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1
Bernardini, A., E. Frontoni, E. S. Malinverni, A. Mancini, A. N. Tassetti, and P. Zingaretti. "Pixel, object and hybrid classification comparisons." Journal of Spatial Science 55, no. 1 (June 2010): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2010.487641.
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Makinde, Esther Oluwafunmilayo, Ayobami Taofeek Salami, James Bolarinwa Olaleye, and Oluwapelumi Comfort Okewusi. "Object Based and Pixel Based Classification Using Rapideye Satellite Imager of ETI-OSA, Lagos, Nigeria." Geoinformatics FCE CTU 15, no. 2 (December 8, 2016): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/gi.15.2.5.
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Several studies have been carried out to find an appropriate method to classify the remote sensing data. Traditional classification approaches are all pixel-based, and do not utilize the spatial information within an object which is an important source of information to image classification. Thus, this study compared the pixel based and object based classification algorithms using RapidEye satellite image of Eti-Osa LGA, Lagos. In the object-oriented approach, the image was segmented to homogenous area by suitable parameters such as scale parameter, compactness, shape etc. Classification based on segments was done by a nearest neighbour classifier. In the pixel-based classification, the spectral angle mapper was used to classify the images. The user accuracy for each class using object based classification were 98.31% for waterbody, 92.31% for vegetation, 86.67% for bare soil and 90.57% for Built up while the user accuracy for the pixel based classification were 98.28% for waterbody, 84.06% for Vegetation 86.36% and 79.41% for Built up. These classification techniques were subjected to accuracy assessment and the overall accuracy of the Object based classification was 94.47%, while that of Pixel based classification yielded 86.64%. The result of classification and accuracy assessment show that the object-based approach gave more accurate and satisfying results
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Martínez Prentice, Ricardo, Miguel Villoslada Peciña, Raymond D. Ward, Thaisa F. Bergamo, Chris B. Joyce, and Kalev Sepp. "Machine Learning Classification and Accuracy Assessment from High-Resolution Images of Coastal Wetlands." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 3669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183669.
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High-resolution images obtained by multispectral cameras mounted on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are helping to capture the heterogeneity of the environment in images that can be discretized in categories during a classification process. Currently, there is an increasing use of supervised machine learning (ML) classifiers to retrieve accurate results using scarce datasets with samples with non-linear relationships. We compared the accuracies of two ML classifiers using a pixel and object analysis approach in six coastal wetland sites. The results show that the Random Forest (RF) performs better than K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm in the classification of pixels and objects and the classification based on pixel analysis is slightly better than the object-based analysis. The agreement between the classifications of objects and pixels is higher in Random Forest. This is likely due to the heterogeneity of the study areas, where pixel-based classifications are most appropriate. In addition, from an ecological perspective, as these wetlands are heterogeneous, the pixel-based classification reflects a more realistic interpretation of plant community distribution.
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Liu, Yanzhu, Yanan Wang, and Adams Wai Kin Kong. "Pixel-wise ordinal classification for salient object grading." Image and Vision Computing 106 (February 2021): 104086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2020.104086.
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He, Ziqiang, Shaosheng Dai, and Jinsong Liu. "Single-pixel object classification using ordered illumination patterns." Optics Communications 573 (December 2024): 131023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2024.131023.
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Kang, Min Jo, Victor Mesev, and Won Kyung Kim. "Measurements of Impervious Surfaces - per-pixel, sub-pixel, and object-oriented classification -." Korean Journal of Remote Sensing 31, no. 4 (August 31, 2015): 303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7780/kjrs.2015.31.4.3.
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Deur, Martina, Mateo Gašparović, and Ivan Balenović. "An Evaluation of Pixel- and Object-Based Tree Species Classification in Mixed Deciduous Forests Using Pansharpened Very High Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101868.
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Quality tree species information gathering is the basis for making proper decisions in forest management. By applying new technologies and remote sensing methods, very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery can give sufficient spatial detail to achieve accurate species-level classification. In this study, the influence of pansharpening of the WorldView-3 (WV-3) satellite imagery on classification results of three main tree species (Quercus robur L., Carpinus betulus L., and Alnus glutinosa (L.) Geartn.) has been evaluated. In order to increase tree species classification accuracy, three different pansharpening algorithms (Bayes, RCS, and LMVM) have been conducted. The LMVM algorithm proved the most effective pansharpening technique. The pixel- and object-based classification were applied to three pansharpened imageries using a random forest (RF) algorithm. The results showed a very high overall accuracy (OA) for LMVM pansharpened imagery: 92% and 96% for tree species classification based on pixel- and object-based approach, respectively. As expected, the object-based exceeded the pixel-based approach (OA increased by 4%). The influence of fusion on classification results was analyzed as well. Overall classification accuracy was improved by the spatial resolution of pansharpened images (OA increased by 7% for pixel-based approach). Also, regardless of pixel- or object-based classification approaches, the influence of the use of pansharpening is highly beneficial to classifying complex, natural, and mixed deciduous forest areas.
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Endo, Yutaka, and Gai Nakajima. "Compressive phase object classification using single-pixel digital holography." Optics Express 30, no. 15 (July 15, 2022): 28057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.463395.
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A single-pixel camera (SPC) is a computational imaging system that obtains compressed signals of a target scene using a single-pixel detector. The compressed signals can be directly used for image classification, thereby bypassing image reconstruction, which is computationally intensive and requires a high measurement rate. Here, we extend this direct inference to phase object classification using single-pixel digital holography (SPDH). Our method obtains compressed measurements of target complex amplitudes using SPDH and trains a classifier using those measurements for phase object classification. Furthermore, we present a joint optimization of the sampling patterns used in SPDH and a classifier to improve classification accuracy. The proposed method successfully classified phase object images of handwritten digits from the MNIST database, which is challenging for SPCs that can only capture intensity images.
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Powar, Sudhir K., Sachin S. Panhalkar, and Abhijit S. Patil. "An Evaluation of Pixel-based and Object-based Classification Methods for Land Use Land Cover Analysis Using Geoinformatic Techniques." Geomatics and Environmental Engineering 16, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geom.2022.16.2.61.
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Land use land cover (LULC) classification is a valuable asset for resource managers; in many fields of study, it has become essential to monitor LULC at different scales. As a result, the primary goal of this work is to compare and contrast the performance of pixel-based and object-based categorization algorithms. The supervised maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) technique was employed in pixel-based classification, while multi-resolution segmentation and the standard nearest neighbor (SNN) algorithm were employed in object-based classification. For the urban and suburban parts of Kolhapur, the Resourcesat-2 LISS-IV image was used, and the entire research region was classified into five LULC groups. The performance of the two approaches was examined by comparing the classification results. For accuracy evaluation, the ground truth data was used, and confusion matrixes were generated. The overall accuracy of the object-based methodology was 84.66%, which was significantly greater than the overall accuracy of the pixel-based categorization methodology, which was 72.66%. The findings of this study show that object-based classification is more appropriate for high-resolution Resourcesat-2 satellite data than MLC of pixel-based classification.
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Turissa, Pragunanti, Nababan Bisman, Siregar Vincentius, Kushardono Dony, and Madduppa Hawis. "Evaluation Methods of Change Detection of Seagrass Beds in the Waters of Pajenekang and Gusung Selayar." Trends in Sciences 18, no. 23 (November 15, 2021): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2021.677.
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Knowledge about coastal and small island ecosystems is increasing for the monitoring of marine resources based on remote sensing. Remote sensing data provides up-to-date information with various resolutions when detecting changes in ecosystems. Studies have defined a shift in marine resources but were limited only to pixel or object classification in changes of seagrass area. In the present study, two classification method analysis approaches were compared to obtain optimum results in detecting changes in seagrass extent. It aimed to determine the dynamics of a seagrass ecosystem by comparing two classification methods in the waters of Gusung Island and Pajenekang, South Sulawesi, these methods being pixel-based and object-based classification methods. This research used SPOT-7 satellite imagery with 6 m2 of spatial resolution. Accuracy assessment using the confusion matrix showed optimum accuracy in object-based classification with an accuracy value of 87 %. Meanwhile, pixel-based classification showed an accuracy value of 78 % around Gusung Island. Pajenekang Island had accuracy values of 69 % with object-based classification and 65 % with pixel-based classification. A comparison of both classification methods revealed statistically high accuracy in mapping the benthic habitats of seagrass ecosystems. The results of the classifications showed a decline in the area of seagrass populations around Gusung Island from 2016 - 2018 and around Pajenekang Island from 2013 - 2017, with a change rate of 11.8 % around the island of Gusung and 7.6 % around the island of Pajenekang. This can explain the reason for the temporal method of object-based research classification having the best potential to process data changes in areas of seagrass in South Sulawesi waters and remote sensing information for the mapping of coastal area ecosystems.
HIGHLIGHTS
Information on coastal ecosystems globally with remote sensing data is currently very easy to access, but information related to ecosystem management and seagrass ecology in certain areas is still limited
Analysis of seagrass benthic changes in shallow water requires data processing methods with high accuracy
The OBIA (Object Based Image Analysis) method is one of the analytical methods that can provide optimal results in observing changes in seagrass ecosystems in the waters of South Sulawesi, Indonesia
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Aghababaei, Masoumeh, Ataollah Ebrahimi, Ali Asghar Naghipour, Esmaeil Asadi, and Jochem Verrelst. "Classification of Plant Ecological Units in Heterogeneous Semi-Steppe Rangelands: Performance Assessment of Four Classification Algorithms." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (August 29, 2021): 3433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173433.
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Plant Ecological Unit’s (PEUs) are the abstraction of vegetation communities that occur on a site which similarly respond to management actions and natural disturbances. Identification and monitoring of PEUs in a heterogeneous landscape is the most difficult task in medium resolution satellite images datasets. The main objective of this study is to compare pixel-based classification versus object-based classification for accurately classifying PEUs with four selected different algorithms across heterogeneous rangelands in Central Zagros, Iran. We used images of Landsat-8 OLI that were pan-sharpened to 15 m to classify four PEU classes based on a random dataset collected in the field (40%). In the first stage, we applied the following classification algorithms to distinguish PEUs: Minimum Distance (MD), Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC), Neural Network-Multi Layer Perceptron (NN-MLP) and Classification Tree Analysis (CTA) for pixel based method and object based method. Then, by using the most accurate classification approach, in the second stage auxiliary data (Principal Component Analysis (PCA)) was incorporated to improve the accuracy of the PEUs classification process. At the end, test data (60%) were used for accuracy assessment of the resulting maps. Object-based maps clearly outperformed pixel-based maps, especially with CTA, NN-MLP and MD algorithms with overall accuracies of 86%, 72% and 59%, respectively. The MLC algorithm did not reveal any significant difference between the object-based and pixel-based analyses. Finally, complementing PCA auxiliary bands to the CTA algorithms offered the most successful PEUs classification strategy, with the highest overall accuracy (89%). The results clearly underpin the importance of object-based classification with the CTA classifier together with PCA auxiliary data to optimize identification of PEU classes.
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Song, M., D. L. Civco, and J. D. Hurd. "A competitive pixel-object approach for land cover classification." International Journal of Remote Sensing 26, no. 22 (November 20, 2005): 4981–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160500213912.
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De Giglio, Michaela, Nicolas Greggio, Floriano Goffo, Nicola Merloni, Marco Dubbini, and Maurizio Barbarella. "Comparison of Pixel- and Object-Based Classification Methods of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Data Applied to Coastal Dune Vegetation Communities: Casal Borsetti Case Study." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (June 14, 2019): 1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121416.
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Coastal dunes provide the hinterland with natural protection from marine dynamics. The specialized plant species that constitute dune vegetation communities are descriptive of the dune evolution status, which in turn reveals the ongoing coastal dynamics. The aims of this paper were to demonstrate the applicability of a low-cost unmanned aerial system for the classification of dune vegetation, in order to determine the level of detail achievable for the identification of vegetation communities and define the best-performing classification method for the dune environment according to pixel-based and object-based approaches. These goals were pursued by studying the north-Adriatic coastal dunes of Casal Borsetti (Ravenna, Italy). Four classification algorithms were applied to three-band orthoimages (red, green, and near-infrared). All classification maps were validated through ground truthing, and comparisons were performed for the three statistical methods, based on the k coefficient and on correctly and incorrectly classified pixel proportions of two maps. All classifications recognized the five vegetation classes considered, and high spatial resolution maps were produced (0.15 m). For both pixel-based and object-based methods, the support vector machine algorithm demonstrated a better accuracy for class recognition. The comparison revealed that an object approach is the better technique, although the required level of detail determines the final decision.
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Coslu, M., N. K. Sonmez, and D. Koc-San. "OBJECT-BASED GREENHOUSE CLASSIFICATION FROM HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY: A CASE STUDY ANTALYA-TURKEY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-183-2016.
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Pixel-based classification method is widely used with the purpose of detecting land use and land cover with remote sensing technology. Recently, object-based classification methods have begun to be used as well as pixel-based classification method on high resolution satellite imagery. In the studies conducted, it is indicated that object-based classification method has more successful results than other classification methods. While pixel-based classification method is performed according to the grey value of pixels, object-based classification process is executed by generating imagery segmentation and updatable rule sets. In this study, it was aimed to detect and map the greenhouses from object-based classification method by using high resolution satellite imagery. The study was carried out in the Antalya province which includes greenhouse intensively. The study consists of three main stages including segmentation, classification and accuracy assessment. At the first stage, which was segmentation, the most important part of the object-based imagery analysis; imagery segmentation was generated by using basic spectral bands of high resolution Worldview-2 satellite imagery. At the second stage, applying the nearest neighbour classifier to these generated segments classification process was executed, and a result map of the study area was generated. Finally, accuracy assessments were performed using land studies and digital data of the area. According to the research results, object-based greenhouse classification using high resolution satellite imagery had over 80% accuracy.
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Coslu, M., N. K. Sonmez, and D. Koc-San. "OBJECT-BASED GREENHOUSE CLASSIFICATION FROM HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY: A CASE STUDY ANTALYA-TURKEY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-183-2016.
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Pixel-based classification method is widely used with the purpose of detecting land use and land cover with remote sensing technology. Recently, object-based classification methods have begun to be used as well as pixel-based classification method on high resolution satellite imagery. In the studies conducted, it is indicated that object-based classification method has more successful results than other classification methods. While pixel-based classification method is performed according to the grey value of pixels, object-based classification process is executed by generating imagery segmentation and updatable rule sets. In this study, it was aimed to detect and map the greenhouses from object-based classification method by using high resolution satellite imagery. The study was carried out in the Antalya province which includes greenhouse intensively. The study consists of three main stages including segmentation, classification and accuracy assessment. At the first stage, which was segmentation, the most important part of the object-based imagery analysis; imagery segmentation was generated by using basic spectral bands of high resolution Worldview-2 satellite imagery. At the second stage, applying the nearest neighbour classifier to these generated segments classification process was executed, and a result map of the study area was generated. Finally, accuracy assessments were performed using land studies and digital data of the area. According to the research results, object-based greenhouse classification using high resolution satellite imagery had over 80% accuracy.
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Karakus, P., and H. Karabork. "EFFECT OF PANSHARPENED IMAGE ON SOME OF PIXEL BASED AND OBJECT BASED CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-235-2016.
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Classification is the most important method to determine type of crop contained in a region for agricultural planning. There are two types of the classification. First is pixel based and the other is object based classification method. While pixel based classification methods are based on the information in each pixel, object based classification method is based on objects or image objects that formed by the combination of information from a set of similar pixels. Multispectral image contains a higher degree of spectral resolution than a panchromatic image. Panchromatic image have a higher spatial resolution than a multispectral image. Pan sharpening is a process of merging high spatial resolution panchromatic and high spectral resolution multispectral imagery to create a single high resolution color image. The aim of the study was to compare the potential classification accuracy provided by pan sharpened image. In this study, SPOT 5 image was used dated April 2013. 5m panchromatic image and 10m multispectral image are pan sharpened. Four different classification methods were investigated: maximum likelihood, decision tree, support vector machine at the pixel level and object based classification methods. SPOT 5 pan sharpened image was used to classification sun flowers and corn in a study site located at Kadirli region on Osmaniye in Turkey. The effects of pan sharpened image on classification results were also examined. Accuracy assessment showed that the object based classification resulted in the better overall accuracy values than the others. The results that indicate that these classification methods can be used for identifying sun flower and corn and estimating crop areas.
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Karakus, P., and H. Karabork. "EFFECT OF PANSHARPENED IMAGE ON SOME OF PIXEL BASED AND OBJECT BASED CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-235-2016.
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Classification is the most important method to determine type of crop contained in a region for agricultural planning. There are two types of the classification. First is pixel based and the other is object based classification method. While pixel based classification methods are based on the information in each pixel, object based classification method is based on objects or image objects that formed by the combination of information from a set of similar pixels. Multispectral image contains a higher degree of spectral resolution than a panchromatic image. Panchromatic image have a higher spatial resolution than a multispectral image. Pan sharpening is a process of merging high spatial resolution panchromatic and high spectral resolution multispectral imagery to create a single high resolution color image. The aim of the study was to compare the potential classification accuracy provided by pan sharpened image. In this study, SPOT 5 image was used dated April 2013. 5m panchromatic image and 10m multispectral image are pan sharpened. Four different classification methods were investigated: maximum likelihood, decision tree, support vector machine at the pixel level and object based classification methods. SPOT 5 pan sharpened image was used to classification sun flowers and corn in a study site located at Kadirli region on Osmaniye in Turkey. The effects of pan sharpened image on classification results were also examined. Accuracy assessment showed that the object based classification resulted in the better overall accuracy values than the others. The results that indicate that these classification methods can be used for identifying sun flower and corn and estimating crop areas.
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Ubben, Niklas, Maren Pukrop, and Thomas Jarmer. "Spatial Resolution as a Factor for Efficient UAV-Based Weed Mapping—A Soybean Field Case Study." Remote Sensing 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2024): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16101778.
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The influence of spatial resolution on classification accuracy strongly depends on the research object. With regard to unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based weed mapping, contradictory results on the influence of spatial resolution have been attained so far. Thus, this study evaluates the effect of spatial resolution on the classification accuracy of weeds in a soybean field located in Belm, Lower Saxony, Germany. RGB imagery of four spatial resolutions (0.27, 0.55, 1.10, and 2.19 cm ground sampling distance) corresponding to flight altitudes of 10, 20, 40, and 80 m were assessed. Multinomial logistic regression was used to classify the study area, using both pixel- and object-based approaches. Additionally, the flight and processing times were monitored. For the purpose of an accuracy assessment, the producer’s, user’s, and overall accuracies as well as the F1 scores were computed and analyzed for statistical significance. Furthermore, McNemar’s test was conducted to ascertain whether statistically significant differences existed between the classifications. A linear relationship between resolution and accuracy was found, with a diminishing accuracy as the resolution decreased. Pixel-based classification outperformed object-based classification across all the resolutions examined, with statistical significance (p < 0.05) for 10 and 20 m. The overall accuracies of the pixel-based approach ranged from 80 to 93 percent, while the accuracies of the object-based approach ranged from 75 to 87 percent. The most substantial drops in the weed-detection accuracy with regard to altitude occurred between 20 and 40 m for the pixel-based approach and between 10 and 20 m for the object-based approach. While the decline in accuracy was roughly linear as the flight altitude increased, the decrease in the total time required was exponential, providing guidance for the planning of future UAV-based weed-mapping missions.
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Jaber, Hussein Sabah, Muntadher Aidi Shareef, and Zainab Fahkri Merzah. "OBJECT-BASED APPROACHES FOR LAND USE-LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION USING HIGH RESOLUTION QUICK BIRD SATELLITE IMAGERY (A CASE STUDY: KERBELA, IRAQ)." Geodesy and cartography 48, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2022.14453.
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Land Use / Land Cover (LULC) classification is considered one of the basic tasks that decision makers and map makers rely on to evaluate the infrastructure, using different types of satellite data, despite the large spectral difference or overlap in the spectra in the same land cover in addition to the problem of aberration and the degree of inclination of the images that may be negatively affect rating performance. The main objective of this study is to develop a working method for classifying the land cover using high-resolution satellite images using object based method. Maximum likelihood pixel based supervised as well as object approaches were examined on QuickBird satellite image in Karbala, Iraq. This study illustrated that use of textural data during the object image classification approach can considerably enhance land use classification performance. Moreover, the results showed higher overall accuracy (86.02%) in the o object based method than pixel based (79.06%) in urban extractions. The object based performed much more capabilities than pixel based.
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Ji, X., and X. Niu. "The Attribute Accuracy Assessment of Land Cover Data in the National Geographic Conditions Survey." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-4 (April 23, 2014): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-4-35-2014.
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With the widespread national survey of geographic conditions, object-based data has already became the most common data organization pattern in the area of land cover research. Assessing the accuracy of object-based land cover data is related to lots of processes of data production, such like the efficiency of inside production and the quality of final land cover data. Therefore，there are a great deal of requirements of accuracy assessment of object-based classification map. Traditional approaches for accuracy assessment in surveying and mapping are not aimed at land cover data. It is necessary to employ the accuracy assessment in imagery classification. However traditional pixel-based accuracy assessing methods are inadequate for the requirements. The measures we improved are based on error matrix and using objects as sample units, because the pixel sample units are not suitable for assessing the accuracy of object-based classification result. Compared to pixel samples, we realize that the uniformity of object samples has changed. In order to make the indexes generating from error matrix reliable, we using the areas of object samples as the weight to establish the error matrix of object-based image classification map. We compare the result of two error matrixes setting up by the number of object samples and the sum of area of object samples. The error matrix using the sum of area of object sample is proved to be an intuitive, useful technique for reflecting the actual accuracy of object-based imagery classification result.
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Wu, Nitu, Luís Guilherme Teixeira Crusiol, Guixiang Liu, Deji Wuyun, and Guodong Han. "Comparing Machine Learning Algorithms for Pixel/Object-Based Classifications of Semi-Arid Grassland in Northern China Using Multisource Medium Resolution Imageries." Remote Sensing 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2023): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15030750.
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Knowledge of grassland classification in a timely and accurate manner is essential for grassland resource management and utilization. Although remote sensing imagery analysis technology is widely applied for land cover classification, few studies have systematically compared the performance of commonly used methods on semi-arid native grasslands in northern China. This renders the grassland classification work in this region devoid of applicable technical references. In this study, the central Xilingol (China) was selected as the study area, and the performances of four widely used machine learning algorithms for mapping semi-arid grassland under pixel-based and object-based classification methods were compared: random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), and naive Bayes (NB). The features were composed of the Landsat OLI multispectral data, spectral indices, Sentinel SAR C bands, topographic, position (coordinates), geometric, and grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture variables. The findings demonstrated that (1) the object-based methods depicted a more realistic land cover distribution and had greater accuracy than the pixel-based methods; (2) in the pixel-based classification, RF performed the best, with OA and Kappa values of 96.32% and 0.95, respectively. In object-based classification, RF and SVM presented no statistically different predictions, with OA and Kappa exceeding 97.5% and 0.97, respectively, and both performed significantly better than other algorithms. (3) In pixel-based classification, multispectral bands, spectral indices, and geographic features significantly distinguished grassland, whereas, in object-based classification, multispectral bands, spectral indices, elevation, and position features were more prominent. Despite the fact that Sentinel 1 SAR variables were chosen as an effective variable in object-based classification, they made no significant contribution to the grassland distinction.
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Qu, Le’an, Zhenjie Chen, Manchun Li, Junjun Zhi, and Huiming Wang. "Accuracy Improvements to Pixel-Based and Object-Based LULC Classification with Auxiliary Datasets from Google Earth Engine." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030453.
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The monitoring and assessment of land use/land cover (LULC) change over large areas are significantly important in numerous research areas, such as natural resource protection, sustainable development, and climate change. However, accurately extracting LULC only using the spectral features of satellite images is difficult owing to landscape heterogeneities over large areas. To improve the accuracy of LULC classification, numerous studies have introduced other auxiliary features to the classification model. The Google Earth Engine (GEE) not only provides powerful computing capabilities, but also provides a large amount of remote sensing data and various auxiliary datasets. However, the different effects of various auxiliary datasets in the GEE on the improvement of the LULC classification accuracy need to be elucidated along with methods that can optimize combinations of auxiliary datasets for pixel- and object-based classification. Herein, we comprehensively analyze the performance of different auxiliary features in improving the accuracy of pixel- and object-based LULC classification models with medium resolution. We select the Yangtze River Delta in China as the study area and Landsat-8 OLI data as the main dataset. Six types of features, including spectral features, remote sensing multi-indices, topographic features, soil features, distance to the water source, and phenological features, are derived from auxiliary open-source datasets in GEE. We then examine the effect of auxiliary datasets on the improvement of the accuracy of seven pixels-based and seven object-based random forest classification models. The results show that regardless of the types of auxiliary features, the overall accuracy of the classification can be improved. The results further show that the object-based classification achieves higher overall accuracy compared to that obtained by the pixel-based classification. The best overall accuracy from the pixel-based (object-based) classification model is 94.20% (96.01%). The topographic features play the most important role in improving the overall accuracy of classification in the pixel- and object-based models comprising all features. Although a higher accuracy is achieved when the object-based method is used with only spectral data, small objects on the ground cannot be monitored. However, combined with many types of auxiliary features, the object-based method can identify small objects while also achieving greater accuracy. Thus, when applying object-based classification models to mid-resolution remote sensing images, different types of auxiliary features are required. Our research results improve the accuracy of LULC classification in the Yangtze River Delta and further provide a benchmark for other regions with large landscape heterogeneity.
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Vu Viet Du, Quan, Tam Minh Pham, Van Manh Pham, Huu Duy Nguyen, Quoc Huy Nguyen, Viet Thanh Pham, and Huan Cao Nguyen. "An experimental comparison of pixel-based and object-based classifications with different machine learning algorithms in landscape pattern analysis – Case study from Quang Ngai city, Vietnam." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1345, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1345/1/012019.
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Abstract In landscape pattern analysis, the choice of an efficient method for image classification is widely studied, but the features are mostly extracted from digital values by the traditional approach (Pixel-based) and modern approach (Object-based). In this study, we compared the performance of two supervised classification algorithms (Maximum likelihood classifier - MLC and Support vector machines - SVM). We used SPOT-5 image data from 2011 to analyze the landscape pattern of a complex territory in Quang Ngai City, Vietnam. We collected 215 ground-truth samples and classified them into seven landscape classes. The results showed that the overall accuracy of the classification of Pixel-based (MLC), Object-based (MLC), Pixel-based (SVM) and Object-based (SVM) was 67.9%, 74.0%, 72.1%, and 82.3%, respectively. The combination of the object-based approach and SVM algorithm had the best classification result, which reflected the current spatial distribution of land cover types accurately. In the next step, we computed landscape metrics from detailed images to compare quantitative parameters with the actual verification data sources. From these metrics results, we discussed how classification methods could affect landscape structure, and possible ways to improve the accuracy of landscape-pattern identification.
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Othman, Ainon Nisa, Nurhanisah Hashim, Pauziyah Mohamad Salim, and Puteri Norsarifah Suhada Mohd Zaidi. "Comparative Study of Pixel-Based and Object-Based Classifications in Benthic Mapping." Journal of Advanced Geospatial Science & Technology 3, no. 2 (August 30, 2023): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jagst.v3n2.69.
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Coral reefs have been degrading rapidly throughout the last decade due to climate change and other human activities. Classification and mapping of benthic floors and associated ecosystems such as coral reefs are both inefficient and expensive using traditional ground-based methods. New technologies using publicly available and commercial satellite imageries are crucial for accurate classification and mapping of coral reefs' distribution, management and monitoring. The study utilized the medium (Sentinel 2B with 20 m) and high (SPOT 7 with 1.5m) resolution satellite imageries for benthic mapping of Mabul island’s benthic using pixel-based and object-based classification methods. Results of the study show that the overall accuracy of the pixel-based classification method for Sentinel 2 and SPOT 7 were 97.5% and 90%, respectively. For the object-based technique, the overall classification was slightly lower with 87.05% and 82.81%, respectively. This study suggests pixel-based classification provides better overall accuracy than object-based classification. However, conducting more assessments at different water depths and field surveys is necessary to determine accurate results. This can be achieved in the future by using more advanced technology such as drones and lidar data.
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Soffianian, Ali Reza, Neda Bihamta Toosi, Ali Asgarian, Hervé Regnauld, Sima Fakheran, and Lars T. Waser. "Evaluating resampled and fused Sentinel-2 data and machine-learning algorithms for mangrove mapping in the northern coast of Qeshm island, Iran." Nature Conservation 52 (March 20, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.52.89639.
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Mangrove forests, as an essential component of the coastal zones in tropical and subtropical areas, provide a wide range of goods and ecosystem services that play a vital role in ecology. Mangroves are globally threatened, disappearing, and degraded. Consequently, knowledge on mangroves distribution and change is important for effective conservation and making protection policies. Developing remote sensing data and classification methods have proven to be suitable tools for mapping mangrove forests over a regional scale. Here, we scrutinized and compared the performance of pixel-based and object-based methods under Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) algorithms in mapping a mangrove ecosystem into four main classes (Mangrove tree, mudflat, water, and sand spit) using resampled and fused Sentinel-2 images. Additionally, landscape metrics were used to identify the differences between spatial patterns obtained from different classification methods. Results showed that pixel-based classifications were influenced heavily by the effect of salt and pepper noise, whereas in object-based classifications, boundaries of land use land cover (LULC) polygons were smoother and visually more appealing. Object-based classifications, with an excellent level of kappa, distinguished mudflat and sand spit from each other and from mangrove better than the pixel-based classifications which obtained a fair-to-good level of kappa. RF and SVM performed differently under comparable circumstances. The results of landscape metrics comparison presented that the classification methods can be affected on quantifying area and size metrics. Although the results supported the idea that fused Sentinel images may provide better results in mangrove LULC classification, further research needs to develop and evaluate various image fusion approaches to make use of all Sentinel’s fine resolution images. Our results on the mapping of mangrove ecosystems can contribute to the improvement of management and conservation strategies for these ecosystems being impacted by human activities.
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Jia, Jie, Yong Jun Yang, Yi Ming Hou, Xiang Yang Zhang, and He Huang. "Adaboost Classification-Based Object Tracking Method for Sequence Images." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 3902–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.3902.
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An object tracking framework based on adaboost and Mean-Shift for image sequence was proposed in the manuscript. The object rectangle and scene rectangle in the initial image of the sequence were drawn and then, labeled the pixel data in the two rectangles with 1 and 0. Trained the adaboost classifier by the pixel data and the corresponding labels. The obtained classifier was improved to be a 5 class classifier and employed to classify the data in the same scene region of next image. The confidence map including 5 values was got. The Mean-Shift algorithm is performed in the confidence map area to get the final object position. The rectangles of object and background were moved to the new position. The object rectangle was zoomed by 5 percent to adapt the object scale changing. The process including drawing rectangle, training, classification, orientation and zooming would be repeated until the end of the image sequence. The experiments result showed that the proposed algorithm is efficient for nonrigid object orientation in the dynamic scene.
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Li, Gang, and Youchuan Wan. "A new combination classification of pixel- and object-based methods." International Journal of Remote Sensing 36, no. 23 (November 23, 2015): 5842–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1109728.
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Castillejo-González, Isabel. "Mapping of Olive Trees Using Pansharpened QuickBird Images: An Evaluation of Pixel- and Object-Based Analyses." Agronomy 8, no. 12 (December 2, 2018): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8120288.
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This study sought to verify whether remote sensing offers the ability to efficiently delineate olive tree canopies using QuickBird (QB) satellite imagery. This paper compares four classification algorithms performed in pixel- and object-based analyses. To increase the spectral and spatial resolution of the standard QB image, three different pansharpened images were obtained based on variations in the weight of the red and near infrared bands. The results showed slight differences between classifiers. Maximum Likelihood algorithm yielded the highest results in pixel-based classifications with an average overall accuracy (OA) of 94.2%. In object-based analyses, Maximum Likelihood and Decision Tree classifiers offered the highest precisions with average OA of 95.3% and 96.6%, respectively. Between pixel- and object-based analyses no clear difference was observed, showing an increase of average OA values of approximately 1% for all classifiers except Decision Tree, which improved up to 4.5%. The alteration of the weight of different bands in the pansharpen process exhibited satisfactory results with a general performance improvement of up to 9% and 11% in pixel- and object-based analyses, respectively. Thus, object-based analyses with the DT algorithm and the pansharpened imagery with the near-infrared band altered would be highly recommended to obtain accurate maps for site-specific management.
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Hadavand, Ahmad, Mehdi Mokhtarzadeh, Mohammad Javad Valadan Zoej, Saeid Homayouni, and Mohammad Saadatseresht. "USING PIXEL-BASED AND OBJECT-BASED METHODS TO CLASSIFY URBAN HYPERSPECTRAL FEATURES." Geodesy and cartography 42, no. 3 (September 22, 2016): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2016.1226388.
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Object-based image analysis methods have been developed recently. They have since become a very active research topic in the remote sensing community. This is mainly because the researchers have begun to study the spatial structures within the data. In contrast, pixel-based methods only use the spectral content of data. To evaluate the applicability of object-based image analysis methods for land-cover information extraction from hyperspectral data, a comprehensive comparative analysis was performed. In this study, six supervised classification methods were selected from pixel-based category, including the maximum likelihood (ML), fisher linear likelihood (FLL), support vector machine (SVM), binary encoding (BE), spectral angle mapper (SAM) and spectral information divergence (SID). The classifiers were conducted on several features extracted from original spectral bands in order to avoid the problem of the Hughes phenomenon, and obtain a sufficient number of training samples. Three supervised and four unsupervised feature extraction methods were used. Pixel based classification was conducted in the first step of the proposed algorithm. The effective feature number (EFN) was then obtained. Image objects were thereafter created using the fractal net evolution approach (FNEA), the segmentation method implemented in eCognition software. Several experiments have been carried out to find the best segmentation parameters. The classification accuracy of these objects was compared with the accuracy of the pixel-based methods. In these experiments, the Pavia University Campus hyperspectral dataset was used. This dataset was collected by the ROSIS sensor over an urban area in Italy. The results reveal that when using any combination of feature extraction and classification methods, the performance of object-based methods was better than pixel-based ones. Furthermore the statistical analysis of results shows that on average, there is almost an 8 percent improvement in classification accuracy when we use the object-based methods.
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Sefercik, U. G., T. Kavzoglu, I. Colkesen, S. Adali, S. Dinc, M. Nazar, and M. Y. Ozturk. "LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION PERFORMANCE OF MULTISPECTRAL RTK UAVs." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-4/W5-2021 (December 23, 2021): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w5-2021-489-2021.
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Abstract. Unmanned air vehicle (UAV) became an alternative airborne remote sensing technique, due to providing very high resolution and low cost spatial data and short processing time. Particularly, optical UAVs are frequently utilized in various applications such as mapping, agriculture, and forestry. Especially for precise agriculture purposes, the UAVs were equipped with multispectral cameras which enables to classify land cover easily. In this study, the land cover classification potential of DJI Phantom IV Multispectral, one of the most preferred agricultural UAVs in the world, was investigated using spectral angle mapper, minimum distance and maximum likelihood pixel-based classification techniques and object-based classification. In the investigation, a part of Gebze Technical University (GTU) Northern Campus, includes a large variety of land cover classes, was selected as the study area. The UAV aerial photos were achieved from 70 m flight altitude and processed using structure from motion (SfM)-based image matching software Agisoft Metashape. The pixel-based and object-based land cover classification processes were completed with ENVI and eCognition software respectively. 16 independent land cover classes were classified and the results demonstrated that the accuracies are 73.46% in spectral angle mapper, 75.27% in minimum distance and 93.56% in maximum likelihood pixel-based classification techniques and 90.09% in nearest neighbour object-based classification.
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ALİYU, Abdulazeez Onotu, Ebenezer Ayobami AKOMOLAFE, Adamu BALA, Terwase YOUNGU, Hassan MUSA, and Swafiyudeen BAWA. "Integrated Method for Classifying Medium Resolution Satellite Remotely Sensed Imagery into Land Use Map." International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 10, no. 2 (June 15, 2023): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1150436.
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There are several remotely sensed images of varied resolutions available. As a result, several classification techniques exist, which are roughly classified as pixel-based and object-based classification methods. Based on the foregoing, this study provided an integrated method of deriving land use from a coarse satellite image. Location coordinates of the land uses were acquired with a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) instrument as primary data. The study classified the image quantitatively (pixel-based) into built-up, water, riparian, cultivated, and uncultivated land cover classes with no mixed pixels, and then qualitatively into educational, commercial, health, residential, and security land use classes that were conflicting due to spectral similarity. The total accuracy and kappa coefficient of the pixel-based land cover classification were 92.5% and 94% respectively. The results showed that residential land use occupied an area of 5500.01ha, followed by educational (2800.69ha); security (411.27ha); health (133.88ha); and commercial (109.01ha) respectively. The integrated method produces a crisp-appearance like the object-based image classification method. It eliminates the "salt and pepper" appearance that a traditional pixel-based classification would have. The output can be a vector or raster model depending on the purpose for which it is created.
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Alonso-Benito, Alfonso, Lara A. Arroyo, Manuel Arbelo, Pedro Hernández-Leal, and Alejandro González-Calvo. "Pixel and object-based classification approaches for mapping forest fuel types in Tenerife Island from ASTER data." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 3 (2013): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11068.
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Four classification algorithms have been assessed and compared with mapped forest fuel types from Terra-ASTER sensor images in a representative area of Tenerife Island (Canary Islands, Spain). A BEHAVE fuel-type map from 2002, together with field data also obtained in 2002 during the Third Spanish National Forest Inventory, was used as reference data. The BEHAVE fuel types of the reference dataset were first converted into the Fire Behaviour Fuel Types described by Scott and Burgan, taking into account the vegetation of the study area. Then, three pixel-based algorithms (Maximum Likelihood, Neural Network and Support Vector Machine) and an Object-Based Image Analysis were applied to classify the Scott and Burgan fire behaviour fuel types from an ASTER image from 3 March 2003. The performance of the algorithms tested was assessed and compared in terms of quantity disagreement and allocation disagreement. Within the pixel-based classifications, the best results were obtained from the Support Vector Machine algorithm, which showed an overall accuracy of 83%; 14% of disagreement was due to allocation and 3% to quantity disagreement. The Object-Based Image Analysis approach produced the most accurate maps, with an overall accuracy of 95%; 4% disagreement was due to allocation and 1% to quantity disagreement. The object-based classification achieved thus an overall accuracy of 12% above the best results obtained for the pixel-based algorithms tested. The incorporation of context information to the object-based classification allowed better identification of fuel types with similar spectral behaviour.
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Xiao, Xingyuan, Linlong Jiang, Yaqun Liu, and Guozhen Ren. "Limited-Samples-Based Crop Classification Using a Time-Weighted Dynamic Time Warping Method, Sentinel-1 Imagery, and Google Earth Engine." Remote Sensing 15, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15041112.
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Reliable crop type classification supports the scientific basis for food security and sustainable agricultural development. However, it still lacks a limited-samples-based crop classification method which is labor- and time-efficient. To this end, we used the Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Sentinel-1A/B SAR time series to develop eight types of crop classification strategies based on different sampling methods of central and scattered, different perspectives of object-based and pixel-based, and different classifiers of the Time-Weighted Dynamic Time Warping (TWDTW) and Random Forest (RF). We carried out 30-times classifications with different samples for each strategy to classify the crop types at the North Dakota–Minnesota border in the U.S. We then compared their classification accuracies and assessed the accuracy sensitivity to sample size. The results found that the TWDTW generally performed better than RF, especially for small-sample classification. Object-based classifications had higher accuracies than pixel-based classifications, and the object-based TWDTW had the highest accuracy. RF performed better in scattered sampling than the central sampling strategy. TWDTW performed better than RF in distinguishing soybean and dry bean with similar curves. The accuracies improved for all eight classification strategies with increasing sample size, and TWDTW was more robust, while RF was more sensitive to sample size change. RF required many more samples than TWDTW to achieve satisfactory accuracy, and it performed better than TWDTW when the sample size exceeded 50. The accuracy comparisons indicated that the TWDTW has stronger temporal and spatial generalization capabilities and has high potential applications for early, historical, and limited-samples-based crop type classification. The findings of our research are worthwhile contributions to the methodology and practices of crop type classification as well as sustainable agricultural development.
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Yao, Manhong, Shujun Zheng, Yuhang Hu, Zibang Zhang, Junzheng Peng, and Jingang Zhong. "Single-Pixel Moving Object Classification with Differential Measuring in Transform Domain and Deep Learning." Photonics 9, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9030202.
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Due to limited data transmission bandwidth and data storage space, it is challenging to perform fast-moving objects classification based on high-speed photography for a long duration. Here we propose a single-pixel classification method with deep learning for fast-moving objects. The scene image is modulated by orthogonal transform basis patterns, and the modulated light signal is detected by a single-pixel detector. Thanks to the property that the natural images are sparse in the orthogonal transform domain, we used a small number of basis patterns of discrete-sine-transform to obtain feature information for classification. The proposed neural network is designed to use single-pixel measurements as network input and trained by simulation single-pixel measurements based on the physics of the measuring scheme. Differential measuring can reduce the difference between simulation data and experiment data interfered by slowly varying noise. In order to improve the reliability of the classification results for fast-moving objects, we employed a measurement data rolling utilization approach for repeated classification. Long-duration classification of fast-moving handwritten digits that pass through the field of view successively is experimentally demonstrated, showing that the proposed method is superior to human vision in fast-moving digit classification. Our method enables a new way for fast-moving object classification and is expected to be widely implemented.
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He, Shi, Hong Tang, Jing Li, Yang Shu, and Li Shen. "Object-Oriented Semisupervised Classification of VHR Images by Combining MedLDA and a Bilateral Filter." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/182439.
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A Bayesian hierarchical model is presented to classify very high resolution (VHR) images in a semisupervised manner, in which both a maximum entropy discrimination latent Dirichlet allocation (MedLDA) and a bilateral filter are combined into a novel application framework. The primary contribution of this paper is to nullify the disadvantages of traditional probabilistic topic models on pixel-level supervised information and to achieve the effective classification of VHR remote sensing images. This framework consists of the following two iterative steps. In the training stage, the model utilizes the central labeled pixel and its neighborhood, as a squared labeled image object, to train the classifiers. In the classification stage, each central unlabeled pixel with its neighborhood, as an unlabeled object, is classified as a user-provided geoobject class label with the maximum posterior probability. Gibbs sampling is adopted for model inference. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms two classical SVM-based supervised classification methods and probabilistic-topic-models-based classification methods.
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Castillejo-González, Isabel, Cristina Angueira, Alfonso García-Ferrer, and Manuel Sánchez de la Orden. "Combining Object-Based Image Analysis with Topographic Data for Landform Mapping: A Case Study in the Semi-Arid Chaco Ecosystem, Argentina." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030132.
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This paper presents an object-based approach to mapping a set of landforms located in the fluvio-eolian plain of Rio Dulce and alluvial plain of Rio Salado (Dry Chaco, Argentina), with two Landsat 8 images collected in summer and winter combined with topographic data. The research was conducted in two stages. The first stage focused on basic-spectral landform classifications where both pixel- and object-based image analyses were tested with five classification algorithms: Mahalanobis Distance (MD), Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), Maximum Likelihood (ML), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Decision Tree (DT). The results obtained indicate that object-based analyses clearly outperform pixel-based classifications, with an increase in accuracy of up to 35%. The second stage focused on advanced object-based derived variables with topographic ancillary data classifications. The combinations of variables were tested in order to obtain the most accurate map of landforms based on the most successful classifiers identified in the previous stage (ML, SVM and DT). The results indicate that DT is the most accurate classifier, exhibiting the highest overall accuracies with values greater than 72% in both the winter and summer images. Future work could combine both, the most appropriate methodologies and combinations of variables obtained in this study, with physico-chemical variables sampled to improve the classification of landforms and even of types of soil.
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Troje, N. F., and T. Vetter. "Pixel-Based versus Correspondence-Based Representations of Human Faces: Implications for Sex Discrimination." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l1112.
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In human perception, as well as in machine vision, a crucial step in solving any object recognition task is an appropriate description of the object class under consideration. We emphasise this issue when considering the object class ‘human faces’. We discuss different representations that can be characterised by the degree of alignment between the images they provide for. The representations used span the whole range between a purely pixel-based image representation and a sophisticated model-based representation derived from the pixel-to-pixel correspondence between the faces [Vetter and Troje, 1995, in Mustererkennung Eds G Sagerer, S Posch, F Kummert (Berlin: Springer)]. The usefulness of these representations for sex classification was compared. This was done by first applying a Karhunen — Loewe transformation on the representation to orthogonalise the data. A linear classifier was trained by means of a gradient-descent procedure. The classification error in a completely cross-validated simulation ranged from 15% in the simplest version of the pixel-based representation to 2.5% for the correspondence-based representation. However, even with intermediate representations very good performance was achieved.
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Yang, Qiu Xia, Chuan Wen Luo, and Tian Kai Chen. "Remote Sensing Image Classification Based on Object-Oriented Method and Support Vector Machine: A Case Study in Harbin City." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 1331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.1331.
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Remote sensing classification, as an important means of urban planning and construction, has been widely concerned. Urban land use classification is extremely challenging tasks because of some land covers are spectrally too similar to be separated using only the spectral information of remote sensing image. Object-oriented remote sensing image classification method overcomes the drawbacks of traditional pixel-based classification method. It combines the spectral, special structure and texture features of the images, can effectively avoid the phenomenon of "different objects share the same spectrum" or "the same objects differ in spectrum. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is an excellent tool for remote sensing classification. Combination of both can develop their own advantages to do high-resolution remote sensing image classification. Using a public image in Harbin city as an example, classification based on object-oriented method and SVM has achieved better results than traditional pixel-based classification method.
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Ouchra, Hafsa, Abdessamad Belangour, and Allae Erraissi. "A Comparative Study on Pixel-based Classification and Object-Oriented Classification of Satellite Image." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 70, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v70i8p221.
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Barzegar, M., H. Ebadi, and A. Kiani. "COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT VEGETATION INDICES FOR VERY HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGES, SPECIFIC CASE ULTRACAM-D IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1-W5 (December 10, 2015): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w5-97-2015.
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Today digital aerial images acquired with UltraCam sensor are known to be a valuable resource for producing high resolution information of land covers. In this research, different methods for extracting vegetation from semi-urban and agricultural regions were studied and their results were compared in terms of overall accuracy and Kappa statistic. To do this, several vegetation indices were first tested on three image datasets with different object-based classifications in terms of presence or absence of sample data, defining other features and also more classes. The effects of all these cases were evaluated on final results. After it, pixel-based classification was performed on each dataset and their accuracies were compared to optimum object-based classification. The importance of this research is to test different indices in several cases (about 75 cases) and to find the quantitative and qualitative effects of increasing or decreasing auxiliary data. This way, researchers who intent to work with such high resolution data are given an insight on the whole procedure of detecting vegetation species as one of the outstanding and common features from such images. Results showed that DVI index can better detect vegetation regions in test images. Also, the object-based classification with average 93.6% overall accuracy and 86.5% Kappa was more suitable for extracting vegetation rather than the pixel-based classification with average 81.2% overall accuracy and 59.7% Kappa.
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El-Ashmawy, N., A. Shaker, and W. Yan. "PIXEL VS OBJECT-BASED IMAGE CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR LIDAR INTENSITY DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XXXVIII-5/W12 (September 3, 2012): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xxxviii-5-w12-43-2011.
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Li, Da, Haoxiang Chai, Qin Wei, Yao Zhang, and Yunhan Xiao. "PACR: Pixel Attention in Classification and Regression for Visual Object Tracking." Mathematics 11, no. 6 (March 14, 2023): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11061406.
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Anchor-free-based trackers have achieved remarkable performance in single visual object tracking in recent years. Most anchor-free trackers consider the rectangular fields close to the target center as the positive sample used in the training phase, while they always use the maximum of the corresponding map to determine the location of the target in the tracking phase. Thus, this will make the tracker inconsistent between the training and tracking phase. To solve this problem, we propose a pixel-attention module (PAM), which ensures the consistency of the training and tracking phase through a self-attention module. Moreover, we put forward a new refined branch named Acc branch to inherit the benefit of the PAM. The score of Acc branch can tune the classification and the regression of the tracking target more precisely. We conduct extensive experiments on challenging benchmarks such as VOT2020, UAV123, DTB70, OTB100, and a large-scale benchmark LaSOT. Compared with other anchor-free trackers, our tracker gains excellent performance in small-scale datasets. In UAV benchmarks such as UAV123 and DTB70, the precision of our tracker increases 4.3% and 1.8%, respectively, compared with the SOTA in anchor-free trackers.
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Zhang, Chi, Shiqing Wei, Shunping Ji, and Meng Lu. "Detecting Large-Scale Urban Land Cover Changes from Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Images Using CNN-Based Classification." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8040189.
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The study investigates land use/cover classification and change detection of urban areas from very high resolution (VHR) remote sensing images using deep learning-based methods. Firstly, we introduce a fully Atrous convolutional neural network (FACNN) to learn the land cover classification. In the FACNN an encoder, consisting of full Atrous convolution layers, is proposed for extracting scale robust features from VHR images. Then, a pixel-based change map is produced based on the classification map of current images and an outdated land cover geographical information system (GIS) map. Both polygon-based and object-based change detection accuracy is investigated, where a polygon is the unit of the GIS map and an object consists of those adjacent changed pixels on the pixel-based change map. The test data covers a rapidly developing city of Wuhan (8000 km2), China, consisting of 0.5 m ground resolution aerial images acquired in 2014, and 1 m ground resolution Beijing-2 satellite images in 2017, and their land cover GIS maps. Testing results showed that our FACNN greatly exceeded several recent convolutional neural networks in land cover classification. Second, the object-based change detection could achieve much better results than a pixel-based method, and provide accurate change maps to facilitate manual urban land cover updating.
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Mahmoud, Ammar Shaker, Mustafa Ridha Mezaal, Mustafa Raad Hameed, and Ahmed Samir Naje. "A Framework for Improving Urban Land Cover Using Object and Pixel-Based Techniques via Remotely Sensed Data." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 5(Suppl) (December 29, 2022): 2189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i05.013.
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Recently, the advancement of remote sensing technology played a key role in urban land/cover mapping, planning, tourism, and environmental management. Images with a high spatial resolution for urban classification are widely used. Despite the high spectral resolution of the image, spectral confusion happens among different land covers. Furthermore, the shadow problem also causes poor results in the classification based on traditional per-pixel spectral approaches. This study looks at ways of improving the classification of urban land cover using QuickBird images. Maximum likelihood (ML) pixel-based supervised as well as Rule-based object-based approaches were examined on high-resolution QuickBird satellite images in Karbala City, Iraq. This study indicates that the use of textural attributes during the rule-based classification procedure can significantly improve land-use classification performance. Furthermore, the results show that rule-based results are highly effective in improving classification accuracy than pixel-based. The results of this study provide further clarity and insight into the implementation of using the object-based approach with various classifiers for the extended study. In addition, the finding demonstrated the integration of high-resolution QuickBird data and a set of attributes derived from the visible bands and geometric rule set resulted in superior class separability, thus higher classification accuracies in mapping complex urban environments.
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Nugroho, Jalu Tejo, Zylshal, Nurwita Mustika Sari, and Dony Kushardono. "A COMPARISON OF OBJECT-BASED AND PIXEL-BASED APPROACHES FOR LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION USING LAPAN-A2 MICROSATELLITE DATA." International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) 14, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.ijreses.2017.v14.a2680.
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In recent years, small satellite industry has been a rapid trend and become important especially when associated with operational cost, technology adaptation and the missions. One mission of LAPAN-A2, the 2nd generation of microsatellite that developed by Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), is Earth observation using digital camera that provides imagery with 3.5 m spatial resolution. The aim of this research is to compare between object-based and pixel-based classification of land use/land cover (LU/LC) in order to determine the appropriate classification method in LAPAN-A2 dataprocessing (case study Semarang, Central Java).The LU/LC were classified into eleven classes, as follows: sea, river, fish pond, tree, grass, road, building 1, building 2, building 3, building 4 and rice field. The accuracy of classification outputs were assessed using confusion matrix. The object-based and pixel-based classification methods result for overall accuracy are 31.63% and 61.61%, respectively. According to accuracy result, it was thought that blurring effect on LAPAN-A2 data may be the main cause ofaccuracy decrease. Furthermore, the result is suggested to use pixel-based classification to be applied inLAPAN-A2 data processing.
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Mancera Florez, Juan Ricardo, and Ivan Alberto Lizarazo Salcedo. "Land cover classification at three different levels of detail from optical and radar Sentinel SAR data: a case study in Cundinamarca (Colombia)." DYNA 87, no. 215 (November 5, 2020): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v87n215.84915.
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In this paper, the potential of Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-2A satellite images for land cover mapping is evaluated at three levels of spatial detail; exploratory, reconnaissance, and semi-detailed. To do so, two different image classification approaches are compared: (i) a traditional pixel-wise approach; and (ii) an object–oriented approach. In both cases, the classification task was conducted using the “RandomForest” algorithm. The case study was also intended to identify a set of radar channels, optical bands, and indices that are relevant for classification. The thematic accuracy of the classifications displays the best results for the object-oriented approach to exploratory and recognition levels. The results show that the integration of multispectral and radar data as explanatory variables for classification provides better results than the use of a single data source.
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Shen, Xiaoqing, Megan K. Clayton, Michael J. Starek, Anjin Chang, Russell W. Jessup, and Jamie L. Foster. "Identification of Brush Species and Herbicide Effect Assessment in Southern Texas Using an Unoccupied Aerial System (UAS)." Remote Sensing 15, no. 13 (June 21, 2023): 3211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15133211.
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Cultivation and grazing since the mid-nineteenth century in Texas has caused dramatic changes in grassland vegetation. Among these changes is the encroachment of native and introduced brush species. The distribution and quantity of brush can affect livestock production and water holding capacity of soil. Still, at the same time, brush can improve carbon sequestration and enhance agritourism and real estate value. The accurate identification of brush species and their distribution over large land tracts are important in developing brush management plans which may include herbicide application decisions. Near-real-time imaging and analyses of brush using an Unoccupied Aerial System (UAS) is a powerful tool to achieve such tasks. The use of multispectral imagery collected by a UAS to estimate the efficacy of herbicide treatment on noxious brush has not been evaluated previously. There has been no previous comparison of band combinations and pixel- and object-based methods to determine the best methodology for discrimination and classification of noxious brush species with Random Forest (RF) classification. In this study, two rangelands in southern Texas with encroachment of huisache (Vachellia farnesianna [L.] Wight & Arn.) and honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa) were studied. Two study sites were flown with an eBee X fixed-wing to collect UAS images with four bands (Green, Red, Red-Edge, and Near-infrared) and ground truth data points pre- and post-herbicide application to study the herbicide effect on brush. Post-herbicide data were collected one year after herbicide application. Pixel-based and object-based RF classifications were used to identify brush in orthomosaic images generated from UAS images. The classification had an overall accuracy in the range 83–96%, and object-based classification had better results than pixel-based classification since object-based classification had the highest overall accuracy in both sites at 96%. The UAS image was useful for assessing herbicide efficacy by calculating canopy change after herbicide treatment. Different effects of herbicides and application rates on brush defoliation were measured by comparing canopy change in herbicide treatment zones. UAS-derived multispectral imagery can be used to identify brush species in rangelands and aid in objectively assessing the herbicide effect on brush encroachment.
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Sahu, R., and R. D. Gupta. "CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF COMBINED PIXEL AND OBJECT-BASED METHOD FOR DELINEATION OF DEBRIS-COVERED GLACIERS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5 (November 15, 2018): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-173-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Delineation of the glacier is an important task for understanding response of glaciers to climate. In Himalayan region, most of the glaciers are covered with debris. Supraglacial debris works as an obstacle for automatic mapping of glacier using remote sensing data. Different methods have been used to reduce this difficulty based on pixel-based and object-based approaches using optical data, thermal data and DEM. Pixel-based glacier mapping is a traditional method for delineation of the glacier but the object-based method has emerged as a new approach in cryosphere application leading to its successful application in different applications. All pixel-based methods require some degree of manual correction because these can’t be delineated automatically, especially in shadow area and debris covered part of the glacier. In the majority of studies, the object-based method has provided higher accuracy to delineate the debris-covered glacier. Spatially high spatial resolution satellite data is best suited for object-based image classification. In future, a combination of pixel-based method and object-based method can be attempted for delineation of the debris-covered glacier along with its critical analysis for suitability. The present paper critically reviews pixel-based and object-based methods as well as provides a framework for combined pixel and object-based method for delineation of debris-covered glacier.</p>
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Benazir Meerasha. "A Comparison of Pixel Based and Object Based Image Classification for Cropland Area Estimation." Journal of Electrical Systems 20, no. 7s (May 4, 2024): 2314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/jes.3967.
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Pixel-based (PB) and object-based (OB) Land Use–Land Cover (LULC) classification techniques can be applied in Google Earth Engine (GEE), a flexible cloud-based platform, because of its numerous state-of-the-art functions that comprise several Machine Learning (ML) methods. Adding some texture measure, any measure to a classification usually improves the accuracy. Object segmentation and object textural analysis are two OB methods that are still uncommon in the GEE environment. Object based image classification is difficult because it can be challenging to concatenate the correct functions and adjust various parameters in order to get past the computational limitations of GEE. The goal of this work is to develop and test an OB classification approach that combines the ML algorithm Random Forest (RF) to perform the final classification, the Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) to calculate cluster textural indices and the Simple Non-Iterative Clustering (SNIC) algorithm to identify spatial clusters. The primary seven GLCM indices are subjected to a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) in order to combine the textural data needed for the OB classification into a single band. The proposed methodology was broadly tested in a 304 km2 study area, located in the Telangana state (India), using Sentinel 2 (S2).
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Zhang, Y., K. Qin, C. Zeng, E. B. Zhang, M. X. Yue, and X. Tong. "A DATA FIELD METHOD FOR URBAN REMOTELY SENSED IMAGERY CLASSIFICATION CONSIDERING SPATIAL CORRELATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-431-2016.
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Spatial correlation between pixels is important information for remotely sensed imagery classification. Data field method and spatial autocorrelation statistics have been utilized to describe and model spatial information of local pixels. The original data field method can represent the spatial interactions of neighbourhood pixels effectively. However, its focus on measuring the grey level change between the central pixel and the neighbourhood pixels results in exaggerating the contribution of the central pixel to the whole local window. Besides, Geary’s C has also been proven to well characterise and qualify the spatial correlation between each pixel and its neighbourhood pixels. But the extracted object is badly delineated with the distracting salt-and-pepper effect of isolated misclassified pixels. To correct this defect, we introduce the data field method for filtering and noise limitation. Moreover, the original data field method is enhanced by considering each pixel in the window as the central pixel to compute statistical characteristics between it and its neighbourhood pixels. The last step employs a support vector machine (SVM) for the classification of multi-features (e.g. the spectral feature and spatial correlation feature). In order to validate the effectiveness of the developed method, experiments are conducted on different remotely sensed images containing multiple complex object classes inside. The results show that the developed method outperforms the traditional method in terms of classification accuracies.