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Journal articles on the topic "Pit toilet"
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Rao, Sudhakar M., and R. Malini. "Use of permeable reactive barrier to mitigate groundwater nitrate contamination from on-site sanitation." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.159.
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Nearly 50% of India's population depends on variants of pit-toilet systems for human waste disposal. Nitrate contamination of groundwater by pit-toilet leachate is a major environmental concern in the country as it sources a major proportion (50–80%) of potable water from aquifers. Therefore, minimizing nitrate contamination of groundwater due to leachate infiltration from pit-toilet systems is essential. Batch and column experiments demonstrated the capability of bentonite-enhanced sand (BES) specimens to reduce nitrate concentrations in synthetic solutions (initial NO3-N concentration = 22.7 mg/L, C/N = 3) by about 85–90% in 10 to 24 hour by a heterotrophic denitrification process. Based on the laboratory results, it is recommended that use of a BES-permeable reactive barrier layer at the base of pit-toilets will facilitate heterotrophic denitrification and mitigate nitrate contamination of the underlying aquifer.
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Jurmang, Comfort Isuwa. "Social Studies for Awareness of Toilet Facilities in Job to Achieve Environmental Sanitation." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 19 (December 2013): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.19.192.
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Social studies is a field of study concern with the study of people, places and environments. Ten children were randomly selected from five public primary schools in Jos to identify where people defecate through observations and interview. 100 % of the respondents did not know what water closet and lavatory are. Water closet is locally referred to as water system toilet. 100 % of them know toilet room, urinal, bathroom and pit latrines. Public institutions like Banks, Motor Parks, Fuel station and Public primary schools have different levels of provisions of toilets. Institutions that all have toilet facilities for the public are banks, and fuel stations. They observed that the toilets in banks are more kept neat than those at the fuel stations. The motor parks are worse in having toilet facilities. Only 20 % (1) of the motor parks inspected have toilet facilities. The remaining 80 % (4) did not have any toilet facilities. The 20 % (1) motor parks that has toilet, is privately run so that users pay N10 for using the toilet. 20 % (1) of the public schools have usable toilets. 80 % (4) schools include those without toilets completely and those with but never usable at all.
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Nancy S, K. Mujibur Rahman, K. Mohamed Ali, Govindarajan PK, and Thirumeni S. "Why Villagers Use Toilets Only During Specific Time and Season? A Mixed-Methods Study in Rural Tamil Nadu." National Journal of Community Medicine 13, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 889–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.55489/njcm.131220222500.
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Background: Due to the efforts of sanitation promotion interventions in India, majority of the villagers started using toilets. But there is an inconsistency in toilet usage with regard to time and season. Objectives: The objectives were to determine the time and seasonal variations in toilet usage among villagers who use toilets and to identify the reasons for time and seasonal variations in toilet usage. Methodology: A community-based mixed-methods study was executed in the four field practice villages of UHTC, Villupuram. After IEC clearance, 405 individuals who were using an owned toilet were selected by Simple Random Sampling. Qualitative component (free listing) was used for questionnaire development and quantitative component (survey + observation) was used for data collection. Results: Majority, 52% villagers used toilets only in the night and 64% villagers used toilets during rainy season. Fear of darkness and snakes, emergency and large family size were the common reasons for night time toilet usage. While, non-availability of open space, illness on exposure to rain and quick filling of toilet pit contributed to toilet usage in the rainy season. Conclusion: The study findings would help in the development of culturally-sensitive and socially-acceptable key messages for future sanitation promotion interventions.
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Rao, Sudhakar M., Lydia Arkenadan, Nitish V. Mogili, Saksham K. Atishaya, and Priscilla Anthony. "Bioremediation of pit toilet sewage." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 12, no. 2 (March 2017): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jenes.16.00020.
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Byansi, Jade Zziwa, Richard Mutabazi, Joel Buwaguzibwa, and Najib Bateganya Lukooya. "Enhancing waterborne toilets to reduce water usage in schools: experience from Kampala, Uganda." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 7 (April 22, 2022): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i7.6s.
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Over 620 million children worldwide lacked a basic sanitation service at their school and 12% of schools have facilities that are not usable. In Kampala’s public primary school, the pupil to stance area stands at 57:1 as compared to the required 40:1 by the public health regulation of 2000. A number of waterborne toilets have been constructed in schools to change the pupil to stance ratio from 118:1 to 57:1 in the period 2012- 2018. However, the administrators of schools have denied 07% of the toilets in schools to be accessed by pupils in an effort to control water bills. Administrators prefer pupils to use pit latrines to waterborne toilets because they use less water. This acerbates the inadequacy of access to sanitation in schools in Kampala. The objective of this work was to develop a waterborne sanitation facility that meets the school administrators’ preferences features of VIP latrine with water usage of less than 10 liters of water to flush the toilet. Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) has constructed water based toilets referred to as ‘channel flush’ toilets in public schools to reduce water usage. The channel flush toilet uses a channel as a receiving chamber for faecal matter which is flushed intermittently to the septic tank or bio-digester. Each toilet block is flushed four times a day with each flushing time using 60 liters of water. With the channel flush toilet, schools use about 4 liters per child per day on flushing toilets leading to a 90% water usage reduction. Emptying has been reduced from 30 cubic meters to 5 cubic meters per year. The toilet is recommended to be used in schools and public places such as markets and taxi parks.
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Byansi, Jade Zziwa, Richard Mutabazi, Joel Buwaguzibwa, and Najib Bateganya Lukooya. "Enhancing waterborne toilets to reduce water usage in schools: experience from Kampala, Uganda." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 7 (April 22, 2022): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i7.6s.
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Over 620 million children worldwide lacked a basic sanitation service at their school and 12% of schools have facilities that are not usable. In Kampala’s public primary school, the pupil to stance area stands at 57:1 as compared to the required 40:1 by the public health regulation of 2000. A number of waterborne toilets have been constructed in schools to change the pupil to stance ratio from 118:1 to 57:1 in the period 2012- 2018. However, the administrators of schools have denied 07% of the toilets in schools to be accessed by pupils in an effort to control water bills. Administrators prefer pupils to use pit latrines to waterborne toilets because they use less water. This acerbates the inadequacy of access to sanitation in schools in Kampala. The objective of this work was to develop a waterborne sanitation facility that meets the school administrators’ preferences features of VIP latrine with water usage of less than 10 liters of water to flush the toilet. Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) has constructed water based toilets referred to as ‘channel flush’ toilets in public schools to reduce water usage. The channel flush toilet uses a channel as a receiving chamber for faecal matter which is flushed intermittently to the septic tank or bio-digester. Each toilet block is flushed four times a day with each flushing time using 60 liters of water. With the channel flush toilet, schools use about 4 liters per child per day on flushing toilets leading to a 90% water usage reduction. Emptying has been reduced from 30 cubic meters to 5 cubic meters per year. The toilet is recommended to be used in schools and public places such as markets and taxi parks.
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Rao, Sudhakar M., Lydia Arkenadan, and Nitish V. Mogili. "Performance of modified twin pit toilet in Mulbagal town, Karnataka, India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 3 (May 31, 2018): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.159.
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Abstract Transformation of ammonium to nitrate upon sewage discharge to sub-surface environment exposes about 65 million households in rural and urban India to risks of drinking nitrate contaminated groundwater. Building on earlier research, a twin pit is modified in Mulbagal town, Karnataka, to remove nitrate in pit toilet sewage and is functional for nearly one year. The first pit serves as an anaerobic chamber, while the second pit facilitates aerobic reactions in the upper half and is equipped with a bio-barrier in its lower half. Quality of treated sewage is monitored by soil water samplers installed adjacent to the pit. After anaerobic digestion in pit 1, sewage flows into the aerobic chamber (upper half of pit 2), where COD/N ratio of 1.49 to 1.73 facilitates aerobic conversion of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate ions. Annamox reactions in a bio-barrier chamber (lower half of pit 2) reduce ammonium and nitrite concentrations, while denitrification reactions in the bio-barrier remove nitrite and nitrate from pit toilet sewage. Besides nitrate, the modified twin pit reduces COD (chemical oxygen demand), ammonium, and thermotolerant coliform levels in the discharged sewage.
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Mkhize, Nosipho, Myra Taylor, Kai M. Udert, Teddy G. Gounden, and Chris A. Buckley. "Urine diversion dry toilets in eThekwini Municipality, South Africa: acceptance, use and maintenance through users' eyes." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.079.
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This study was part of the VUNA project aimed to develop an affordable sanitation system that produces a valuable fertiliser, reduces pollution of water resources and promotes health. Urine diversion dry toilets (UDDTs) simplify the on-site hygienisation of faeces and allow for nutrient recovery from urine. Social acceptance is vital for the implementation of the UDDT, because sanitation is only effective if the system not only provides a well-designed toilet and effective waste management, but also offers users a facility that caters to their needs and is sensitive to their cultural lifestyle. This study used qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate acceptance, use and maintenance of UDDTs. Key findings indicate lower levels of acceptance of UDDTs among the elderly, who are accustomed to traditional pit toilets. The users aspire to own a flush toilet, perceived to be indicative of household wealth. A dominant concern was emptying the pit and the quality of the building material. Community interventions are required that will promote acceptance, understanding and encourage proper use and maintenance of the UDDT, and may need some technology modification. There is an urgent need for increased community participation to address users' perceptions, attitudes and behaviour concerning the UDDT.
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Munamati, Muchaneta, Innocent Nhapi, and Shepherd N. Misi. "Types and distribution of improved sanitation technologies in sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 2 (March 8, 2017): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.123.
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Access to improved sanitation technologies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is very low. Despite the importance of improved sanitation technologies in sanitation monitoring, little attention has been given towards the types and distributions of improved sanitation technologies used in SSA. This paper presents an analysis of the distribution of improved sanitation technologies in SSA, with particular emphasis on factors influencing their distribution. Study data were derived from demographic health surveys, multiple indicator cluster surveys and World Bank Development Indicators. Results showed that the pit latrine with slab was the most prevalent technology (21%), while the composting toilet had the least coverage (0.6%). Multiple regression analysis results showed positive significant relationships between the following: income and flush toilets connected to sewer (p = 0.000), urban population and flush toilets connected to septic tanks (p = 0.000), development assistance and pit latrine with slab (p = 0.035) and a negative relationship between population and flush toilets connected to pit latrines (p = 0.030). The paper concluded that selection of sanitation technologies is influenced by different factors. In addition, prevailing socio-economic conditions can result in selection of inappropriate technologies. Technology selection, however, should strive to strike a balance between the economic, environmental, human health and socio-cultural sustainability aspects of sanitation.
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Karkana, M. Z., and Adamu Muktar. "Assessment of Faecal Sludge Management in Nguru Town, Yobe State, Northeastern Nigeria." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2161.024.
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The aim of the study is to assess faecal sludge management (FSM) in Nguru town, Nguru Local Government area of Yobe State. Random sampling method was used in the selection of respondents in six political wards of the study area. A total of 399 questionnaires were administered to respondents in the study area with the view to identify the types and current practices of faecal sludge management in the study area. The result of the study indicates that majority of the respondents 68% used pit latrine, 24% used water closet while 8% used other type of toilet facilities. However, on the excreta defecation, the finding indicated that 84% had access to household toilets, 8.0% used public toilets, and 6.0% practiced open defecation with the remaining 2% practicing defecation in polythene bags after which they discard it into the bush or on a refuse dump. The study further revealed that majority (54%) of the respondents disposed their toilet sludge by land fill, 31% participants were using any available land for faecal sludge final disposal while 10 % and 5% disposed their toilet by nearby river and composting respectively. The finding indicated that, the faecal sludge management of the study area is unsatisfactory and may pose a risk of environmental and adverse human health. The current practices of faecal sludge management were found below international standard requirement set by WHO. It is therefore recommend that Government should come up with proper orientation and environmental laws should be put in place for the general public and also to provide necessary facilities and arrange for better methods of faecal sludge management. Keywords: FSM, Nguru town, Toilet facilities and open defecation
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pit toilet"
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Scott, Laura-Marie. "Kinetic and mechanistic study of Lilestralis, a synthetic muguet fragrance molecule." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=165414.
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In the multi-step synthesis of Lilestralis, a synthetic muguet fragrance, the kinetics and mechanism of the formation of 3-(3-t-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol (m-LOL) and 4-(3-t-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol (p-LOL) from 2-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-ol (MPP) and isobutylene using concentrated liquid phosphoric acid as a catalyst was investigated. By-products that include phosphate esters of MPP, m-LOL and p-LOL and oligomers of isobutylene were produced during this reaction and their role within the kinetics and mechanism was also investigated. When crystalline phosphoric acid is dissolved in water, it can form equilibrium polyphosphate mixtures at high acid concentrations. The phosphate species have the general formula Hn+2PnO3n+1 and consist of species such as orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4), pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7) and triphosphoric acid (H5P3010). The presence of polyphosphate within liquid phosphoric acid solutions used in this study was investigated using 31P NMR. To investigate the influence of water on the reaction, a number of experiments were performed using 1,4-dioxane as a solvent. This was chosen as the boiling points and density are similar to water, although it is classified as an aprotic solvent. Phosphate esters of MPP, m-LOL and p-LOL are produced as by-products and can potentially undergo hydrolysis when water is present, therefore reactions using aqueous phosphoric acid solutions may not give a true reflection of the concentration of phosphate esters produced. The use of heterogeneous catalysts was also investigated in order to improve yield and selectivity for p-LOL and m-LOL. These include acid catalysts such as solid phosphoric acid supported on Kieselguhr (SPA), sulphated zirconia and ultra stable zeolite-Y (H-USY).
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Ssendi, Anna Nanjobe. "Abandoned New-Born Babies In Kampala-Uganda." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-25767.
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AbstractIntroduction: - An estimated number of 40 to 80 new-born babies are being abandoned by their mother in Kampala –Uganda annually. These children are usually dumped into dust bins, on streets, on hospital facilities, in bushes or in pit latrines. Aim:-The aim of this study was to investigate the goals of the organizations/institutions working with child abandonment in Kampala, to find out whom they collaborated with, to examine how the staff working with the organization/institution perceive the women who abandon and issue behind. Furthermore their personal incentives to continue to work with the problem, Method: A qualitative approach was used in this study and face to face semi-structured interview were conducted, since this was the best way to explore feelings, thoughts and attitudes of the respondents who gave answers to complicated questions. Research Questions: What are the main goals of the organizations/institutions and with whom do they collaborate with? What are their major hinders and needs? Do they see any progress? What are their perceptions of the mothers who abandon their new-born babies as well as the issues behind this cruel action? When did the staff became aware of this problem and what are the incentives driving them to continue do this work? Results: The results of the study were consistent with the research namely; the role of the organizations was reported being rescuing of the abandoned babies. First they are taken to the hospital during the first critical hours, thereafter are taken. to children court to get a permission to keep them in the children’s home; or find adoptive parent for these children who can give them love, care and education. Tracing mothers or family members was on the agenda, and in some case eventual re-unification was possible. The hinder which were met by the organization while doing their work were financial resources, misinformation about the organizations in the community, poor flow of information, lack of facilities to accommodate abandoned children, and poor collaboration with the government. Conclusion: The organizations/institutions are doing a good work, but procedures which are used at the moment are unfortunately not enough to reduce the problem. Therefore acute and new even radical approaches are needed to be put into consideration.
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Less, Diani Fernanda da Silva. "Tecnologia alternativa para tratamento dos efluentes domésticos da área rural." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1857.
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The use absence of domestic systems for wastewater treatment promotes the frequent cases of soil and water resources contamination, and contributes to the spread of diseases in the population. Within this context, the work aimed the development/proposition a methodology and alternative technology for treatment domestic sewage of residences located in rural area, specifically for the treatment of effluents generated in the kitchen sink and the toilet bowl. For this, was performed the domestic effluents source characterization through the management diagnostic of domestic wastewater in Paraná state and the city of Toledo; domestic effluents qualitative (physical, chemical and biological parameters) and quantitative (daily and monthly volume) characterization; performance evaluation of the conventional methods, processes and technologies for treatment of rural areas domestic sewage; the method and the technology design/developing for the rural domestic sewage treatment from the toilet bowl and kitchen sink; the construction, operation and monitoring of alternative technology; and the agreement analysis. From the results obtained in the first step, it was found that in Paraná state rural areas are generated over 261 thousand m³ day-1 of domestic sewage, in the city of Toledo rural area are produced 37,410.8 m3 of domestic effluent monthly. In the evaluation step of treatment methods and technologies it was verified the existence of technical limitations and bottlenecks in the equipment, prevailing the low treatment efficiency. Based on detailed studies of the physical, chemical and biological fundamentals and testing bench, was developed the project of alternative technology containing a feces and urine separator; a helical anaerobic bioreactor with tubular shape for the feces. The technology alternative prototype operation showed satisfactory results with respect the feces and urine separation and the feces stabilization in the reactor was completed in just 30 days of treatment forming a residual without the E. coli presence (<1 NMP g-1).
A ausência no uso de sistemas de tratamento de efluentes domésticos na área rural promove frequentes casos de contaminação do solo e dos recursos hídricos, bem como contribui com a disseminação de doenças entre a população. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi o desenvolvimento/proposição de uma tecnologia alternativa para o tratamento dos efluentes gerados no vaso sanitário e na pia da cozinha de residências da área rural. Para isso, realizou-se a caracterização da fonte geradora de efluentes domésticos por meio do diagnóstico da gestão dos efluentes doméstico no estado do Paraná e no município de Toledo; a caracterização quantitativa (volume diário e mensal) e qualitativa (parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos) dos efluentes domésticos; a avaliação do desempenho dos métodos, processos e tecnologias convencionais para o tratamento de efluentes domésticos das áreas rurais; o projeto/desenvolvimento do método e da tecnologia alternativa para o tratamento dos efluentes domésticos rurais provenientes do vaso sanitário e da pia da cozinha; a construção, operação e monitoramento da tecnologia alternativa; e a análise de concordância. A partir dos resultados obtidos na primeira etapa, constatou-se que nas áreas rurais do estado do Paraná são gerados mais de 261 mil m³. dia-1 de efluentes domésticos, na área rural da cidade de Toledo são produzidos 37410,8 m3 de esgoto domestico mensalmente. Na etapa de avaliação dos métodos e tecnologias de tratamento, constatou-se a existência de limitações e gargalos técnicos nos equipamentos, prevalecendo à baixa eficiência no tratamento. Com base em estudos detalhados dos fundamentos físicos, químicos e biológicos e dos testes de bancada, foi desenvolvido o projeto da tecnologia alternativa contendo um separador de fezes e urina, um biorreator anaeróbico helicoidal de formato tubular para o tratamento das fezes. A operação do protótipo da tecnologia alternativa apresentou resultados satisfatórios quanto a segregação das fezes e da urina e a estabilização dos dejetos no reator foi completa em apenas 30 dias de tratamento originando um composto sem a presença de E. coli (<1 NMP g-1).
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Venkateswarlu, Nitish M. R. D. S. "Fate and Remediation of Ammonium-n In Pit Toilet Blackwater." Thesis, 2019. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5002.
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Pit toilets satisfy the sanitation requirement in regions with no access to piped sewerage facilities. Black water discharged from pit toilets is a major source of groundwater pollution. The primary focus of the thesis is to understand the fate of ammonium-N in blackwater generated in pour flush pit toilets, in blackwater contaminated soils in vicinity of leach pits that are subject to moisture evaporation and lastly develop a methodology to reduce nitrate contamination of aquifers by blackwater released from leach pits of pour flush toilets. In the first part of the study, the characteristics of black water from a pour flush pit toilet located in Mulbagal town, Karnataka, India, for nitrogenous constituents and other physico-chemical parameters are examined. The impact of moisture evaporation on fate of ammonium-N reactions in blackwater contaminated soils is next investigated in this study. Methodology for in-situ removal of soluble N fraction from blackwater in leach pit of pit toilet is developed. Guided by results from laboratory experiments, design for modified twin pit toilet is proposed that reduces the contamination load on groundwater
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Mokoena, Mita. "Strategy for developing an ecological sanitation system at the Barrage informal settlement." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/17009.
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The Barrage informal settlement (BIS) is a peri-urban community of about 300 people resident on private land close to the banks of the Vaal River in Gauteng South Africa. The study focuses on the living and sanitation conditions in which people find themselves. Measured against the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) BIS and its residents clearly are far from meeting MDG 7 target 7 C. For the purposes of this study the researcher investigated ecological sanitation (EcoSan) as an alternative solution for the current local sanitation conundrum. Residents either use the veld or a dysfunctional pit system. The data used for the project was generated both in a qualitative and quantitative mode. Semi-structured interviews were randomly conducted. Participants were requested and subsequently assisted in completing a questionnaire. There were also several focus group discussions for gathering relevant data. The researcher tried to form an impression of the perceptions of community members in terms on the type of sanitation system they wished to use. Community members actively engaged in strategies aimed to find out how they perceive sanitation, potable water supply and matters of hygiene.
The findings revealed dissatisfaction regarding to current conditions in BIS. Residents are uncertain because the land on which they reside on does not belong to them. This, in turn, creates uncertainty and feelings of insecurity, about the relevance of a potential water-based sanitation system. At the same time members of the community indicated they had no interest in a dry toilet system. Neither are they keen on the use of community ablution blocks (CABs) as alternative. Residents showed no willingness and are also not prepared to pay for sanitation because they cannot afford it. The dilemma is that residents are at the mercy of Emfuleni Local Municipality (ELM) and the private owners of the land on which they reside. Where do we find the solution to all of the issues? Participatory deliberation strategies were used to determine which system of sanitation local residents preferred. They clearly came out in favour of the Water Bank concept as a feasible sanitation system option. However, as a result of the unfulfilled promises of Emfuleni Local Municipality (ELM) and landowners the community remains in a state of uncertainty about the permanence of the BIS.
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Chen, Jing-Li, and 陳敬岦. "Cost-benefit analysis for the establishment of pig toilet system and related biogas production center." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74568749186119304100.
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Liu, Hui-Min, and 劉惠民. "Using the Simulation Model to Verify Water Quality Improvement of Er-Jen River through Pig Toilets Promotion." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13985533312718723186.
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博士國立高雄第一科技大學
工程科技研究所
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Applying the concept that pollution should be overcome at the source through pig toilets were installed in pig pens to reduce livestock pollution in Taiwan’s Er-Jen River basin, which is substantially affect by this type of pollution. The study investigated the effects of pig toilet installation for reducing pollution load in the Er-Jen River. In addition to exploring the pollution load the river could sustain based on the maximum assimilative capacity, a water quality model was established and calibrated to verify the effects of pig toilet installation. This research focused on evaluating the effectiveness of pig toilets in reducing pollutants from farms in Ilan, Changhua, Yunlin, Tainan, and Kaohsiung areas by assessing water usage, cleaning frequency, and pollution loads.Pigs were trained to use pig toilets so the area that needed to be washed and the wastewater produced could be minimized. Training conducted at farms in Ilan, Changhua, Yunlin, Tainan, and Kaohsiung indicated that pigs could be effectively trained to use the pig toilet. As a result, water usage reduced by 13.4-52.6%. The amount of time and frequency required to clean the pens also reduced dramatically. Pig toilets, coupled with immediate solid-liquid separation of wastewater and reduced the initial pollution load. The results showed that indeed can enhance the overall effectiveness of pollutant reduction, pollution reductions averaging about 40%. Using a total maximum daily load framework, the Linear Interactive and Discrete Optimizer, a linear programming system, was employed to evaluate the maximum pollutant content that the Er-Jen River could sustain to ensure that the river remained below the heavily polluted level defined in the Taiwanese river pollution index (RPI) [(i.e., the BOD concentration ≦15 mg/L)]. The results showed that during dry seasons, the pollution load in particular reaches of the river exceeded the river assimilative capacity because of low water levels. Subsequently, an analysis was conducted to evaluate whether introducing water from the neighboring Chi-Shan River would be beneficial for increasing the assimilative capacity of the Er-Jen River. The results showed that introducing 1 cms of cleaner water from the Chi-Shan River during irrigation periods increased the Er-Jen River BOD assimilative capacity to 10&;#8201;544.8 kg/day. This approached the daily pollution emission level in the basin and indicated significant improvement. Moreover, the water quality model QUAL2K was used to analyze current Er-Jen River status and simulate the water quality difference after confirming BOD assimilative capacity following pig toilet installation. In the simulation for the middle reaches of the Er-Jen River, 2,500 pig toilests were assumed to set and the “highway bridge”, nearest the lower reaches of the Er-Jen River confluence and the pollution zones was used as a check point. The results showed that continued promotion of the pig toilet policy reduced the levels of BOD, NH3-N, and SS by 19.87%, 14.62%, and 10.26% respectively, and DO increased from 0.8 to 1.4 mg/L, indicating that the method reduced the impact of livestock wastewater discharging into the Er-Jen River. However, the base flow volume of the Er-Jen River is low, and the assimilative capacity of particular reaches is insufficient for low flow volumes (Q75). Therefore, the pig toilet policy cannot sufficiently improve water quality to reduce the RPI and remove the river from its currently heavily polluted status to a polluted status (or lower). Nevertheless, to examine potential improvement, cross-watershed diversion was added in the simulation. After introducing 1 cms of upstream Chi-Shan River water, BOD and NH3-N contaminants were reduced significantly by 73.68% and 77.22%, respectively, and DO increased from 0.8 to 5.42 mg/L. Although the SS concentration decreased to -12.72% because the Chi-Shan River cross-watershed diversion contains high levels of inorganic silt, overall river-water RPI decreased from 8.3 (heavily polluted) to 5.5 (polluted). In addition to promoting the pig toilet policy, which is beneficial for controlling livestock pollution emissions, supplying clean water sources from Chi-shan River and promoting other measures is also necessary.
Books on the topic "Pit toilet"
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Cameron, Lita. Does "improved" sanitation make children healthier?: Household pit latrines and child health in rural Ethiopia. Oxford, UK: Young Lives, Dept. of International Development, University of Oxford, 2009.
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Scheffler, Axel. The little puddle. London: Nosy Crow, 2015.
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Chen, Zhi Yuan. Little Pig Obediently: Sitting on the Toilet Obediently. Qi Zi Tian Xia Chu Ban, 2020.
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Scheffler, Axel. Pip and Posy: The Little Puddle. Nosy Crow Ltd, 2013.
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Mi Pato Del Pip. Combel Ediciones Editorial Esin, S.A., 2010.
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Irvin, Sherri. Immaterial. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688210.001.0001.
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Contemporary art can seem chaotic: it may be made of toilet paper, or candies you can eat, or meat that is thrown out after each exhibition. Some works fill a room with obsessively fabricated objects, while others purport to include only concepts, thoughts or language. I argue, through many examples, that disparate developments in installation art, conceptual art, time-based media art, and participatory art can be understood in terms of custom rules. Many artists articulate custom rules governing artwork display, preservation of material elements, and interactivity or audience participation. Rules are established through the artist’s sanction: the creative act of designating the material elements and rules that constitute the work’s structure. Rules serve as medium: they are part of the work’s structure and help to constitute its meanings. Rules are meaningful in themselves, and they help to activate the expressive potential of material objects. Museum practice should include providing information about the rules; otherwise, audiences can’t fully appreciate the work. Contemporary art conservation involves preserving information: loss of information about the rules, like loss of a chunk of marble, can seriously damage the work. Rules are trickier to pin down than material objects and are subject to violation, so we’ll examine the effects on the work’s integrity and authenticity when things go wrong in various ways. Is the emergence of custom rules a positive development? Some artists have used rules to powerful effect. But rules aren’t always used well: bad art can take any form.
Book chapters on the topic "Pit toilet"
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Morgan, Peter. "Arborloo - The Single Pit Compost Toilet." In Toilets That Make Compost, 7–27. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780441313.002.
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Morgan, Peter. "Fossa alterna - The Double Pit Compost Toilet; Low Cost Pedestals for Simple Pit Toilets." In Toilets That Make Compost, 29–43. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780441313.003.
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Mohanty, Mohan Debarchan, Dipamjyoti Pattnaik, Mahananda Parida, Soyam Mohanty, and Mihir Narayan Mohanty. "Design of Intelligent PID Controller for Smart Toilet of CCU/ICU Patients in Healthcare Systems." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 97–107. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2182-5_10.
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Colopy, Cheryl. "The Real Poop: How Rivers Become Sewers." In Dirty, Sacred Rivers. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199845019.003.0009.
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The train coasts into Agra, full of tourists coming to visit the newly scrubbed, sparkling white Taj Mahal. Through the window I see dozens of men squatting on the bare, flat ground between the railway tracks and a string of low buildings. Their backs are partially turned to the train tracks. Some squat alone; others hunch near each other in companionable duos. They gaze meditatively into the distance as they relieve themselves on the garbage-strewn ground. I see this lineup for at least a mile as we glide toward the train station in the early morning. Some of the men carry little aluminum pots or plastic bottles as they approach the waste ground. The vessels sit on the ground next to men who are still engaged in their morning ritual. The water is for washing, for this is a land of washers, not wipers. I can’t tell whether or not the train has surprised the men today by its punctuality. No one looks uncomfortable. No one is hurrying. Privacy seems irrelevant to them. And in any case the men’s long white cotton tunics cover most of their bodies. There are no women. Perhaps they came earlier, when it was darker, before there was a chance that the frequently delayed train would catch them. I had not planned for a whole chapter in this book, let alone one right here at the beginning, to be about toilets and bodily functions. But there’s really no avoiding it. Rivers pour clear and clean out of the mountains, then become sewers in the Gangetic plain. One of the biggest problems in South Asia is, simply, what to do with the shit of more than a billion people. Few of them have toilets as Westerners understand the word. Many have nothing at all—no outhouse, no pit latrine. Globally, 1.2 billion people are still defecating in the open, approximately six hundred million of them in India. By 2010 more than half of India’s billion people had access to a cell phone while only a third had some form of toilet to use.
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Orner, Kevin, Colleen Naughton, and Thor-Axel Stenstrom. "Pit Toilets (Latrines)." In Global Water Pathogen Project, edited by James Mihelcic and Matthew Verbyla. Michigan State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/waterpathogens.56.
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Allison, Penelope M. "House I 10,8." In The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199263127.003.0033.
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The surviving plaster on the walls of this entranceway consisted of a high pink socle, delineated in red, with a white zone above. Ling observed that this overlay an earlier First-Style decoration on the east wall and that it had been patched in antiquity. Breaches are found in both the east and west walls. Outside the entrance, to either side, is a masonry bench (east bench: l.: 2.1 m, d.: 380 mm; west bench: l.: 2.4 m, d.: 460 mm), both much damaged. Finds within the entranceway consisted of bronze and iron studs, undoubtedly from the house door. Remains of plastered decoration survive on the south wall. Elia recorded a yellow dado, surmounted by a red band, with white plaster above. There is a breach in the north-west corner through to Unit no. 9, above a blocked doorway. At the centre of this front hall is a tufa impluvium (2.4 m × 2.1 m). In the north-west corner, 1 m above the pavement, were found: a small bronze ring; a bronze stud, similar to those in the entranceway and probably also from the front door; a fragment of a stone mortar or hand-mill; some glass beads; a small shell; and two bronze quadrantes, one of Nero dated ad 64. The fragmentary or loseable nature of these items suggests that they were disturbed from the ground level. Other small loseable items were found in the north-east corner: a small glass bottle, probably a toilet item; and possibly five more coins. One metre from the west side of the impluvium were found: another part of a hand-mill; two large stone weights; at least fifty-three lead weights, probably from a loom; and two other spherical stones, possibly also weights. The large number of lead weights is comparable with the quantity found under the stairway in room i of the Casa del Principe di Napoli. Another comparable group of forty loom weights was found together in a pit at Zugmantel. As Jongman noted, this amount would be equivalent to that required for one or perhaps two warp-weighted looms. It is therefore commensurate with the existence of such a loom, or looms, in this area, or of replacement loom weights, for domestic use.
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Li, Junqiang, and Longxian Zhang. "Taenia solium taeniasis and Cysticercosis Prevalence and Control Practice in China." In Infectious Diseases. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110628.
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Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is an important global food-borne zoonosis transmitted between humans and pigs. In China, the prevalence of Theridion solium taeniasis/cysticercosis has been marked decline in recent decades based on the data revealed by both national surveys and field prevalence investigations. Health education and promotion, meat inspection, and chemotherapy are unquestionably the main control measures for diseases. It is worth noting that a variety of socio-ecological variables have been identified in the process of controlling T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis. It has become difficult for pigs to come into direct or indirect contact with or consume human excreta as pig farming practices have been shifted from traditional backyard farms to large-scale commercial pig raising systems that are still in progress. The human toilet revolution in rural areas of China has ensured hygienic separation of human excreta from contact, and thereby preventing human excreta from polluting the soil, feeds, and water. These two important fundamental preventive measures are crucial to establishing an environmental restriction between humans and pigs cannot be overlooked for interrupting or limiting T. solium transmission. In this chapter, we reviewed the epidemiology, traditional measures, and ecological determinants that significantly contributed to the dramatic decline of taeniasis/cysticercosis in China.
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Vanashree. "Why Do Rural Poor Continue to Remain Poor and Uneducated?" In Rural India and Peasantry in Hindi Stories, 105—C5.N32. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192871572.003.0006.
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Abstract The elegiac tone of the vignette, ‘Pita’ records the narrator’s reminiscences of his father’s (a school headmaster) disillusionment and death after it is driven home that despite the tall promises of Swaraj, rural education was not likely to seek the attention of the political class. The subsequent long narrative of ‘Shadayantra’ (Conspiracy) invokes the scenario of a government school in Bihar in the decades of the 1990s (post-Mandal), where ‘connection’ is the key to the appointment of the teachers. This lone government school, among three villages, is marked by a tumbling building, no toilet nor conveyance or roads to the school. Teachers’ absenteeism is managed by fraudulent registers. The teacher taught relation is characterized by the habitual use of expletives or caste jibes. Frequent violent thrashing, subjection of girls to explicit sexual gestures—all point out the reasons—why if at all the rural children seek admission, generally dropout. Raag Darbari draws the picture of inept rural education at the higher level with a poker-faced irreverence.
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Langston, Nancy. "Mining Pollution Debates, 1950s Through the 1970s." In Sustaining Lake Superior. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300212983.003.0005.
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By the late 1950s, the taconite boom that Reserve Mining Company stimulated was having a profound effect on the region’s economy, just as the pulp and paper boom had stimulated the Canadian economy along Lake Superior. Towns thrived; new cars filled the parking lots where well-paid union workers toiled in the taconite facilities. Schools improved, funded by abundant tax receipts. Harms to the lake from the taconite boom were subtle and hard to pin down whereas the benefits were clear to see: jobs for miners and economic development for the region. Throughout the 1950s, as evidence accumulated that taconite was causing pollution problems, state agencies continued to insist that the industry was harmless. Only after scientists found that asbestos had been mobilized from taconite disposal into the drinking water and bodies of urban residents distant from the disposal site did the federal and state governments question the risks from taconite.
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Rajbanshi, Roshani, and Niroj Dahal. "Transformation Through Participatory Action Research in a Community School of Nepal." In Implementing Transformative Education With Participatory Action Research, 130–40. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0607-9.ch009.
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A school is a vulnerable place which is easily influenced by different activities that happen inside and outside the school. With the view to improving the quality of education, Rupantaran conducted participatory action research in a community school through creative teaching and learning methods. Transformative learning theory guided this study. The results of this study were observed at three levels: micro, meso, and macro levels. When teachers critically reflected, they had an inner transformation at the micro level. As a result of interventions, the teachers' pedagogy altered at meso level. Macro-level transformation occurred as the result of the intervention at school level. Establishment of gardening, urine-diversion toilets, pig, fish, and mushroom farming are examples of macro-level transformation. This study also discovered that students and instructors have the ability to affect the school community, which was possible through participatory action research. Thus, this study concludes that transformation is hard to achieve, and participatory action research is a means to bring transformation.
Conference papers on the topic "Pit toilet"
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Bhadaran, Renjith S., Karel Haal, Renjith Mohan, and R. Reshma. "A tribal community-based discussion on economic repercussions of a twin-pit for pour-flush model toilet construction." In 2017 IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/r10-htc.2017.8289093.
Full textReports on the topic "Pit toilet"
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Heard, Helen. Consumer Handwashing Tracker. Food Standards Agency, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wiy863.
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Between April 2020 and January 2022, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) commissioned a quarterly survey on consumer handwashing. Key findings from this survey are: Across all waves of the handwashing tracker, participants were most likely to report washing their hands with soap and warm water. However, the proportion who reported handwashing with soap and warm water ‘always’ or ‘most of the time’ declined over time (79% April 2020, compared to 68% in January 2022). Most participants reported washing their hands for between 20 and 24 seconds across all waves. However, the proportion who reported this significantly declined over time (was 35% in April 2020, down to 27% in January 2022). Over time, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of participants who reported ‘always’ washing their hands in the following scenarios inside the home: before cooking/preparing food (72% in April 2020, 62% in January 2022) before eating (48% in April 2020, 42% in January 2022) after handling rubbish (73% in April 2020, 65% in January 2022) when arriving home, after a trip outside of the home (55% in April 2020, 47% in January 2022) Reported handwashing after contact with animals (including pets) remained broadly stable over time. On average, across all waves, 36% of participants with a pet reported washing their hands ‘always’ after contact with animals, (whilst 26% reported doing this ‘most of the time’, 30% reported doing this ‘sometimes’ and 7% reported ‘never’ washing their hands after contact with animals). Over time, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of participants who reported ‘always’ washing their hands in the following scenarios outside of the home: when eating a picnic (35% in July 2020, 29% in January 2022) when consuming a takeaway outside of the home (35% in July 2020, 30% in January 2022) Since a peak in October 2020 (43%), the proportion of participants who reported ‘always’ washing their hands after blowing their nose, sneezing or coughing into their hands gradually declined and was significantly lower in January 2022 (35%). The proportion of participants who reported ‘always’ washing their hands after using the toilet also declined over time. In April 2020 87% of participants reported ‘always’ washing their hands after using the toilet, decreasing significantly to 80% in January 2022. Across all waves, most participants reported carrying and using hand sanitising gel as a hand washing alternative in a range of scenarios, but the proportion who reported doing this declined over time. For example: 55% of participants reported using hand sanitising gel after using public transport in October 2020, declining significantly to 44% in January 2022 54% of participants reported using hand sanitising gel when attending a social event in October 2020, declining significantly to 45% January 2022.