size reliable in central (t=4,03; p<0,001 и U=240,00; p<0,001) and paracentral (t=2,61; p<0,05 и U=348,00; p<0,05) areas. Patients second group indexes were relative on 17% and 8% less than patients first group indexes. Patients second group VFI was on 35% less than patients first group VFI (t=2,08; p<0,05 и U=337,00; p<0,05). We described results of comparison three-dimensional power Doppler intraplacental blood flow indexes from patients second group with different degree hemodynamic disorder. Conclusion. In placental insufficiency presence reduction blood circulation, particular in central placenta area, conditioned by reduction blood flow in initial vessels number. Central placenta area FI may be regarded new additional criterion of placental insufficiency at third term of pregnancy.
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Luchian, Ioan-Bogdan, Elena-Silvia Nada, Vasile-Adrian Dumitru, Dinu-Florin Albu, Anca Patrascu, Alexandru Marian Goganau, Stefan-Dimitrie Albu, and Cristina-Crenguta Albu. "New Various Histopathological Findings of the Placenta in Preeclampsia." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 6 (July 15, 2019): 1979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.6.7258.
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Preeclampsia represents a pregnancy-related disease which affects both the mother and the fetus. It�s an important cause of materno-fetal morbidity and mortality. The placenta seems to be the main cause because after placental removal preeclampsia is no longer present. Placental examination is crucial and can reveal important information about this disease. After careful examination, besides the classic findings, new and uncommon histopathological aspects of the placenta in preeclampsia were described. A short observational study was performed which included placentas from preeclampsia complicated pregnancies. The various histopathological findings of the placenta in preeclampsia were evaluated according to gestational age.
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Sferruzzi-Perri, A. N., O. R. Vaughan, P. M. Coan, M. C. Suciu, R. Darbyshire, M. Constancia, G. J. Burton, and A. L. Fowden. "Placental-Specific Igf2 Deficiency Alters Developmental Adaptations to Undernutrition in Mice." Endocrinology 152, no. 8 (June 14, 2011): 3202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-0240.
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The pattern of fetal growth is a major determinant of the subsequent health of the infant. We recently showed in undernourished (UN) mice that fetal growth is maintained until late pregnancy, despite reduced placental weight, through adaptive up-regulation of placental nutrient transfer. Here, we determine the role of the placental-specific transcript of IGF-II (Igf2P0), a major regulator of placental transport capacity in mice, in adapting placental phenotype to UN. We compared the morphological and functional responses of the wild-type (WT) and Igf2P0-deficient placenta in WT mice fed ad libitium or 80% of the ad libitium intake. We observed that deletion of Igf2P0 prevented up-regulation of amino acid transfer normally seen in UN WT placenta. This was associated with a reduction in the proportion of the placenta dedicated to nutrient transport, the labyrinthine zone, and its constituent volume of trophoblast in Igf2P0-deficient placentas exposed to UN on d 16 of pregnancy. Additionally, Igf2P0-deficient placentas failed to up-regulate their expression of the amino acid transporter gene, Slc38a2, and down-regulate phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B signaling in response to nutrient restriction on d 19. Furthermore, deleting Igf2P0 altered maternal concentrations of hormones (insulin and corticosterone) and metabolites (glucose) in both nutritional states. Therefore, Igf2P0 plays important roles in adapting placental nutrient transfer capacity during UN, via actions directly on the placenta and/or indirectly through the mother.
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Ahenkorah, John, Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo, Mercy A. Nuamah, Bethel Kwansa–Bentum, Hanson G. Nuamah, Bismarck Hottor, Emmanuel Korankye, Magdalene Torto, Michael Ntumy, and Fredrick K. Addai. "The Impact ofPlasmodiumInfection on Placental Histomorphology: A Stereological Preliminary Study." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2094560.
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Background. Malaria during pregnancy may threaten the mother’s health and cause serious structural damage to the internal architecture of the placenta, which subsequently affects the pregnancy outcome. A better understanding of the impact of malaria parasites on the placenta morphology is crucial for better management of pregnant women and their babies.Aim. To assess by stereology the histomorphology of selected placental structures in placenta malaria compared with normal placentae at term.Method. A total of 10 placentae comprising 5 controls and 5 cases were selected from 50 placentae that were collected at term (38 weeks ± 2 weeks) from the maternal delivery suit of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana. Blood from the placentae was collected for both rapid diagnostic test and microscopic examinations. Samples collected were examined forPlasmodiumparasites, after which they were classified as study group (Plasmodiumpositive) or control (Plasmodiumnegative). Stereological quantification using systematic uniform random sampling technique with test point and intersection counting of photomicrographs were employed to estimate the mean volume densities of syncytial knots, syncytial necrosis, foetal capillaries, and intervillous spaces of the placentae on a total of 1,600 photomicrographs.Results. Out of the fifty placental samples from the maternal side tested forPlasmodium,six representing 12% were found to be infected with the parasite by both rapid diagnostic test and microscopy. On stereological assessment, the mean volume density of syncytial knots was significantly higher in the placental malaria group compared with the control placentae at term (P = 0.0080), but foetal capillaries (P = 0.7813), intervillous spaces (P = 0.8078), and syncytial necrosis (P = 0.8249) were not significantly different.Conclusion. This preliminary result indicates that placental malaria may cause significant increase in the syncytial knots but not foetal capillaries, intervillous spaces, or syncytial necrosis. This finding signifies early maturation of the placenta and may be crucial in understanding perinatal outcomes.
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Kim, Soon-Young, Eun-Hye Lee, Eun Na Kim, Woo-Chan Son, Yeo Hyang Kim, Seung-Yoon Park, In-San Kim, and Jung-Eun Kim. "Identifying Stabilin-1 and Stabilin-2 Double Knockouts in Reproduction and Placentation: A Descriptive Study." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 7235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197235.
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The placenta undergoes reconstruction at different times during fetal development to supply oxygen and nutrients required throughout pregnancy. To accommodate the rapid growth of the fetus, small spiral arteries undergo remodeling in the placenta. This remodeling includes apoptosis of endothelial cells that line spiral arteries, which are replaced by trophoblasts of fetal origin. Removal of dead cells is critical during this process. Stabilin-1 (Stab1) and stabilin-2 (Stab2) are important receptors expressed on scavenger cells that absorb and degrade apoptotic cells, and Stab1 is expressed in specific cells of the placenta. However, the role of Stab1 and Stab2 in placental development and maintenance remain unclear. In this study, we assessed Stab1 and Stab2 expression in the placenta and examined the reproductive capacity and placental development using a double-knockout mouse strain lacking both Stab1 and Stab2 (Stab1/2 dKO mice). Most pregnant Stab1/2 dKO female mice did not produce offspring and exhibited placental defects, including decidual hemorrhage and necrosis. Findings of this study offer the first description of the phenotypic characteristics of placentas and embryos of Stab1/2 dKO females during pregnancy, suggesting that Stab1 and Stab2 are involved in placental development and maintenance.
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Tsang, Jason C. H., Joaquim S. L. Vong, Lu Ji, Liona C. Y. Poon, Peiyong Jiang, Kathy O. Lui, Yun-Bi Ni, et al. "Integrative single-cell and cell-free plasma RNA transcriptomics elucidates placental cellular dynamics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 37 (August 22, 2017): E7786—E7795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710470114.
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The human placenta is a dynamic and heterogeneous organ critical in the establishment of the fetomaternal interface and the maintenance of gestational well-being. It is also the major source of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in the maternal circulation. Placental dysfunction contributes to significant complications, such as preeclampsia, a potentially lethal hypertensive disorder during pregnancy. Previous studies have identified significant changes in the expression profiles of preeclamptic placentas using whole-tissue analysis. Moreover, studies have shown increased levels of targeted RNA transcripts, overall and placental contributions in maternal cell-free nucleic acids during pregnancy progression and gestational complications, but it remains infeasible to noninvasively delineate placental cellular dynamics and dysfunction at the cellular level using maternal cell-free nucleic acid analysis. In this study, we addressed this issue by first dissecting the cellular heterogeneity of the human placenta and defined individual cell-type–specific gene signatures by analyzing more than 24,000 nonmarker selected cells from full-term and early preeclamptic placentas using large-scale microfluidic single-cell transcriptomic technology. Our dataset identified diverse cellular subtypes in the human placenta and enabled reconstruction of the trophoblast differentiation trajectory. Through integrative analysis with maternal plasma cell-free RNA, we resolved the longitudinal cellular dynamics of hematopoietic and placental cells in pregnancy progression. Furthermore, we were able to noninvasively uncover the cellular dysfunction of extravillous trophoblasts in early preeclamptic placentas. Our work showed the potential of integrating transcriptomic information derived from single cells into the interpretation of cell-free plasma RNA, enabling the noninvasive elucidation of cellular dynamics in complex pathological conditions.
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Macintire, Kate, Laura Tuohey, Louie Ye, Kirsten Palmer, Michael Gantier, Stephen Tong, and Tu'uhevaha J. Kaitu'u-Lino. "PAPPA2 is increased in severe early onset pre-eclampsia and upregulated with hypoxia." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 2 (2014): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd12384.
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Severe early onset pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication, believed to arise as a result of persistent placental hypoxia due to impaired placentation. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 (PAPPA2) is very highly expressed in the placenta relative to all other tissues. There is some evidence that PAPPA2 mRNA and protein are increased in association with pre-eclampsia. The aim of the present study was to characterise the mRNA and protein expression, as well as localisation, of PAPPA2 in an independent cohort of severe early onset pre-eclamptic placentas. We also examined whether exposing placental explants to hypoxia (1% oxygen) changed the expression of PAPPA2. Expression of PAPPA2 mRNA and protein was upregulated in severe early onset pre-eclamptic placentas compared with preterm controls and localised to the syncytiotrophoblast. Interestingly, protein localisation was markedly reduced in term placenta. Syncytialisation of BeWo cells did not change PAPPA2 expression. However, hypoxia upregulated PAPPA2 mRNA and protein expression in primary placental explants. Together, our data suggest that PAPPA2 may be upregulated in severe pre-eclampsia and, functionally, this may be mediated via increased placental hypoxia known to occur with this pregnancy disorder.
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Hansen, Anne R., Margaret H. Collins, David Genest, Debra Heller, Susan Schwarz, Petra Banagon, Elizabeth N. Allred, and Alan Leviton. "Very Low Birthweight Infant's Placenta and Its Relation to Pregnancy and Fetal Characteristics." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 3, no. 5 (September 2000): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100240010043.
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Our objective was to relate pathology of the very low birthweight (VLBW) infant's placenta to pregnancy and fetal characteristics. We correlated the pathologic features of 1146 placentas from infants with birth weights of 500–1500 g who were born between 1/1/91 and 12/ 31/93 to the number of gestations per pregnancy, initiator of preterm delivery, gestational age, birth weight Z score, and duration of rupture of membrane (ROM). Placental correlates of acute inflammation and villous edema were associated with preterm labor (PTL), pre-labor premature rupture of membranes (PROM), lower gestational age, and higher birth weight Z score. In PTL pregnancies delivered within 1 h of membrane rupture, 61% of placentas already had membrane inflammation. Placental correlates of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) were seen more commonly with PIH pregnancies, older gestational age, and lower birth weight Z score. We found a more prominent histopathologic signature for singleton than for multiple gestation placentas. The placental pathologic findings associated with the clinical diagnoses of infection, PIH, and low–birth weight Z scores in our VLBW/preterm population are similar to those in the literature regarding term pregnancies. The presence of multiple histologic findings consistent with inflammation in placentas of PTL pregnancies with duration of ROM lasting < 1 h suggests that some cases of PTL are precipitated by a more long-standing infection than that previously suspected. Morphologic placental features appear to be correlates of the phenomena leading to premature delivery. Examination of the VLBW infant's placenta provides insight into the etiology and management of VLBW/preterm deliveries.
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Armistead, Brooke, Leena Kadam, Sascha Drewlo, and Hamid-Reza Kohan-Ghadr. "The Role of NFκB in Healthy and Preeclamptic Placenta: Trophoblasts in the Spotlight." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051775.
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The NFκB protein family regulates numerous pathways within the cell—including inflammation, hypoxia, angiogenesis and oxidative stress—all of which are implicated in placental development. The placenta is a critical organ that develops during pregnancy that primarily functions to supply and transport the nutrients required for fetal growth and development. Abnormal placental development can be observed in numerous disorders during pregnancy, including fetal growth restriction, miscarriage, and preeclampsia (PE). NFκB is highly expressed in the placentas of women with PE, however its contributions to the syndrome are not fully understood. In this review we discuss the molecular actions and related pathways of NFκB in the placenta and highlight areas of research that need attention
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Shekhawat, Prem, Michael J. Bennett, Yoel Sadovsky, D. Michael Nelson, Dinesh Rakheja, and Arnold W. Strauss. "Human placenta metabolizes fatty acids: implications for fetal fatty acid oxidation disorders and maternal liver diseases." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 284, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): E1098—E1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00481.2002.
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The role of fat metabolism during human pregnancy and in placental growth and function is poorly understood. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders in an affected fetus are associated with maternal diseases of pregnancy, including preeclampsia, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and the hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome called HELLP. We have investigated the developmental expression and activity of six fatty acid β-oxidation enzymes at various gestational-age human placentas. Placental specimens exhibited abundant expression of all six enzymes, as assessed by immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses, with greater staining in syncytiotrophoblasts compared with other placental cell types. β-Oxidation enzyme activities in placental tissues were higher early in gestation and lower near term. Trophoblast cells in culture oxidized tritium-labeled palmitate and myristate in substantial amounts, indicating that the human placenta utilizes fatty acids as a significant metabolic fuel. Thus human placenta derives energy from fatty acid oxidation, providing a potential explanation for the association of fetal fatty acid oxidation disorders with maternal liver diseases in pregnancy.
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Karmakar, Mrinal Kanti, Sambit Kar, S. M. Kumar, Subir Kumar Chattopadhyay, L. K. Vaid, and Sukanta Sen. "A study of histological changes of human placenta in rural population of eastern India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20183331.
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Background: Placenta is essential for maintenance of pregnancy and for promoting normal growth and development of fetus. It forms the morphological record of anatomical condition, intrauterine events and intrapartum events of gestation. Present study has been undertaken to record the data on the morphology and histology of placenta from mothers with hypertension and diabetes.Methods: This study showed several significant morphological and histological differences in the placenta of the mother with GDM and hypertensive placenta. The histological study of the placenta was done under microscope and number of syncytial knots, cytotrophoblastic cellular proliferation, fibrinoid necrosis, endothelial proliferation, calcified and hyalinised villous spots were noted per low power field in the diabetics and hypertensive group in comparison to control group.Results: All other parameters including area, thickness, diameter, and circumference of GDM placenta show a significant increase when compared with normal placenta. The gross anatomic features of placentae e.g infarcted areas, calcified areas and marginal insertion of the umbilical cord in the study group show significant increase in value (p>0.01) in diabetic and hypertensive groups when compared to that of the control or normal group.Conclusions: In present study we found that hypertensive placentae tend to be slightly smaller in size, weight, volume, area, thickness, diameter, circumference and feto-placental ratio than normal placentae but the parameters were found to be significantly greater than that of normal placentae in case of diabetic placentae. No significant differences were found in umbilical cord insertion. In normal pregnancy cases we found several histological findings which were increased in hypertensive and diabetic cases.
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Cotter, Simon L., Václav Klika, Laura Kimpton, Sally Collins, and Alexander E. P. Heazell. "A stochastic model for early placental development." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 97 (August 6, 2014): 20140149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0149.
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In the human, placental structure is closely related to placental function and consequent pregnancy outcome. Studies have noted abnormal placental shape in small-for-gestational-age infants which extends to increased lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease. The origins and determinants of placental shape are incompletely understood and are difficult to study in vivo . In this paper, we model the early development of the human placenta, based on the hypothesis that this is driven by a chemoattractant effect emanating from proximal spiral arteries in the decidua. We derive and explore a two-dimensional stochastic model, and investigate the effects of loss of spiral arteries in regions near to the cord insertion on the shape of the placenta. This model demonstrates that disruption of spiral arteries can exert profound effects on placental shape, particularly if this is close to the cord insertion. Thus, placental shape reflects the underlying maternal vascular bed. Abnormal placental shape may reflect an abnormal uterine environment, predisposing to pregnancy complications. Through statistical analysis of model placentas, we are able to characterize the probability that a given placenta grew in a disrupted environment, and even able to distinguish between different disruptions.
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Kumar, Dhinesh, and Muthuprasad. "Study of Morphology of Placenta in Fifty Specimens." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 2.3 (June 5, 2021): 8020–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.131.
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Introduction: The placenta is an important organ for keeping a pregnancy going and promoting normal foetal development. As a foetal organ, the placenta is subjected to the same stress and strain as the foetus. The growth of the foetus depends upon the location, functional capacity and integrity of the placental attachment. Aim: To study the morphology of the placenta in fifty placental specimens. Methods: The study was conducted in the Institute of Anatomy, Madurai Medical College, in collaboration with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. A total of fifty placental specimens were collected and analyzed for shape, diameter, thickness, placenta weight, maternal and fetal cotyledons, and attachment of cord, vascular pattern, fetoplacental ratio and placental co-efficient. Results: In fifty placentae, 60% circular in shape; 38% oval in shape; 2% triangular in shape. The mean diameter is 17.7 cm. The diameter is increased in anaemia and decreased in prematurity. The average thickness is 1.993 cm. The thickness is increased in Diabetes mellitus and decreased in anaemia. The average number of maternal cotyledons is 17; increased in Diatebes mellitus and decreased in prematurity. The average number of fetal cotyledons is 59 and increased in Diabetes mellitus. The feto-maternal cotyledon ratio is 3.5:1. It is increased in prematurity and decreased in Diabetes mellitus. The average weight of the placenta is 471 grams. The placental weight is increased in Diabetes mellitus and decreased in prematurity. The fetoplacental weight ratio is 5.805 and is decreased in prematurity. The placental coefficient is 0.18 and is increased in prematurity. Conclusion: The examination of the placenta yields valuable information regarding the intra-uterine events and fetal outcomes. KEYWORDS: Placenta, Macroscopic Morphology, Pregnancy.
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Begum, Nasrin, and Roxana Ferdousi. "Study of Gross Anatomy of Human Placenta in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v10i2.25923.
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Introduction: Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), also referred to as Gestational hypertension is a condition of high blood pressure during pregnancy. Progression the disease causes preeclampsia and eclampsia, which are the commonest causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.Objective: The objectives of the study were to observe and measure the macroscopic changes in the placenta in pregnancy induced hypertension and to compare the placental findings of the control group. .Method: This descriptive observational study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). Forty placentas were collected from Bangladesh Institute of Research & Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. Out of forty placentas, twenty were from non-hypertensive mother considered as controls and twenty from PIH mothers. Mother who had Rh-negative blood group, positive for VDRL and HbsAg and mother delivered multiple babies or babies with any visible congenital malformation were excluded. All women included in the study gave birth to a live born baby after 35 weeks of gestation by caesarian section. The macroscopic features of placentas were recorded and after that specimen was fixed in 10% formol saline. After two week of fixation, a point counting method was used on placental slices for estimation of the volume of parenchyma and non-parenchyma.Results: The general features of the control and PIH mother were statistically matched. As compared with the control group, PIH group showed no statistically significant difference in values of placental weight, volume and diameter.Mean placental weight (gm), mean volume (ml) and the mean diameter (cm) of the placental, mean absolute volume of parenchyma, mean proportional and mean absolute volume of non-parenchyma were lower in PIH group than the control group. The mean number of cotyledon of the placenta and mean proportional volume of parenchyma were higher in PIH group than control group and. These differences did not reach statistically significant level.Conclusion: Several authors has concluded that the changes in the placenta in diabetic and toxaemic mother are the reflection of some compensatory mechanism, but the present study fails to identify any statistically significant changes in PIH group in favour of such statement.Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.10(2) 2014
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Siemieniuch, Marta J., Ewelina Jursza, Anna Z. Szóstek, Lina Zschockelt, Alois Boos, and Mariusz P. Kowalewski. "Placental Origin of Prostaglandin F2αin the Domestic Cat." Mediators of Inflammation 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/364787.
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In the present study, the question was addressed whether the feline placenta can synthesize prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α). The PGFS protein was elevated, particularly at 2.5–3 weeks of pregnancy compared to 7-8 (P<0.05) and 8.5–9 weeks (P<0.001). Transcripts for PGFS were significantly upregulated at 2.5–3 weeks of pregnancy and then gradually declined towards the end of gestation (P<0.001). Transcripts for PTGS2 were only upregulated in placentas from queens close to term (P<0.001) compared with earlier phases. Staining of PTGS2 showed distinct positive signals in placentas obtained during the last week before labor, particularly in the strongly invading trophoblast surrounding blood vessels, and also in decidual cells. Shortly after implantation, signals for PGFS were localized in the trophoblast cells. Near term, PGFS staining was seen mainly in decidual cells. Both placental PGF2αand plasma PGFM were elevated towards the end of pregnancy (P<0.001) compared with earlier weeks of pregnancy. The content of PGF2αin extracted placenta mirrored the PGFM level in plasma of pregnant females. During late gestation there is a significant increase in PGFM levels in maternal blood and of PGF2αlevels in placental tissue concomitant with an upregulation of placental PTGS2.
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Siddheshware, Ratnamala, Sunil S. Patil, and Pradip W. Sambarey. "Clinical correlation with pathology of placenta in medical disorders of pregnancy and its comparison in normal pregnancy." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20164645.
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Background: Healthy placenta is responsible for maintaining pregnancy and promoting normal foetal development. It reflects the intrauterine status of the foetus.Methods: In the present prospective study, total 50 Placentae from Medical Disorders of Pregnancies were studied and compared with equal number of Placentae from normal Pregnancies.Results: The significant macroscopic changes were calcification and infarction seen in Hypertensive Disorder. Extensive placental infarction was associated with high incidence of low APGAR (82%) and perinatal deaths (66.67%). No significant gross macroscopic changes were seen in Anaemia, Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Disease. Increased syncytial knots, fibrinoid degeneration, vasculo-syncytial membrane paucity were significant microscopic changes in Hypertensive Disorder. In Anaemia stromal fibrosis, increased syncytial knots were seen, whereas in Diabetes Mellitus villous edema was the most significant microscopic finding. No significant microscopic change was found in Heart Disease. Increased syncytial knots, fibrinoid degeneration, vasculo-syncytial membrane paucity, stromal fibrosis were associated with increased perinatal mortality.Conclusions: Gross and microscopic examination of placenta is strongly recommended in cases where maternal co-morbid conditions is likely to have an adverse perinatal outcome.
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Castillo, Michelle M., Qiuhui Yang, Abril Solis Sigala, Dosia T. McKinney, Min Zhan, Kristen L. Chen, Jason A. Jarzembowski, and Rashmi Sood. "The endothelial protein C receptor plays an essential role in the maintenance of pregnancy." Science Advances 6, no. 45 (November 2020): eabb6196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6196.
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Placenta-mediated pregnancy complications are a major challenge in the management of maternal-fetal health. Maternal thrombophilia is a suspected risk factor, but the role of thrombotic processes in these complications has remained unclear. Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) is an anticoagulant protein highly expressed in the placenta. EPCR autoantibodies and gene variants are associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. In mice, fetal EPCR deficiency results in placental failure and in utero death. We show that inhibition of molecules involved in thrombin generation or in the activation of maternal platelets allows placental development and embryonic survival. Nonetheless, placentae exhibit venous thrombosis in uteroplacental circulation associated with neonatal death. In contrast, maternal EPCR deficiency results in clinical and histological features of placental abruption and is ameliorated with concomitant Par4 deficiency. Our findings unveil a causal link between maternal thrombophilia, uterine hemorrhage, and placental abruption and identify Par4 as a potential target of therapeutic intervention.
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Vachrushina, Anna S., Anna S. Krivenko, Svetlana D. Moiseenkova, Anastasiya S. Ogareva, and Vita N. Pokusaeva. "Morphological features of the placenta in pregnant women with excessive gestational weight gain." Aspirantskiy Vestnik Povolzhiya 20, no. 1-2 (December 10, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2072-2354.2020.20.1.6-12.
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Study objective. To evaluate the association between the placenta and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG).
Materials and methods. A prospective cohort study included the standard ultrasonography with subsequent microscopic morphology of the placenta in term pregnancy. Of 83 examined pregnant women, 46 had excessive GWG and 37 had recommended one. In addition, intensity of lipid infiltration was investigated in 24 placentas (12 in each group).
Study results. Excessive GWG resulted in significant enlargement of placenta which resulted in greater neonatal weight. Ultrasonography and subsequent microscopic evaluation revealed placentas to be less efficient in case of excessive GWG.
Conclusions. These findings indicated that excessive GWG influenced placental morphology. Future studies are necessary to determine accumulation of fat in placentas and membranes in case of excessive GWG, which can be defined as fatty degeneration.
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Achur, Rajeshwara N., Sean T. Agbor-Enoh, and D. Channe Gowda. "Rat Spongiotrophoblast-specific Protein Is Predominantly a Unique Low Sulfated Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan." Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, no. 43 (September 5, 2006): 32327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m605841200.
Full textAbstract:
We have previously demonstrated that the human placenta contains a uniquely low sulfated extracellular aggrecan family chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). This CSPG is a major receptor for the adherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (IRBCs) in placentas, causing pregnancy-specific malaria. However, it is not known whether such low sulfated CSPGs occur in placentas of other animals and, if so, whether IRBCs bind to those CSPGs. In this study, we show that rat placenta contains a uniquely low sulfated extracellular CSPG bearing chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains, which comprise only ∼2% 4-sulfated and the remainder nonsulfated disaccharides. Surprisingly, the core protein of the rat placental CSPG, unlike that of the human placental CSPG, is a spongiotrophoblast-specific protein (SSP), which is expressed in a pregnancy stage-dependent manner. The majority of rat placental SSP is present in the CSPG form, and only ∼10% occurs without CS chain substitution. Of the total SSP-CSPG in rat placenta, ∼57% is modified with a single CS chain, and ∼43% carries two CS chains. These data together with the previous finding on human placental CSPG suggest that the expression of low sulfated CSPG is a common feature of animal placentas. Our data also show that the unique species-specific difference in the biology of the rat and human placentas is reflected in the occurrence of completely different CSPG core protein types. Furthermore, the rat SSP-CSPG binds P. falciparum IRBCs in a CS chain-dependent manner. Since IRBCs have been reported to accumulate in the placentas of malaria parasite-infected rodents, our results have important implications for exploiting pregnant rats as a model for studying chondroitin 4-sulfate-based therapeutics for human placental malaria.
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Ojha, Kamala, Suniti Rawal, and Abhimanyu Jha. "Placental Pathology in Severe Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia." Nepalese Medical Journal 1, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmj.v1i1.20397.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy contribute significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Since placenta is the functional unit between the mother and fetus examination of placenta can give an idea about prenatal experience of fetus. The aim is to observe the morphology and histopathology of placenta in pregnancy with severe preeclampsia / eclampsia between 20-42 weeks of gestation.Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, descriptive study carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Pathology at Institute of Medicine, Tribhuwan University Teaching Hospital, TUTH for one year, starting from 15th May 2015 - 14th May 2016. A total 55 placentas, 48 of severe preeclampsia and 7 of eclampsia were collected and placental morphometric parameters, gross and histopathological features were examined.Results: It was found that placental morphometric parameters were significantly reduced. Histopathological study showed significant number of syncytial knots, areas of fibrinoid necrosis, hyalinization and calcification. These placental findings were associated with significantly decreased weight of fetus at birth.Conclusions: Preeclampsia and eclampsia cause significant placental morphometric and histological changes which in turn adversely affects neonatal birth weight.Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, page: 32-35
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Jang, Won-Kyu, Su-Yeon Lee, Sunggyun Park, Nam Hee Ryoo, Ilseon Hwang, Ji Min Park, and Jin-Gon Bae. "Pregnancy Outcome, Antibodies, and Placental Pathology in SARS-CoV-2 Infection during Early Pregnancy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 5709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115709.
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There are reports that pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 not only have increased morbidity but also increased complications and evidence of maternal and fetal vascular malperfusion on placental pathology. This was a retrospective study of pregnant women diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection after March 2020. The results of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing and IgM and IgG antibody testing of the amniotic fluid, cord blood, placenta, and maternal blood were confirmed at delivery. Placentas were evaluated histopathologically. The study included seven pregnant women diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy at a mean gestational age of 14.5 weeks. Out of the seven women, five were infected during the first trimester. The mean gestational age at delivery was 38.4 weeks. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results for maternal plasma, cord blood, placenta, and amniotic fluid were negative and IgG antibodies were detected in maternal plasma and cord blood. On placental pathology, maternal vascular malperfusion was found in only one case, fetal vascular malperfusion in four cases, and inflammatory changes were found in two cases. Pregnancy outcomes for women diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection during early pregnancy are positive and it is likely that maternal antibodies are passed to the fetus, which results in a period of immunity.
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Vhatkar, Ashwini V., Pooja K. Bandekar, Anupama Kanwar, and Minnie Bodhanwala. "Perinatal outcome in abnormal placental villus proliferation and mesenchymal dysplasia." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20210333.
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Placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) is a rare vascular anomaly which is characterized by mesenchymal stem villous hyperplasia and placentomegaly. Since the modality of treatment changes it is necessary to distinguish PMD from molar pregnancy, placenta mosaicism, chorioangioma, twin pregnancy with co-existent molar pregnancy. On reviewing cases of abnormal placental villus proliferation having features of placental mesenchymal hyperplasia placentomegaly and cystic appearance of placenta in database of our hospital from 2015-2019, we reported 4 cases of abnormal placental villous proliferation. And performed systematic review of existing literature. Provisional diagnosis of PMD was made as USG and placental morphology showed 30-60% of the placenta with cystic vesicles, placentomegaly with a normal growing fetus. PMD an uncommon vascular anomaly which resembles molar pregnancy but prognosis is different. The fetus was normal in majority of the cases. This clinical entity should be kept in mind to avoid unnecessary termination of pregnancy.
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Natarajan, Sathish Kumar, Kavitha R. Thangaraj, Ashish Goel, C. E. Eapen, K. A. Balasubramanian, and Anup Ramachandran. "Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: an update on mechanisms." Obstetric Medicine 4, no. 3 (July 4, 2011): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/om.2011.100071.
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Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP), characterized by hepatic microvesicular steatosis, is a sudden catastrophic illness occurring almost exclusively in the third trimester of pregnancy. Defective fatty acid oxidation in the fetus has been shown to be associated with this disease. Since the placenta has the same genetic makeup as the fetus and as AFLP patients generally recover following delivery, we hypothesized that the placenta might be involved in pathogenesis of this disease. In an animal model of hepatic microvesicular steatosis (using sodium valproate), we found that microvesicular steatosis results in mitochondrial structural alterations and oxidative stress in subcellular organelles of the liver. In placentas from patients with AFLP, we observed placental mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in subcellular organelles. In addition, defective placental fatty acid oxidation results in accumulation of toxic mediators such as arachidonic acid. Escape of these mediators into the maternal circulation might affect the maternal liver resulting in microvesicular steatosis.
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Renegar, R. H., J. N. Southard, and F. Talamantes. "Immunohistochemical co-localization of placental lactogen II and relaxin in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 7 (July 1990): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.7.2355175.
Full textAbstract:
Two hormones with lactogenic activity are produced by the hamster placenta during the second half of pregnancy. One of these hormones, hamster placental lactogen II (haPL-II), has been well characterized; however, its cellular source is not known. In the present study, haPL-II was localized in placental tissues using a specific antibody and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique. Because relaxin has been localized in the hamster placenta, it was of interest to determine if haPL-II and relaxin are localized in the same cells. haPL-II immunoactivity was observed in primary and secondary giant trophoblast cells of the placenta on Days 12, 14, and 15 of pregnancy. On Day 15 positive staining was also observed in large cells located within mesometrial arteries and in eosinophilic bodies associated with degenerating sheathed arteries of the decidua basalis. haPL-II-positive staining was not observed in placentae from Days 8 or 10 of pregnancy. On Day 14, haPL-II was colocalized with relaxin in 75% of the giant trophoblast cells observed. Therefore, it is probable that these hormones are synthesized and secreted by the same cell.
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Starks, Rebekah R., Rabab Abu Alhasan, Haninder Kaur, Kathleen A. Pennington, Laura C. Schulz, and Geetu Tuteja. "Transcription Factor PLAGL1 Is Associated with Angiogenic Gene Expression in the Placenta." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 8317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218317.
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During pregnancy, the placenta is important for transporting nutrients and waste between the maternal and fetal blood supply, secreting hormones, and serving as a protective barrier. To better understand placental development, we must understand how placental gene expression is regulated. We used RNA-seq data and ChIP-seq data for the enhancer associated mark, H3k27ac, to study gene regulation in the mouse placenta at embryonic day (e) 9.5, when the placenta is developing a complex network of blood vessels. We identified several upregulated transcription factors with enriched binding sites in e9.5-specific enhancers. The most enriched transcription factor, PLAGL1 had a predicted motif in 233 regions that were significantly associated with vasculature development and response to insulin stimulus genes. We then performed several experiments using mouse placenta and a human trophoblast cell line to understand the role of PLAGL1 in placental development. In the mouse placenta, Plagl1 is expressed in endothelial cells of the labyrinth layer and is differentially expressed in placentas from mice with gestational diabetes compared to placentas from control mice in a sex-specific manner. In human trophoblast cells, siRNA knockdown significantly decreased expression of genes associated with placental vasculature development terms. In a tube assay, decreased PLAGL1 expression led to reduced cord formation. These results suggest that Plagl1 regulates overlapping gene networks in placental trophoblast and endothelial cells, and may play a critical role in placental development in normal and complicated pregnancies.
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Santos, R. B., J. M. Silva, and M. E. Beletti. "Ultrastructure of bovine placenta during all gestational period." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 69, no. 6 (November 2017): 1376–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9022.
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ABSTRACT Placentas from pregnant cows with different gestation periods were used. Placental fragments of all groups were processed and evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. After fragment analysis, bovine placenta was observed to be epitheliochorial type in early pregnancy, becoming progressively sinepiteliocorial at the beginning of the second trimester. There are no ultrastructural evidences of inflammation in the region of caruncles throughout gestation, despite the invasion of caruncle proper lamina by trophoblast cells. However, throughout pregnancy and especially at the end, there were evident signs of cell degeneration in both trophoblast and the uterine epithelium. The active trophoblast cells intensely phagocytize cellular debris. There are complex interdigitations between the surface of the trophoblast and the uterine epithelium, which is related to the increase of the exchange surface between mother and fetus. At the end of pregnancy, interdigitations disappear, favoring the detachment and expulsion of the placenta after birth.
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Fan, Xiujun, Matthew Petitt, Matthew Gamboa, Mei Huang, Sabita Dhal, Maurice L. Druzin, Joseph C. Wu, Yanru Chen-Tsai, and Nihar R. Nayak. "Transient, Inducible, Placenta-Specific Gene Expression in Mice." Endocrinology 153, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 5637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1556.
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Abstract Molecular understanding of placental functions and pregnancy disorders is limited by the absence of methods for placenta-specific gene manipulation. Although persistent placenta-specific gene expression has been achieved by lentivirus-based gene delivery methods, developmentally and physiologically important placental genes have highly stage-specific functions, requiring controllable, transient expression systems for functional analysis. Here, we describe an inducible, placenta-specific gene expression system that enables high-level, transient transgene expression and monitoring of gene expression by live bioluminescence imaging in mouse placenta at different stages of pregnancy. We used the third generation tetracycline-responsive tranactivator protein Tet-On 3G, with 10- to 100-fold increased sensitivity to doxycycline (Dox) compared with previous versions, enabling unusually sensitive on-off control of gene expression in vivo. Transgenic mice expressing Tet-On 3G were created using a new integrase-based, site-specific approach, yielding high-level transgene expression driven by a ubiquitous promoter. Blastocysts from these mice were transduced with the Tet-On 3G-response element promoter-driving firefly luciferase using lentivirus-mediated placenta-specific gene delivery and transferred into wild-type pseudopregnant recipients for placenta-specific, Dox-inducible gene expression. Systemic Dox administration at various time points during pregnancy led to transient, placenta-specific firefly luciferase expression as early as d 5 of pregnancy in a Dox dose-dependent manner. This system enables, for the first time, reliable pregnancy stage-specific induction of gene expression in the placenta and live monitoring of gene expression during pregnancy. It will be widely applicable to studies of both placental development and pregnancy, and the site-specific Tet-On G3 mouse will be valuable for studies in a broad range of tissues.
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Lacroix, MC, H. Jammes, and G. Kann. "Occurrence of a growth hormone-releasing hormone-like messenger ribonucleic acid and immunoreactive peptide in the sheep placenta." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 8, no. 3 (1996): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9960449.
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Growth hormone releasing factor (GHRH) has been described in the rat, mouse and human placentae. This study reports the presence of an immunoreactive GHRH activity (IR-GHRH) in the ovine placenta. This activity was detected by radioimmunoassay from day 50 (D50) until the end of pregnancy. Higher IR-GHRH concentration in placental tissue was observed on days 100 (543 +/- 123 pg/g) and 140 (550 +/- 62 pg/g) and, when compared with the GHRH content of the ovine hypothalamus (1.2 ng/hypothalamus), represents a considerable amount of GHRH per placenta (a mean of 200 ng). Perifused placenta explants released IR-GHRH in vitro at a mean rate of 200 pg/g/h. Depolarization by 55 mM KCl increased the IR-GHRH concentration of the perifusion media 1.7 times over basal values. The elution position of GHRH immunoreactivity in the gel filtration chromatography profiles was the same for placenta and hypothalamus extracts and lay very near to the molecular weight of bovine GHRH. Northern blot hybridization analysis revealed the existence of a placental transcript whose size (0.75 kb) was comparable to the size of the ovine hypothalamus and rat placenta GHRH transcripts. Hybridization signal was observed at each stage studied from D50 until D120 of pregnancy. This study demonstrated the existence of a IR-GHRH peptide in the ovine placenta.
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Zalud, Ivica, Jennifer Holzman, and Marguerite Lisa Bartholomew. "Ultrasound of the Placenta." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, no. 4 (2007): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1119.
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Abstract This review covers ultrasound evaluation of the normal and abnormal placenta with clinical correlation. Normal placental function is essential for a healthy pregnancy outcome as well as for maternal, fetal, childhood, and adult health. Abnormal placental function may result in a compromised pregnancy, creating pathology for the fetus and mother alike. Despite the fact that placental anatomy, function, and location has far-reaching effects for the parents and the developing offspring, ultrasound examination of the placenta is often considered secondary to the fetus by expectant parents and sonographers as well. Location, size, shape, and architecture are easily ascertained with two-dimensional techniques. Three-dimensional ultrasound and Doppler techniques have opened up the frontier of placental function and have set the stage to make placental evaluation as fascinating as that of the fetus. Learning objectives To assess normal placenta by ultrasound. To discuss abnormal placenta and umbilical cord. To understand placentation in multiple gestation.
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Ma, Rong, Yang Gu, Shuang Zhao, Jingxia Sun, Lynn J. Groome, and Yuping Wang. "Expressions of vitamin D metabolic components VDBP, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, and VDR in placentas from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 303, no. 7 (October 1, 2012): E928—E935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00279.2012.
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Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency during pregnancy has been linked to increased risk of preeclampsia. Placenta dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this pregnancy disorder. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that disturbed vitamin D metabolism takes place in preeclamptic placentas. Protein expressions of vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), 25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1), 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), and vitamin D receptor (VDR) were examined in placentas from normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies. By immunostaining we found that in normal placenta VDBP, CYP24A1, and VDR expressions are localized mainly in trophoblasts, whereas CYP2R1 and CYP27B1 expressions are localized mainly in villous core fetal vessel endothelium. Protein expressions of CYP2R1 and VDR are reduced, but CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 expressions are elevated, in preeclamptic compared with normotensive placentas. Because increased oxidative stress is an underlying pathophysiology in placental trophoblasts in preeclampsia, we further determined whether oxidative stress contributes to altered vitamin D metabolic system in placental trophoblasts. Trophoblasts isolated from normal-term placentas were treated with hypoxic-inducing agent CoCl2, and protein expressions of VDBP, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, and VDR were determined. We found that hypoxia-induced downregulation of VDBP, CYP2R1, and VDR and upregulation of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 expressions were consistent with that seen in preeclamptic placentas. CuZnSOD expression was also downregulated in trophoblasts treated with CoCl2. These results provide direct evidence of disrupted vitamin D metabolic homeostasis in the preeclamptic placenta and suggest that increased oxidative stress could be a causative factor of altered vitamin D metabolism in preeclamptic placentas.