Academic literature on the topic 'Pitch dimensions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pitch dimensions"
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McDermott, Josh H., Andriana J. Lehr, and Andrew J. Oxenham. "Is Relative Pitch Specific to Pitch?" Psychological Science 19, no. 12 (December 2008): 1263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02235.x.
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Melodies, speech, and other stimuli that vary in pitch are processed largely in terms of the relative pitch differences between sounds. Relative representations permit recognition of pitch patterns despite variations in overall pitch level between instruments or speakers. A key component of relative pitch is the sequence of pitch increases and decreases from note to note, known as the melodic contour. Here we report that contour representations are also produced by patterns in loudness and brightness (an aspect of timbre). The representations of contours in different dimensions evidently have much in common, as contours in one dimension can be readily recognized in other dimensions. Moreover, contours in loudness and brightness are nearly as useful as pitch contours for recognizing familiar melodies that are normally conveyed via pitch. Our results indicate that relative representations via contour extraction are a general feature of the auditory system, and may have a common central locus.
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Prince, Jon B. "The Integration of Stimulus Dimensions in the Perception of Music." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 64, no. 11 (November 2011): 2125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.573080.
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A central aim of cognitive psychology is to explain how we integrate stimulus dimensions into a unified percept, but how the dimensions of pitch and time combine in the perception of music remains a largely unresolved issue. The goal of this study was to test the effect of varying the degree of conformity to dimensional structure in pitch and time (specifically, tonality and metre) on goodness ratings and classifications of melodies. The pitches and durations of melodies were either presented in their original order, as a reordered sequence, or replaced with random elements. Musically trained and untrained participants (24 each) rated melodic goodness, attending selectively to the dimensions of pitch, time, or both. Also, 24 trained participants classified whether or not the melodies were tonal, metric, or both. Pitch and temporal manipulations always influenced responses, but participants successfully emphasized either dimension in accordance with instructions. Effects of pitch and time were mostly independent for selective attention conditions, but more interactive when evaluating both dimensions. When interactions occurred, the effect of either dimension increased as the other dimension conformed more to its original structure. Relative main effect sizes (| pitch η2 – time η2 |) predicted the strength of pitch–time interactions (pitch × time η2); interactions were stronger when main effect sizes were more evenly matched. These results have implications for dimensional integration in several domains. Relative main effect size could serve as an indicator of dimensional salience, such that interactions are more likely when dimensions are equally salient.
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Irwin, Robert D., and Daniel L. Weber. "Factors Influencing the Perceived Urgency of Auditory Stimuli." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 4 (October 1998): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200404.
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The interaction among two spectral and two temporal dimensions that contribute to urgency was investigated by conducting a discrimination experiment. Discrimination performance for each dimension was evaluated when a second dimension (i.e., dimension not being discriminated) was subject to no variation, correlated variation, and uncorrelated variability. For the pair of spectral dimensions and the pair of temporal dimensions, variation on the second dimension produces facilitation in the correlated condition and interference in the uncorrelated condition. No influence occurs for other pairings. The implications of these results were confirmed in a multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) experiment examining the pitch, perceived repetition rate, and urgency of sounds. The data obtained from the pitch and perceived repetition rate conditions indicate that the spectral dimensions determine the pitch of sounds and the temporal dimensions determine the perceived repetition rate of sounds. The data obtained from the urgency conditions indicate all four dimensions influence urgency and frequency is the most salient.
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Umemoto, Takao. "The Psychological Structure of Music." Music Perception 8, no. 2 (1990): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285492.
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Music is rich in information that can be processed along different dimensions. Four types of musical dimensions that correspond to different levels of perception and cognition are discussed: (1) the dimension of sound, (2) the dimensions of melody, rhythm, and harmony, (3) the dimension of compositional structure, and (4) the dimension of compositional content. These psychological dimensions of music, and the psychological activities relevant to these dimensions, depend highly on context and on schema. Thus the four types of musical dimensions are not independent, but interact with each other. Some evidence from new research on the sense of pitch deviation, the sense of fitness of timbre to melody, and similarity and octave judgments referring to the problem of wording are discussed.
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Monahan, Caroline B., and Edward C. Carterette. "Pitch and Duration as Determinants of Musical Space." Music Perception 3, no. 1 (1985): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285320.
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In an experiment aimed at assessing dimensional properties of musical space, musicians rated the similarity of pairs of brief melodies on a 9-point scale. From our review of previous work, we hypothesized (1) that pitch variables would be considered more important than time or rhythmic variables by our subjects and (2) that the metrical consonance of pitch and duration patterns would generate a factor related to pattern regularity in listeners' musical space. Four melodies and their inversions were played in each of four rhythmic patterns (anapestic, dactylic, iambic, and trochaic) for a total of 1024 pattern pairs. Both multidimensional scaling and cluster analyses of similarity showed that at least five dimensions were needed for a good accounting of the perceptual space of these melodies. Surprisingly, the major dimensions found were rhythmic: (1) duple or triple rhythm, (2) accent first or last, and (3) iambic-dactylic versus trochaic-anapestic. Other dimensions were (4) rising or falling pitch and (5) the number of pitch—contour inflections. The tendency to rate patterns on the basis of time or rhythm (Dimensions I, II, and III) was negatively correlated with the tendency to rate patterns on the basis of pitch (Dimensions IV and V). It could not be determined whether this result depends on cognitive processing limitations, attention, or preferences. No factor was found that related to pattern regularity as we defined it.
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Malone, Shane, Kieran D. Collins, and Dominic A. Doran. "The running performance and estimated energy cost of hurling specific small-sided games." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 11, no. 6 (November 2, 2016): 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954116676112.
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The current study examined the extent to which pitch dimensions can influence the physical and estimated energetic demands of hurling small-sided games. Training data ( n = 990) were collected from 24 (age 25.5 ± 3.2 years; height 178.9 ± 3.2 cm; body mass 78.5 ± 4.5 kg) hurling players using 4-Hz global positioning system technology (VX Sport, Lower Hutt, New Zealand). Total distance (m), high-speed running distance (m; ≥ 17 km/h), very high-speed running distance (m; ≥ 22 km/h), total accelerations ( n), acceleration distance (m), peak and mean velocity (km/h) were considered. In addition changes in velocity were analysed by assessing the acceleration actions during SSG. This allowed for the assessment of estimated energy expenditure (kJ/kg) and the equivalent distance covered a different metabolic power thresholds. The main findings show that traditional speed-based data increased as pitch dimensions were increased ( p = 0.002; d = 4.53 ± 0.46; very large). Furthermore, as relative player area increased there was an increase in estimated energy expenditure ( p = 0.004; d = 2. 16 ± 0.20; very large) and average metabolic power metrics ( p = 0.002; d = 1.13 ± 0.46; moderate). Distances covered at metabolic power categories (TP) increased with small-sided games pitch dimension ( p = 0.002; d = 0.3 ± 0.06; small). The study enables coaches to better understand the physical demands imposed on players during specific hurling small-sided games pitch dimensions, and highlights that traditional speed-based data underestimate the running demands of small-sided games.
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Melara, Robert D., and Lawrence E. Marks. "Interaction among auditory dimensions: Timbre, pitch, and loudness." Perception & Psychophysics 48, no. 2 (March 1990): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03207084.
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Krishnan, Ananthanarayan, Jayaganesh Swaminathan, and Jackson T. Gandour. "Experience-dependent Enhancement of Linguistic Pitch Representation in the Brainstem Is Not Specific to a Speech Context." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 6 (June 2009): 1092–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21077.
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Neural representation of pitch is influenced by lifelong experiences with music and language at both cortical and subcortical levels of processing. The aim of this article is to determine whether neural plasticity for pitch representation at the level of the brainstem is dependent upon specific dimensions of pitch contours that commonly occur as part of a native listener's language experience. Brainstem frequency following responses (FFRs) were recorded from Chinese and English participants in response to four Mandarin tonal contours presented in a nonspeech context in the form of iterated rippled noise. Pitch strength (whole contour, 250 msec; 40-msec segments) and pitch-tracking accuracy (whole contour) were extracted from the FFRs using autocorrelation algorithms. Narrow band spectrograms were used to extract spectral information. Results showed that the Chinese group exhibits smoother pitch tracking than the English group in three out of the four tones. Moreover, cross-language comparisons of pitch strength of 40-msec segments revealed that the Chinese group exhibits more robust pitch representation of those segments containing rapidly changing pitch movements across all four tones. FFR spectral data were complementary showing that the Chinese group exhibits stronger representation of multiple pitch-relevant harmonics relative to the English group across all four tones. These findings support the view that at early preattentive stages of subcortical processing, neural mechanisms underlying pitch representation are shaped by particular dimensions of the auditory stream rather than speech per se. Adopting a temporal correlation analysis scheme for pitch encoding, we propose that long-term experience sharpens the tuning characteristics of neurons along the pitch axis with enhanced sensitivity to linguistically relevant variations in pitch.
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Clemente, Filipe Manuel, Adam Owen, Jaime Serra-Olivares, Acácio Correia, João Bernardo Sequeiros, Frutuoso GM Silva, and Fernando Manuel Lourenço Martins. "The effects of large-sided soccer training games and pitch size manipulation on time–motion profile, spatial exploration and surface area: Tactical opportunities." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 232, no. 2 (August 7, 2017): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337117722658.
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Analysis of the physical, technical and physiological variations induced through the use of different soccer game formats have been widely discussed. However, the coaching justification for the specific use of certain game formats based on individual and collective spatial awareness is unclear. As a result, the purpose of this study was to analyze 11 versus 11 game formats conducted across two pitch sizes (half-size: 54 m × 68 m vs full-size: 108 m × 68 m) to identify effects of time–motion profiles, individual exploration behavior and collective organization. A total of 10 amateur soccer players from the same team (23.39 ± 3.91 years old) participated in this study. Data position of the players was used to calculate the spatial exploration index and the surface area. Distances covered in different speeds were used to observe the time–motion profile. The full-size pitch dimensions significantly contributed to greater distances covered via running (3.86–5.52 m s−1) and sprinting (>5.52 m s−1). Total distance and number of sprints were also significantly greater in the full-size pitch as compared to the half-size pitch. The surface area covered by the team (half-size pitch: 431.83 m2 vs full-size pitch: 589.14 m2) was significantly larger in the full-size pitch condition. However, the reduced half-size pitch significantly contributed to a greater individual spatial exploration. Results of this study suggest that running and sprinting activities increase when large, full-size pitch dimensions are utilized. Smaller surface area half-size pitch contributes to a better exploration of the pitch measured by spatial exploration index while maintaining adequate surface area coverage by the team. In conclusion, the authors suggest that the small half-size pitch is more appropriate for low-intensity training sessions and field exploration for players in different positions. Alternatively, the large full-size pitch is more appropriate for greater physically demanding training sessions with players focused on positional tactical behavior.
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Zraick, Richard I., Julie M. Liss, Michael F. Dorman, James L. Case, Leonard L. LaPointe, and Stephen P. Beals. "Multidimensional Scaling of Nasal Voice Quality." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 43, no. 4 (August 2000): 989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4304.989.
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Listeners judged the dissimilarity of pairs of synthesized nasal voices that varied on 3 dimensions. Separate nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) solutions were calculated for each listener and the group. Similar 3-dimensional solutions were derived for the group and each of the listeners, with the group MDS solution accounting for 83% of the total variance in listeners' judgments. Dimension 1 ("Nasality") accounted for 54% of the variance, Dimension 2 ("Loudness") for 18% of the variance, and Dimension 3 ("Pitch") for 11% of the variance. The 3 dimensions were significantly and positively correlated with objective measures of nasalization, intensity, and fundamental frequency. The results of this experiment are discussed in relation to other MDS studies of voice perception, and there is a discussion of methodological issues for future research.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pitch dimensions"
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Gerdsen, Willy. "Investigating suitable pitch sizes for young football players in New Zealand." Click here to access this resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/399.
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Whilst smaller pitches have become the norm in junior football, they may still be too large for certain ages and levels of skill. To date there has been no research into the relationships between size of the pitch and the technical kicking ability (distance and accuracy) of young players (8 - 14 years of age). The purpose of this investigation was to examine variables that influence actual kicking distance and accuracy and also to measure what differences in play behaviour (passing and dribbling) emerge from self-selected changes in pitch size for different age groups (9 and 10 years of age). Data were collected on 120 (N=120) junior football players: Playing experience (M=2.85 years, SD=2.56), Height (M=1.44 m, SD=1.08), Weight (M=37.8 kg, SD=7.69), Lengths of lower limbs (knee/ankle: M=35.54 cm, SD=4.27; hip/knee: M=35.54 cm, SD=5.25), Step lengths (M=37.66 cm, SD=8.693), Estimated kicking distance (M=31.13 m, SD=16.63). Participants performed a series of three kicks along the ground, using the inside of the foot, and aiming for a target (25 m away). The distance (M=18.04 m; SD=6.56) and accuracy (M=8.32 m; SD=4.38) of each kick were measured. The children (9 and 10 years of age) were then assigned to teams and asked to construct a small-sided game on two different pitch sizes. The first pitch size used was the recommended regulation size. The second pitch size was self-selected by the players. Any changes to the playing dimensions (e.g., width of the pitch) and playing behaviours (e.g., total number of passes, dribbling) were measured and analysed. Kicking distance is best predicted by the player’s height (20.0%, P < 0.000), or a combination of the player’s height and estimated kicking distance (30.0%, P = 0.002). Kicking accuracy can be attributed to the influence of the player’s step lengths (8.1%, P = 0.016) and both their step lengths and estimated kicking distance (15.1%, P = 0.020). Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that the increase in pitch size (18.5% and 25%) resulted in a greater amount of dribbling (63% and 33%) and passing (12%). In general, our results support the idea that young children in New Zealand should be playing on a pitch and at a skill level which matches their football abilities. Grouping young players on a pitch according to their physical (e.g., height) and technical kicking ability (e.g., distance, accuracy) instead of their chronological age, seems to be the key factor to any other set of proposals. The findings of this thesis have important messages that could enhance the effectiveness of coaching, competitive game-play (pitch sizes) and consequently performance at all junior levels of football in New Zealand. Further research should manipulate the number of players per team to see if this factor affects competitive game-play in junior football. Additionally, the mean distances maintained between players in the same team (team-mates) during game play needs to be considered (with regard to the ‘beehive effect’). Further studies should examine different age groups of equivalent skill level and assess their performance in relation to their technical kicking ability on different pitches.
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Zhen, Yi. "Numerical Simulation of Dropped Cylindrical Objects into Water in Two Dimensions (2D)." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2018. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2568.
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The dropped objects are identified as one of the top ten causes of fatalities and serious injuries in the oil and gas industry. It is of importance to understand dynamics of dropped objects under water in order to accurately predict the motion of dropped objects and protect the underwater structures and facilities from being damaged. In this thesis, we study nondimensionalization of dynamic equations of dropped cylindrical objects. Nondimensionalization helps to reduce the number of free parameters, identify the relative size of effects of parameters, and gain a deeper insight of the essential nature of dynamics of dropped cylindrical objects under water. The resulting simulations of dimensionless trajectory confirms that drop angle, trailing edge and drag coefficient have the significant effects on dynamics of trajectories and landing location of dropped cylindrical objects under water.
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Choudhury, Abhishek. "Chip-last embedded low temperature interconnections with chip-first dimensions." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37104.
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Small form-factor packages with high integration density are driving the innovations in chip-to-package interconnections. Metallurgical interconnections have evolved from the conventional eutectic and lead-free solders to fine pitch copper pillars with lead-free solder cap. However, scaling down the bump pitch below 50-80µm and increasing the interconnect density with this approach creates a challenge in terms of accurate solder mask lithography and joint reliability with low stand-off heights. Going beyond the state of the art flip-chip interconnection technology to achieve ultra-fine bump pitch and high reliability requires a fundamentally- different approach towards highly functional and integrated systems. This research demonstrates a low-profile copper-to-copper interconnect material and process approach with less than 20µm total height using adhesive bonding at lower temperature than other state-of-the-art methods. The research focuses on: (1) exploring a novel solution for ultra-fine pitch (< 30µm) interconnections, (2) advanced materials and assembly process for copper-to-copper interconnections, and (3) design, fabrication and characterization of test vehicles for reliability and failure analysis of the interconnection.
This research represents the first demonstration of ultra-fine pitch Cu-to-Cu interconnection below 200°C using non-conductive film (NCF) as an adhesive to achieve bonding between silicon die and organic substrate. The fabrication process optimization and characterization of copper bumps, NCF and build-up substrate was performed as a part of the study. The test vehicles were studied for mechanical reliability performance under unbiased highly accelerated stress test (U-HAST), high temperature storage (HTS) and thermal shock test (TST). This robust interconnect scheme was also shown to perform well with different die sizes, die thicknesses and with embedded dies. A simple and reliable, low-cost and low-temperature direct Cu-Cu bonding was demonstrated offering a potential solution for future flip chip packages as well as with chip-last embedded active devices in organic substrates.
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Emmert, Antonia C. "Visual and proprioceptive inputs on spatial orientation in the pitch dimension." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27334.
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Olds, Shana D. "Modeling and LQR Control of a Two-Dimensional Airfoil." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36668.
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In this paper we develop a mathematical model of a two-dimensional aeroelastic airfoil. This model is used to design a flutter suppression controller. Flutter is a vibration in a wing caused by airstream energy being absorbed by the lifting surface. Flutter increases with increasing speed. For simplicity, we consider a flat plate in a two-dimensional flow. The model is developed in the frequency domain and then transformed into the time domain. The uncontrolled model is numerically simulated using MATLAB. Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) theory is used to design a state feedback controller. The LQR control scheme consists of using a full state feedback controller of the form u=-Kx, where K is a control gain matrix. The goal is to use LQR theory to supress flutter and to maintain stability of the closed loop system.Master of Science
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Wang, Tianyu Tom. "Exploiting pitch dynamics for speech spectral estimation using a two-dimensional processing framework." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43067.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-135).
This thesis addresses the problem of obtaining an accurate spectral representation of speech formant structure when the voicing source exhibits a high fundamental frequency. Our work is inspired by auditory perception and physiological modeling studies implicating the use of temporal changes in speech by humans. Specifically, we develop and evaluate signal processing schemes that exploit temporal change of pitch as a basis for high-pitch formant estimation. As part of our development, we assess the source-filter separation capabilities of several two-dimensional processing schemes that utilize both standard spectrographic and auditory-based time-frequency representations. Our methods show quantitative improvements under certain conditions over representations derived from traditional and homomorphic linear prediction. We conclude by highlighting potential benefits of our framework in the particular application of speaker recognition with preliminary results indicating a performance gender-gap closure on subsets of the TIMIT corpus.
by Tianyu Tom Wang.
S.M.
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Starr, Gary Earl. "Auditory short-term memory timbre and pitch : interference effects from grouping and same-dimension similarity /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487940308433416.
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Ramachandran, Koushik. "Conductive anodic filament reliability of fine-pitch through-vias in organic packaging substrates." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50228.
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This research reports for the first time conductive anodic filament reliability of copper plated-through-vias with spacing of 75 – 200 µm in thin glass fiber reinforced organic packaging substrates with advanced epoxy-based and cyclo-olefin polymer resin systems. Reliability studies were conducted in halogenated and halogen-free substrates with improved test structure designs including different conductor spacing and geometry. Accelerated test condition (temperature, humidity and DC bias voltage) was used to investigate the effect of conductor spacing and substrate material influence on insulation reliability behavior. Characterization studies included gravimetric measurement of moisture sorption, extractable ion content analysis, electrical resistance measurement, impedance spectroscopy measurement, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis and elemental characterization using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The accelerated test results and characterization studies indicated a strong dependence of insulation failures on substrate material system, conductor spacing and geometry. This study presents advancements in the understanding of failure processes and chemical nature of failures in fine-pitch copper plated-through-vias in newly developed organic substrates and demonstrates potential methods to mitigate failures for high density organic packages.
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Channon, Scott William. "One and two dimensional studies of the collisionless large Larmor radius Z pinch." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326160.
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Honrao, Chinmay. "Fine-pitch Cu-snag die-to-die and die-to-interposer interconnections using advanced slid bonding." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50333.
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Multi-chip integration with emerging technologies such as a 3D IC stack or 2.5D interposer is primarily enabled by the off-chip interconnections. The I/O density, speed and bandwidth requirements for emerging mobile and high-performance systems are projected to drive the interconnection pitch to less than 20 microns by 2015. A new class of low-temperature, low-pressure, high-throughput, cost-effective and maufacturable technologies are needed to enable such fine-pitch interconnections.
A range of interconnection technologies are being pursued to achieve these fine-pitch interconnections, most notably direct Cu-Cu interconnections and copper pillars with solder caps. Direct Cu-Cu bonding has been a target in the semiconductor industry due to the high electrical and thermal conductivity of copper, its high current-carrying capability and compatibility with CMOS BEOL processes. However, stringent coplanarity requirements and high temperature and high pressure bonding needed for assembly have been the major barriers for this technology.
Copper-solder interconnection technology has therefore become the main workhouse for off-chip interconnections, and has recently been demonstrated at pitches as low as 40 microns. However, the current interconnection approaches using copper-solder structures are not scalable to finer feature sizes due to electromigration, and reliability issues arising with decreased solder content. Solid Liquid Inter-Diffusion (SLID) bonding is a promising solution to achieve ultra-fine-pitch and ultra-short interconnections with a copper-solder system, as it relies on the conversion of the entire solder volume into thermally-stable and highly electromigration-resistant intermetallics with no residual solder. Such a complete conversion of solders to stable intermetallics, however, relies on a long assembly time or a subsequent post-annealing process.
To achieve pitches lower than 30 micron pitch, this research aims to study two ultra-short copper-solder interconnection approaches: (i) copper pillar and solder cap technology, and (ii) a novel technology which will enable interconnections with improved electrical performance by fast and complete conversion of solders to stable intermetallics (IMCs) using Solid Liquid Diffusion (SLID) bonding approach. SLID bonding, being a liquid state diffusion process, combined with a novel, alternate layered copper-solder bump structure, leads to higher diffusion rates and a much faster conversion of solder to IMCs. Moreover this assembly bonding is done at a much lower temperature and pressure as compared to that used for Cu-Cu interconnections.
FEM was used to study the effect of various assembly and bump-design characteristics on the post-assembly stress distribution in the ultra-short copper-solder joints, and design guidelines were evolved based on these results. Test vehicles, based on these guidelines, were designed and fabricated at 50 and 100 micron pitch for experimental analysis. The bumping process was optimized, and the effect of current density on the solder composition, bump-height non-uniformity and surface morphology of the deposited solder were studied. Ultra-short interconnections formed using the copper pillar and solder cap technology were characterized.
A novel multi-layered copper-solder stack was designed based on diffusion modeling to optimize the bump stack configuration for high-throughput conversion to stable Cu3Sn intermetallic. Following this modeling, a novel bumping process with alternating copper and tin plating layers to predesigned thicknesses was then developed to fabricate the interconnection structure. Alternate layers of copper and tin were electroplated on a blanket wafer, as a first demonstration of this stack-technology. Dies with copper-solder test structures were bonded using SLID bonding to validate the formation of stable intermetallics.
Books on the topic "Pitch dimensions"
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Goss, Ralph. Goss's roofing ready reckoner: Metric dimensions for timber roofs of any span and pitch. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.
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Goss, Ralph. Roofing ready reckoner: Metric and imperial dimensions for timber roofs of any span and pitch. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2001.
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Miller, Rex. Audel automated machines and toolmaking. 5th ed. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley, 2004.
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Miller, Rex. Audel Automated Machines and Toolmaking. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2004.
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Emmert, Antonia c. Visual and proprioceptive inputs on spatial orientation in the pitch dimension. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1989.
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Tenney, James. The Several Dimensions of Pitch. Edited by Larry Polansky, Lauren Pratt, Robert Wannamaker, and Michael Winter. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038723.003.0017.
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James Tenney explains the different mechanisms behind the simultaneous and consecutive relationships between pitches using ideas from evolution and neurocognition. He suggests that there are two different aspects of pitch perception and that one of those aspects can also be thought of as multidimensional. In considering such fundamental questions regarding the nature of auditory perception, Tenney refers to the evolution of hearing and considers two complementary if not contradictory things: distinguish between or among sounds issuing from different sound sources, and recognize when two or more sounds—though different—actually arise from a single sound source. The first mechanism is the basis for what Tenney calls the contour aspect of contour aspect of contour pitch perception. The other aspect of pitch perception has to do with the temporal ordering of the neural information. Tenney concludes by proposing a psychoacoustic explanation for contour formation based on the ear's temporal processing.
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Washburn, The Brothers. Pitch Green (Dimensions in Death Book 1). Jolly Fish Press, 2017.
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Mindham, C. N., and R. Goss. Roofing Ready Reckoner: Metric and Imperial Dimensions for Timber Roofs of Any Span and Pitch. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.
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Malawey, Victoria. A Blaze of Light in Every Word. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190052201.001.0001.
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A Blaze of Light in Every Word presents a conceptual model for analyzing vocal delivery in popular song recordings focused on three overlapping areas of inquiry: pitch, prosody, and quality. The domain of pitch, which refers to listeners’ perceptions of frequency, considers range, tessitura, intonation, and registration. Prosody, the pacing and flow of delivery, comprises phrasing, metric placement, motility, embellishment, and consonantal articulation. Qualitative elements include timbre, phonation, onset, resonance, clarity, paralinguistic effects, and loudness. Intersecting all three domains is the area of technological mediation, which considers how external technologies, such as layering, overdubbing, pitch modification, recording transmission, compression, reverb, spatial placement, delay, and other electronic effects, impact voice in recorded music. Though the book focuses primarily on the sonic and material aspects of vocal delivery, it situates these aspects among broader cultural, philosophical, and anthropological approaches to voice with the goal to better understand the relationship between sonic content and its signification. Drawing upon transcription and spectrographic analysis as the primary means of representation, as well as modes of analysis, this book features in-depth analyses of a wide array of popular song recordings spanning genres from indie rock to hip-hop to death metal, develops analytical tools for understanding how individual dimensions make singing voices both complex and unique, and synthesizes how multiple aspects interact to better understand the multidimensionality of singing voices.
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Spence, Charles. Questioning the Continuity Claim. Edited by Ophelia Deroy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688289.003.0011.
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Many researchers argue or accept that crossmodal matchings or mappings, such as those that exist between pitch and brightness, and canonical cases of conscious synaesthesia lie at the two ends of a continuum. This chapter raises problems for this continuity claim regarding (i) the distribution of conscious manifestations, and (ii) the dimensions along which this continuum should be organized. It reviews possible candidate dimensions, including the degree of vividness, frequency, specificity of the conscious manifestation, and control over its content, and shows that evidence of the expected distribution is absent for all of these continua. Although a crude distinction between conscious and non-conscious might not be sufficient to separate synaesthesia from crossmodal correspondences, the conscious manifestations that characterize synaesthesia cannot be reconciled with other occasional occurrences of mental imagery documented for crossmodal correspondences.
Book chapters on the topic "Pitch dimensions"
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Hu, Hanlin, and David Gerhard. "Modelling 4-Dimensional Tonal Pitch Spaces with Hopf Fibration." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 142–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70210-6_10.
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Bilbao, L., and D. Grondona. "Numerical Study of the First Compression of a Two-Dimensional Pinch." In Plasma Physics, 451–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4758-3_52.
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Martorell, Agustín, and Emilia Gómez. "Two-Dimensional Visual Inspection of Pitch-Space, Many Time-Scales and Tonal Uncertainty over Time." In Mathematics and Computation in Music, 140–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21590-2_11.
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"Pitch dimensions, boundaries and layouts." In Stadium and Arena Design, 229–34. ICE Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/saad.57906.229.
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Deutsch, Diana. "Strange Loops and Circular Tones." In Musical Illusions and Phantom Words, 61–70. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190206833.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 explores a class of musical illusions and paradoxes that involve the circular dimension of pitch. Pitch can be described in terms of two dimensions. The first is called pitch height, which can be experienced by sweeping one’s hand from left to right up a piano keyboard. The second is a circular dimension known as pitch class, which defines the position of a tone within the octave. Circularity effects in music are analogous to many of the visual works of M. C. Escher, and have been employed in music for hundreds of years. However, with the advent of computer music, striking pitch circularities became possible. The circular scales invented by Roger Shepard (based on Shepard tones) and circular glides invented by Jean-Claude Risset are explored. These remarkable illusions of ever-increasing (or ever-decreasing) pitch are presented as sound examples. They have powerful emotional effects, and their influence in musical compositions, such as the soundtracks and sound design of The Dark Knight and Dunkirk, is described. A new way of producing pitch circularity, which was invented by the author, is also discussed. This new algorithm can be used with natural instrument sounds, and so opens the door to new compositional opportunities.
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Rehding, Alexander. "Opelt’s Siren and the Technologies of Musical Hearing." In Testing Hearing, 131–58. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197511121.003.0006.
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Friedrich Wilhelm Opelt (1794–1863) proposed a revolutionary music theory based on the recursive features of human hearing. Opelt based his theory on a recent invention, Charles Cagniard de la Tour’s mechanical siren (1819), which he expanded and improved. Cagniard’s model consists of a metal disk with holes in regular intervals that, when set in rotation and with air blown through them, produce a series of air puffs. Once their pulsation increases above 20Hz, this pulse is heard as a continuous, rising pitch. Opelt employed this device to test the properties of hearing against the parameters of music: he noted that more complex patterns of holes translate into intervals, chords, and harmonies and showed that every pitch event can be translated into a corresponding rhythmic event. Pitch and rhythm may be different perceptual parameters, but physically, they are both temporal events, which merely inhabit different dimensions of the time axis.
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Malawey, Victoria. "Quality." In A Blaze of Light in Every Word, 94–125. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190052201.003.0004.
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Similar to what several researchers in the early 1980s dubbed “sonance,” quality comprises more than just timbre, including also intensity, harmonic spectrum, phonation, and changes in sound. Multiple dimensions—including timbre, phonation, onset, resonance, clarity, paralinguistic effects, and loudness—create a singer’s individual vocal quality. Songs recorded and re-recorded by Lucas Silveira demonstrate the dynamic aspects associated with an ever-evolving vocal quality due to the artist’s having undergone hormone replacement therapy. The concept of quality is framed in terms of three different orientations—the physiological, acoustic, and perceptual—all of which are essential to understanding qualitative aspects of vocal delivery, more so than aspects in the domains of pitch and prosody. While sonic markers of identities are fluid social constructions rather than static essential attributes, this chapter considers how qualitative elements may signify artists’ identities and genre.
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Haroutounian, Joanne. "Reflections." In Kindling the Spark. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195129489.003.0013.
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The Grand Canyon scene from chapter one seems a distant memory now that we have examined the perspectives of musical talent from experts across different fields. A synthesis of the ideas gleaned from these opening chapters can be embodied once again in that scene and those four friends. The scientific examiner searches beneath the surface for answers. He analyzes the inner core, piece by piece. The psychometricians who systematically refine the measurement of the capacities of music aptitude believe in analyzing the sensory core of musical talent. From this scientific perspective, we learn that the talented musician listens carefully and can discriminate differences in sound. Music aptitude describes the basic capacities that provide this keen discrimination. A musically talented person is fine-tuned in awareness and differentiation of pitch, rhythm, dynamics, and timbre. Our environmental observer searches for answers revealed in surrounding influences and changes over the course of time. She is more concerned with examining how the ongoing flux and flow transforms the whole. The developmental psychologists who examine music intelligence agree that music aptitude is the sensory base of musical talent. However, there is much more to consider and explore. How do these sensory capacities function while engaged in real musical tasks? What tasks can instill metaperceptive functioning as the child develops? From the perspective of the cognitive developmental psychologist, we learn that musical intelligence is a perceptive/cognitive unique way of knowing. The musically talented student develops musical intelligence by solving challenging musical problems that inventively work across the dimensions of performance, composing, improvisation, listening, and critiquing musical work. Our photographer captures the scene through an artistic eye, ever searching for a personal way to interpret this experience to others through his art form. Many hours are spent in the darkroom working through this creative process. With persistence, time, and focus, that personal visual statement will emerge. The performer realizes musical talent through the same artistic process, with the same persistence, focus, and hours of practice.
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"Baseball pitch classification: A Bayesian method and dimension reduction investigation." In IAENG Transactions on Engineering Sciences, 403–10. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16763-44.
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"Theoretical Bases of the Use of Solar Concentrating Modules With Louvered Heliostats." In Solar Concentrating Modules With Louvered Heliostats, 44–73. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4276-7.ch002.
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A functional relationship was obtained linking the position of the Sun, the step of the mirror lamellae of the heliostat, and their orientation to ensure zero blocking and shading losses in the louvered heliostat. Based on the consideration of a three-dimensional problem, the algorithm for calculating the passage of sunlight through the mirror surface of the lamellae and parabolic cylinder allows calculating the flux of solar radiation on the receiving surface of the solar concentrator. An algorithm for controlling lamellar heliostat mirror lamellas has been developed that significantly increases the efficiency of a solar concentrator—using a louvre heliostat with a constant lamella pitch is equivalent to increasing the angular aperture of the concentrator from 26° to 70° without reducing the concentration ratio.
Conference papers on the topic "Pitch dimensions"
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Lintfert, Britta, and Wolfgang Wokurek. "Voice quality dimensions of pitch accents." In Interspeech 2005. ISCA: ISCA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2005-48.
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Hu, Shuangshuang, Ao Chen, and Rene Kager. "Influence of pitch dimensions on non-native tone perception by Dutch and Mandarin listeners." In TAL2018, Sixth International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages. ISCA: ISCA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/tal.2018-51.
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Jung, Alexander R., Jürgen F. Mayer, and Heinz Stetter. "Simulation of 3D-Unsteady Stator/Rotor Interaction in Turbomachinery Stages of Arbitrary Pitch Ratio." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-069.
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This paper presents a computational method for the calculation of unsteady three-dimensional viscous flow in turbo-machinery stages. The method is based on a Finite-Volume Navier-Stokes solver for structured grids in a multiblock topology. The meshes at the stator/rotor interface are overlapped by two grid cells. An implicit residual smoothing method applicable to global time-stepping is used to accelerate the solution process. The problem of periodic boundary treatment for unequal pitches is handled using a method of time-inclined computational domains for three dimensions. The method applies a time transformation to the stator domain and to the rotor domain and uses different time-steps in the two domains. The results of a numerical simulation of the flow in a transonic turbine stage with a pitch ratio of 1.364 are presented. The time-averaged solution is compared to experimental data and satisfactory agreement is stated. Complex 3D-unsteady flow phenomena (shock motion, vortex shedding) are observed. Unsteady blade pressure fluctuations at various positions in spanwise direction are shown and the fluctuations are found to vary considerably along span. Instantaneous distributions of static pressure, Mach number, and entropy are presented.
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Sahray, D., H. Shmueli, N. Segal, G. Ziskind, and R. Letan. "Effect of Fin Pitch and Height on Pin-Fin Heat Sink Performance." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59225.
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In the present work, horizontal-base pin fin heat sinks exposed to free convection in air are studied. They are made of aluminum, and there is no contact resistance between the base and the fins. The sinks have the same base dimensions whereas the fin height and pitch vary. The fins have a constant square cross-section. The effect of fin height and pitch on the performance of the sink is studied experimentally and numerically. In the experiments, the heat sinks are heated using foil electrical heaters. The heat input is set, and temperatures of the base and fins are measured. In the corresponding numerical study, the sinks and their environment are modeled using the Fluent 6.3 software. The results show that heat transfer enhancement due to the fins is not monotonic. The differences between sparsely and densely populated sinks are analyzed for various fin heights.
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Thiagarajan, K. P., M. T. Morris-Thomas, and A. Spargo. "Heave and Pitch Response of an Offshore Platform With Air Cushion Support in Shallow Water." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51469.
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Model tests were conducted on two 1:100 scaled models of a typical concrete gravity substructure at the University of Western Australia. The two models had dimensions 0.5m length × 0.5m width with the first model being a sealed closed bottom box of height 0.1m and the second model being an open bottom box with skirt length of 0.1m. The open bottom model had the capacity to hold an air cushion with dimensions 0.49m width × 0.49m length × 0.08m height. Each model was floated at a constant draft of 0.1m and tested in water depths ranging between 0.03m (shallow) and 0.8m (deep). The environment comprised of regular waves with periods ranging between 0.6s and 3.5s and amplitude of 0.08m–0.02m. To quantify the dynamic response the heave and pitch motion of each model were measured. The model test results were compared with a theoretical solution based on long wavelength, linear wave assumptions applied to a box shaped floating vessel without an internal free surface. Results show that experimental trends compare reasonably well with analytical solution. Added mass values were predicted from heave and pitch decay tests. The results show that introducing air cushion support into a CGS increases the pitch response, while having little effect of the heave motion. The theory is also used to delineate regions of safe and unsafe tow-out operations of the air cushion structure.
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Mita, Jonathan R., Weilin Qu, and Frank E. Pfefferkorn. "Numerical Study of the Endwall Effects on Water Single-Phase Pressure Drop Across a Circular Micro-Pin-Fin Array." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65603.
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This paper presents a numerical study of pressure drop associated with water liquid single-phase flow across an array of staggered micro-pin-fins having circular cross-section. The numerical simulations were validated against previously obtained experimental results using an array of staggered circular micro-pin-fins having the following dimensions: 180 micron diameter and 683 micron height. The longitudinal pitch and transverse pitch of the micro-pin-fins are equal to 399 microns. The effects of endwalls on pressure drop characteristics were then explored numerically. Six different micro-pin-fin height to diameter ratios were studied with seven different Reynolds numbers. All simulations were performed at room temperature (23°C). It was seen that for any given Reynolds number, as the pin height to diameter ratio increased, the pressure drop and resulting non-dimensional friction factor decreased.
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Weiss, Michael T., and Roderick E. Kleiss. "Assuring Molded Accuracy of Plastic Involute Worm Gears." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34155.
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Many plastic geared transmissions contain crossed-axis worm drives in the first stage. The purpose is usually to achieve high reduction and/or tailored package size. The need for precision control of worm and helical gear geometry is just as important for this gear mesh as for any other. A myriad of molded flaws can degrade or destroy the performance of these gears. Pitch, tooth thickness, and lead errors are only a few possibilities. Barrel shaped, tapered, or hourglass bodies must be identified and controlled. Asymmetrical teeth are a distinct possibility as well. The only proper way to detect and evaluate these conditions is to scan and analyze these gears in three dimensions. The traditional method of scanning only one section of the tooth on a worm and then scanning the lead at the pitch line will not reveal many molded gear error sources. Measuring pitch or tooth thickness by taking single point measurements around the gear will also miss many errors. We have developed scanning and analysis techniques to accurately map the size and accuracy of these truly three-dimensional involute gear shapes.
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Torunbalci, Mustafa Mert, Said Emre Alper, and Tayfun Akin. "Die size reduction by optimizing the dimensions of the vertical feedthrough pitch and sealing area in the advanced MEMS (aMEMS) process." In 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (ISISS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isiss.2015.7102380.
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Hansen, Nicholas, Ivan Catton, and Feng Zhou. "Heat Sink Optimization: A Multi-Parameter Optimization Problem." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22968.
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Earlier efforts to optimize a simple pin fin heat sink only considered in line or rotated square configurations, a six or seven parameter problem. In this work, a staggered non-square array, two pitch dimensions, with non-circular pin cross-section are added to the heat sink description. The effects of optimizing fin eccentricity and pitch have both been shown to enhance the convective heat transfer as well as to increase the required pumping power thereby contributing to the performance. To optimize, the full conjugate problem must be solved. Volume averaging theory (VAT) is used to rigorously cast the point-wise conservation of energy, momentum and mass equations into a form that represents the thermal and hydraulic properties of the channel morphology. With a VAT based model, multiple heat sinks can be analyzed quickly while being able to change all dimensions. Using commercial software, S-Matrix Corporation’s DOE Fusion, a multi-parameter pin fin heat sink is optimized.
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Pirbastami, Sogol, and Samir Moujaes. "Effect of Groove Dimension on Thermal Performance of Turbulent Fluid Flow in Internally Grooved Tube." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66236.
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A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study of heat enhancement in helically grooved tubes was carried out by using a 3-dimensional simulation with the STARCCM+ simulation package software. The k-ε model selected for turbulent flow simulation and the governing equations were solved by using the finite volume method. Geometric models of the current study include 3 rectangular grooved tubes with different groove width (w) and depth (e) which varies from 0.2 mm to 0.6 mm for the same tube length of 2.0m and diameter of 7.1 mm. The simulations were performed in the Reynolds number (Re) range of 4000–10000 with a uniform wall heat flux of 3150 w/m2 applied as a boundary condition on the surface of each tube. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of different groove dimensions on the thermal performance and pressure drop of water inside the grooved tubes and clarify the structural nature of the flow in regards to flow swirl and turbulent kinetic energy distributions. It was found that the highest performance belongs to the groove with these dimensions (w = 0.2 mm and e = 0.2 mm) which was considered for further study. Then, for these same groove dimensions four pitch size to tube diameter (p/D) ratios ranging from 1 to 18 were simulated for the same 2.0 m length tube. The results for Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f) showed that by increasing the (p/D) ratio both the Nu numbers and the friction factors (f) values decrease. With a smaller pitch length (p) the turbulence intensity generated by the internal groove was also found to increase. The physical behavior of the turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics were observed by contour plots which showed an increasing swirl flow and turbulent kinetic energy as p/D decreases. With an increase of the Nu number for smaller p/D ratio, a penalty of a higher pressure drop was obtained. The results were validated with a previous experimental work and the average error between the experimental and CFD Nu numbers and f were 13% and 8% respectively. A higher level of turbulent kinetic energy is observed near the grooves, as compared to the smooth areas of the pipe surface away from the grooves, which are expected to lead to higher levels of heat transfer. The effect of pitch length (p) on the flow pattern were plotted by streamlines along the tubes, by decreasing the pitch size (p/D ratio) an increase in the swirl is noticed as evidenced by the plots of the path lines. Finally, empirical correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor were provided as a function of p/D and Re number. This study indicates that the incorporation of the internal groove, of particular dimensions, can lead to an improvement of performance in heat exchanger devices. A limited variation of the groove dimensions was conducted and it was found that the values of Nu and f do not improve with an increase of (w) nor with that of (e) from 0.2–0.6 mm.