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Journal articles on the topic 'Pithomyces chartarum'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Wearn, James. "Pithomyces chartarum." Field Mycology 10, no. 1 (January 2009): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1468-1641(10)60497-5.

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2

Roux, Cecilia. "Leptosphaerulina chartarum sp.nov., the teleomorph of Pithomyces chartarum." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 86, no. 2 (March 1986): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(86)80163-2.

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3

Wilkinson, H. T. "Pithomyces chartarum isolated from Poa pratensis swards." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-010.

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Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M. B. Ellis was isolated from bluegrass sod (Poa pratensis L.) in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin during July and August 1986. This is the first report of Pithomyces chartarum in the north central United States and the first report of the fungus in bluegrass sod. The fungus appears to be a saprophyte on senescent bluegrass leaves; its interest as a possible mycotoxin producer is underlined.
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4

Cuttance, EL, RA Laven, and MA Stevenson. "Variability in measurement of Pithomyces chartarum spore counts." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 65, no. 4 (April 3, 2017): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2017.1303794.

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5

STUTZENBERGER, F. "Ribonucleotide Reductase of Pithomyces chartarum: Requirement for B12 Coenzyme." Microbiology 81, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 501–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-81-2-501.

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6

MANOCH, L., S. SUTHERAT, T. SUTABUTRA, and M. KANJANAMANEESATHIAN. "PITHOMYCES CHARTARUM AND PENICILLIUM ISLANDICUM, MYCOTOXIC FUNGI IN THAILAND." Mycotoxins 1988, no. 1Supplement (1988): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1988.1supplement_224.

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7

Zhang, Zhiwei, Tao Zhou, Tian Xing, Takayuki Ishizaki, Toru Okuda, Naoya Oku, and Yasuhiro Igarashi. "Pithohirolide, an antimicrobial tetradepsipeptide from a fungus Pithomyces chartarum." Journal of Antibiotics 74, no. 7 (May 7, 2021): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41429-021-00423-4.

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8

Eken, C., C. C. Jochum, and G. Y. Yuen. "First Report of Leaf Spot of Smooth Bromegrass Caused by Pithomyces chartarum in Nebraska." Plant Disease 90, no. 1 (January 2006): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0108c.

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Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) is the most common perennial grass species cultivated for forage in North America. During late fall of 2004, smooth bromegrass plants in Lincoln, NE were observed to have brown lesions on leaf midveins that were several centimeters long. Symptomatic leaves were surface disinfested for 1 min in 2% NaOCl and incubated at 25°C on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and water agar. The fungus, Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt) Ellis, was isolated consistently and identified on the basis of morphological characteristics (1). Colonies were effused and black on PDA. Conidiophores measured 3.5 to 8 × 1.9 to 3.9 μm and were smooth and single. Conidia (7 to 25 × 9.5 to 14 μm) were broadly ellipsoidal, pale brown to dark brown, verrucose with mainly three transverse septa and one to two longitudinal septa. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 50-day-old plants by spraying with a conidial suspension (2.5 × 105 spores per ml). Control plants were sprayed with sterile water. All plants were kept in a moist chamber (100% relative humidity) for 3 days and then transferred to a greenhouse (25°C, >70% relative humidity, and a 12-h photoperiod). One week after spraying, elongated lesions developed on leaf midveins of inoculated plants from which P. chartarum was consistently reisolated. No symptoms were observed on control plants. While P. chartarum has been described as a saprotroph or a parasite on a wide range of plants primarily in the tropics and subtropics, including the southern United States (2), it was reported previously on B. inermis only in Canada (3). This report expands the distribution and host range of P. chartarum as a pathogen in the United States. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, On-line publication. ARS, USDA, 2005. (3) J. H. Ginns. Compendium of Plant Disease and Decay Fungi in Canada 1960-1980. Res. Br. Can. Agric. Publ. 1813, 1986.
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9

Ahonsi, M. O., B. O. Agindotan, D. W. Williams, R. Arundale, M. E. Gray, T. B. Voigt, and C. A. Bradley. "First Report of Pithomyces chartarum Causing a Leaf Blight of Miscanthus × giganteus in Kentucky." Plant Disease 94, no. 4 (April 2010): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-4-0480c.

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Miscanthus × giganteus is a warm-season perennial grass, native to eastern Asia. Brought into the United States as a landscape plant, it is currently being considered as a potential biomass fuel crop. In August 2009, a newly established and a 2-year-old M. × giganteus field research trial near Lexington, KY were found to have 100% incidence of severe leaf blight. Brown, mosaic-like, coalesced necrotic lesions covered leaf blades and sheaths on every stand, ultimately killing some leaves and tillers. The disease was more destructive in the newly established trial where 4- to 5-month-old M. × giganteus tillers were killed. No fruiting bodies were found immediately on diseased leaves. However, surface-disinfested diseased leaf tissue produced a sooty black mass of conidia after 1 week following incubation in a petri dish moisture chamber at 25°C in the dark. Single conidia isolations were made on half-strength potato dextrose agar (HSPDA) amended with 25 mg/liter of rifamycin and incubated at 25°C. Morphological characteristics of the fungus fit those originally described for Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M.B. Ellis (2). Colonies were fast growing on HSPDA, at first hyaline, then shortly punctiform, grayish black, up to 1-mm diameter, and then became confluent, producing several dark brown multicellular conidia on small peg-like denticles on branched conidiophores. Every detached conidium had a small piece of the denticle attached to its base. The conidia were echinulate, broadly ellipsoidal, pyriform, 18 to 29 × 11 to 18 μm, with three transverse septa, and a longitudinal septum constricted at the transverse septa. The identity of the fungus was confirmed by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The 615-bp cloned and sequenced amplicon (Accession No. GU195649) was 99% identical to sequences from multiple isolates of Leptosphaerulina chartarum (anamorph Pithomyces chartarum) in the GenBank. Five potted M. × giganteus plants (45 days old) were spray inoculated with an aqueous conidial suspension (2 × 106 conidia/ml) and incubated in one tier of a two-tiered-growth chamber at 86 to 90% relative humidity. Initial incubation was in the dark at 26°C for 48 h, and thereafter at alternating 15 h of light (320 μmol) at 25°C and 9 h of darkness at 23°C. Control plants were sprayed with sterile water and incubated in the second tier of the same growth chamber. A week after inoculation, leaf blight developed on all inoculated plants, but not the controls. P. chartarum was reisolated from infected leaves 2 weeks after inoculation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. chartarum causing a disease on Miscanthus (3). The fungus is cosmopolitan, usually saprophytic, but can cause diseases on a wide range of plants as well as produce mycotoxins (3). It has been reported to cause a leaf spot of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis) in Nebraska (1) and a leaf blight of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Hungary (4). The observed disease severity suggests P. chartarum could potentially limit M. × giganteus production as an ethanol feedstock. References: (1) C. Eken et al. Plant Dis. 90:108, 2006. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971. (3) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory. Online publication. ARS, USDA, 2010. (4) B. Tóth et al. J. Plant Pathol. 89:405, 2007.
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10

Vu, A. L., K. D. Gwinn, and B. H. Ownley. "First Report of Leaf Spot on Switchgrass Caused by Pithomyces chartarum in the United States." Plant Disease 97, no. 12 (December 2013): 1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-13-0117-pdn.

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There are few reports on diseases of switchgrass. In November 2009, light brown to white bleached spots (1 to 2 × 3 to 4 μm) were observed on ‘Alamo’ switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown in a growth chamber in Knoxville, TN, from surface-disinfested seed produced in Colorado. Symptomatic leaf tissue was surface sterilized, air dried, and plated on 2% water agar (WA) amended with 6.9 mg fenpropathrin/liter (Danitol 2.4 EC, Valent Chemical, Walnut Creek, CA) and 10 mg/liter rifampicin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Plates were incubated at 26°C in the dark for 5 days. A sporulating, dematiaceous, mitosporic fungus was observed and transferred to potato dextrose agar. Colonies were white to gray, with brown as conidia increased. Conidia ranged in size from 10 to 22.5 × 20 to 37.5 (average 15.2 × 26.5) μm. Conidia were golden to dark brown, broadly ellipsoidal, some pyriform, with one longitudinal septum and two to three transverse septa, sometimes constricted at the transverse septa. Based on microscopic examination, the fungus was identified as Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M.B. Ellis (1); observations were consistent with the authority (2). Pathogenicity assays were conducted with 5-week-old ‘Alamo’ switchgrass grown from seed scarified with 60% sulfuric acid and surface-sterilized with 50% bleach. Seed were sown in 9 × 9-cm pots containing 50% (v/v) ProMix Potting and Seeding Mix (Premier Tech Horticulture, Québec, Canada) and 50% Turface ProLeague (Profile Products, Buffalo Grove, IL). Eight replicate pots with ~20 plants each were sprayed with a spore suspension of 5.7 × 105 spores/ml sterile water prepared from 6-day-old cultures grown on V8 juice agar in the dark. Two more pots were sprayed with sterile water to serve as controls. All plants were subjected to high humidity for 72 h by enclosure in a plastic bag. Plants were placed in a growth chamber at 25/20°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Leaf spot symptoms similar to the original disease were evident on plants in each of the eight replicate pots 6 to 10 days post-inoculation. Control plants had no symptoms. Lesions were excised from leaves, surface sterilized, and plated on WA. The resulting cultures were again identified as P. chartarum based on morphology. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA from the original isolate and the pathogen recovered from plants in the pathogenicity tests were amplified with PCR using primers ITS4 and ITS5. PCR amplicons were obtained from both isolates, sequenced, and found to have 100% identity. A 580-bp sequence was deposited at GenBank (Accession No. JQ406588). The nucleotide sequence had 98 to 100% identity to the ITS sequences of isolates of Leptosphaerulina chartarum (anamorph: P. chartarum), including isolate Mxg-KY09-s4 (GU195649) from leaf spot on Miscanthus × giganteus in Kentucky (1), and isolates from leaf lesions on wheat (EF489400 and JX442978). To our knowledge, leaf spot caused by P. chartarum has not been described on switchgrass (3). Pithomyces chartarum is a seedborne pathogen of switchgrass, and may play a role in stand establishment. References: (1) M. O. Ahonsi et al. Plant Dis. 94:480, 2010. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England. 1971. (3) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , 18 January 2013.
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11

Upreti, G. C., and M. K. Jain. "Interaction of sporidesmin, a mycotoxin from Pithomyces chartarum, with lipid bilayers." Bioscience Reports 13, no. 4 (August 1, 1993): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01123505.

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Sporidesmin, a mycotoxin from Pithomyces chartarum is a hydrophobic molecule. It can therefore be easily incorporated in the cell membrane, where it is likely to cause changes in the bilayer organization and the properties of membrane proteins. In order to understand the redox behaviour of sporidesmin in a hydrophobic environment, we have investigated the effects of oxidized and reduced sporidesmin on the phase transition properties of bilayers and on the susceptibility of bilayers to pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2). The changes induced by sporidesmin in the thermotropic phase transition profiles of dimyristoyl-sn-3-phosphatidyl choline (DMPC) bilayers were similar to those caused by solutes known to localize in the glycerol-backbone region of the lipid bilayer, suggesting a similar localization for oxidized and reduced sporidesmin. Neither form of toxin disrupt the bilayer or membrane organization even at relatively high mole fractions. At concentrations <10 mole% both forms partitioned equally well in the gel and liquid-crystalline phases, whereas at higher concentrations (≈30 mole%) reduced sporidesmin is preferentially localized in the liquid-crystalline phase. These effects of sporidesmin on the phase properties of DMPC vesicles were also reported by the fluorescence behavior of 10-pyrenedecanoic acid (PDA). The effects of oxidized and reduced sporidesmins on PLA2 kinetics are consistent with their ability to perturb bilayer organisation.
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12

Fitzgerald, Collin, and Towers. "Biological control of sporidesmin‐producing strains of Pithomyces chartarum by biocompetitive exclusion." Letters in Applied Microbiology 26, no. 1 (January 1998): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.1998.00260.x.

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13

Legault, D., M. Dessureault, and G. Laflamme. "Mycoflora of Pinus banksiana and Pinus resinosa needles. II. Epiphytic fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 2061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-260.

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The epiphytic mycoflora isolated from healthy needles of Pinus banksiana and Pinus resinosa was investigated. Approximately 75% of the fungi were present on less than 5% of the needles. The number of different fungi per needle increased with needle age on both species, but more fungi were found on P. resinosa needles. The most frequently isolated species were common primary saprophytes nonspecific to Pinus: Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium herbarum, Epicoccum purpurascens, and Hormonema dematioides. Aureobasidium microstictum, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. spinulosum, and Pithomyces chartarum are reported for the first time in the phylloplane of Pinus.
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14

Collin, R. G., E. Odriozola, and N. R. Towers. "Sporidesmin production by Pithomyces chartarum isolates from Australia, Brazil, New Zealand and Uruguay." Mycological Research 102, no. 2 (February 1998): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756297004905.

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15

Lemos, Ricardo Antonio Amaral de, Luiz Carlos Louzada Ferreira, Sérgio Martins da Silva, Luciano Nakazato, and Sandro Cesar Salvador. "Fotossensibilização e colangiopatia associada a cristais em ovinos em pastagem com Brachiaria decumbens." Ciência Rural 26, no. 1 (April 1996): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84781996000100020.

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Dois surtos de fotossensibilização foram observados em ovinos em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. O quadro clínico incluía edema e dermatite da face, orelhas e pálpebras, conjuntivite, descarga ocular, cegueira e aumento nos níveis séricos de ASTe GT. Alguns ovinos recuperaram-se e outros morreram em 3-7 dias. O fígado apresentou leve aumento de volume e consistência e coloração amarelo-esbranquiçada ou marrom-amarelada. Os ductos biliares e a vesícula biliar estavam dilatados. A principal alteração histológica foi a presença de cristais birrefringentes, eticamente ativos nos ductos biliares e no citoplasma de hepatócitos periportais. Necrose do epitélio dos ductos biliares, fibrose periportal com infiltração de células inflamatórias e proliferação de ductos biliares também foram observadas. Grupos de células grandes com núcleo excêntrico e citoplasma espumoso ocorriam nas regiões periportal e centrolobular. Numerosos grupos destas células também foram observadas no córtex e na medula dos linfonodos hepáticos. Não foram encontradas quantidades contáveis de esporos de Pithomyces chartarum nas amostras da pastagem onde estavam os ovinos; de 30 culturas de P. chartarum isoladas dessas amostras, apenas uma produziu esporidesmina. Conclui-se que a intoxicação foi causada pela ação tóxica de Brachiaria decumbens.
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Cuttance, EL, RA Laven, WA Mason, and M. Stevenson. "The influence of lime and nitrogen fertilisers on spore counts of Pithomyces chartarum in pasture." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 64, no. 6 (May 18, 2016): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2016.1175326.

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17

Schöniger, S., N. Roschanski, U. Rösler, A. Vidovic, M. Nowak, O. Dietz, M. M. Wittenbrink, and H. A. Schoon. "Prototheca species and Pithomyces chartarum as Causative Agents of Rhinitis and/or Sinusitis in Horses." Journal of Comparative Pathology 155, no. 2-3 (August 2016): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.06.004.

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18

Grandi, Rosely Ana Piccolo. "Hyphomycetes decompositores 4: espécies associadas às raízes de Ctenanthe oppenheimiana Sond." Acta Botanica Brasilica 5, no. 1 (July 1991): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33061991000100002.

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Raízes em decomposição de Ctenanthe oppenheimiana Sond., representante da família Marantaceae, cultivada na Seção de Ornamentais do Instituto de Botânica, SP, Brasil, foram estudadas quanto à presença de Hyphomycetes. As raízes foram coletadas mensalmente, de janeiro de 1986 a dezembro de 1987 e após aplicação da técnica de lavagem vigorosa, deixadas em câmara úmida por dois meses. Os seguintes táxons foram constatados: Acremonium sp., Dictyochaeta fertilis Hughes & Kendrick, Humicola grisea Traaen, Phialocephala fusca Kendrick, Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M. B. Ellis, Rhinocladiella phaeophora Veerkamp & W. Gams, Sporidesmiella hyalosperma (Corda) P. M. Kirk var. hyalosperma P. M. Kirk e Tetraploa aristata berkeley & Broome. Dentre estes, Phialocephala fusca está sendo referida pela primeira vez para o Brasil. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que as espécies isoladas participam da degradação das raízes de Ctenanthe oppenheimiana, pelo menos nos seus estágios iniciais.
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19

Roux, C., and K. T. Van Warmelo. "A survey of the mycobiota of a natural Karoo pasture." Bothalia 27, no. 2 (October 8, 1997): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v27i2.679.

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The survey of a natural Karoo pasture from 1978 to 1982 showed that a wealth and variety of fungi were present in the semidesert environment. Hyphomycetes and Coelomycetes represented 45.8% and 34.6% respectively of the taxa identified. A total of 135 genera was identified of which Altenaria altemata, Cladosporium spp. and Fusarium spp. of the Hyphomycetes, Phoma spp., Ascochyta spp. and Camarosporium spp. of the Coelomycetes and Leptasphaerulina spp., of the Ascomycetes represented the most prevalent fungi in this order. This survey has shown conclusively that Pithomyces chartarum, which is associated with photosensitivity diseases of sheep, can always be recovered from the veld if the correct isolation techniques are employed. A number of new records for South Africa, as well as undescribed species, have been found, highlighting the necessity of correct methods and intensity of approach.
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20

Verma, O. P., R. B. L. Gupta, and A. Shivpuri. "A new host for Pithomyces chartarum, the cause of a leaf spot disease on Withania somnifera." Plant Pathology 57, no. 2 (April 2008): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01732.x.

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21

Pečenka, Jakub, Eliška Peňázová, Dorota Tekielska, Ivo Ondrášek, Tomáš Nečas, and Aleš Eichmeier. "Fungi detected in trunk of stone fruits in the Czech Republic." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 72 (February 8, 2019): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/72/1602.

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This study was focused on detection of the spectrum of fungi in the wood of stone fruits using molecular genetic methods. Samples were obtained from apricots, plums and sweet cherry trees from region of Moravia, one sample was obtained from Myjava (Slovakia). Segments of symptomatic wood were obtained from dying stone fruit trees with very significant symptoms. This study describes detection of the fungi in the wood of 11 trees in general in 5 localities. The cultivation of the fungi from symptomatic wood and sequencing of ITS was carried out. Eleven fungal genera were determined in the stone fruits wood, particularly Irpex lacteus, Fomes fomentarius, Neofabraea corticola, Calosphaeria pulchella, Cytospora leucostoma, Phellinus tuberculosus, Stereum hirsutum, Collophora sp., Pithomyces chartarum, Aureobasidium pullulans,Fusarium sp. The results of this study demonstrate that the reason of declining of stone fruit trees in Moravia is caused probably by trunk pathogens.
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Driemeier, David, Jürgen Döbereiner, Paulo Vargas Peixoto, and Marilene F. Brito. "Relação entre macrófagos espumosos ("foam cells") no fígado de bovinos e ingestão de Brachiaria spp no Brasil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 19, no. 2 (April 1999): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x1999000200005.

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Com o objetivo de estabelecer uma relação etiológica e caracterizar, cronologicamente, o aparecimento de macrófagos espumosos (foam cells), comuns em fígados de bovinos oriundos das regiões de clima tropical do Brasil, foram reexaminados cortes histológicos de fígado de bovinos dos arquivos do Setor de Anatomia Patológica da Embrapa-Projeto Sanidade Animal, RJ. O material utilizado provinha de investigações sobre causas de mortandades em bovinos nas regiões Norte, Centro-Oeste e Sudeste do Brasil, realizadas de 1970 a 1991. Foram estudados 55 fígados de bovinos afetados por enfermidades variadas. Somente foram usados casos em que o tipo de pastagem era conhecido. Essa alteração não foi encontrada de 1970 até o final de 1975, embora 40 amostras (72,7%) tenham sido coletadas nesse período. A presença de macrófagos espumosos, observada a partir de 1976, coincidiu com a introdução da gramínea Brachiaria decumbens var. australiana no Brasil. Algumas amostras eram provenientes de bovinos que apresentaram histórico de fotossensibilização, na época atribuída ao fungo Pithomyces chartarum. Os achados indicam que essas alterações hepáticas são relacionadas com a ingestão de Brachiaria spp.
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Albernaz, Tatiane Teles, José Alcides Sarmento da Silveira, Natália da Silva e. Silva, Cairo Henrique Sousa Oliveira, Alessandra dos Santos Belo Reis, Carlos Magno Chaves Oliveira, Marcos Dutra Duarte, and José Diomedes Barbosa. "Fotossensibilização em ovinos associada à ingestão de Brachiaria brizantha no estado do Pará." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30, no. 9 (September 2010): 741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2010000900006.

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Foram estudados dois surtos e realizado um experimento de fotossensibilização associada à ingestão por Brachiaria brizantha em ovinos mestiços de Santa Inês e Dorper, com idade variando de dois a três meses, em uma fazenda no município de Santa Luzia do Pará. Esses animais foram mantidos desde o nascimento até aproximadamente dois meses de idade, em apriscos suspensos do chão, recebendo capim-elefante roxo (Pennisetum purpureum cv. roxo), concentrado, sal mineral e água ad libitum. Após esse período foram introduzidos em um piquete de B. brizantha. Na ocasião dos surtos e do experimento a fazenda foi visitada para observação dos dados epidemiológicos, avaliação clínica dos animais, colheita de amostras de sangue para dosagem de GGT, AST, BD, BI, BT, ureia e creatinina e colheita de pastagem para pesquisa de Pithomyces chartarum e saponinas. Também foi realizada necropsia com colheita de material para estudo histológico. O surto 01 ocorreu na época de escassez de chuva, com taxa de morbidade e letalidade de 43,4% e 81,6%, respectivamente. O surto 02 aconteceu no início da época chuvosa, com taxas de morbidade e letalidade de 16,3% e 76,9%, respectivamente. Em ambos os surtos o capim encontrava-se com massa residual reduzida e senescente. Dos 50 animais do experimento, 10 receberam 200ml de fluido ruminal retirado de ovelhas mães do mesmo lote, a primeira administração foi feita um dia antes da introdução desses animais na pastagem, e mais duas subsequentes com intervalo de uma semana. Após 15 dias de pastejo, os animais começaram a apresentar inquietação, procura por sombra, edema nas orelhas, mucosas amareladas, apatia, anorexia e desprendimento da pele seguido por formação de crostas em algumas áreas do corpo. Tanto os animais dos surtos quanto do experimento apresentaram aumento nos níveis de GGT, AST, BD, BI, BT, ureia e creatinina. Os valores de ureia e GGT dos animais que receberam fluido ruminal e dos que não receberam foram semelhantes, já os valores de creatinina, AST e bilirrubinas foram menores nos animais que receberam fluido ruminal em comparação aos que não receberam. Foram determinados dois tipos de saponinas nas amostras de B. brizantha dos surtos e do experimento, a metilprotodioscina e a protodioscina. O nível de saponina no surto 01 e 02 foi 0,92% e 0,88%, respectivamente. Os níveis de saponinas no experimento variaram de 1,13% a 1,62%. A quantidade de Pithomyces chartarum, tanto nos surtos quanto no experimento, foi insignificante. Na necropsia foi verificada icterícia generalizada, fígado com consistência aumentada de coloração amarelada e com padrão lobular acentuado. Nos rins foi observada coloração amarelo-esverdeado e aumento de tamanho. As alterações histológicas ocorreram principalmente no fígado e consistiram de leve proliferação das vias biliares nos espaços porta, presença de hepatócitos binucleados, presença de macrófagos espumosos, necrose incipiente de hepatócitos isolados, colangite, presença de cristais em macrófagos e hepatócitos.
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24

Soares, Pierre Castro, Rinaldo Aparecido Mota, Miriam Nogueira Teixeira, and Néria Vânia Marcos dos Santos. "Aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos da intoxicação por Pithomyces chartarum em ovinos da raça Santa Inês, no município de Gravatá - PE." Revista Brasileira de Ciência Veterinária 7, no. 2 (2000): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbcv.2015.184.

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25

Smith, B. L., P. P. Embling, and I. M. Gravett. "Pithomyces chartarum spore counts in rumen contents and faeces of sheep exposed to autumn pasture at three different grazing pressures." Journal of Applied Toxicology 7, no. 3 (June 1987): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.2550070306.

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26

Boucher, Magalie, and T. William Jordan. "Primary Impacts of the Fungal Toxin Sporidesmin on HepG2 Cells: Altered Cell Adhesion without Oxidative Stress or Cell Death." Toxins 13, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13030179.

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The fungal metabolite sporidesmin is responsible for severe necrotizing inflammation of biliary tract and liver of livestock grazing on pasture containing spores of Pithomyces chartarum that synthesizes the toxin. The toxin is secreted into bile causing the erosion of the biliary epithelium accompanied by inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues. Toxicity has been suggested to be due to cycles of reduction and oxidation of sporidesmin leading to oxidative damage from the formation of reactive oxygen species. The current work is the first test of the oxidative stress hypothesis using cultured cells. Oxidative stress could not be detected in HepG2 cells incubated with sporidesmin using a dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay or by use of two-dimensional electrophoresis to search for oxidized peroxiredoxins. There was also no evidence for necrosis or apoptosis, although there was a loss of cell adhesion that was accompanied by the disruption of intracellular actin microfilaments that have known roles in cell adhesion. The results are consistent with a model in which altered contact between cells in situ leads to altered permeability and subsequent inflammation and necrosis, potentially from the leakage of toxic bile into surrounding tissues. There is now a need for the further characterization of the damage processes in vivo, including the investigation of altered permeability and mechanisms of cell death in the biliary tract and other affected organs.
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27

Brum, Karine B., Mitsue Haraguchi, Ricardo A. A. Lemos, Franklin Riet-Correa, and Maria Clorinda S. Fioravanti. "Crystal-associated cholangiopathy in sheep grazing Brachiaria decumbens containing the saponin protodioscin." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27, no. 1 (January 2007): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2007000100007.

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An outbreak of hepatogenous photosensitization is reported in a flock of 28 sheep grazing Brachiaria decumbens in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Central-Western Brazil. Seven lambs and an adult sheep were affected and 6 of them died. Two surviving affected lambs and one lamb without clinical signs had increased serum values of gamma glutamyltransferase, bilirubin, and cholesterol. In two adult unaffected sheep those parameters were within normal values. An adult sheep submitted to necropsy presented moderate body condition, unilateral corneal opacity, drying of the muzzle, moderate jaundice, increased lobular pattern of the liver, and a distended gallbladder. Histological lesions were epithelial degeneration, necrosis, and hyperplasia of small bile ducts. Mild amounts of foamy macrophages were observed, mainly in the centroacinar zone. Diffuse swelling and vacuolation were observed in hepatocytes. Crystal negative images were found within bile ducts, foamy macrophages, and the lumen of some renal tubules. The heart showed multifocal areas of degeneration and necrosis of the muscle fibers. Pasture samples (Brachiaria decumbens) contained 2.36% of protodioscin. No Pithomyces chartarum spores were found in the pasture. Samples from a similar neighboring B. decumbens pasture grazed by cattle without photosensitization contained 1.63% of protodioscin isomers. Outbreaks of photosensitization caused by Brachiaria spp. are common in cattle in the Brazilian Cerrado (savanna) with about 51 million hectares of Brachiaria spp pastures. Sheep farming has been recently developed in this region, and the number of sheep is increasing significantly. Because sheep are more susceptible than cattle to lithogenic saponins, poisoning by Brachiaria should be an important limiting factor for the sheep industry.
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28

Fernández, Miguel, Valentín Pérez, Miguel Fuertes, Julio Benavides, José Espinosa, Juan Menéndez, Ana L. García-Pérez, and M. Carmen Ferreras. "Pathological Study of Facial Eczema (Pithomycotoxicosis) in Sheep." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041070.

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Facial eczema (FE) is a secondary photosensitization disease of farm ruminants caused by the sporidesmin A, produced in the spores of the saprophytic fungus Pithomyces chartarum. This study communicates an outbreak of ovine FE in Asturias (Spain) and characterizes the serum biochemical pattern and the immune response that may contribute to liver damage, favoring cholestasis and the progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Animals showed clinical signs of photosensitivity, with decrease of daily weight gain and loss of wool and crusting for at least 6 months after the FE outbreak. Serum activity of γ-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased in sheep with skin lesions. In the acute phase, edematous skin lesions in the head, hepatocytic and canalicular cholestasis in centrilobular regions, presence of neutrophils in small clumps surrounding deposits of bile pigment, ductular proliferation, as well as cholemic nephrosis, were observed. Macrophages, stained positively for MAC387, were found in areas of canalicular cholestasis. In the chronic phase, areas of alopecia and crusting were seen in the head, and the liver was atrophic with large regeneration nodules and gallstones. Fibrosis around dilated bile ducts, “typical” and “atypical” ductular reaction and an inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes and pigmented macrophages, with iron deposits and lipofuscin, were found. The surviving parenchyma persisted with a jigsaw pattern characteristic of biliary cirrhosis. Concentric and eccentric myointimal proliferation was found in arteries near damaged bile ducts. In cirrhotic livers, stellated cells, ductular reaction, ectatic bile ducts and presence of M2 macrophages and lymphocytes, were observed in areas of bile ductular reaction.
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29

Solino, Antônio Jussiê da Silva, Juliana Batista Santos Oliveira, Kátia Regina Freitas Schwan-Estrada, Marianna Santos Rodrigues Alencar, and Lilianne Martins Ribeiro. "Potencial antagonista e controle in vitro de Alternaria solani por fungos sapróbios." Summa Phytopathologica 43, no. 3 (September 2017): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2202.

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RESUMO Alternaria solani, agente etiológico da pinta preta, é considerado um fitopatógeno de grande impacto econômico na cultura do tomate, gerando grandes prejuízos aos agricultores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial antagonista por confronto direto, produção de voláteis e atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de filtrado de fungos sapróbios contra A. solani. Assim, confrontou-se o fitopatógeno A. solani com os fungos sapróbios Volutella minima, Memnoniella echinata, M. levispora, Curvularia eragrostidis, C. inaequalis, Gonytrichum chlamydosporium, G. macrocladum, Pseudobotrytis terrestris, Pithomyces chartarum, Lappodochium lageniforme, Dictyochaeta simplex, Stachybotrys nephrosfora e S. globosa, observando a formação de halo de inibição e agressividade dos fungos por meio de uma escala de nota. Foi avaliado também o crescimento do fitopatógeno na concentração 20% para selecionar filtrado de sapróbios com atividade antimicrobiana. Posteriormente os filtrados dos sapróbios selecionados foram estudados nas concentrações 5; 10; 15 e 20%, avaliando o crescimento micelial de A. solani. Os sapróbios L. lageniforme e G. macrocladum, apresentaram maior crescimento micelial em relação a A. solani sete dias após a repicagem do fitopatógeno. Aos 15 dias somente o L. lageniforme conteve o patógeno. No teste de confrontação direta os fungos L. lageniforme e G. macrocladum ocuparam uma maior área na placa de Petri que o patógeno. Os filtrados dos fungos G. macrocladum, C. inaequalis, P. terrestris, S. globosa e C. eragrostidis na concentração de 20% promoveram redução no crescimento micelial de A. solani de 34, 21, 19, 10 e 10%, respectivamente. Ao analisar o efeito das concentrações dos filtrados no crescimento micelial de A. solani, observou dose-dependência em todos os tratamentos, com máxima inibição do crescimento para os filtrados de G. macrocladum, C. inaequalis, P. terrestris, S. globosa e C. eragrostidis, respectivamente, na concentração 20%.
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30

Grierson, P. J. "A preliminary study of the effects of lime application on levels of facial eczema spores in pasture." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, January 1, 2007, 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2007.69.2668.

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This research was completed for school science fairs, to see whether agricultural lime affects facial eczema spore numbers. Lime was applied at various rates on grazed plots, and using the Pithomyces chartarum (L) spore count wash method, the effect of lime on spore counts was measured. The residual effect of recent and past lime applications up to 3 years old was also measured. Lime applied at 2.5 tonnes/hectare killed nearly all of the spores within 5-8 days and maintained levels below the danger level of 50 000 spores/g for several weeks (whilst spores were present). As well as this short term effect, 2007 spore counts on plots last treated with lime in 2006 and 2005 averaged 44 167 and 35 833 spores/g respectively which were well below the 2007 control plot counts, which averaged 123 333 spores/g pasture. In these experiments, lime was effective at reducing facial eczema spore numbers when applied at 2.5 t/ha, with up to 2 year's residual effect. Therefore tactical use of lime applications could potentially protect farmers and stock from the effects of facial eczema for up to 3 years. Keywords: facial eczema, lime, Pithomyces chartarum (L), sporidesmin
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31

Morris, C. A., N. R. Towers, and H. J. Tempero. "Breeding for resistance to facial eczema in dairy cattle." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, January 1, 1991, 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.1991.53.1993.

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Facial eczema (FE) is a disease of grazing ruminants caused by ingesting spores of the fungus Pithomyces chartarum. The spores contain a toxic compound, sporidesmin, which causes liver injury, sensitivity to sunlight and reduced performance in susceptible dairy cattle. The extent of production losses is summarised. Research at Ruakura has demonstrated that the resistance of animals to FE is inherited, with a heritability estimate of 0.31 in dairy cattle. Genetic progress in dairy cattle could bc achieved by progeny testing young bulls, and selecting for use as sires those with the most resistant progeny. However, work over the last decade in sheep at Ruakura has demonstrated the success of selection based on performance testing (i.e. dosing potential sires themselves and using those that are most resistant to the challenge). In January 1990 we began to develop a performance test for use in the preliminary screening of young dairy bulls for FE resistance. The details of these tests are described. Keywords facial eczema, dairy cattle, performance testing, production loss
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