Journal articles on the topic 'Pitch variance'
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Bottalico, Pasquale, Natalia Łastowiecka, Joshua D. Glasner, and Yvonne Gonzales Redman. "Singing in different performance spaces: The effect of room acoustics on vibrato and pitch inaccuracy." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 6 (June 2022): 4131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011675.
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Previous literature suggests that musical performers may be influenced to some extent by the acoustic environment in which they sing or play. This study investigates the influence of room acoustics on singers' voice production, by analyzing consecutive sung performances of classically trained students in five different performance spaces. The analyzed voice parameters were vibrato rate, extent, and pitch inaccuracy. Nine classically trained student-singers performed the same aria unaccompanied on a variable starting pitch that was consistent between spaces. Variance in vibrato rate and pitch inaccuracy was primarily explained by individual differences between singers. Conversely, the variance attributable to the rooms for the parameter of vibrato extent was larger compared to the variance attributable to the performers. Vibrato extent tended to increase with room clarity (C80) and was inversely associated with early decay time (EDT). Additionally, pitch inaccuracy showed a significant negative association with room support (STv). Singers seem to adjust their vocal production when performing in different acoustic environments. Likewise, the degree to which a singer can hear themself on stage may influence pitch accuracy.
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Ueda, Sachiyo, Ayane Mizuguchi, Reiko Yakushijin, and Akira Ishiguchi. "Effects of the Simultaneous Presentation of Corresponding Auditory and Visual Stimuli on Size Variance Perception." i-Perception 9, no. 6 (November 2018): 204166951881570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669518815709.
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To overcome limitations in perceptual bandwidth, humans condense various features of the environment into summary statistics. Variance constitutes indices that represent diversity within categories and also the reliability of the information regarding that diversity. Studies have shown that humans can efficiently perceive variance for visual stimuli; however, to enhance perception of environments, information about the external world can be obtained from multisensory modalities and integrated. Consequently, this study investigates, through two experiments, whether the precision of variance perception improves when visual information (size) and corresponding auditory information (pitch) are integrated. In Experiment 1, we measured the correspondence between visual size and auditory pitch for each participant by using adjustment measurements. The results showed a linear relationship between size and pitch—that is, the higher the pitch, the smaller the corresponding circle. In Experiment 2, sequences of visual stimuli were presented both with and without linked auditory tones, and the precision of perceived variance in size was measured. We consequently found that synchronized presentation of audio and visual stimuli that have the same variance improves the precision of perceived variance in size when compared with visual-only presentation. This suggests that audiovisual information may be automatically integrated in variance perception.
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Li, Aini, Ruaridh Purse, and Nicole Holliday. "Variation in global and intonational pitch settings among black and white speakers of Southern American English." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 5 (November 2022): 2617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0014906.
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This article revisits classic questions about how pitch varies between groups by examining global and intonational pitch differences between black and white speakers from Memphis, Tennessee, using data from read speech to control for stylistic and segmental variables. Results from both mixed-effects regression modeling and smoothing spline analysis of variance find no difference between black and white men in mean F0 and pitch range measures. However, black women produced consistently lower mean F0 than white women. These findings suggest that while pitch patterns in black women's speech remain underexplored in the literature, they may play an important role in shaping attitudes and ideological associations concerning black American speakers in general. Moreover, vocal pitch may be a linguistic variable subject to variation, especially in a context of racialized and gendered linguistic standards.
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Wei, Xiaopeng, Lasheng Zhao, Qiang Zhang, and Jing Dong. "Robust pitch estimation using a wavelet variance analysis model." Signal Processing 89, no. 6 (June 2009): 1216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2009.01.005.
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Duling, Ed. "Predictors of Form Perception in Preservice Music Education Majors." Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, no. 185 (July 1, 2010): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41110367.
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Abstract Thirty-four undergraduate music education majors in a general music methods class created and present kinesthetic analogues (bodily movements) of recorded music (Cohen, 1997), which were then scored for quality of representation of pitch, rhythm, and form. Students’ACT scores and composite GPAs in music history, theory, and aural skills were used in the data analysis. Significant correlations were between form and pitch, form and rhythm, form and ACT, and form and GPA. A regression analysis for ACT with form perception as the dependent variable showed that ACT scores explained 16% of the variance [F(1, 33) = 6.445, p < .02]; analysis for GPA with form as the dependent variable showed the GPA explained 13% of the variance [F(1, 33) = 5.066, p < .03].The implications of the results for music education and directions for further research are discussed.
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Bidelman, Gavin M. "Sensitivity of the cortical pitch onset response to height, time-variance, and directionality of dynamic pitch." Neuroscience Letters 603 (August 2015): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.07.018.
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Hutter, Elisabeth, Miriam Grapp, Heike Argstatter, and Hans Volker Bolay. "Music Therapy for Chronic Tinnitus: Variability of Tinnitus Pitch in the Course of Therapy." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 25, no. 04 (April 2014): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.25.4.5.
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Background: In general, tinnitus pitch has been observed to be variable across time for most patients experiencing tinnitus. Some tinnitus therapies relate to the dominant tinnitus pitch in order to adjust therapeutic interventions. As studies focusing on tinnitus pitch rarely conduct consecutive pitch matching in therapeutic settings, little is known about the course and variability of tinnitus pitch during therapeutic interventions. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the variability and development of tinnitus pitch in the course of therapeutic interventions. Tinnitus pitch was suspected to be highly variable. Research design: The researchers conducted a descriptive, retrospective analysis of data. Study Sample: A total of 175 adult patients experiencing chronic tinnitus served as participants. All patients had received a neuro-music therapy according to the “Heidelberg Model of Music Therapy for Chronic Tinnitus.” Data Collection and Analysis: During therapeutic interventions lasting for 5 consecutive days, the individual tinnitus frequency was assessed daily by means of a tinnitus pitch–matching procedure. The extent of variability in tinnitus pitch was calculated by mean ratios of frequencies between subsequent tinnitus measurements. Analysis of variance of repeated measures and post hoc paired samples t-tests were used for comparison of means in tinnitus frequencies, and the test-retest reliability of measurements was obtained by the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Results: Tinnitus pitch displayed a variability of approximately 3/5 to 4/5 octaves per day. Overall, the mean frequency declined in the course of the therapy. Detailed analysis revealed three groups of patients with diverging tinnitus progression. The test-retest reliability between assessments turned out to be robust (r = 0.74 or higher). Conclusions: Considerable variation in tinnitus pitch was found. Consequently, a frequent rechecking of tinnitus frequency is suggested during frequency-specific acoustic stimulation in order to train appropriate frequency bands.
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Schueller, Marianne, Donald Fucci, and Z. S. Bond. "Perceptual Judgment of Voice Pitch during Pitch-Matching Tasks." Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, no. 3 (June 2002): 967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.3.967.
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This study investigated the perceptual judgment of voice pitch. 24 individuals were assigned to two groups to assess whether there is a difference in perceptual judgment of voice during pitch-matching tasks. Group I, Naïve listeners, had no previous experience in anatomy, physiology, or voice pitch-evaluation methods. Group II, Experienced listeners, were master's level speech-language pathologists having completed academic training in evaluation of voice. Both groups listened to identical stimuli, which required matching audiotaped voice-pitch samples of a male and female voice to a note on an electronic keyboard. The experiment included two tasks. The first task assessed pitch range, which required marching of the lowest and highest voice pitch of both a male and female speaker singing /a/ to a note on a keyboard. The second task assessed habitual pitch, which required matching of the voice pitch of a word spoken by a male and female speaker to a note on a keyboard. A one-way analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between groups occurred for only one of four conditions measured, perceptual judgment of the female pitch range. No differences between groups were found in the perceptual judgments of the male pitch range or during perceptual judgment of the female or male habitual pitch, suggesting that the skill possessed by speech-language pathology students is no different from that of inexperienced listeners.
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Siedenburg, Kai, and Stephen McAdams. "Short-term Recognition of Timbre Sequences." Music Perception 36, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2018.36.1.24.
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The goal of the current study was to explore outstanding questions in the field of timbre perception and cognition—specifically, whether memory for timbre is better in trained musicians or in nonmusicians, whether short-term timbre recognition is invariant to pitch differences, and whether timbre dissimilarity influences timbre recognition performance. Four experiments examined short-term recognition of musical timbre using a serial recognition task in which listeners indicated whether the orders of the timbres of two subsequently presented sound sequences were identical or not. Experiment 1 revealed significant effects of sequence length on recognition accuracy and an interaction of music training and pitch variability: musicians performed better for variable-pitch sequences, but did not differ from nonmusicians with constant-pitch sequences. Experiment 2 yielded a significant effect of pitch variability for musicians when pitch patterns varied between standard and comparison sequences. Experiment 3 high-lighted the impact of the timbral dissimilarity of swapped sounds and indicated a recency effect in timbre recognition. Experiment 4 confirmed the importance of the dissimilarity of the swap, but did not yield any pertinent role of timbral heterogeneity of the sequence. Further analyses confirmed the strong correlation of the timbral dissimilarity of swapped sounds with response behavior, accounting for around 90% of the variance in response choices across all four experiments. These results extend findings regarding the impact of music training and pitch variability from the literature on timbre perception to the domain of short-term memory and demonstrate the mnemonic importance of timbre similarity relations among sounds in sequences. The role of the factors of music training, pitch variability, and timbral similarity in music listening is discussed.
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Moore, Randall S. "Effects of Age, Sex, and Melodic/Harmonic Patterns on Vocal Pitch-Matching Skills of Talented 8-11-Year-Olds." Journal of Research in Music Education 42, no. 1 (April 1994): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3345332.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of age, sex and melodic/harmonic patterns on pitch-matching skills of children. Subjects were 128 talented singers, ages 8-11, equally divided among boys and girls, who sang 16 pitch-matching patterns; 4 patterns were melodic and 12 were harmonic. In 4 harmonic patterns, the upper tone was matched; in another 4, the lower tone was matched, and in the last set, the middle tone was matched. Two judges recorded correct/incorrect responses across 1,536 trials with 85% agreements. Results of a three-factor analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated no differences between age or sex groups and significant differences among pitch-matching tasks. More errors were made on matching the middle pitch of a chord than on any other trials. Singing the lower pitch of two tones was more difficult than matching the higher pitch of two tones or singing back a short melody. A task hierarchy for children's part-singing is suggested.
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Van Hedger, Stephen C., Shannon LM Heald, and Howard C. Nusbaum. "Long-term pitch memory for music recordings is related to auditory working memory precision." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 4 (January 1, 2018): 879–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307427.
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Most individuals have reliable long-term memories for the pitch of familiar music recordings. This pitch memory (1) appears to be normally distributed in the population, (2) does not depend on explicit musical training and (3) only seems to be weakly related to differences in listening frequency estimates. The present experiment was designed to assess whether individual differences in auditory working memory could explain variance in long-term pitch memory for music recordings. In Experiment 1, participants first completed a musical note adjustment task that has been previously used to assess working memory of musical pitch. Afterward, participants were asked to judge the pitch of well-known music recordings, which either had or had not been shifted in pitch. We found that performance on the pitch working memory task was significantly related to performance in the pitch memory task using well-known recordings, even when controlling for overall musical experience and familiarity with each recording. In Experiment 2, we replicated these findings in a separate group of participants while additionally controlling for fluid intelligence and non-pitch-based components of auditory working memory. In Experiment 3, we demonstrated that participants could not accurately judge the pitch of unfamiliar recordings, suggesting that our method of pitch shifting did not result in unwanted acoustic cues that could have aided participants in Experiments 1 and 2. These results, taken together, suggest that the ability to maintain pitch information in working memory might lead to more accurate long-term pitch memory.
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Pisanski, Katarzyna, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Justyna Plachetka, Marzena Gmiterek, and David Reby. "Voice pitch modulation in human mate choice." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1893 (December 19, 2018): 20181634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1634.
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Inter-individual differences in human fundamental frequency ( F 0, perceived as voice pitch) predict mate quality and reproductive success, and affect listeners' social attributions. Although humans can readily and volitionally manipulate their vocal apparatus and resultant voice pitch, for instance, in the production of speech sounds and singing, little is known about whether humans exploit this capacity to adjust the non-verbal dimensions of their voices during social (including sexual) interactions. Here, we recorded full-length conversations of 30 adult men and women taking part in real speed-dating events and tested whether their voice pitch (mean, range and variability) changed with their personal mate choice preferences and the overall desirability of each dating partner. Within-individual analyses indicated that men lowered the minimum pitch of their voices when interacting with women who were overall highly desired by other men. Men also lowered their mean voice pitch on dates with women they selected as potential mates, particularly those who indicated a mutual preference (matches). Interestingly, although women spoke with a higher and more variable voice pitch towards men they selected as potential mates, women lowered both voice pitch parameters towards men who were most desired by other women and whom they also personally preferred. Between-individual analyses indicated that men in turn preferred women with lower-pitched voices, wherein women's minimum voice pitch explained up to 55% of the variance in men's mate preferences. These results, derived in an ecologically valid setting, show that individual- and group-level mate preferences can interact to affect vocal behaviour, and support the hypothesis that human voice modulation functions in non-verbal communication to elicit favourable judgements and behaviours from others, including potential mates.
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Levrero, Florence, Nicolas Mathevon, Katarzyna Pisanski, Erik Gustafsson, and David Reby. "The pitch of babies’ cries predicts their voice pitch at age 5." Biology Letters 14, no. 7 (July 2018): 20180065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0065.
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Voice pitch (fundamental frequency, F 0 ) is a key dimension of our voice that varies between sexes after puberty, and also among individuals of the same sex both before and after puberty. While a recent longitudinal study indicates that inter-individual differences in voice pitch remain stable in men during adulthood and may even be determined before puberty (Fouquet et al. 2016 R. Soc. open sci. 3 , 160395. ( doi:10.1098/rsos.160395 )), whether these differences emerge in infancy remains unknown. Here, using a longitudinal study design, we investigate the hypothesis that inter-individual differences in F 0 are already present in the cries of pre-verbal babies. While based on a small sample ( n = 15), our results indicate that the F 0 of babies' cries at 4 months of age may predict the F 0 of their speech utterances at 5 years of age, explaining 41% of the inter-individual variance in voice pitch at that age in our sample. We also found that the right-hand ratio of the length of their index to ring finger (2D : 4D digit ratio), which has been proposed to constitute an index of prenatal testosterone exposure, was positively correlated with F 0 at both 4 months and 5 years of age. These findings suggest that a substantial proportion of between-individual differences in voice pitch, which convey important biosocial information about speakers, may partly originate in utero and thus already be present soon after birth.
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Beckett, Christine Alyn. "Directing Student Attention during Two-Part Dictation." Journal of Research in Music Education 45, no. 4 (December 1997): 613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3345426.
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This study is an exploration of undergraduate music majors' strategies in two-part dictation. Sixty volunteers received three dictation sessions—two that directed attention to rhythm first or pitch first, and one that was nondirected. The dependent measure, written dictation accuracy, was analyzed by means of separate pitch and rhythm scores. For six counterbalanced groups (n = 10), analysis of variance showed no order effects. A repeated measures MANOVA (accuracy by condition) showed a significant effect for condition (p < .0001). Higher rhythm accuracy occurred in the rhythm-first condition when it was compared to the nondirected (p < .05) and pitch-first (p < .0001) conditions. Pitch accuracy was not affected by condition. Accuracy was unrelated to covariates examined (years of theory and counterpoint study, keyboard skill, and private strategy). Results suggest that in polyphonic dictation, attending to rhythm first and pitch afterwards may be an effective way of maximizing rhythmic accuracy.
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Ren, Jie, Tingting Li, Zhi Chen, Yu Meng, Rui Zhang, and Xianguo Yan. "Optimization and Modeling of Radial Pitch Diameter Difference in Tapping of AISI H13." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (February 8, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9459881.
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The radial pitch diameter difference has a great influence on the quality of the internal thread. However, it is difficult to accurately control the radial pitch diameter difference of the thread in the tapping. Therefore, the influence of various factors on radial pitch diameter difference for tapping AISI H13 steel was studied in this paper. Parameters with optimum radial pitch diameter difference were determined by the Taguchi method, and the tapping experiment was carried out according to Taguchi L18 orthogonal array. Based on the signal-to-noise ratio and variance analysis, the experimental results were evaluated to determine the combination of factors to obtain the smallest radial pitch diameter difference and the influence level of each factor on radial pitch diameter difference, and the prediction equation of radial pitch diameter difference was established through the regression analysis. The results show that the combination of factors to obtain the smallest radial pitch diameter difference is a hone radius of 10 μm, a spindle speed of 100 rev/min, and a chamfer length of 2 pitches; the order of importance of the influencing factors on radial pitch diameter difference is spindle speed, followed by hone radius and chamfer length, and their percentage contribution rates are 61.54%, 24.53%, and 6.16%, respectively; the determination coefficient R2 of the prediction equations is 0.925; the confirmation experiment conducted with 95% confidence level shows that Taguchi method and prediction equation successfully optimize and predict radial pitch diameter difference.
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Flagge, Ashley G., Tara Davis, and Victoria S. Henbest. "The Contribution of Frequency Discrimination Ability to Auditory Temporal Patterning Tests in Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 4314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00093.
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Purpose The Pitch Patterns Test (PPT) and the Duration Patterns Test (DPT) are clinical auditory processing tests that evaluate temporal patterning skills based on pitch (PPT) or duration (DPT) aspects of sound. Although temporal patterning tests are categorized under the temporal processing domain, successful performance on the PPT also relies on accurate pitch discrimination. However, the relationship between pitch discrimination ability and temporal patterning skills has not been thoroughly evaluated. This study examined the contribution of pitch discrimination ability to performance on temporal patterning in children through the use of a pitch discrimination task and the PPT. The DPT was also given as a control measure to assess temporal patterning with no pitch component. Method Thirty-two typically developing elementary school–age children (6;11–11;3 [years;months]) with normal hearing were given a series of three counterbalanced tasks: an adaptive psychophysical pitch discrimination task (difference limen for frequency [DLF]), the PPT, and the DPT. Results Correlational analysis revealed moderate correlations between DLF and PPT scores. After accounting for age, results of a linear regression analysis suggested that pitch discrimination accounts for a significant amount of variance in performance on the PPT. No significant correlation was found between DLF and DPT scores, supporting the hypothesis that the pitch task had no significant temporal patterning component contributing to the overall score. Discussion These findings indicate that pitch discrimination contributes significantly to performance on the PPT, but not the DPT, in a typically developing pediatric population. This is an important clinical consideration in both assessment and utilization of targeted therapy techniques for different clinical populations.
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Sato, Osamu, Yohan Kondo, Sonko Osawa, and Toshiyuki Takatsuji. "Efficient Multiple-Measurement Technique for Rotationally Symmetric Measurands." International Journal of Automation Technology 5, no. 2 (March 5, 2011): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0150.
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Gears are key elements of power transmission systems, and the inspection of their pitch deviation is one of the most important tests done on gears. The specifications of gears are assessed using gear measuring instruments (GMIs) or coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and the results of the measurements must be validated under an appropriate traceability system. In the traceability system, calibrated gauges whose measuring uncertainties are estimated are necessary. In the case of pitch deviation measurement, special artefacts or gears manufactured with high dimensional accuracy are used as reference gauges. As a calibration method for the pitch deviation standards, authors have proposed themethod based on themultiplemeasurement technique and uncertainty evaluation with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The proposed method performs the accurate calibration for the rotationally symmetric measurands such as pitch deviations; however, the total number of measurements for the calibration tend to be large. In this paper, authors propose a technique for reducing the number of trials based on the symmetry of the measurement for the multiple-measurement technique. First, the evaluation of rotationally symmetric measurands using a multiple-measurement technique and the estimation of its uncertainty based on the analysis of variance are formulated. Second, a technique for reducing the number of measurement trials based on the symmetry of the measurement is discussed. Finally, the proposed calibration method is validated through experiments.
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Meyer, Martin, Karsten Steinhauer, Kai Alter, Angela D. Friederici, and D. Yves von Cramon. "Brain activity varies with modulation of dynamic pitch variance in sentence melody." Brain and Language 89, no. 2 (May 2004): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00350-x.
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Downs, Jessica L., Nicole M. Bordelon, Kenzie B. Friesen, David M. Shannon, and Gretchen D. Oliver. "Kinematic Differences Exist Between the Fastball, Changeup, Curveball, and Dropball Pitch Types in Collegiate Softball Pitchers." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520988172.
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Background: A majority of softball literature focuses on the mechanics associated with pain and injury within a single pitch type per study; however, the generalizability of these findings is unknown since a kinematic comparison has yet to be performed between pitch types. Understanding kinematic differences between pitch types can be used to identify risk factors for injury, improve safety guidelines, and improve performance by linking specific mechanics with desired pitch outcomes. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare kinematics between the fastball, changeup, curveball, and dropball pitch types in collegiate softball pitchers. It was hypothesized that there would be significant kinematic differences between pitch types. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 28 female collegiate softball pitchers pitched 3 trials of each pitch type to a catcher at regulation distance. Pitch speed, stride length, trunk extension, trunk rotation, trunk lateral flexion, elbow flexion, and center of mass for each trial were calculated using an electromagnetic motion capture system and were averaged for analysis. A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate pitch speed differences between the 4 pitch types. A 4 (pitch type) × 5 (event) within-athlete multivariate ANOVA was also used to determine kinematic differences. Results: The results revealed a significant difference in pitch speed between pitch types; a pitch type main effect for trunk extension, trunk rotation, trunk lateral flexion, and center of mass; and an event main effect for all variables except stride length. The results also revealed a pitch type by event interaction for trunk flexion, trunk lateral flexion, and center of mass. Specifically, the dropball type had less trunk extension than the fastball at all pitching events. Similarly, the curveball type had a more posteriorly shifted center of mass than the dropball at the last 3 pitching events of foot contact, ball release and follow-through. Conclusion: Significant kinematic differences exist between pitch types, but these differences may be necessary to execute desired pitch outcomes. Clinical Relevance: This is the first study to analyze kinematic differences between pitch types in softball pitchers. Understanding the effects of different pitch types on kinematic parameters may enhance injury prevention and performance strategies for softball pitchers.
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Reifinger, James L. "The Relationship of Pitch Sight-Singing Skills With Tonal Discrimination, Language Reading Skills, and Academic Ability in Children." Journal of Research in Music Education 66, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429418756029.
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This study investigated correlates that might explain variance in beginning sight-singing achievement, including tonal discrimination, reading fluency, reading comprehension, and academic ability. Both curriculum-based and standardized tests were used, including the Intermediate Measures of Music Audiation, Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, and Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills. Sight-singing ability of second-grade students ( N = 170) was individually assessed for pitch accuracy only using four-note tonal patterns following a 16-week instructional period and again 8 weeks later following a period of no practice. A factor analysis explained 62% of the variance across 13 variables, revealing correlated factors of Music Ability, Reading Ability, and Academic Ability. Regression analyses with individual variables as predictors indicated that significant variance in sight-singing achievement beyond that explained by pitch matching ability could be explained by reading comprehension ability. Similar results were found with both sight-singing tests. Findings are discussed in relation to Patel’s shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis and the need to advocate for music education programs.
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Gutierrez, Pedro, Manuel Navarro, and Margarita Ojeda. "Radiologic Morphology of the Calcaneus." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 103, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/1030032.
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Background: The Fowler-Philip, calcaneal pitch, and total calcaneal angles define the radiologic morphology of the rearfoot. We studied these angles in healthy adolescents. Methods: We studied 141 feet. Patients with inflammatory or traumatic injuries were excluded. The mean participant age was 11.5 years. The Fowler-Philip, calcaneal pitch, and total calcaneal angles were measured on lateral weightbearing radiographs. The statistics included descriptive, sample size (α=0.05 and β=0.20), the Student t test, and analysis of variance; P < .05 was considered significant. Results: The samples were 141 and 35 radiographs for the Fowler-Philip and calcaneal pitch angles, respectively. Ninety percent, 25.1%, and 97.4% of the adolescents had normal Fowler-Philip, calcaneal pitch, and total calcaneal angles, respectively. In addition, 9.9%, 74.9%, and 2.6% of the values were outside the reference ranges, respectively. The Fowler-Philip angle decreased and the calcaneal pitch angle increased significantly with age (P = .0005). The total calcaneal angle did not change with age (P = .65). Conclusions: The mean angle values in a pediatric population did not differ from those in adults. We found a high percentage of calcaneal pitch angles outside the reference range. Age influenced the Fowler-Philip and calcaneal pitch angles but not the total calcaneal angle. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(1): 32–35, 2013)
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Moreira Praca, Gibson, André Gustavo Pereira de Andrade, Cristóvão de Oliveira Abreu, Pedro Emilio Drumond Moreira, Filipe Manuel Clemente, and Rodrigo Aquino. "Manipulating the Pitch Size Constrains the Players’ Positioning during Unbalanced Soccer Small-Sided Games Played by Different Age Groups." Kinesiology 53, no. 2 (2021): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.53.2.3.
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We aim to investigate the impact of variable soccer pitch sizes on the position of players during unbalanced small-sided games (SSGs) and compare the responses of players from two different age groups. Forty-eight young players (n = 24 under-13 and n = 24 under-14) took part in the study and played 3 vs. 3 + 1 SSGs on two different pitch sizes (smaller: 36 x 27 m / 139m2 per player; and larger: 40 x 29 m / 166 m2 per player). Players’ positions on the pitch (length, width, length-to-width ratio, stretching index, and spatial exploration index) were assessed by the positional data provided by global position system devices and were compared within age groups and between game formats using a two-way analysis of variance. Results showed higher values of spatial exploration index in the larger SSGs than in the smaller format (p<.001). Moreover, a higher length (p<0.001) and length-to-width ratio (p<.001) was observed in the younger group. Finally, the larger format presented higher values of SEI and stretching index, independent of the age group (p<.001). In the smaller format, U-14 players presented a higher stretching index, while in the larger format U-13 players presented higher values in the same variable. We conclude that enlarging the pitch size constrains players’ behaviour during SSGs, and older players are more able to deal with this more complex task context than younger ones.
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Shang, Peizhu, and Wendy Elvira-García. "Second language acquisition of Spanish prosody by Chinese speakers: Nuclear contours and pitch characteristics." Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics, no. 19 (January 21, 2022): 129–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35869/vial.v0i19.3762.
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Despite the increasing number of studies in L2 prosody, little research has been carried out on the Chinese-Spanish language pair. This article sets out to examine the L2 acquisition of nuclear contours and pitch implementation details of Spanish spoken by Chinese speakers. To this end, 555 utterances (produced by 37 informants) were analyzed within an autosegmental-metrical framework, and pitch values were evaluated using long-term distributional (LTD) and pitch dynamism quotient (PDQ) measures. The results suggest a hierarchy of difficulties in acquiring the prosodic features of different sentence types. The most salient intonational error made by the Chinese learners was the tendency to replace low nuclear accents with high/rising tones. Furthermore, the higher pitch level, narrower span, and lower F0 variance found for Chinese speakers lend support to previous hypotheses which proposed a general pitch compression pattern for L2 speech. Nevertheless, with increasing proficiency in Spanish, learners appear to develop more target-like intonation contours and pitch profiles. Finally, gender and stress effects as well as other interactions prove that L2 prosody learning is more complex than previously stated, and is influenced not only by the L1 system and oral competence but is also correlated with some psychological and sociocultural factors.
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Oliver, Gretchen D., Jessica L. Downs Talmage, Kenzie B. Friesen, Michael G. Saper, and Jeffrey R. Dugas. "Decreased Shoulder and Elbow Joint Loads During the Changeup Compared With the Fastball and Curveball in NCAA Division I Collegiate Softball Pitchers." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 232596712110266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211026625.
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Background: Baseball leagues have implemented pitch count and pitch type restrictions based on biomechanical concepts associated with pitch type. Softball has not yet adopted these practices, although softball pitchers continue to pitch at a high volume and learn multiple pitches at a young age. Purpose: To examine shoulder and elbow kinetics between the fastball, curveball, and changeup, as well as to provide descriptive upper extremity pain data in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) softball pitchers. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Study participants consisted of 27 female NCAA Division I softball pitchers (age, 20.2 ± 1.9 years; height, 175.7 ± 5.7 cm; weight, 83.6 ± 12.7 kg). The participants pitched 3 balls of each pitch type, and kinetic data were recorded. A one-way within-participants repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences in kinetics and pitch speed between pitch types. Results: Results revealed a statistically significant main effect for pitch type (Wilks λ = .087; F = 36.523; P < .001). Post hoc testing showed that the changeup produced less anterior elbow force compared with the fastball ( P < .001) and the curveball ( P = .012). In addition, the changeup produced less shoulder distraction force compared with the fastball ( P < .001) and the curveball ( P = .001). Additionally, there was a significant difference in pitch speed between all 3 pitch types ( P = .006). The curveball revealed no statistically significant kinetic differences compared with the fastball. Conclusion: The fastball and curveball placed similar stress on the upper extremity in collegiate softball pitchers. However, in comparison with the changeup, the fastball and curveball placed increased stress on the upper extremity. More research is needed to fully explain the differences seen between pitch type and injury risk. Clinical Relevance: Sports medicine professionals, coaches, and athletes should use the current study results to note these differences in shoulder distraction and elbow anterior forces between softball pitch types. The study results can be used as a reference and basis for future research investigating kinetic differences across varying pitch types.
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Wearing, SC, S. Urry, PR Perlman, P. Dubois, and JE Smeathers. "Serial measurement of calcaneal pitch during midstance." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 89, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-89-4-188.
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Although emerging evidence suggests a causal relationship between arch structure and musculoskeletal injury, few investigations have adequately assessed arch function during gait. In this study, digitized videofluoroscopy was used to evaluate the sagittal plane motion of the calcaneus during gait. Nine female subjects requiring diagnostic foot radiographs underwent videofluoroscopy. The calcaneal inclination angle, arch height ratio, and tarsal index were digitally analyzed for all radiographic images. Calcaneal pitch was correlated to both the arch height ratio and the tarsal index. Repeated measures analysis of variance helped to identify a significant reduction in the mean calcaneal pitch during the midstance and early propulsive periods of gait. These findings suggest that although calcaneal pitch may be used as an indicator of rearfoot position, biomechanical classification of foot types based on radiographs may result in erroneous conclusions concerning foot function.
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Shaffer, Kris. "Statistical Variance and Transpositional Analysis: A Commentary on Plazak (2016)." Empirical Musicology Review 11, no. 1 (July 8, 2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/emr.v11i1.5299.
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Joseph Plazak argues for a more nuanced representation of the environment in which listeners encounter music ― in particular, questioning the assumption that listeners who engage with music repeatedly do so at the same absolute pitch level. While I agree with Plazak's problematization of this assumption, as well as his advocacy of further investigation into it, Plazak's corpus study has two key methodological flaws. However, a follow-up study in line with Plazak's research could both address these flaws and the more general question that Plazak raises, to the benefit of our understanding of a number of foundational cognitive issues.
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Venkatraman, Anumitha, Robert Brinton Fujiki, Bruce A. Craig, M. Preeti Sivasankar, and Georgia A. Malandraki. "Determining the Underlying Relationship Between Swallowing and Maximum Vocal Pitch Elevation: A Preliminary Study of Their Hyoid Biomechanics in Healthy Adults." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 3408–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00125.
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Purpose Deficiencies in swallowing (aspiration) and in maximum vocal pitch elevation have been shown to correlate in dysphagia. However, the underlying mechanisms that may explain this relationship are not known. In this study, we compare hyoid kinematics between swallowing and maximum vocal pitch elevation in healthy adults. Method Ten young ( M = 21 ± 1.33 years) and eight older ( M = 72.85 ± 5.59 years) healthy adults completed trials of maximum vocal pitch elevation (vowels /a/ and /i/) and swallowing (thin liquid and pudding) under videofluoroscopy. Superior and anterior hyoid excursions were obtained using kinematic analysis. Two-way analyses of variance and Spearman rho correlations were used to examine differences and relationships between swallowing and maximum pitch elevation biomechanics. Results Superior hyoid excursion was significantly greater for liquid swallows compared to pitch elevation tasks (/a/ and /i/; p = .002; Cohen's d = 1.28; p = .0179, Cohen's d = 1.03, respectively) and for pudding swallows compared to pitch tasks ( p = .000, Cohen's d = 1.64; p = .001, Cohen's d = 1.38, respectively). Anterior hyoid excursion was not significantly different between the two functions, but was overall reduced in the older group ( p = .0231, Cohen's d = .90). Furthermore, there was a moderate positive correlation between the degree of superior excursion during liquid swallows and maximum pitch elevation for both vowels ( r s = .601, p = .001; r s = .524, p = .003) in young adults, and between the degree of anterior excursion during liquid swallows and pitch elevation for both vowels ( r s = .688, p = .001; r s = .530, p = .008) in older adults. Conclusions Swallowing and maximum pitch elevation require similar anterior, but not superior, hyoid excursion in healthy adults. Differential correlations between the two tasks for each age group may be associated with age-related muscle changes. We provide evidence of partially shared biomechanics between swallowing and maximum pitch elevation.
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Behera, Sasmita, and Subham Sahoo. "Design of a Pitch Controller for a Wind Turbine Using Hybrid Mean-Variance Mapping Optimization." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 19, no. 3 (October 31, 2021): 298–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2021193.222600.
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A variable-speed wind energy conversion system (WECS) has the advantage of extracting more power from the time-varying wind. To achieve this, the pitch angle is controlled to maintain the speed of the turbine and hence the generated power at a constant level, while reducing mechanical stress on the turbines. In this work, a proportional-integral (PI) controller is used for pitch angle control. The optimal PI control gains and are tuned by the hybrid mean-variance mapping optimization (MVMO-SH) technique, particle swarm optimization (PSO), and a genetic algorithm (GA). Different fitness evaluation criteria and optimization techniques are compared, and the performances of optimal controllers presented in the time domain. The results reveal that MVMO-SH achieves the minimum error criteria within a shorter time. The optimal controller design gives an error of less than in the region for which it is tuned. The performance of the optimal PI controller is designed for one operating condition in different cases of wind gust, random variation of wind, and disturbance from the grid side to mitigate line to ground fault. The performance of the controller is shown to be satisfactory in all the cases studied.
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Cherla, Srikanth, Hendrik Purwins, and Marco Marchini. "Automatic Phrase Continuation from Guitar and Bass Guitar Melodies." Computer Music Journal 37, no. 3 (September 2013): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/comj_a_00184.
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A framework is proposed for generating interesting, musically similar variations of a given monophonic melody. The focus is on pop/rock guitar and bass guitar melodies with the aim of eventual extensions to other instruments and musical styles. It is demonstrated here how learning musical style from segmented audio data can be formulated as an unsupervised learning problem to generate a symbolic representation. A melody is first segmented into a sequence of notes using onset detection and pitch estimation. A set of hierarchical, coarse-to-fine symbolic representations of the melody is generated by clustering pitch values at multiple similarity thresholds. The variance ratio criterion is then used to select the appropriate clustering levels in the hierarchy. Note onsets are aligned with beats, considering the estimated meter of the melody, to create a sequence of symbols that represent the rhythm in terms of onsets/rests and the metrical locations of their occurrence. A joint representation based on the cross-product of the pitch cluster indices and metrical locations is used to train the prediction model, a variable-length Markov chain. The melodies generated by the model were evaluated through a questionnaire by a group of experts, and received an overall positive response.
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Day, Nancy F., Amanda K. Kinnischtzke, Murtaza Adam, and Teresa A. Nick. "Top-Down Regulation of Plasticity in the Birdsong System: “Premotor” Activity in the Nucleus HVC Predicts Song Variability Better Than It Predicts Song Features." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 5 (November 2008): 2956–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90501.2008.
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We studied real-time changes in brain activity during active vocal learning in the zebra finch songbird. The song nucleus HVC is required for the production of learned song. To quantify the relationship of HVC activity and behavior, HVC population activity during repeated vocal sequences (motifs) was recorded and temporally aligned relative to the motif, millisecond by millisecond. Somewhat surprisingly, HVC activity did not reliably predict any vocal feature except amplitude and, to a lesser extent, entropy and pitch goodness (sound periodicity). Variance in “premotor” HVC activity did not reliably predict variance in behavior. In contrast, HVC activity inversely predicted the variance of amplitude, entropy, frequency, pitch, and FM. We reasoned that, if HVC was involved in song learning, the relationship of HVC activity to learned features would be developmentally regulated. To test this hypothesis, we compared the HVC song feature relationships in adults and juveniles in the sensorimotor “babbling” period. We found that the relationship of HVC activity to variance in FM was developmentally regulated, with the greatest difference at an HVC vocalization lag of 50 ms. Collectively, these data show that, millisecond by millisecond, bursts in HVC activity predict song stability on-line during singing, whereas decrements in HVC activity predict plasticity. These relationships between neural activity and plasticity may play a role in vocal learning in songbirds by enabling the selective stabilization of parts of the song that match a learned tutor model.
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Xiao, Shuolin, and Di Yang. "Large-Eddy Simulation-Based Study of Effect of Swell-Induced Pitch Motion on Wake-Flow Statistics and Power Extraction of Offshore Wind Turbines." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071246.
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In this study, the effects of ocean swell waves and swell-induced pitch motion on the wake-flow statistics and power extraction of floating wind turbines are numerically investigated. A hybrid numerical model coupling wind large-eddy (LES) and high-order spectral-wave simulations is employed to capture the effects of ocean swell waves on offshore wind. In the simulation, 3 × 3 floating wind turbines with prescribed pitch motions were modeled using the actuator disk model. The turbulence statistics and wind-power extraction rate for the floating turbines are quantified and compared to a reference case with fixed turbines. Statistical analysis based on the phase-average approach shows significant swell-correlated wind-velocity variations in both cases, and the swell-induced pitch motion of floating turbines is found to cause oscillations of wind-turbulence intensity and Reynolds stress, as well as an increase of vertical velocity variance in the near-wake region. Swells also cause periodic oscillation in extracted power density in the fixed turbine case, and the turbine pitch motion in the floating turbine case could further modulate this oscillation by shifting the phase dependence by about 180 degrees with respect to the swell-wave phase.
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Lum, Heather C., Kimberly Smith-Jentsch, Valerie K. Sims, and Michael Flood. "Vocal Analysis and Heart Rate as Measures of Assertiveness and Aggression." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 18 (October 2007): 1224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705101836.
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This study examined the relationship between assertiveness and such physiological features as heart rate and vocal inflections(pitch and intensity). The vocal data were assessed from a first person simulation in which participants interacted with video-based characters. During the simulation, the participants' partner (friend, family member, or acquaintance) completed inventories that asked their perceptions of the participant's assertiveness and aggressiveness for the scenes. Results found heart rate and mean intensity of speech were unique indicators of peer-rated aggressiveness. Also, standard deviation in pitch and heart rate accounted for unique variance in peer-rated assertiveness. The results suggest that physiological and verbal measures may be a useful means of distinguishing between assertiveness and aggressiveness of team members.
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DIEHL, JOSHUA JOHN, and RHEA PAUL. "Acoustic and perceptual measurements of prosody production on the profiling elements of prosodic systems in children by children with autism spectrum disorders." Applied Psycholinguistics 34, no. 1 (October 18, 2011): 135–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716411000646.
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ABSTRACTProsody production atypicalities are a feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but behavioral measures of performance have failed to provide detail on the properties of these deficits. We used acoustic measures of prosody to compare children with ASDs to age-matched groups with learning disabilities and typically developing peers. Overall, the group with ASD had longer utterance durations on multiple subtests on a test of prosodic abilities, and both the ASD and learning disabilities groups had higher pitch ranges and pitch variance than the typically developing group on one subtest. Acoustic differences were present even when the prosody was used correctly. These findings represent differences in the fine details of the acoustic output beyond its functional interpretation inbothclinical groups.
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Zraick, Richard I., Julie M. Liss, Michael F. Dorman, James L. Case, Leonard L. LaPointe, and Stephen P. Beals. "Multidimensional Scaling of Nasal Voice Quality." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 43, no. 4 (August 2000): 989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4304.989.
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Listeners judged the dissimilarity of pairs of synthesized nasal voices that varied on 3 dimensions. Separate nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) solutions were calculated for each listener and the group. Similar 3-dimensional solutions were derived for the group and each of the listeners, with the group MDS solution accounting for 83% of the total variance in listeners' judgments. Dimension 1 ("Nasality") accounted for 54% of the variance, Dimension 2 ("Loudness") for 18% of the variance, and Dimension 3 ("Pitch") for 11% of the variance. The 3 dimensions were significantly and positively correlated with objective measures of nasalization, intensity, and fundamental frequency. The results of this experiment are discussed in relation to other MDS studies of voice perception, and there is a discussion of methodological issues for future research.
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Chung, Wei-Lun, and Gavin M. Bidelman. "Acoustic Features of Oral Reading Prosody and the Relation With Reading Fluency and Reading Comprehension in Taiwanese Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 65, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00252.
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Purpose: The study aimed to examine whether oral reading prosody—the use of acoustic features (e.g., pitch and duration variations) when reading passages aloud—predicts reading fluency and comprehension abilities. Method: We measured vocabulary, syntax, word reading, reading fluency (including rate and accuracy), reading comprehension (in Grades 3 and 4), and oral reading prosody in Taiwanese third-grade children ( N = 109). In the oral reading prosody task, children were asked to read aloud a passage designed for third graders and then to answer forced-choice questions. Their oral reading prosody was measured through acoustic analyses including the number of pause intrusions, intersentential pause duration, phrase-final comma pause duration, child–adult pitch match, and sentence-final pitch change. Results: Analyses of variance revealed that children's number of pause intrusions differed as a function of word reading. After controlling for age, vocabulary and syntactic knowledge, and word reading, we found that different dimensions of oral reading prosody contributed to reading rate. In contrast, the number of pause intrusions, phrase-final comma pause duration, and child–adult pitch match predicted reading accuracy and comprehension. Conclusions: Oral reading prosody plays an important role in children's reading fluency and reading comprehension in tone languages like Mandarin. Specifically, children need to read texts prosodically as evidenced by fewer pause intrusions, shorter phrase-final comma pause duration, and closer child–adult pitch match, which are early predictive makers of reading fluency and comprehension.
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Olthof, Merwin, Berit Janssen, and Henkjan Honing. "The Role of Absolute Pitch Memory in the Oral Transmission of Folksongs." Empirical Musicology Review 10, no. 3 (September 23, 2015): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/emr.v10i3.4435.
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Absolute Pitch (AP) is the ability to identify or produce isolated tones in the absence of contextual cues or reference pitches. While AP is thought to differ from other human abilities in its bimodal distribution (Takeuchi & Hulse, 1993) – either you have it or you do not – recent evidence suggests that memory for absolute pitch in a melody is actually widespread (Schellenberg & Trehub, 2003). In the current project the Dutch collection of historic audio recordings, <em>Onder de Groene Linde </em>(Grijp, 2008), is used as a source to explore the potential role of AP in the memory of songs transmitted in oral traditions. Since the melodies in this database are grouped by <em>tune family</em> and are available as sound files, they can serve as empirical support for the Absolute Pitch Memory (APM) hypothesis predicting that these tunes are memorized and transmitted over time and geographical location based on their absolute pitch height. To this end, a between- and a within-tune family analysis was performed. In the between tune family analysis, two tune families showed significant inter-recording tonic pitch consistency. The within tune family analysis further substantialized that effect, while controlling for possible factors of variance, such as gender, geographical origin, and lyrics. Together, the results are taken as empirical support that APM plays a significant role in the oral transmission of folksongs.
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ANTONIOU, MARK, CAROL K. S. TO, and PATRICK C. M. WONG. "Auditory cues that drive language development are language specific: Evidence from Cantonese." Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no. 6 (November 12, 2014): 1493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716414000514.
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ABSTRACTThe mechanisms that allow for both language-specific and universal constraints in language development are not fully understood. According to the rhythm detection hypothesis, sensitivity to rhythm is the underlying mechanism that is fundamental to language development. Support from a number of Western languages, as well as Mandarin, has led to the proposal that rhythm detection may provide a language-universal account of language development. However, claims of universality may be premature because most research has addressed reading (rather than language) development, only a small number of languages have been investigated, and pitch is a better predictor of reading than rhythm in Mandarin children. Therefore, we examined language development using a narrative story-retelling task in children who speak Cantonese (a more complex tone inventory than Mandarin) and also assessed temporal and pitch-based auditory abilities to consider whether temporal processing drives development in a tone language. Both temporal and pitch abilities correlated with language development, but only pitch explained unique variance in language after age. The findings support the role of basic auditory processing mechanisms in language development, but they extend beyond the rhythm detection hypothesis by demonstrating that the fundamental cues for development are dependent on the specific processing demands of each language, rather than being universal.
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Wen, Sheng, Quanyong Zhang, Xuanchun Yin, Yubin Lan, Jiantao Zhang, and Yufeng Ge. "Design of Plant Protection UAV Variable Spray System Based on Neural Networks." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 5, 2019): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051112.
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Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have rapidly emerged as a new technology in the fields of plant protection and pest control in China. Based on existing variable spray research, a plant protection UAV variable spray system integrating neural network based decision making is designed. Using the existing data on plant protection UAV operations, combined with artificial neural network (ANN) technology, an error back propagation (BP) neural network model between the factors affecting droplet deposition is trained. The factors affecting droplet deposition include ambient temperature, ambient humidity, wind speed, flight speed, flight altitude, propeller pitch, nozzles pitch and prescription value. Subsequently, the BP neural network model is combined with variable rate spray control for plant protection UAVs, and real-time information is collected by multi-sensor. The deposition rate is determined by the neural network model, and the flow rate of the spray system is regulated according to the predicted deposition amount. The amount of droplet deposition can meet the prescription requirement. The results show that the training variance of the ANN is 0.003, and thus, the model is stable and reliable. The outdoor tests show that the error between the predicted droplet deposition and actual droplet deposition is less than 20%. The ratio of droplet deposition to prescription value in each unit is approximately equal, and a variable spray operation under different conditions is realized.
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Molstad, Susan M., Phyllis A. Love, N. Kay Covington, Darlene A. Kluka, Krissa A. Baylor, and Teresa L. Cook. "Timing of Coincidence Anticipation by NCAA Division i Softball Athletes." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 3_suppl (December 1994): 1491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.3f.1491.
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After visual screening, 44 NCAA Division I Softball athletes qualified to participate in this study conducted at the 1993 National Invitational Championship Tournament to assess anticipation of coincidence of these athletes. A full-swing batting motion was used to intercept a stimulus apparently moving at 45 or 70 mph, using the Bassin Anticipation Timer. Scores were recorded as early or late after each subject swung a standardized bat which interrupted a photoelectric beam when each of 20 randomly administered slow or fast simulated pitches was presented. Analyses of variance of AE, CE, and VE showed athletes swung significantly early on the 45-mph and late on the 70-mph simulated pitch speed. More specifically, less AE and CE error was recorded at the slow speed; athletes were more consistent (VE) in response to the fast speed. Results supported prior findings in which simulated-pitch speeds were similar to the present ones. Runway length, simulated-pitch speed, and the degree of swing simulation were suggested as variables to consider in similar investigations.
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Friesen, Kenzie B., Regan E. Shaw, David M. Shannon, Jeffrey R. Dugas, James R. Andrews, and Gretchen D. Oliver. "Single-Leg Squat Compensations Are Associated With Softball Pitching Pathomechanics in Adolescent Softball Pitchers." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 232596712199092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121990920.
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Background: A lack of lumbopelvic-hip complex (LPHC) stability is often associated with altered pitching mechanics, thus increasing pain and injury susceptibility. The single-leg squat (SLS) is a simple diagnostic tool used to examine LPHC stability. Purpose: To examine the relationship between trunk compensatory kinematics during the SLS and kinematics at foot contact during the windmill pitch. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Participants included 55 youth and high school softball pitchers (mean age, 12.6 ± 2.2 years; height, 160.0 ± 11.0 cm; weight, 60.8 ± 15.5 kg). Kinematic data were collected at 100 Hz using an electromagnetic tracking device. Participants were asked to complete an SLS on each leg, then throw 3 fastballs at maximal effort. Values of trunk flexion, trunk lateral flexion, and trunk rotation at peak depth of the SLS were used as the dependent variables in 3 separate backward-elimination regression analyses. Independent variables examined at foot contact of the pitch were as follows: trunk flexion, trunk lateral flexion, trunk rotation, center of mass, stride length, and stride knee valgus. Results: The SLS trunk rotation regression ( F(1,56) = 4.980, P = .030) revealed that trunk flexion predicted SLS trunk rotation (SE = 0.068, t = 2.232, P = .030) and explained approximately 7% of the variance in SLS trunk rotation ( R 2 = 0.083, adjusted R 2 = 0.066). The SLS trunk flexion regression ( F(1,56) = 5.755, P = 0.020) revealed that stride knee valgus significantly predicted SLS trunk flexion (SE = 0.256, t = 2.399, P = .020) and explained approximately 8% of variance in SLS trunk flexion ( R 2 = 0.095, adjusted R 2 = 0.078). Conclusion: Additional trunk rotation and trunk flexion at peak depth of the SLS showed increased knee valgus and trunk flexion at foot contact of the pitch, both of which indicate poor LPHC stability during the softball pitch and may increase the potential for injury. Clinical Relevance: Players and coaches should implement SLS analyses to determine their players’ risk for injury and compensation due to poor core stability.
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Senjyu, Tomonobu, Ryosei Sakamoto, Naomitsu Urasaki, Hiroki Higa, Katsumi Uezato, and Toshihisa Funabashi. "Output Power Control of Wind Turbine Generator by Pitch Angle Control using Minimum Variance Control." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 124, no. 12 (2004): 1455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.124.1455.
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Senjyu, Tomonobu, Ryosei Sakamoto, Naomitsu Urasaki, Hiroki Higa, Katsumi Uezato, and Toshihisa Funabashi. "Output power control of wind turbine generator by pitch angle control using minimum variance control." Electrical Engineering in Japan 154, no. 2 (January 30, 2006): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.20247.
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Brito, Ângelo, Paulo Roriz, Pedro Silva, Ricardo Duarte, and Júlio Garganta. "Effects of the Pitch Surface on Displacement of Youth Players During Soccer Match-Play." Journal of Human Kinetics 65, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0046.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of different pitch surfaces (artificial turf, natural turf and dirt field) on positioning and displacement of young soccer players (age: 13.4 ± 0.5 yrs; body height: 161.82 ± 7.52 cm; body mass: 50.79 ± 7.22 kg and playing experience: 3.5 ± 1.4 yrs). Data were collected using GPS units which allowed to calculate spatial distribution variability, assessed by measuring entropy of individual distribution maps (ShannEn). Ellipsoidal areas (m2) representing players’ displacement on the pitch, centred on the average players’ positional coordinates, were also calculated, with axes corresponding to the standard deviations of the displacement in the longitudinal and lateral directions. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate differences between pitch surfaces and across players’ positions. There was significant effect in positioning (η2 = 0.146; p < 0.001) and displacement (η2 = 0.063; p < 0.05) by the players between pitch surfaces. A dirt field condition induced an increase in the players’ movement variability, while players’ displacement was more restricted when playing on artificial turf. Also, there were significant effects on positioning (η2 = 0.496; p < 0.001) and displacement (η2 = 0.339; p < 0.001) across players’ positions. Central midfielders presented the greatest movement variability and displacement while fullbacks showed the lowest variability. Subsequently, the results may contribute to implement strategies that optimise players’ performance in different surface conditions.
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Fouquet, Meddy, Katarzyna Pisanski, Nicolas Mathevon, and David Reby. "Seven and up: individual differences in male voice fundamental frequency emerge before puberty and remain stable throughout adulthood." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 10 (October 2016): 160395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160395.
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Voice pitch (the perceptual correlate of fundamental frequency, F 0) varies considerably even among individuals of the same sex and age, communicating a host of socially and evolutionarily relevant information. However, due to the almost exclusive utilization of cross-sectional designs in previous studies, it remains unknown whether these individual differences in voice pitch emerge before, during or after sexual maturation, and whether voice pitch remains stable into adulthood. Here, we measured the F 0 parameters of men who were recorded once every 7 years from age 7 to 56 as they participated in the British television documentary Up Series . Linear mixed models revealed significant effects of age on all F 0 parameters, wherein F 0 mean, minimum, maximum and the standard deviation of F 0 showed sharp pubertal decreases between age 7 and 21, yet remained remarkably stable after age 28. Critically, men's pre-pubertal F 0 at age 7 strongly predicted their F 0 at every subsequent adult age, explaining up to 64% of the variance in post-pubertal F 0. This finding suggests that between-individual differences in voice pitch that are known to play an important role in men's reproductive success are in fact largely determined by age 7, and may therefore be linked to prenatal and/or pre-pubertal androgen exposure.
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Millslagle, Duane G. "Dynamic Visual Acuity and Coincidence-Anticipation Timing by Experienced and Inexperienced Women Players of Fast Pitch Softball." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 2 (April 2000): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.498.
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This study examined the relationship between dynamic visual acuity and coincidence-anticipation timing in 16 inexperienced and 16 experienced women's fast pitch Softball players. Pearson-product correlations indicated a low relationship between dynamic visual acuity and coincidence-anticipation timing. The correlations for dynamic visual acuity and coincidence anticipation between experienced and inexperienced dynamic visual acuity were not significant. A significant difference was found between the mean dynamic visual acuity of the two groups, i.e., experienced players had better dynamic visual acuity than inexperienced players. Analysis of variance of constant errors, variable errors, and absolute errors of coincidence anticipation indicated no significant differences between groups or across the three accuracy scores. The interaction between experience and accuracy was not significant.
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Bertolini, G., S. Ramat, J. Laurens, C. J. Bockisch, S. Marti, D. Straumann, and A. Palla. "Velocity Storage Contribution to Vestibular Self-Motion Perception in Healthy Human Subjects." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 1 (January 2011): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00154.2010.
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Self-motion perception after a sudden stop from a sustained rotation in darkness lasts approximately as long as reflexive eye movements. We hypothesized that, after an angular velocity step, self-motion perception and reflexive eye movements are driven by the same vestibular pathways. In 16 healthy subjects (25–71 years of age), perceived rotational velocity (PRV) and the vestibulo-ocular reflex (rVOR) after sudden decelerations (90°/s2) from constant-velocity (90°/s) earth-vertical axis rotations were simultaneously measured (PRV reported by hand-lever turning; rVOR recorded by search coils). Subjects were upright (yaw) or 90° left-ear-down (pitch). After both yaw and pitch decelerations, PRV rose rapidly and showed a plateau before decaying. In contrast, slow-phase eye velocity (SPV) decayed immediately after the initial increase. SPV and PRV were fitted with the sum of two exponentials: one time constant accounting for the semicircular canal (SCC) dynamics and one time constant accounting for a central process, known as velocity storage mechanism (VSM). Parameters were constrained by requiring equal SCC time constant and VSM time constant for SPV and PRV. The gains weighting the two exponential functions were free to change. SPV were accurately fitted (variance-accounted-for: 0.85 ± 0.10) and PRV (variance-accounted-for: 0.86 ± 0.07), showing that SPV and PRV curve differences can be explained by a greater relative weight of VSM in PRV compared with SPV (twofold for yaw, threefold for pitch). These results support our hypothesis that self-motion perception after angular velocity steps is be driven by the same central vestibular processes as reflexive eye movements and that no additional mechanisms are required to explain the perceptual dynamics.
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Oliver, Gretchen D., Kenzie B. Friesen, Regan E. Shaw, David Shannon, Jeffrey Dugas, and James Andrews. "SINGLE LEG SQUAT COMPENSATIONS ASSOCIATE WITH SOFTBALL PITCHING PATHOMECHANICS IN ADOLESCENT SOFTBALL PITCHERS." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00065.
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Background: Softball pitchers have an eminent propensity for injury due to the high repetition and ballistic nature of the pitch. As such, trunk pathomechanics during pitching have been associated with upper extremity pain. The single leg squat (SLS) is a simple diagnostic tool used to examine LPHC and trunk stability. Research shows a lack of LPHC stability is often associated with altered pitching mechanics consequently increasing pain and injury susceptibility. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between trunk compensatory kinematics during the SLS and kinematics during foot contact of the windmill pitch. The authors hypothesized there would be a relationship between SLS compensations and pitch kinematics previously associated with injury. In using a simple clinical assessment such as the SLS, athletes, coaches, parents, and clinicians can identify potential risk factors that may predispose the athlete to injurious movement patterns. Methods: Fifty-five youth and high school softball pitchers (12.6±2.2 years, 160.0±11.0 cm, 60.8±15.5 kg) were recruited to participate. Kinematic data were collected at 100Hz using an electromagnetic tracking device. Participants were asked to complete a SLS on their stride leg (contralateral to their throwing arm), then throw 3 fastballs at maximal effort. Values of trunk flexion, trunk lateral flexion, and trunk rotation at peak depth of the SLS were used as the dependent variables in three separate backward elimination regression analyses. Independent variables examined at foot contact of the pitch included: trunk flexion, trunk lateral flexion, trunk rotation, center of mass, stride length, and stride knee valgus. Results: The SLS trunk rotation regression, F(1,56) = 4.980, p = .030, revealed trunk flexion significantly predicted SLS trunk rotation (SE = .068, t = 2.232, p = .030) and explained approximately 7% of variance (Adj. R2 = .066). The SLS trunk flexion regression, F(1,56) = 5.755, p = .020, revealed stride knee valgus significantly predicted SLS trunk flexion (SE = .256, t = 2.399, p = .020) and explained approximately 8% of variance (Adj. R2 = .078). Conclusion/Significance: Additional trunk rotation and trunk flexion at peak depth of the SLS indicate increased knee valgus and trunk flexion at foot contact of the pitch, both of which suggest poor LPHC stability, may increase the potential for injury. Athletes, coaches and clinicians should acknowledge the risk of poor LPHC in softball pitching and implement exercises to improve LPHC stability in effort to decrease pitching pathomechanics and associated pain.
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Mair, Hailey, Nicholas A. Kenney, Timothy L. Uhl, L. Robert Ullery, and Robert G. Hosey. "Effect of Pitching Restrictions and Mound Distance on Youth Baseball Pitch Counts." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 232596712211105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221110547.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Studies have shown that higher pitch counts are directly related to a greater incidence of elbow and shoulder pain among youth baseball pitchers. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different pitching restriction rules on the number of pitches thrown in youth baseball leagues. We hypothesized that more pitches would be thrown in leagues with inning restrictions versus leagues with pitch count restrictions as well as in leagues with a longer mound distance (from pitching mound to home plate). Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Pitch count data were collected for 2 consecutive years over a 10-week season from 3 different leagues of 9- to 12-year-old baseball players in a single city. The Eastern league had a pitch count restriction and 46-ft (14.02-m) mound distance. The Southeastern and South leagues’ pitching restrictions were based on innings per week. The Southeastern league had a 50-ft (15.24-m) mound distance, while the South league had a 46-ft mound distance. Comparisons of total seasonal pitches thrown were made of the 3 highest-volume pitchers on each team. League averages for each value were then compared utilizing analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc analysis. The number of pitchers in each league who threw >600 pitches per season was compared using the chi-square test. Results: No significant difference in seasonal pitch counts or innings pitched was noted between the Eastern and South leagues, which differed only in their pitching restrictions. The Southeastern league, with a longer mound distance, was found to have higher seasonal pitch counts per thrower (598 ± 195 pitches) than the South league (463 ± 198 pitches) for the 3 highest-volume throwers for each team ( P = .004). The Southeastern league also had a significantly larger number of pitchers who threw >600 pitches per season (33 vs 20 for Eastern and 13 for South; P = .009). Conclusion: There was no significant difference in seasonal pitch counts when the leagues in this study differed based on pitching restrictions. However, the league with a greater mound distance (Southeastern) had higher seasonal pitch counts for the highest-volume throwers. Pitching restrictions based on pitch counts, as opposed to innings, may be advisable.
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Vuoskoski, Jonna K. "What Makes an Instrument Sound Sad? Commentary on Huron, Anderson, and Shanahan." Empirical Musicology Review 9, no. 1 (March 10, 2014): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/emr.v9i1.4086.
Full textAbstract:
Huron, Anderson, and Shanahan investigated the hypothesis that instruments that are deemed most capable of expressing sadness would also be judged better able to generate acoustic features similar to those used to convey sadness in speech. The judgments of these acoustic features accounted for approximately half (51.3%) of the variance in the judgments of <em>sadness capacity</em>. I argue that the relatively low explanation rate may be partly explained by choices made in the operationalization of the acoustic features, the overlap and relatedness of three of the acoustic features used (<em>mumbling, dark timbre, </em>and<em> lowest pitch</em>), as well as the practical omission of such a significant feature as legato articulation. Furthermore, the method used by Huron and colleagues may have inflated the effect of cultural conceptions on the judgments of <em>sadness capacity. </em>I also argue that <em>low energy</em> – albeit a fundamental feature of sadness as an emotion – is not the meaningful factor underlying the set of acoustic features most correlated with <em>sadness capacity. </em>Instead, I suggest that the only acoustic variable significantly predicting evaluations of <em>sadness capacity</em> – <em>pitch-bending – </em>best reflected an instrument’s capability to manipulate timbre, pitch, loudness and articulation in ways that match and exaggerate the features of sad vocal expression.
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Ni, Jing, Jun Cai, Zhen Meng, and Yang Wang. "Influence of bandsawing processing parameters on the preparation of cortical bone flake." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 12 (December 2021): 168781402110670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211067032.
Full textAbstract:
Natural cortical bone is an important source of bionic bone repair materials. Sawing cortical bone is the first and important process in fabrication bone repair materials. However, the high sawing temperature could cause damage to bone tissue and nerves, and surface roughness should decrease osteoinductivity. In order to improve the cutting performance during sawing cortical bone, and the quality of prepared cortical bone slices, the band sawing process should be investigated and improved. In this paper, the novel cortical bone sawing experiment was designed with different feed rate and tooth pitch. Then, the influence of experimental parameters on temperature and roughness were analyzed with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The experimental results show that the lowest value of temperature is 35.5°C (tooth pitch is 8.46 mm, feed rate is 35 mm/s), the highest one is 73.8°C (tooth pitch is 4.20 mm, feed rate is 5 mm/s). And the turning point of surface roughness appear when the feed rate is 20 mm/s. Otherwise, the prediction model of sawing temperature and surface roughness could help to find optimal band sawing parameters of natural cortical bone.