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HOLDSWORTH, P. J., J. M. HOPKINSON, and S. H. LEVESON. "Benign axillary epithelial lymph node inclusions?a histological pitfal." Histopathology 13, no. 2 (August 1988): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1988.tb02029.x.
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Timashova, Olga Vladimirovna. "M. V. Avdeev’s Article on the «Hidden Pitfal» and A. F. Pisemskiy’s Views on the «Woman Question»." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Philology. Journalism 13, no. 4 (2013): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2013-13-4-43-47.
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Toyota, Y., K. Minegishi, M. Hama, R. Yoshimi, Y. Sugiyama, N. Tsuchida, Y. Kunishita, et al. "FRI0610 Ultrasonograpic Assessment Covers a Pitfal of Physycal Examination in the Ankle Joints in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Table1." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 74, Suppl 2 (June 2015): 649.2–649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.4355.
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Almeida, Patrícia Souza de, Evandro Alves Vieira, Thaiane De Morais Bispo, and Geovane Cândido da Silva. "Diversidade entomofaunística em três fitofisionomias de uma reserva ambiental em Coxim-MS. DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v2i1.31." Evolução e Conservação da Biodiversidade 2, no. 1 (June 13, 2012): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7902/2issecbvol1.2011n31.
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<p>A composição das espécies de formigas dentro das comunidades é influenciada pela distribuição dos recursos a serem explorados, e também pelas estratégias utilizadas por esses indivíduos para a sua obtenção. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a importância da integridade do hábitat para a distribuição e diversidade da comunidade de formigas existentes em três fitofisionomias: Mata Ciliar, Cerrado Sensu Stricto e Cerradão. Foram utilizadas armadilhas do tipo pitfal com iscas, dispostas ordenadamente ao longo de um transecto nos três pontos escolhidos. Foram amostrados 60.266 indivíduos, distribuídos em 4 subfamílias com 14 morfoespécies. Foi observada diferença significativa entre o número de indivíduos e a época de coleta, com 29% capturados durante a seca e 71% no período chuvoso. Os maiores índices de diversidade foram obtidos para a área de Cerradão nos dois períodos de coleta denotando a maior riqueza de espécies desta fitofisionomia quando comparada aos dois outros pontos.</p>
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Almeida, Patrícia Souza de, Evandro Alves Vieira, Thaiane De Morais Bispo, and Geovane Cândido da Silva. "Diversidade entomofaunística em três fitofisionomias de uma reserva ambiental em Coxim-MS. DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v2i1.31." Evolução e Conservação da Biodiversidade 2, no. 1 (June 13, 2012): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7902/ecb.v2i1.31.
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<p>A composição das espécies de formigas dentro das comunidades é influenciada pela distribuição dos recursos a serem explorados, e também pelas estratégias utilizadas por esses indivíduos para a sua obtenção. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a importância da integridade do hábitat para a distribuição e diversidade da comunidade de formigas existentes em três fitofisionomias: Mata Ciliar, Cerrado Sensu Stricto e Cerradão. Foram utilizadas armadilhas do tipo pitfal com iscas, dispostas ordenadamente ao longo de um transecto nos três pontos escolhidos. Foram amostrados 60.266 indivíduos, distribuídos em 4 subfamílias com 14 morfoespécies. Foi observada diferença significativa entre o número de indivíduos e a época de coleta, com 29% capturados durante a seca e 71% no período chuvoso. Os maiores índices de diversidade foram obtidos para a área de Cerradão nos dois períodos de coleta denotando a maior riqueza de espécies desta fitofisionomia quando comparada aos dois outros pontos.</p>
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Poveda-Villalón, María, Asunción Gómez-Pérez, and Mari Carmen Suárez-Figueroa. "OOPS! (OntOlogy Pitfall Scanner!)." International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 10, no. 2 (April 2014): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.2014040102.
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This paper presents two contributions to the field of Ontology Evaluation. First, a live catalogue of pitfalls that extends previous works on modeling errors with new pitfalls resulting from an empirical analysis of over 693 ontologies. Such a catalogue classifies pitfalls according to the Structural, Functional and Usability-Profiling dimensions. For each pitfall, we incorporate the value of its importance level (critical, important and minor) and the number of ontologies where each pitfall has been detected. Second, OOPS! (OntOlogy Pitfall Scanner!), a tool for detecting pitfalls in ontologies and targeted at newcomers and domain experts unfamiliar with description logics and ontology implementation languages. The tool operates independently of any ontology development platform and is available online. The evaluation of the system is provided both through a survey of users' satisfaction and worldwide usage statistics. In addition, the system is also compared with existing ontology evaluation tools in terms of coverage of pitfalls detected.
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Enge, Kevin M. "The Pitfalls of Pitfall Traps." Journal of Herpetology 35, no. 3 (September 2001): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565965.
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Przybyszewski, Kelley Rita, Ricardo José Silva, Ricardo Eduardo Vicente, João Victor Garcia Freitas, Mônica Josene Barbosa Pereira, Thiago Junqueira Izzo, and Danielle Storck Tonon. "Can Baited Pitfall Traps for Sampling Dung Beetles Replace Conventional Traps for Sampling Ants?" Sociobiology 67, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v67i3.5201.
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Ants and dung beetles are widely used in monitoring biodiversity and are considered excellent environmental indicators. Although the pitfall trap is the most commonly used method to sample dung beetles and ants in ecological studies, beetles are usually sampled using dung‐baited pitfall traps while ants are sampled using un‐baited pitfalls. In the protocol for collecting the beetles it is necessary to have attractive baits in pitfalls. In order to minimize collection effort and costs and to facilitate logistics, it is necessary to determine if there is an effect of the baits on the biodiversity of ants collected in the same traps. Therefore, the objective of this work was to find out whether baited pitfalls could replace conventional pitfalls for the capture of ants. In a total of 42 areas of native habitat, three baited pitfall traps and three without bait were installed, all in the same transect, equidistant ten meters and in activity for 48 hours. In total, 150 species were collected, of which 131 were recorded in non‐baited pitfalls and 107 in baited pitfalls. Traps without bait contributed to 28% of the total number of species captured in this study, whereas pitfalls with bait contributed only to 12% of the total species caught. However, 60% of the total species were captured regardless of the method. In addition to the loss of species among the types of traps, the effect of the method modifies the species composition. We concluded that depending on the type of study, a small decrease in the number of species and change in the composition can influence the results. Thus, we recommend that baited pitfalls should not replace conventional pitfalls.Palavras-chave: Método de coleta; Protocolo de coleta; Desenho da amostra; Esforço de amostragem.
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Higham, Lisa, and Jalal Kawash. "Pitfalls in Memory Consistency Modelling." Parallel Processing Letters 26, no. 02 (June 2016): 1650008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626416500080.
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Five pitfalls or potential mistakes in memory consistency modelling are identified. Each pitfall can have dramatic impact on our ability to write correct and efficient programs, to determine the algorithmic capabilities or limitations of particular architectures, and to compare various systems. These potential problems are highlighted by illustrating each pitfall with examples from known consistency model definitions.
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José, Helder, Iasmin Macedo, and Mateus Cruz Loss. "A New and Simple Method to Capture Small Arboreal Mammals: The Suspended Pitfall." Revista Brasileira de Zoociências 20, no. 1 (August 26, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/2596-3325.2019.v20.24790.
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The suspended pitfall demonstrates a new and simple mechanism to capture small arboreal and scansorial mammals. It is an arboreal version of the pitfalls traditionally used to capture terrestrial amphibians and reptiles. Buckets with bait inside are raised by a rope until they reach a tree branch at the desired height. Tests were performed in the Atlantic Forest at three different sites at the mouth of Doce River in Linhares, southeastern Brazil. In one of them suspended pitfalls were set up in the understory of a shaded cacao plantation (cabruca agroforest) in the branches of cacao trees between 2 and 3 m in height, and in the other they were placed in a native forest between 5 to 15 m in height. At the third site, suspended pitfalls were tested together with the other live traps used hitherto in the understory of other cabruca agroforest. The marsupials Didelphis aurita, Caluromys philander, Marmosa (Micoureus) paraguayana, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosa murina and the rodent Rhipidomys mastacalis were captured by suspended pitfall. This live trap was capable of catching all sizes of small arboreal mammals, including juvenile individuals. This method proved to be functional for the capture of some small arboreal mammals and may be a complementary alternative for sampling in high forest strata.
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Leonard, A., and A. Swanepoel. "Project portfolio management implementation pitfalls." South African Journal of Business Management 41, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v41i3.521.
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Project portfolio management could be regarded as one of the most comprehensive ways of managing a software project environment. To implement such a management approach in a large organisation, could also be seen as an endeavour that can only have a chance of success if all role players understand the pitfalls involved and how to deal with each. In this paper, a structured approach is proposed to identifying and addressing pitfalls that may potentially hinder the successful implementation of project portfolio management as a strategic initiative in an organisation. Furthermore, the paper presents an approach to combine checklists and pitfall management theories to identify those pitfalls that may realise during the implementation of project portfolio management.
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Mena, F., F. Viñuela, G. Duckwiler, Y. P. Gobin, Y. Murayama, and G. Guglielmi. "Pitfalls of GDC Embolisation of Intracranial Aneurysms." Interventional Neuroradiology 4, no. 3 (September 1998): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101999800400307.
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We present a critical analysis of the cerebral aneurysm GDC embolisation technique and its numerous possible pitfalls with the experience of 448 aneurysms in 401 patients performed during a seven year period at UCLA's Division of Interventional Neuroradiology. A “pitfall” is defined as any hidden or not easily recognized danger or difficulty. We review pitfalls related to micro-catheterization, GDC coil delivery, complex vascular anatomy, post-embolisation management, and pre-existing patient's clinical condition. The possible associated technical and clinical complications include aneurysm rupture, parent artery occlusion, thrombo-embolic stroke, coil stretching/rupture, coil migration, incomplete embolisation or embolisation failure. Lastly we present a discussion of our experience and suggestions of how to avoid some of these pitfalls.
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Young, O. P. "Seasonal Activity of Meloe americanus (Coleoptera: Meloidae) in a Mississippi Old-field Habitat." Journal of Entomological Science 30, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-30.4.434.
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Adults and triugulin larvae of Meloe americanus Leach were collected by pitfall trapping and sweepnetting of foliage during 14 consecutive months at an old-field site in Washington Co., MS. Adults were captured in pitfalls from December to April, and triungulins were captured in pitfalls and attached to Apoidae (Hymenoptera) hosts on foliage only from April to May and from September through October. Several scenarios are proposed to explain this unusual pattern of disjunct triungulin seasonal occurrence. Spatial patterns of adult and triungulin occurrence are correlated with successional changes in the habitat, and attachment sites of triungulin larvae on Apoidae hosts are documented.
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Hobbs, Trevor J., and Craig D. James. "Influence of shade covers on pitfall trap temperatures and capture success of reptiles and small mammals in arid Australia." Wildlife Research 26, no. 3 (1999): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98032.
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Shade covers for pitfall traps can be used to reduce the amount of solar radiation penetrating to the bottom of pitfall buckets, thereby reducing the number of captured animals dying from heat-stress. We tested the effectiveness of a variety of shade covers for reducing temperatures in pitfalls and trap mortality of small vertebrates, and examined the effect of one cover design on trap success in arid landscapes. Shade covers made of insulation foil were found to reduce core pitfall temperatures by 20–22˚C compared with uncovered buckets, which reached temperatures greater than 66ºC. Other cover types tested (plastic lid or cardboard) were found to be less effective: core bucket temperatures still reached 48–53ºC. While foil covers do reduce temperatures and therefore the probability of heat-stress-related mortality, above-ground foil covers also influence trap success. Traps with above-ground foil covers caught 39–43% fewer small vertebrates and 7–42% fewer species than uncovered traps. Above-ground foil covers had the greatest influence on the sampled abundance of scincid lizards (reduced by 50–52%), reduced the sampled abundance of most other lizard families and mammals, but increased capture success for snakes. If shade covers are required to minimise heat stress and mortality in pitfall buckets we recommend foil covers placed inside the bottom pitfall buckets as they significantly reduce pitfall temperatures and are likely to have minimal influence on trap success. However, regular checking of traps is still one of the most reliable ways to reduce heat-stress- related and other deaths in pitfall traps.
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Matsura, T., and RL Kitching. "The Structure of the Trap and Trap-Building Behavior in Callistoleon-Manselli New (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 41, no. 1 (1993): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9930077.
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Larvae of the antlion Callistoleon manselli New build pitfall traps that have attached radiating furrows. In order to evaluate this unique trap-building behaviour from an evolutionary viewpoint, we analysed the shape of,traps in the field, then examined the process of trap construction and the efficiency of the pitfalls in prey capture. Larvae of C manselli construct the radiating furrows after building the central pit. Larvae provided with food ad libitum tend not to construct furrows at all. Capture efficiency for the pits with furrows was greater than for pits without furrows. The pitfall traps constructed by C. manselli evidently represent a more advanced development than the simple pits of other species.
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Ruiz-Lupión, Dolores, Jordi Pascual, Nereida Melguizo-Ruiz, Oriol Verdeny-Vilalta, and Jordi Moya-Laraño. "New Litter Trap Devices Outperform Pitfall Traps for Studying Arthropod Activity." Insects 10, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10050147.
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Soil fauna play a key role in nutrient cycling and decomposition, and in recent years, researchers have become more and more interested in this compartment of terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, soil fauna can act as ecosystem engineers by creating, modifying, and maintaining the habitat for other organisms. Ecologists usually utilize live catches in pitfalls traps as a standard method to study the activity of epigeic fauna in addition to relative abundance. Counts in pitfall traps can be used as estimates of relative activity to compare among experimental treatments. This requires taking independent estimates of abundance (e.g., by sifting soil litter, mark–recapture), which can then be used as covariates in linear models to compare the levels of fauna activity (trap catches) among treatments. However, many studies show that the use of pitfall traps is not the most adequate method to estimate soil fauna relative abundances, and these concerns may be extensible to estimating activity. Here, we present two new types of traps devised to study activity in litter fauna, and which we call “cul-de-sac” and “basket traps”, respectively. We experimentally show that, at least for litter dwellers, these new traps are more appropriate to estimate fauna activity than pitfall traps because: (1) pitfall traps contain 3.5× more moisture than the surrounding environment, potentially attracting animals towards them when environmental conditions are relatively dry; (2) cul-de-sac and basket traps catch ca. 4× more of both meso- and macrofauna than pitfall traps, suggesting that pitfall traps are underestimating activity; and (3) pitfall traps show a bias towards collecting 1.5× higher amounts of predators, which suggests that predation rates are higher within pitfall traps. We end with a protocol and recommendations for how to use these new traps in ecological experiments and surveys aiming at estimating soil arthropod activity.
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Privet, Kaïna, Vincent Vedel, Claire Fortunel, Jérôme Orivel, Quentin Martinez, Axel Cerdan, Christopher Baraloto, and Julien Pétillon. "Relative Efficiency of Pitfall Trapping vs. Nocturnal Hand Collecting in Assessing Soil-Dwelling Spider Diversity along A Structural Gradient of Neotropical Habitats." Diversity 12, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12020081.
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Assessing spider diversity remains a great challenge, especially in tropical habitats where dozens of species can locally co-occur. Pitfall trapping is one of the most widely used techniques to collect spiders, but it suffers from several biases, and its accuracy likely varies with habitat complexity. In this study, we compared the efficiency of passive pitfall trapping versus active nocturnal hand collecting (NHC) to capture low understory-dwelling spider taxonomical (morpho-species) and functional (hunting guilds) diversity along a structural gradient of habitats in French Guiana. We focused on four habitats describing a structural gradient: garden to the orchard to the forest edge to the undisturbed forest. Overall, estimated morpho-species richness and composition did not vary consistently between habitats, but abundances of ground-hunting spiders decreased significantly with increasing habitat complexity. We found habitat-dependence differences in taxonomic diversity between sampling strategies: NHC revealed higher diversity in the orchard, whereas pitfalls resulted in higher diversity in the forest. Species turnover resulted in high dissimilarity in species composition between habitats using either method. This study shows how pitfall trapping is influenced by habitat structure, rendering this sampling method incomplete for complex, tropical environments. However, pitfall traps remain a valuable component of inventories because they sample distinct assemblage of spiders.
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Almeida, Rony Peterson Santos, Filipe Viegas Arruda, Daniel Paiva Silva, and Beatriz Woiski Teixeira Coelho. "Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in an Ecotonal Cerrado-Amazon Region in Brazil." Sociobiology 66, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i3.3463.
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Little is known about the distribution of organisms in transitional areas, overall because of the lack of understanding regarding each species’ specificity to the diversity of microhabitats found in these areas and effective ways to sample organisms in these regions. Therefore, in this study we aimed to inventory the bee species in a transitional Cerrado-Amazon area in the state of Pará, Brazil, evaluating the effects of three different sampling methods. We used six fragments, sampled in two different seasons with three sampling methods (arboreal pitfalls with urine, scent traps, and pan traps). The specimens were identified and we used accumulation curves to measure the effectiveness of each method. In total, we sampled 68 bee species, where 53 were exclusively from one single sampling method. The pitfall traps were those with reached the highest species richness among all three sampling methods analyzed, followed by the scent traps and pan traps, respectively. Despite the efficiency and generality of the bee groups we found, the pitfall method does not cover specific bee groups as the Euglossini bees, almost exclusively attracted to scent traps. Therefore, we suggest that studies using pitfalls with urine should be performed in other biomes to evaluate the efficiency of this method in future bee surveys.
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Pennini, Flavia, Angel Plastino, Mario Rocca, and Gustavo Ferri. "A Review of the Classical Canonical Ensemble Treatment of Newton’s Gravitation." Entropy 21, no. 7 (July 11, 2019): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21070677.
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It is common lore that the canonical gravitational partition function Z associated with the classical Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) exponential distribution cannot be built up because of mathematical pitfalls. The integral needed for writing up Z diverges. We review here how to avoid this pitfall and obtain a (classical) statistical mechanics of Newton’s gravitation. This is done using (1) the analytical extension treatment obtained of Gradshteyn and Rizhik and (2) the well known dimensional regularization technique.
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Read, John L., Matthew J. Ward, and Katherine E. Moseby. "Factors that influence trap success of sandhill dunnarts (Sminthopsis psammophila) and other small mammals in Triodia dunefields of South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 37, no. 2 (2015): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am14020.
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Optimised detection and sensitivity of fauna-monitoring programs is essential for the adaptive management of threatened species. We describe the influence of trap type, trapping duration and timing on the detection rates of small vertebrates, in particular the nationally endangered sandhill dunnart (Sminthopsis psammophila) in its two primary populations in South Australia. A total of 118 and 155 sandhill dunnarts were captured from the Middleback and Yellabinna regions, respectively, from five trapping sessions between 2008 and 2012. Wide deep pitfall traps (225 mm diameter × 600–700 mm deep) captured significantly more adult sandhill dunnarts than shorter, narrower pitfalls (150 mm diameter × 500 mm deep) or Elliott traps. Deep pitfall traps also captured significantly more hopping mice (Notomys mitchellii) but smaller mammal species were equally trapable in deep or short pitfall traps. Capture rates declined through successive nights of trapping. Capture rates of sandhill dunnarts were greatest in one study region when the moon illumination was less than 40% compared with fuller moon phases but were not affected by moon illumination in the other study region. The results suggest that higher capture rates of sandhill dunnarts will be achieved when using wide, deep pitfall traps on dark nights during the first two nights of trapping. Trapping in summer detected more juvenile sandhill dunnarts than trapping in winter.
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Hardage, Bob A. "Pitfall experiences when interpreting complex structure with low-quality seismic images." Interpretation 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): SB29—SB37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0118.1.
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Structural interpretation of seismic data presents numerous opportunities for encountering interpretational pitfalls, particularly when a seismic image does not have an appropriate signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), or when a subsurface structure is unexpectedly complex. When both conditions exist — low S/N data and severe structural deformation — interpretation pitfalls are almost guaranteed. We analyzed an interpretation done 20 years ago that had to deal with poor seismic data quality and extreme distortion of strata. The lessons learned still apply today. Two things helped the interpretation team develop a viable structural model of the prospect. First, existing industry-accepted formation tops assigned to regional wells were rejected and new log interpretations were done to detect evidence of repeated sections and overturned strata. Second, the frequency content of the 3D seismic data volume was restricted to only the first octave of its seismic spectrum to create better evidence of fault geometries. A logical and workable structural interpretation resulted when these two action steps were taken. To the knowledge of our interpretation team, neither of these approaches had been attempted in the area at the time of this work (early 1990s). We found two pitfalls that may be encountered by other interpreters. The first pitfall was the hazard of accepting long-standing, industry-accepted definitions of the positions of formation tops on well logs. This nonquestioning acceptance of certain log signatures as indications of targeted formation tops led to a serious misinterpretation in our study. The second pitfall was the prevailing passion by geophysicists to create seismic data volumes that have the widest possible frequency spectrum. This interpretation effort showed that the opposite strategy was better at this site and for our data conditions; i.e., it was better to filter seismic images so that they contained only the lowest octave of frequencies in the seismic spectrum.
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Jordhøy, Per. "Ancient wild reindeer pitfall trapping systems as indicators for former migration patterns and habitat use in the Dovre region, southern Norway." Rangifer 28, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.28.1.152.
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The distribution of ancient reindeer pitfall trap systems suggests an extensive regional migration of reindeer between seasonal pastures in parts of southern Norway. The migration routes were funnelled by natural barriers across a high, rolling mountain plateau. In the Dovre area, two pitfall trapping systems, totalling at least 1547 individual pitfalls, were identified and measured using a standard procedure and GPS to record location. Migrating reindeer typically cross over valleys between areas of higher ground and reindeer pitfall trap lines are therefore aligned along the valley, individually placed so that their long axis is perpendicular to the direction of the valleys. Pitfall trap systems for moose are also evident in the landscape. In contrast to reindeer, migrating moose mainly follow the line of the valley. Pitfall rows built for moose trapping are therefore placed mainly across the main direction of the valleys, and the individual pitfalls are also larger than those intended for reindeer. Migration and lichen utilization are important factors in reindeer adaption to limited food resources and existence in marginal mountain habitats. The trap systems and their ecological context support the hypothesis of ancient large-scale reindeer migration over the west-east Dovre axis between summer pastures and winter grazing land. This migration has ceased entirely because of increasing traffic on the north-south railway and highway and probably also because of reduced reindeer populations. Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag:Gamle fangstgropsystemer for rein som indikatorer for tidligere trekkmønster og habitatbruk i Dovreregionen, Sør-NorgeUtbredelse av fangstgropsystemer for rein tyder på at det har vært et regionalt trekkmønster mellom ulike sesongbeiter innen deler av Sør-Norge. Trekket har vært styrt av naturlige barrierer over et variert, bølgende fjellandskap. I dovreområdet er to store fangstgropsystemer på totalt minst 1547 fangstgroper registrert og kartfestet etter en standard prosedyre. Migrerende rein har krysset over dalsenkningene mellom høyere fjellpartier. Fangstgroprekkene har derfor vært anlagt langs dalbunnen og retningen på selve gropene går overveiende på tvers av dalretningen. Fangstgroper for elg er også vanlig i regionen, men i motsetning til fangstgropene for rein går retningen på disse oftest parallelt med dalretningen. De er også gjennomgående større enn gropene som har vært beregnet på reinfangst. Vandring og utnyttelse av lav som vinterbeite er viktig faktorer i reinens tilpasning til et skrint næringsgrunnlag og marginele habitater i fjellet. Fangstsystemene og økologiske holdepunkter/faktorer støtter hypotesen om et tidligere trekk øst/vest over dovreaksen, mellom sommerbeiter i vest og vinterbeiter i øst. Trekket her har nå opphørt helt på grunn av trafikkårene og tilhørende ferdsels- og trafikkøkning over Dovre. En redusert villreinbestand har også trolig medvirket til dette.
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Supriati, Rochmah, Winarti Purnama Sari, and Nevee Dianty. "IDENTIFIKASI JENIS SEMUT FAMILI FORMICIDAE DI KAWASAN TAMAN WISATA ALAM PANTAI PANJANG PULAU BAAI KOTA BENGKULU." Konservasi Hayati 15, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/hayati.v1i1.10941.
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The existence of insects is very abundant and has an important role in the ecosystem. In addition to a very important function in the ecosystem, ants are used as bioindicators in changing the habitat of an area and seeing changes occur in the environment. Ants are commonly found in a variety of habitats, in addition to terrestrial areas ants are found in coastal areas because there are habitats that allow the presence of ants in the form of mangrove vegetation and ecologically, ant nests are scattered from mangrove forests and trees on the coast. This research was conducted on 10 February - 10 March 2016 in the TWA area of Pantai Panjang, Pulau Baai Bengkulu. Use the roaming or xploration method. Each location point to set a trap (pitfall). When installing pitfalls (pitfall) is done at 09.00-11.00 and 14.00-15.00 WIB, by installing ten trap traps (pitfall) for three days. From the results in the field found 10 types of ants from the Order Hymenoptera Family Formicidae. 8 species constitute members of the Subfamily Formicinae including; A.gracilipes, P. longicornis, C. carnelius, Oecophylla sp, P. carbonaria, C. rufipes, Camponotus sp, P. jerdon, two other members of the Dolichoderinae Subfamily; T. melanocephalum, D. thoracicus.
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Hacala, Axel, Clément Gouraud, Wouter Dekoninck, and Julien Pétillon. "Relative Efficiency of Pitfall vs. Bait Trapping for Capturing Taxonomic and Functional Diversities of Ant Assemblages in Temperate Heathlands." Insects 12, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040307.
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Whereas bait and pitfall trappings are two of the most commonly used techniques for sampling ant assemblages, they have not been properly compared in temperate open habitats. In this study, taking advantage of a large-scale project of heathland restoration (three sites along the French Atlantic Coast forming a north-south gradient), we evaluated the relative efficiency of these two methods for assessing both taxonomic and functional diversities of ants. Ants were collected and identified to species level, and six traits related to morphology, behavior (diet, dispersal and maximum foraging distance), and social life (colony size and dominance type) were attributed to all 23 species. Both observed and estimated species richness were significantly higher in pitfalls compared to spatially pair-matched bait traps. Functional richness followed the same pattern, with consistent results for both community weighted mean (CWM) and Rao’s quadratic entropy. Taxonomic and functional diversities from pitfall assemblages increased from north to south locations, following a pattern frequently reported at larger spatial scales. Bait trapping can hardly be considered a complementary method to pitfall trapping for sampling ants in open temperate habitats, as it appears basically redundant with the latter sampling method, at least in coastal heathlands of the East-Atlantic coast.
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Khang, Chang Hyun, Sook-Young Park, Yong-Hwan Lee, Barbara Valent, and Seogchan Kang. "Genome Organization and Evolution of the AVR-Pita Avirulence Gene Family in the Magnaporthe grisea Species Complex." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 5 (May 2008): 658–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-5-0658.
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The avirulence (AVR) gene AVR-Pita in Magnaporthe oryzae prevents the fungus from infecting rice cultivars containing the resistance gene Pi-ta. A survey of isolates of the M. grisea species complex from diverse hosts showed that AVR-Pita is a member of a gene family, which led us to rename it to AVR-Pita1. Avirulence function, distribution, and genomic context of two other members, named AVR-Pita2 and AVR-Pita3, were characterized. AVR-Pita2, but not AVR-Pita3, was functional as an AVR gene corresponding to Pi-ta. The AVR-Pita1 and AVR-Pita2 genes were present in isolates of both M. oryzae and M. grisea, whereas the AVR-Pita3 gene was present only in isolates of M. oryzae. Orthologues of members of the AVR-Pita family could not be found in any fungal species sequenced to date, suggesting that the gene family may be unique to the M. grisea species complex. The genomic context of its members was analyzed in eight strains. The AVR-Pita1 and AVR-Pita2 genes in some isolates appeared to be located near telomeres and flanked by diverse repetitive DNA elements, suggesting that frequent deletion or amplification of these genes within the M. grisea species complex might have resulted from recombination mediated by repetitive DNA elements.
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Varvara, Mircea. "Research paper. Distribution, Abundance and Dominance of Three Brachinus Species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Seven Agricultural Crops in Romania, within the Period 1977–2010." Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 59, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/travmu-2016-0021.
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Abstract The present paper is a relevant synthesis of collecting original data on the occurrence, quantitative representation and autecological data of three species of the genus Brachinus: B. crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, B. psophia Audinet-Serville, 1828 and B. explodens Duftschmid, 1812 from seven agricultural crops during 19 growing seasons 1977-2010 (wheat, sugar beet, apple orchards, sunflower, maize, potatoes, vineyards). The beetles were pitfall-trapped using predominantly 12 Barber pitfalls in each site, protected against precipitation. 945 specimens of Brachinus crepitans, 431 specimens of B. psophia and 175 specimens of B. explodens were collected.
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Richardson, Emily, Dale G. Nimmo, Sarah Avitabile, Lauren Tworkowski, Simon J. Watson, Dustin Welbourne, and Steven W. J. Leonard. "Camera traps and pitfalls: an evaluation of two methods for surveying reptiles in a semiarid ecosystem." Wildlife Research 44, no. 8 (2017): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16048.
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Context Passive infrared cameras have become a widely utilised method for surveying mammals, providing substantial benefits over conventional trapping methods. Cameras have only recently been tested for their ability to survey terrestrial reptiles, and have not yet been tested against other reptile survey methods for their comparative effectiveness. Aims To investigate the reliability of passive infrared cameras as a reptile survey method, compared with pitfall trapping. In addition, to test a refinement of a current protocol for using cameras to survey reptiles. Methods The study was carried out in the herpetologically diverse, semiarid Mallee region of Victoria, Australia. Paired camera and pitfall lines were set up at 10 sites within Murray Sunset National Park and results from the two methods were compared. A comparison of results from cameras with and without the use of a cork tile substrate was also made. Key results Cameras were just as effective as pitfall traps for detecting some common diurnal species – detecting additional species that pitfalls did not – but were significantly less effective overall. Cameras provided lower estimates of species richness and failed to detect nocturnal species. We also discovered that cork tiles, required in other environments for the cameras to be effective in detecting diurnal reptiles, were not needed here. Conclusions Cameras can be an effective, efficient non-invasive alternative to conventional trapping methods, such as pitfall trapping, for surveying some terrestrial diurnal reptile species. However, further investigation into using cameras for surveying nocturnal reptile species is still required. Implications If the methodological issues identified during this study can be overcome, passive infrared cameras have the potential to be a valuable tool for future herpetological research.
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SANTOS-FILHO, Manoel dos, Patrick Ricardo DE LÁZARI, Cícero Pedro Farias de SOUSA, and Gustavo Rodrigues CANALE. "Trap efficiency evaluation for small mammals in the southern Amazon." Acta Amazonica 45, no. 2 (June 2015): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201401953.
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The effectiveness of ecological researches on small mammals strongly depends on trapping techniques to survey communities and populations accurately. The main goal of this study was to assess the efficiency of three types of traps (Sherman, Tomahawk and Pitfall) to capture non-volant small mammals. We installed traps in 22 forest fragments in the southern Brazilian Amazonia. We captured 873 individuals belonging to 21 species; most of the individuals (N = 369) and species (N = 19) were trapped using Pitfalls, followed by Shermans (N = 271 individuals; N = 15 species) and Tomahawks (N = 233 individuals; N = 15 species). Pitfalls trapped a richer community subset of small mammals than the two other types of traps, and a more abundant community subset than Tomahawks. Proechimys sp. was the most abundant species trapped (N = 125) and Tomahawk was the most efficient type of trap to capture this species (N = 97 individuals). Neacomys spinosus and Marmosops bishopi were more trapped in Pitfalls (N = 92 and 100 individuals, respectively) than Shermans and Tomahawks. Monodelphis glirina was more trapped in Shermans and Pitfalls than Tomahawks. Species composition trapped using the three types of traps were distinct. Pitfalls captured a more distinct subset of the small mammal community than the two other live traps. We recommend the association of the three types of traps to reach a more comprehensive sampling of the community of small mammals. Thus, as stated by previous studies, we also recommend the complementary use of Shermans, Tomahawks and Pitfalls to account for a thorough sampling of the whole small mammal community in researches conducted in the tropical forests of Amazonia.
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Vieira, ALM, AS Pires, AF Nunes-Freitas, NM Oliveira, AS Resende, and EFC Campello. "Efficiency of small mammal trapping in an Atlantic Forest fragmented landscape: the effects of trap type and position, seasonality and habitat." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 3 (August 2014): 538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/bjb.2014.0075.
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Trapping methods can strongly influence the sampling of mammal communities. This study compared the efficiency of the capture of small mammals in Sherman traps in two positions (at ground level and in trees) and pitfall traps in a fragmented landscape. Trapping sessions were carried out between October 2008 and October 2009 at two fragments (8 and 17 ha), an agroforest corridor between them, and the adjacent pasture. A total effort of 4622 trap-nights resulted in 155 captures of 137 individuals from six species. Pitfalls had greater success (4.03%), followed by Shermans on the ground (2.98%) and on trees (2.37%; χ2= 6.50, p = 0.04). Five species were caught in Sherman ground traps, four in pitfalls and just two on trees. There was no difference among trap types for marsupials (χ2 = 4.75; p = 0.09), while for rodents, pitfalls were more efficient than Shermans on the ground (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.02). As a result, the efficiency of each trap type differed among habitats, due to differences in their species composition. Pitfalls were more efficient in the rainy season (Fisher's exact test, p <0.0001) while Shermans on trees were more efficient in the dry season (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.009). There was no difference between seasons for Shermans on the ground (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.76). Considering the results found, we recommend that future studies of forest mammal communities, particularly those designed to test the effects of forest fragmentation, include combinations of different trap types.
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Waudby, Helen P., Sophie Petit, and Matthew J. Gill. "The scientific, financial and ethical implications of three common wildlife-trapping designs." Wildlife Research 46, no. 8 (2019): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19084.
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Abstract ContextTrapping design influences information collected about wildlife populations and biodiversity. Trapping is also resource-intensive and has animal welfare implications. AimsThe scientific, financial and ethical performances of three trap designs were compared for estimating diversity and sampling small vertebrates. MethodsSmall vertebrates were trapped over 16 trapping sessions, from April 2009 to May 2011, with aluminium box-style (Elliott) traps and two pitfall trap designs (shallow–wide and deep–narrow), in an arid environment. Key resultsShallow pitfalls recorded highest overall species richness (S=22) and diversity (qD=10.622), reptile diversity (qD=8.112) and reptile capture rates (13.600 individuals per 100 trap nights). Shallow and deep pitfalls sampled ~79.0% and 85.0% (respectively) more small mammals than did Elliott traps. Deep pitfalls sampled the greatest diversity (qD=6.017) and number (29.700 individuals per 100 trap nights) of small mammals, and captured the greatest number of small mammal species (0.003) and individuals (0.106) per dollar. Shallow pitfalls were the most cost-efficient trap type for sampling reptile species (0.003) and individuals (0.044) per dollar. Between-session recapture rates were greatest in Elliott traps, indicating an increased likelihood of biased capture rates for certain small mammal species over time. Elliott traps were the least efficient traps on most scientific and cost measures, and recorded the greatest overall recapture rates, particularly for Sminthopsis crassicaudata and S. macroura. Body size of one species only, the nationally threatened Pseudomys australis, influenced its capture rate, with larger individuals more likely to be caught in deep pitfalls. Mortality was highest in pitfalls and mostly related to interactions between animals caught in the same trap. Key conclusionsShallow pitfalls are suitable for studies focused on estimating species richness, and reptile diversity and abundance. Deep pitfalls are cost-effective for sampling small mammals. Ethical issues associated with pitfalls could be managed by checking traps more often at night, and/or including materials that provide increased protection from predators caught in the same trap, particularly during periods of high abundance. ImplicationsTrap design profoundly influences cost-effectiveness and welfare outcomes of wildlife research. We provide a tool to assist cost-benefit related decisions.
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Pestell, Angela J. L., and Sophie Petit. "Methods and ethical considerations of pitfall trapping for the western pygmy possum (Cercartetus concinnus Gould) (Marsupialia:Burramyidae), with observations on capture patterns and nest sites." Wildlife Research 34, no. 4 (2007): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06090.
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In order to enhance future trapping of the western pygmy possum (Cercartetus concinnus) and minimise the capture of non-target species in the context of animal ethics, we examined the effectiveness of several pitfall-trap capture methods and described capture patterns at Innes National Park, South Australia. For 2606 trap-nights, 78 (2.99 per 100 trap-nights) captures were pygmy possums (70 individuals). They represented 69% of the 113 vertebrates captured, followed by house mice (Mus domesticus) (22%). Nocturnal captures of pygmy possums varied with season (5.21 per 100 trap-nights in spring and summer, and 1.02 in autumn and winter). Males were more commonly captured than females. Half of the pygmy possums used the artificial shelters provided in the traps. We alternated 39-cm-deep and 31-cm-deep pitfall traps along trap lines, with and without drift netting. Pitfall depth did not significantly affect the capture rate of pygmy possums, but house mice were captured significantly more often in deep pitfalls. Use of a drift net did not affect the capture of pygmy possums, but increased mouse captures. These results have significant ethical implications because the use of ‘shallow’ traps and the elimination of the drift net minimised the capture of non-target mice. We recommend reporting trapping details precisely, because a difference of only 8 cm in trap depth can have a significant impact on species selected for capture. Our study also showed that pygmy possums are able to use a range of structures for daily shelter and are not dependent on hollows.
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Thomas, Anitha Ann, and Felicia Tze Yee Goh. "Bone marrow elements in cerebrospinal fluid: Review of literature with a case study." CytoJournal 10 (September 27, 2013): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1742-6413.119009.
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Presence of bone marrow elements in cerebrospinal fluid is rare. Journal publications on this topic are few and majority of them were written over a decade ago mostly as case reports in young children or the elderly. The increased cellularity and presence of myeloid precursors can be a pitfall and may be misdiagnosed as leukemia or lymphoma or central nervous system infection, when the specimen is actually not representative. With the intention to create awareness of potential pitfalls and avoid erroneous diagnoses, as well as adding on to the current photo archive of bone marrow elements in CSF, we present a recent case of bone marrow contaminants in the CSF of a 16-year-old girl.
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de Abreu, Raimunda Liege Souza, Greicilany de Araújo Ribeiro, Bazilio Frasco Vianez, and Ceci Sales-Campos. "Insects of the Subfamily Scolytinae (Insecta: Coleoptera, Curculionidae) Collected with Pitfall and Ethanol Traps in Primary Forests of Central Amazonia." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/480520.
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An experiment was conducted in a primary forest area of the Tropical Forest Experimental Station, 45 km from Manaus-Boa Vista Highway, in order to compare the insect fauna of the subfamily Scolytinae, in flight activity and on the ground. Five impact traps of the type Escolitideo/Curitiba, with ethanol baits, were installed at the height of 3 m above the ground, and five pitfall traps were buried in the same area of the above ground traps. The data collections were evaluated through abundance, richness, and Simpson diversity index, and, to compare these data with the pitfalls and the months collection, the ANOVA was used. The Pearson correlation test was also carried out to evaluate the meteorological factors (temperature and rainfall). From the total of 2,910 Scolytinae, 2,341 were captured in pitfall traps representing 80.45% and 569 with Escolitideo/Curitiba traps representing 19.55%. The most abundant species in the collections wereXyleborus volvulusFabricius andXyleborus affinisEichhoff, and this was classified as constant in both habitats. The result of the analysis indicates that the Simpson’s index was high and that the abundance of insects was affected by the types of trap and by the month of collection. The analysis of correlation with meteorological factors showed that onlyXyleborus spinulosusspecies presented significant correlation with temperature.
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Godfroid, Aline, and Bronson Hui. "Five common pitfalls in eye-tracking research." Second Language Research 36, no. 3 (May 18, 2020): 277–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658320921218.
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Eye tracking has become an increasingly popular research methodology among language researchers to examine online cognitive processing of second-language (L2) speakers and bilinguals. As the scope of eye-tracking research expands, there is a need to ensure that the methodology is used properly, so as to safeguard the validity of research findings and the empirical basis upon which theories are built. We present five pitfalls in eye-tracking research that may threaten the internal or external validity of the study. We offer concrete recommendations to avoid each pitfall and demonstrate how these recommendations can be implemented so researchers may take full advantage of the opportunities of eye-tracking research. The five pitfalls occur at all stages of the research cycle. We emphasize (1) adopting a confirmatory (theory-driven, hypothesis-testing) approach to research, (2) selecting and handling eye-movement measures in a principled manner, (3) aligning the research design with the eye tracker properties (spatial accuracy, precision), (4) inspecting raw, sample-level eye-tracking data and their preprocessing by the eye-tracking software. We conclude by inviting eye-tracking researchers (5) to embrace open science practices to enhance the replication and reproducibility of their work.
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Pugeat, Michel, Ingrid Plotton, Aude Brac de la Perrière, Gérald Raverot, Henri Déchaud, and Véronique Raverot. "MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE Hyperandrogenic states in women: pitfalls in laboratory diagnosis." European Journal of Endocrinology 178, no. 4 (April 2018): R141—R154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-17-0776.
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Measuring total testosterone level is the first-line approach in assessing androgen excess in women. The main pitfalls in measuring testosterone relate to its low concentration and to the structural similarity between circulating androgens and testosterone, requiring accurate techniques with high specificity and sensitivity. These goals can be achieved by immunoassay using a specific anti-testosterone monoclonal antibody, ideally after an extraction step. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) will be commonly used for measuring testosterone, providing optimal accuracy with a low limit of detection. Yet, the pitfalls of these two techniques are well identified and must be recognized and systematically addressed. In general, laboratories using direct testosterone immunoassay and mass spectrometry need to operate within a quality framework and be actively engaged in external quality control processes and standardization, so as to ensure appropriate interpretation irrespective of the particular laboratory. Circulating testosterone is strongly bound to sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and SHBG levels are typically low in overweight hyperandrogenic patients. Thus, low SHBG may decrease circulating testosterone to normal values, which will mask androgen excess status. One way to avoid this pitfall, awaiting direct free testosterone assays that are yet to be developed, is to measure SHBG and calculate free testosterone. A few other pitfalls will be discussed in this review, including those of adrenal androgen exploration, with the aim of helping clinicians to better handle laboratory investigation of androgen excess disorders in women.
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Nakatomi, Hirofumi, Taichi Kin, Masahiro Shimizu, Shinichi Yagi, Shigeru Koizumi, Tsuneo Shimizu, and Nobuhito Saito. "Standards and Pitfalls of Petrosal Approach." Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery 24, no. 11 (2015): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7887/jcns.24.751.
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Leon, Yzobelle Mangahas. "The Pitfall of Homeschooling in the Philippines." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 2 (January 15, 2012): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/feb2014/24.
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Souissi, Mohamed, and Sana Hafdhi. "On ranking by using weighted self-normalizing distance metrics in multi-attribute decision-making." Decision Science Letters 10, no. 4 (2021): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.dsl.2021.7.003.
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Preliminary normalization is central to the decision process of several popular, recent or completely new multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) methods. However, a number of authors have pointed out serious pitfalls attributed to normalization methods. One major pitfall, which has been identified, is that normalization methods may lead to different final rankings of alternatives when a ranking procedure (RP) based on them is used for solving a MADM problem. The current paper aims to ascertain and illustrate the effectiveness of some RPs based on prominent primary WEighted Self-NORmalizing Distance (WESNORD) metrics and their averages. The effectiveness of the selected RPs is demonstrated by solving a logistics service provider (LSP) selection problem taken from the literature. The results reveal that the RPs considered deliver final rankings of alternatives, which are very similar to the SAW-produced reference ranking.
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Lymer, Gustav, Jonas Ivarsson, Hans Rystedt, Åse A. Johnsson, Sara Asplund, and Magnus Båth. "Situated abstraction: From the particular to the general in second-order diagnostic work." Discourse Studies 16, no. 2 (March 28, 2014): 185–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445613514674.
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The present study examines the work of a group of medical scientists as they identify interpretative ‘pitfalls’ – recurrent sources of error – in the use of a new radiographic technique, formulate suggestions on how these pitfalls can be avoided and communicate their findings in the form of a scientific publication. The analysis focuses on a session in which previously diagnosed cases are discussed, and demonstrates the ways in which a certain source of diagnostic error gradually emerges as a taken-for-granted in the interaction. An increased sense of recognition, recurrence and typicality is discernible in the treatment of the cases. Talk characterized by expansions and elaborations, displays of understanding in the form of reformulations, understanding checks, and so on, leave room for brief typifications and reifications of interpretative difficulties in characteristics of the imaging technique. Topical treatment of perception and interpretation, as well as embodied engagement, become decreasingly salient. It is argued that the abstracted formulations in the published text rely on the case-by-case working up of generality from particularity; from individualized accounts of why ‘I’ interpreted the image in a certain way to proffered generalizations achieved through articulated perceptions of a generalized ‘one’. If these proffers are ratified, a potential ground is established for the consensual formulation of a pitfall. The formulation of novel instructions is consequently made relevant, projecting a re-instructed diagnostic practice.
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Courtney, Michael, Ciaran Johnston, and Afshin Nasoodi. "Meningioma uptake of 68Gallium-PSMA-11 as a pitfall on positron emission tomography/computer tomography." Acta Radiologica Open 10, no. 2 (February 2021): 205846012098100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2058460120981001.
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Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men with high incidence of recurrence following treatment. Biochemical recurrence, as indicated by rising PSA levels following successful treatment of the primary disease, is a frequent encounter in routine clinical practice. 68Gallium-PSMA positron emission tomography/computer tomography has been widely accepted as the modality of choice with the highest impact in management of this group of patients. Pitfalls of this diagnostic technique stem from the diversity of histological entities, other than prostate tumour cells, which can demonstrate increased uptake of the radiotracer. We present a case of intracranial uptake of PSMA by meningioma in a patient with BCR, as a pitfall in imaging of prostate cancer. Knowledge of normal distribution of the tracer is of utmost importance when reading positron emission tomography/computer tomography imaging especially given the relative novelty of usage of 68Gallium-PSMA.
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Ciechanowski, Mateusz, Jan Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, and Barbara Piłacińska. "Small-mammal assemblages inhabiting Sphagnum peat bogs in various regions of Poland." Biological Letters 49, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10120-012-0013-4.
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Abstract We studied species composition of assemblages of small mammals (rodents and shrews) inhabiting Polish 25 ombrotrophic mires and quaking bogs in several regions in order to reveal characteristic features of their quantitative structure and compare them between regions, internal zones of the bog habitats, and different levels of anthropogenic degradation. We reviewed also all published results of small-mammal trapping in such habitats. Mammals were captured in pitfalls, snap traps and live traps on 12 bogs of the Pomerania region, 4 bogs of the Orawa-Nowy Targ Basin (Kotlina Orawsko-Nowotarska), 3 bogs in the Świętokrzyskie Mts, and 6 bogs in Wielkopolska and the Lubusz Land. Additionally, we included materials collected from Barber traps (pitfalls) used during studies of epigeic invertebrates on 4 bogs. In total, 598 individuals of 12 species were collected. The number of pitfall captures per 100 trapnights was very low (7.0-7.8), suggesting low population density. Shrews predominated among mammals captured in pitfalls, and the assemblage structure appeared to be similar to impoverished forest fauna, slightly enriched with ubiquitous species from meadows and agroecosystems, with a very small percentage of typical wetland species (Neomys fodiens, Neomys anomalus, Microtus oeconomus). Rodents (mostly Myodes glareolus) predominated only in samples obtained by live and snap traps. Pygmy shrew Sorex minutus was the most numerous species at most sites, sometimes being the only small mammal in that habitat, especially in well-preserved, treeless parts of bogs, dominated by Sphagnum peatmoss. The dominance and high constancy of S. minutus appear to be a characteristic feature of small-mammal assemblages inhabiting ombrotrophic mires, at least in some regions of Central and Western Europe. Enrichment of the fauna with other species might be related to either improved trophic conditions (by contact with mineralized ground waters) or habitat degradation (by peat mining, drainage, and subsequent secondary succession).
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Boetzl, Fabian A., Elena Ries, Gudrun Schneider, and Jochen Krauss. "It’s a matter of design—how pitfall trap design affects trap samples and possible predictions." PeerJ 6 (June 25, 2018): e5078. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5078.
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Background Pitfall traps are commonly used to assess ground dwelling arthropod communities. The effects of different pitfall trap designs on the trapping outcome are poorly investigated however they might affect conclusions drawn from pitfall trap data greatly. Methods We tested four pitfall trap types which have been used in previous studies for their effectiveness: a simple type, a faster exchangeable type with an extended plastic rim plate and two types with guidance barriers (V- and X-shaped). About 20 traps were active for 10 weeks and emptied biweekly resulting in 100 trap samples. Results Pitfall traps with guidance barriers were up to five times more effective than simple pitfall traps and trap samples resulted in more similar assemblage approximations. Pitfall traps with extended plastic rim plates did not only perform poorly but also resulted in distinct carabid assemblages with less individuals of small species and a larger variation. Discussion Due to the obvious trait filtering and resulting altered assemblages, we suggest not to use pitfall traps with extended plastic rim plates. In comprehensive biodiversity inventories, a smaller number of pitfall traps with guidance barriers and a larger number of spatial replicates is of advantage, while due to comparability reasons, the use of simple pitfall traps will be recommended in most other cases.
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Andersen, Johan. "A comparison of pitfall trapping and quadrat sampling of Carabidae (Coleoptera) on river banks." Entomologica Fennica 6, no. 2-3 (September 1, 1995): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83842.
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A comparison was made betweeen the "open" pitfall trap method and quadrat sample method in microhabitats on river banks. The latter method was found to give reliable estimates of the absolute abundance of carabid beetle species. In pitfall traps individuals of the carabid beetle Bembidion schuppelii were over-represented in a sub-optimal microhabitat compared with in optimal ones. The niche-overlap between this species and B. bipunctatum was 0.19 in quadrat samples and 0.59 in pitfall traps. There was no correlation between the relative abundance of individuals of species in quadrat samples and in pitfall traps. Individuals of larger carabid species were highly over-represented compared to smaller ones in pitfall traps, an effect that was independent of diurnal rhythm and life cycle category. Biomass of larger carabid species was also overestimated in pitfall traps compared to that of smaller ones. Imagines were more efficiently captured in pitfall traps than larvae. Pitfall traps had a higher number of species than quadrat samples in all investigated sites. In four of five cases the Shannon-Wiener index gave higher species diversity in pitfall traps than in quadrat samples. It is concluded that the "open" pitfall trap method is inappropriate to study dominance ratio, the ecological role of species and perhaps the species diversity within communities. The general insight into the community structure of carabid beetles may therefore be very biased.
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Chansanam, Wirapong, Kulthida Tuamsuk, Kanyarat Kwiecien, Kittiya Sutthiprapa, and Thepchai Supnithi. "Thai Tattoo Wisdom’s Representation of Knowledge by Ontology." Informatics 8, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/informatics8010003.
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Sak Yan Ontology (SYO) models knowledge derived from Thai tattoos in the design of cultural heritage preservation planning. Ontology Development 101 is a technique of ontology model creation. The aims of this study are to share the performance of ontology development and ontology evaluation. The study is specifically focused on validation from domain experts and automation evaluated using the OOPS! tools (OntOlogy Pitfall Scanner is a tool that helps detect some of the most common pitfalls appearing when developing ontologies). The results obtained from OOPS! show that SYO is devoid of critical errors; however, it does have one critical, three important, and three minor problems. Four of the problems are fixed, whereas the others are continuous. The combination of automatic and human validation methodologies improves the quality of the ontology being modeled. The tools enhance the traditional methodology with quicker, easier, and smaller amounts of subjective analysis. In conclusion, for the reparation movement, solutions for the above problems are suggested.
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Zhao, Zi-Hua, Pei-Jian Shi, Cang Hui, Fang Ouyang, Feng Ge, and Bai-Lian Li. "Solving the pitfalls of pitfall trapping: a two-circle method for density estimation of ground-dwelling arthropods." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 4, no. 9 (August 14, 2013): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12083.
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Calabria, Ferdinando, Robert Pichler, Mario Leporace, Johannes Wolfsgruber, Pierluigi Coscarelli, Andreas Dunzinger, Orazio Schillaci, Giuseppe Lucio Cascini, and Antonio Bagnato. "68Ga/64Cu PSMA Bio-Distribution in Prostate Cancer Patients: Potential Pitfalls for Different Tracers." Current Radiopharmaceuticals 12, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874471012666190515090755.
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Background:68Ga-PSMA is a widely useful PET/CT tracer for prostate cancer imaging. Being a transmembrane protein acting as a glutamate carboxypeptidase enzyme, PSMA is highly expressed in prostate cancer cells. PSMA can also be labeled with 64Cu, offering a longer half-life and different resolution imaging. Several studies documented bio-distribution and pitfalls of 68Ga-PSMA as well as of 64Cu- PSMA. No data are reported on differences between these two variants of PSMA. Our aim was to evaluate physiological distribution of these two tracers and to analyze false positive cases.Methods:We examined tracer bio-distribution in prostate cancer patients with negative 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT (n=20) and negative 64Ga-PSMA PET/CT (n=10). A diagnostic pitfall for each tracer was documented.Results:Bio-distribution of both tracers was similar, with some differences due to renal excretion of 68Ga- PSMA and biliary excretion of 64Cu-PSMA. 68Ga-PSMA uptake was observed in sarcoidosis while 64Cu- PSMA uptake was recorded in pneumonitis.Discussion:Both tracers may present similar bio-distribution in the human body, with similar uptake in exocrine glands and high intestinal uptake. Similarly to other tracers, false positive cases cannot be excluded in clinical practice.Conclusion:The knowledge of difference in bio-distribution between two tracers may help in interpretation of PET data. Diagnostic pitfalls can be documented, due to the possibility of PSMA uptake in inflammation. Our results are preliminary to future studies comparing diagnostic accuracies of 68Ga-PSMA and 64Cu-PSMA.
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Spence, John R., and Jari K. Niemelä. "SAMPLING CARABID ASSEMBLAGES WITH PITFALL TRAPS: THE MADNESS AND THE METHOD." Canadian Entomologist 126, no. 3 (June 1994): 881–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent126881-3.
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AbstractWe describe a litter-washing technique for collecting quantitative samples of ground-beetles (Carabidae), and compare the results with those from liner extraction by Tullgren funnels and pitfall (rapping. We also compare performance of four types of pitfall traps across five habitats. Carabid species composition from litter washing and funnel extraction was similar but washing revealed higher densities. Large-bodied species predominated in pitfall samples and small-bodied species predominated in litter samples. Uncovered, round pitfall traps yielded generally higher catches than rectangular or covered, round traps but the pattern was not consistent over all species or the five habitats. Ecological studies of carabid populations and assemblages using pitfall traps may be improved if they are both designed and interpreted in light of the biology of the group and with regard to the deficiencies of pitfall trapping as discussed here and elsewhere.
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Ali, Hussam, and Riccardo Cappato. "Para-Hisian pacing maneuver: A pitfall in the pitfall." Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 28, no. 11 (May 9, 2017): E1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.13221.
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Huusela-Veistola, Erja, Sirpa Kurppa, and Juha-Matti Pihlava. "Effects of fenvalerate and permethrin on soil arthropods and on residues in and decomposition of barley straw." Agricultural and Food Science 3, no. 2 (March 1, 1994): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72697.
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The effects of two pyrethroids, fenvalerate and permethrin, were studied in field experiments on two soil types: organic soil and sandy loam. The objectives were to determine 1) the persistence of fenvalerate and permethrin in straw, 2) the effects of the pyrethroids on epigeal Arachnida and Collembola, and other soil animals and 3) the effects of the pyrethroids on the decomposition rate of straw. The residues of fenvalerate and permethrin in straw approximately 2 months after application varied between 0.1 to above 5 mg/kg straw in 1986, 1988 and 1989, but was less than 0.5 mg/kg straw at harvest in 1991. No pesticide residues were found in straw samples taken in the following summer in the 1991 experiment. The decomposition rate of straw did not differ between permethrin and fenvalerate- treated plots and control plots. The rate of decomposition was slightly higher in sandy soil than in organic soil, but the same on tilled and non-tilled plots. Fenvalerate and permethrin affected the numbers of epigeal Arachnida and Collembola in the field. Araneae were more numerous in pitfall samples taken from control plots than in insecticide-treated plots immediately after treatment. In organic soil the difference was marginally significant after harvest. The abundance of Acarina in pitfalls was significantly lower in insecticide-treated plots than in control plots. In the sandy soil experiment, less Collembola occurred in pitfalls of fenvalerate plots than in permethrin or control plots. There were no differences in any of the groups of soil animals in soil cores extracted with dry funnels between the treatments.
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Locatello, Luca Giovanni, Michele Pietragalla, Cecilia Taverna, Luigi Bonasera, Daniela Massi, and Giuditta Mannelli. "A Critical Reappraisal of Primary and Recurrent Advanced Laryngeal Cancer Staging." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 128, no. 1 (October 26, 2018): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003489418806915.
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Objectives: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) can involve different anatomic subunits with peculiar surgical and prognostic implications. Despite conflicting outcomes for the same stage of disease, the current staging system considers different lesions in a single cluster. The aim of this study was to critically discuss clinical and pathologic staging of primary and recurrent advanced LSCC in order to define current staging pitfalls that impede a precise and tailored treatment strategy. Methods: Thirty patients who underwent total laryngectomy in the past 3 years for primary and recurrent advanced squamous cell LSCC were analyzed, comparing endoscopic, imaging, and pathologic findings. Involvement of the different laryngeal subunits, vocal-fold motility, and spreading pattern of the tumor were blindly analyzed. The diagnostic accuracy and differences between clinicoradiologic and pathologic findings were studied with standard statistical analysis. Results: Discordant staging was performed in 10% of patients, and thyroid and arytenoid cartilage were the major diagnostic pitfalls. Microscopic arytenoid involvement was significantly more present in case of vocal-fold fixation ( P = .028). Upstaging was influenced by paraglottic and pre-epiglottic space cancer involvement, posterior commissure, subglottic region, arytenoid cartilage, and penetration of thyroid cartilage; on the contrary, involvement of the inner cortex or extralaryngeal spread tended to be down-staged. Radiation-failed tumors less frequently involved the posterior third of the paraglottic space ( P = .022) and showed a significantly worse pattern of invasion ( P < .001). Conclusions: Even with the most recent technologies, 1 in 10 patients with advanced LSCC in this case series was differently staged on clinical examination, with cartilage involvement representing the main diagnostic pitfall.