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Journal articles on the topic 'Pistol shooters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Ball, Kevin A., Russell J. Best, and Tim V. Wrigley. "Inter- and Intra-Individual Analysis in Elite Sport: Pistol Shooting." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 19, no. 1 (February 2003): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.19.1.28.

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Research into the relationship between body sway, aim-point fluctuation, and performance in pistol shooting has been inconclusive. The present study reex-amined this relationship on an interindividual basis, as done in previous studies, and via intraindividual analysis, not previously examined. Five elite pistol shooters performed 20 shots similar to competition conditions. For each shot, body-sway parameters and aim-point fluctuation parameters were quantified for the time period 1 s to shot. An AMTI LG6-4 force plate was used to measure body-sway parameters, while a SCATT shooting analysis system was used to measure aim-point fluctuation and shooting performance. Multiple regression analysis indicated that body sway was related to performance for one shooter, aim-point fluctuation was related to performance for three shooters, and body sway was related to aim-point fluctuation for four shooters. These relationships were specific to the individual, with the strength of association and parameters of importance being different for different shooters. However, interindividual analysis indicated that only aim-point fluctuation was related to performance. It was concluded that body sway, aim-point fluctuation, and performance are important in elite level pistol shooting, and performance errors at the elite level are individual-specific. Individual analysis should be a priority when examining elite level sports performance.

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2

Borusiński, Michał, and Henryk Juszczyk. "Cases of automatic firing with semiautomatic pistols." Issues of Forensic Science 300 (2018): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2018.300.2.

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The article presents cases of endangering shooters and bystanders caused by wear of firearms parts or their incorrect assembling. The Authors analysed examples of disorders in P-83 and P-64 pistols. In P-83 pistol firing as if in an automatic mode became possible because of incorrect mounting of the firing pin in the slide while in P-64 pistol it resulted from wear of the firing pin and the safety block.

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3

Heshmati, Safoura, Hassan Daneshmandi, and Seyyed Hossein Hosseini. "A Comparison Study on the Electrical Activity of Arm Abduction Muscles During Shoulder Abduction and Scaption Between Shooting Disciplines." Journal of Sport Biomechanics 5, no. 4 (March 1, 2020): 250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/biomechanics.5.4.5.

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Objective: Considering the positions that the shooter chooses during shooting in different disciplines, it seems that the activity of deltoid and supraspinatus muscles which are common muscles during movement, varies in different disciplines. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate and compare the electrical activity of deltoid and supraspinatus muscles between three shooting disciplines. Methods: 24 shooters (8 archers, 8 air pistol shooters, and 8 air rifle shooters) participated in the study. They performed shoulder abduction and scaption at 60 and 90 degrees. The electrical activity of deltoid and supraspinatus muscles was then recorded using surface electromyography. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA and Tukey’s test at the significance level of P<0.05. Results: The activity of anterior deltoid muscle at 60 and 90 degrees of abduction and the activity of middle deltoid and supraspinatus muscles only at 90 degree of abduction was significantly higher in the archery group than in the air pistol group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The higher electrical activity of deltoid and supraspinatus muscles in archery sport may be related to the tensile force of the bow and the greater arm angle at the shoulder joint during this type of shooting compared to air pistol and air rifle shooting.

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4

Gorgulu, Recep. "An Examination of Ironic Effects in Air-Pistol Shooting under Pressure." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 4, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4020020.

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This study aimed to test the incidence of ironic performance errors in elite air-pistol shooters. Previous research has revealed that, when shooters are anxious, avoidant instructions can cause ironic performance breakdown, especially in the unintended direction. Fifty-seven experienced air-pistol shooters were given specific instructions not to shoot to a certain part of a target, under low- and high-anxiety conditions, respectively. Results demonstrated that, when instructed not to shoot in a specific direction, anxious shooters did so a significant number of times. Interestingly, there was no difference in non-target non-ironic error, which provides specific support for Wegner’s theory of ironic processes of mental control in air-pistol shooting. Consequently, these findings illustrated that the combination of increased anxiety with avoidant instructions could lead to such unintended performance errors, called ironic error. Thus, understanding the mechanism of the anxiety-performance relationship may be a useful theoretical framework which could provide practical, instruction-based interventions to reduce susceptibility to ironic errors under pressure.

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5

Gröpel, Peter, Christopher Mesagno, and Jürgen Beckmann. "Preshot Routines to Improve Competition Performance: A Case Study of a Group of Elite Pistol Shooters." Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssep.2019-0039.

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Evidence shows that using a preshot routine (PSR) improves performance in self-paced, closed-skill tasks. A PSR is a set of cognitive and behavioral elements an athlete systematically engages in prior to performance execution. The present study describes the implementation and evaluation of a PSR intervention with elite pistol shooters in the 10-m air-pistol discipline. Individualized PSRs were developed with the shooters in individual psychological sessions, and the PSRs were then practiced in subsequent training sessions. Intervention effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing the shooters’ competition performance. Overall, the shooters improved on average by 2.5 points from before to after the intervention. This improvement was unlikely due to seasonal effect, as the league average (scores of league shooters not included in the intervention sample) remained stable during the study time. These results indicate that using a PSR before a shooting series has benefits for subsequent shooting performance.

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6

Калиніченко, О. М., and А. О. Лопатьєв. "Application of final actions management which behave to the type «motions without a purpose» as a methodical technique for effective motion skills forming in shooters." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2013.2.1015.

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The authors hypothesize that the optimum motor skills of shooters can be formed only if they ability to apply such mechanisms of management final actions which by M. Bernshteyn is classified as «motions without a purpose». The methodical receptions of the use of the special devices which are instrumental in the capture of ability to pass to the optimum mechanisms of management motions of shooter are analyzed. In the article description of author variant of mechanical device «double management» which it is suggested to utilizes for forming of optimum variants motive skills of shooters from a pistol.

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7

Ripoll, H., J. ‐P Papin, J. ‐Y Guezennec, J. ‐P Verdy, and M. Philip. "Analysis of visual scanning patterns of pistol shooters." Journal of Sports Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 1985): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640418508729739.

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8

Sobhani, Vahid, Mohammadjavad Rostamizadeh, Seyed Morteza Hosseini, Seyed Ebrahim Hashemi, Ignacio Refoyo Román, and Daniel Mon-López. "Anthropometric, Physiological, and Psychological Variables That Determine the Elite Pistol Performance of Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031102.

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Shooting is a high-precision sport that depends on many factors to achieve high performance levels. The main objective of this study was to analyze the differences in anthropometric, physiological, and psychological variables by sport level in women air-pistol shooters. Fifteen female pistol shooters, including seven elite national shooters of Iran and eight non-elite shooters, participated in this study. Analyzed variables were grouped into three sections: anthropometric, physiological, and psychological. Anthropometric variables included: height, weight, body mass index, length of leg, arm span, and proportions between variables. Physiological tests include resting heart rate, static and dynamic balance, flexibility, and upper body strength. Additionally, psychological questionnaires of SMS-6 sport motivation, TSCI trait sport-confidence and SSCI state sport-confidence, ACSI-28 athletic coping skills, and SAS sport anxiety scale were used. The Shapiro–Wilks test and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Effect size and test reliability were calculated using Cohen’s d and Cronbach’s alpha, respectively. Our results showed that elite shooters have higher values of dynamic balance (Y-test), upper body strength (sit-ups), and intrinsic motivation, and lower resting heart rate than non-elite. However, no differences were found in the anthropometric variables, nor in anxiety or coping skills. We conclude that physiological and psychological workouts should be included in the shooters’ training programs to improve their performance.

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9

Mon-López, Daniel, Alfonso de la Rubia, Abraham García-Aliaga, Jorge Acebes-Sánchez, Ignacio Refoyo Roman, and Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. "Optoelectronic analysis of technical factors and performance of elite-level air pistol shooting." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): e0262276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262276.

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Technical elements are related to shooting performance; however, the importance of each factor regarding performance, especially in elite-level pistol shooters, remains controversial. The objective of this study was to determine the technical factors that influence pistol performance. One elite-level shooter was analysed during the season before the Olympic classification European championship through a total of six competitions (n = 360 shots). Aiming point trajectories were measured with the SCATT optoelectronic system. Variables were classified into six categories: performance; aiming time; stability of hold; aiming accuracy; cleanness of triggering and shooting delta. Principal component analysis, multiple regressions, Pearson correlations and ANOVAs were used to analyse the data. The results showed that five components (aiming time, stability of hold, aiming accuracy, cleanness of triggering and shooting delta) determined a total of 79.68% of the shooting variance. Specifically, aiming accuracy and cleanness of triggering explained up to 25% of the shooting score, with cleanness of triggering serving as the determining factor. Correlations were found among the performance and stability of hold, aiming accuracy, cleanness of triggering and shooting delta. Last, significant differences were found among 8-score, 9-score and 10-score shots. We conclude that while aiming accuracy seems to be related to the performance, cleanness of triggering could be the most critical technical element; furthermore, while stability of hold does not seem to be a determining factor of the score, it could be a general prerequisite to achieve high levels of performance in elite-level air pistol shooters.

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10

Vardar, Tonguç, and Fatih Senduran. "The cognitive workload of air pistol shooters on the aiming task." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 2610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211592610.

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Background: Pupil dilations of the eye are known to correspond to central cognitive processes. Pupil size variations have been used for many years as a window on the mind, and various pupillary features have been associated with a number of cognitive processes Aim: The aim of this study is to examine levels of cognitive workload that occur during the aiming task of air-pistol shooting athletes according to the change that takes place in the pupils. Methods: Eight right-handed skilled male shooters (4 elite and 4 novice) were recruited in this study. A total of 320 shots - 160 dry (unscored) shots and 160 live (scored) shots - were recorded with a mobile eye-tracking device. The obtained pupil data were subjected to biometric analysis. The athletes’ pupil sizes were determined with the independent samples t-test according to whether the shot made was scored or unscored and whether the athletes were elite or novice. The athletes’ pupil size values at the beginning and end of the shot were obtained using the paired samples t-test. Results: On completion of the shot, the sport shooters’ pupils dilated on average by 2.85 mm at a rate of 32.5% compared to the situation at shot onset. Moreover, novice shooters’ pupils dilated more when firing scored shots than when firing unscored shots. According to the research results, it can be said that sports shooters engage in intensive cognitive processes while aiming and trigger pulling immediately before firing the shot. Novice shooters engage in more intensive cognitive processes when firing scored shots than when firing unscored shots. Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it can be said that in the sport of air pistol shooting, giving priority to dry (unscored) shooting training can contribute positively to the development of novice athletes’ aiming task skills and cognitive load capacity. Keywords: Cognitive workload, cognitive processes, eye tracking, air pistol, shooting

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11

Mon-López, Daniel, Maria S. Zakynthinaki, Carlos Alberto Cordente, and Jorge García-González. "The Relationship Between Pistol Olympic Shooting Performance, Handgrip and Shoulder Abduction Strength." Journal of Human Kinetics 69, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0009.

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Abstract The ability to stabilize the gun, a crucial factor for performance in air pistol Olympic shooting, is thought to be strongly related to the muscular work of the shooter´s shoulder and forearm. The objective of the present study was to confirm this relationship by analysing the influence of maximal finger flexor forces and maximal isometric shoulder force on performance in female air pistol shooting. Twenty‐three female pistol shooters participated in the study. Handgrip and shoulder force data were recorded under competition conditions, during the official training time of national Spanish championships on the day previous to the competition and at the official training stands. Performance was measured as the total score of 40 shots at competition. Linear regressions between performance and age, weight, height, training experience, body mass index (BMI), mean and maximal finger flexor and shoulder forces were calculated. Significant correlations were found between performance and a) training hours b) peak finger flexor force relative to the BMI, and c) peak isometric force of the shoulder abduction relative to the BMI. The study concludes that there is a statistically significant correlation between performance and muscular forces exerted by the athletes relative to their BMI. Appropriate muscular strength training programs are therefore necessary in female air pistol Olympic shooting.

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12

Dias, Amândio A., Luís A. Redinha, Luís M. Silva, and Pedro C. Pezarat-Correia. "Effects of Dental Occlusion on Body Sway, Upper Body Muscle Activity and Shooting Performance in Pistol Shooters." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2018 (July 24, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9360103.

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Occlusal splints, to some extent, have been related to reduced body sway in a static position and increased muscle activity in the upper limbs. However, how dental occlusion status affects sports performance remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether occlusal splints that reposition the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) influenced body posture, muscle activity, and performance in 10-meter pistol shooters. Thirteen national-level male shooters (age = 38.8 ± 10.9 yrs) were recruited for this study, and cleared of any cervical pathology. An occlusal splint (OS) and a placebo splint (PS) were fabricated for each of the subjects, with the mandibular and maxillary position verified by an expert dentist, with the aid of an adjustable articulator. Surface electromyography (EMG) was assessed in the upper limb that holds the pistol while the subjects were standing on a force platform. Subjects performed two series of 10 shots for each of the three experimental conditions (OS, PS, N (no splint)) in randomized order, with the mandible in a rest position. Results revealed similar centre of pressure (COP) parameters in all conditions, despite a reduction in the average oscillation area caused by the OS. There were also no significant differences in EMG activity between conditions in the five upper limb muscles monitored. Consistent with this, shooting performance was similar in all conditions, despite a reduction in shot dispersion in subjects using OS. Thus, changes in dental occlusion status induced by OS do not affect body posture, upper limb EMG muscle activity, or shot performance in healthy male pistol shooters.

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13

Vorobyova, S. M., and V. V. Donskikh. "INFLUENCE OF TEMPERAMENT OF SHOOTERS ON RESULTS IN PISTOL PROGRAM." Современные наукоемкие технологии (Modern High Technologies) 2, no. 12 2020 (2020): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/snt.38453.

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14

Asa-Mäkitaipale, Sanna, Mervi Jehkonen, Jukka Uitti, and Juhani Vilkki. "Memory Functions in Recreational Pistol Sport Shooters: Does Lead Matter?" Environmental Health Insights 3 (January 2009): EHI.S894. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ehi.s894.

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15

Rippel, C. C. M., C. E. C. Sangenis, F. T. Barreto, G. R. Soares, K. A. S. Cota, L. E. S. Cer??volo, J. I. Blond??, R. C. R. Jose, and A. F. A. Duarte. "THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCOPHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES IN ELITE PISTOL SHOOTERS PERFORMANCE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-00775.

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16

Tremayne, Patsy, and Robert J. Barry. "Elite pistol shooters: physiological patterning of best vs. worst shots." International Journal of Psychophysiology 41, no. 1 (May 2001): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8760(00)00175-6.

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17

Shah, Eesha J., Jia Yi Chow, and Marcus J. C. Lee. "Anxiety on Quiet Eye and Performance of Youth Pistol Shooters." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 42, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0174.

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In adults, longer quiet-eye (QE) durations have been associated with more successful sport performances and less deterioration in skill during anxiety-inducing situations. This study aimed to establish if QE patterns in youth are similar to those reported in adults. Ten youth shooters, age 13.13 ± 0.83 years, completed an air-pistol task under a control and an anxiety condition. Mixed-design 2 (performance outcome) × 2 (condition) ANOVA tests were conducted with two performance measures—objective and coach rated. No significant main or interaction effects were found. Unlike in adults, performance and anxiety did not differentiate QE duration in youth athletes, although QE duration was longer during good shots than poor shots across both performance measures, and the shortest durations were recorded during poor shots in the anxiety condition. This preliminary exploration encourages more research with youth athletes to determine the efficacy of QE patterns across different learners.

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18

Carkeet, Andrew, Peter Chan, and Brian Brown. "Vision in competition pistol shooters: effects of distance defocus on performance." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 71, no. 2 (March 1988): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.1988.tb03750.x.

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19

Herpin, Guillaume, Gérome C. Gauchard, Alexis Lion, Philippe Collet, Dominique Keller, and Philippe P. Perrin. "Sensorimotor specificities in balance control of expert fencers and pistol shooters." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 20, no. 1 (February 2010): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.01.003.

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20

Tang, Wen-Tzu, Wen-Yu Zhang, Chien-Chun Huang, Ming-Shing Young, and Ing-Shiou Hwang. "Postural tremor and control of the upper limb in air pistol shooters." Journal of Sports Sciences 26, no. 14 (December 15, 2008): 1579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410802287063.

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21

Hawkins, Richard, and Paul Bertrand. "Relationship between twelve mechanic measures and score for national-level pistol shooters." International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 15, no. 1 (March 2015): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868796.

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22

Bahmani, Moslem, Jed A. Diekfuss, Robabeh Rostami, Nasim Ataee, and Farhad Ghadiri. "Visual Illusions Affect Motor Performance, But not Learning in Highly Skilled Shooters." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2017-0011.

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Enhanced expectancies are an important component of OPTIMAL theory and are thought to contribute to motor performance and learning. There is limited information, however, on the generalizability of OPTIMAL theory to highly skilled individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of visual illusions, specifically an Ebbinghaus illusion, on the performance and learning of an aiming task using highly skilled 10-m rifle and pistol shooters. Two groups of shooters with international experience were recruited and practiced with perceived larger and smaller targets. Our results indicated that participants who perceived the target larger reported higher self-efficacy immediately after practice. In addition, these participants had higher shooting performance during practice. Our retention test (24 hours later), however, did not produce differences in self-efficacy or shooting performance. Our data suggests that visual illusions are beneficial for motor performance in highly skilled shooters, but may not affect learning in those who are in the latter stages of learning. Further studies should continue examining the role of visual illusions for enhancing expectancies in highly skilled and experienced performers.

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23

Barry, R. J., P. Tremayne, and S. Burke. "Autonomic patterning in elite and novice pistol shooters in preparation for the shot." International Journal of Psychophysiology 14, no. 2 (February 1993): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(93)90118-9.

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24

Shalar, O., Y. Strykalenko, and V. Huzar. "Mental training in psychological training of shooters." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 6(126) (July 20, 2020): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.6(126).24.

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The goal was to study the psycho-emotional sphere and substantiate the methodology of mental training for shooters. Material and methods: the study involved 12 rifle and pistol shooters of the Kherson Higher School of Physical Education. Among them are athletes with qualifications of the second, first categories, candidates for Master of Sports and Master of Sports of Ukraine. The study continued during 2018-2019. In the course of the research, the method of mental training of shooters was introduced. The results proved that the means of mental training had a positive effect on the state of the nervous system of shooters. Sensory motor responses were superior in less experienced athletes. So, for shooters of the CCM level and below, the results are better than those of the masters of sports: 1) according to the tapping test for 0.75 ms, 2) according to the reaction to a light stimulus for 12.5 ms, c) according to the reaction to a sound stimulus to 55 5 ms. The degree of training according to the Schulte table was high among all shooters, but slightly higher among the masters of sports (by 0.05). A rather high indicator of emotional excitability was found in shooters of masters of sports. Among the representatives of this group were persons with different types of temperament. Basically, the sanguine type prevailed, based on a strong, balanced, mobile type of the nervous system. For the representatives of the second group, which included candidates for masters of sports and first-class athletes, this indicator was at an average level. In our opinion, this is due to the fact that the representatives of this group had persons with a predominantly phlegmatic type of temperament. Conclusions: mental training had a positive effect on the level of mental processes and emotional sphere of shooters. On the basis of the data obtained on the mental sphere of shooters, it was established that these indicators were at high and sufficient levels.

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25

Mon-López, Daniel, Carlos M. Tejero-González, Alfonso de la Rubia Riaza, and Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. "Pistol and Rifle Performance: Gender and Relative Age Effect Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041365.

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Background: The sport overrepresentation of early-born athletes within a selection year is called relative age effect (RAE). Moreover, gender performance differences depend on the sport. The main objectives of the study were to compare performances between gender and RAE in precision shooting events. Method: The results of 704 shooters who participated in the most recent World Shooting Championship were compared. Performance was analysed by event (rifle and pistol), gender and category (junior and senior), together with RAE and six ranges of ranking positions. Results: The results of the study indicated that men scored higher than women in pistol events and that no performance differences were found in rifle events when the whole group was compared. According to the birth trimester, no significant differences were found in the participant’s distribution, nor in performance in any case. Conclusions: The main conclusions of the study are: (1) the men’s pistol performance is better than the women’s even though RAE is not associated to the shooting score in any case; (2) men and women performed equally in the general analysis, but their performances were different depending on category and event with no RAE influence.

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26

Zhang, Yuxi, Ze Zhang, Sukwon Kim, and Youngsuk Kim. "A Comparative Study of the Fatigue of the Lower Extremities According to the Type of Shoes Worn When Firing a 10 m Air Pistol." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021363.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in shooting performance, physical stability, and lower extremity muscle fatigue in high-level shooters wearing shooting shoes and sports shoes, and to determine the causes. Eight high-level 10 m air pistol shooters wore shooting shoes and sports shoes in a simulated shooting qualification experiment (60 rounds in 75 min) and we recorded shooting scores, pressure centers (COP), and median frequency of muscle fatigue index (MDF). All the data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and are compared using a paired t-test. Athletes in shooting shoes scored higher than those in sports shoes (p < 0.05); COP moved less in the front-to-back and left-to-right directions for athletes wearing shooting shoes rather than sports shoes; and fewer muscles experienced fatigue, with fatigue also occurring later, for athletes wearing shooting shoes rather than sports shoes. Shooting shoes may reduce the sway of athletes’ center of pressure in the anterior–posterior and left–right directions, enhance postural stability, and result in higher shooting scores. In addition, they may make shooters feel more comfortable and relaxed during long training sessions and competitions.

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27

Dopsaj, Milivoj, Stefan Marković, Anton Umek, Goran Prebeg, and Anton Kos. "Mathematical model of short distance pistol shooting performance in experienced shooters of both gender." Nauka bezbednost policija 24, no. 3 (2019): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/nabepo24-23287.

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28

Hawkins, Richard N., and Joellen M. Sefton. "Effects of stance width on performance and postural stability in national-standard pistol shooters." Journal of Sports Sciences 29, no. 13 (October 2011): 1381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.593039.

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29

Chadefaux, D., L. Valdes-Tamayo, R. Moreno Flores, Y. Poulet, G. Herrera Altamira, S. Hybois, M. Coursimault, C. Sauret, V. Attali, and P. Thoreux. "A preliminary study of stability in elite and novice 10 meter air pistol shooters." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 23, sup1 (October 19, 2020): S61—S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2020.1812160.

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30

Park, Sang-Hyuk, In-Hye Park, Seung-Taek Lim, and Eunjae Lee. "Changes in Psychological Anxiety and Physiological Stress Hormones in Korea National Shooters." Brain Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120926.

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Psychological anxiety and physiological stress hormone management is closely related to an athlete’s performance, especially in shooting competitions. Thus, we aimed to investigate the changes in saliva stress hormones according to anxiety scores of Korean elite shooters immediately before a shooting competition. Seventy-two Korean national shooting athletes (Rifle = 62, Pistol = 8, Shotgun = 2) were recruited for the present study. The physiological stress hormones were assessed based on cortisol and immunoglobulin A level in saliva. The psychological stress was assessed based on Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) questionnaire. Cortisol concentration and cortisol secretion rate were significant higher in severe anxiety group. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentration and SIgA secretion rate did not significant different in among the groups. A positive correlation was found between BAI score and cortisol concentration. These findings provide preliminary evidence indicating that psychological anxiety affects physiological stress and therefore may have a negative effect on athletes’ performance. Thus, research is needed to develop a strategy to reduce physiological stress in these athletes.

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Cheng, Ming-Yang, Kuo-Pin Wang, Chiao-Ling Hung, Yu-Long Tu, Chung-Ju Huang, Dirk Koester, Thomas Schack, and Tsung-Min Hung. "Higher power of sensorimotor rhythm is associated with better performance in skilled air-pistol shooters." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 32 (September 2017): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.05.007.

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Kamali, Ali-Mohammad, Mohammad Nami, Seyedeh-Saeedeh Yahyavi, Zahra Kheradmand Saadi, and Alireza Mohammadi. "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Assist Experienced Pistol Shooters in Gaining Even-Better Performance Scores." Cerebellum 18, no. 1 (July 23, 2018): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12311-018-0967-9.

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Hwang, Su-Young, and Duk-Sun Chang. "The Relationship between Fire Timing Sound Training and Self-confidence Improvement for Air Pistol Shooters." Journal of International Culture & Arts 3, no. 1 (June 25, 2022): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.46506/jica.2022.3.1.081.

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Boyce, B. Ann. "The Effects of Goal Setting on Performance and Spontaneous Goal-Setting Behavior of Experienced Pistol Shooters." Sport Psychologist 8, no. 1 (March 1994): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.8.1.87.

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Afanasiev, V., O. Shapovalov, and O. Shapoval. "RESEARCH OF THE EFFICIENCY OF USING LASER SIMULATORS IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS." Collection of scientific works of the National Academyof the National Guard of Ukraine 2, no. 36 (2020): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33405/2409-7470/2020/2/36/223549.

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Currently, there are a number of approaches to learning to shoot small arms. The main ones are: the classic method of training shooters and the modern method of training shooters using innovative technical means of training. In order to study the effect of using a laser shooting simulator in the educational process in comparison with the classical method of training, an experimental study was conducted. The experimental study was conducted with 9-mm Makarov pistols with two controlled groups of servicemen, who have approximately the same level of fire training, but each group was trained in different training methods. The first group learned the technique of firing a pistol using an interactive laser shooting range "Ruby" under the guidance of a fire training instructor. The second group trained under the guidance of a teacher according to the classical method, using training pistols. After the end of each stage of preparation, control shootings were carried out. Control firing with groups was carried out in the multimedia interactive shooting range "Ingul" for combat weapons. The results of the shooting show that the number of unsatisfactory grades of the first group was 2.5 times less than in the second group, which studied according to standard methods. The rest of the evaluation indicators are approximately the same and the difference between them is insignificant. Such a large difference in unsatisfactory assessments is explained by the fact that the first group at the initial stage of training saw the visual results of their shooting and had the opportunity to correct errors in shooting technique during training. Such timely correction of shooting technique errors with visual display of shooting results in real time and repetition of the exercise with information about the number of hits and misses forms solid skills of high-speed shooting. This is evidenced by twice as many excellent scores obtained by the first group comparing to the second group during the control shootings in the second stage of the experiment. Thus, the study showed that the use of modern technical learning tools based on interactive multimedia technologies increases the positive results of shooting by 15 - 20% and allows: ‒ increasing the number of students in the school by 1.5 times; ‒ reducing the time for training shooters by 2 times, ‒ reducing the consumption of ammunition to perform exercises of initial and combat shooting by 2.5 times.

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Kim, Woojong, Gunyoung Lee, Jingu Kim, and Minjung Woo. "A comparison of cortico-cortical communication during air-pistol shooting in elite disabled and non-disabled shooters." Personality and Individual Differences 54, no. 8 (June 2013): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.01.010.

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Gu, Weiyu, and Xinglong Zhou. "The Effect Of Time Constraints On The Postural Tremor Of The Upper Limb In Rapid-fire Pistol Shooters." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 53, no. 8S (August 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000761016.18743.e0.

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Pryimakov, A. A., E. Eider, and E. V. Omelchuk. "Stability of equilibrium in upright stance and voluntary motion control in athletes-shooters in the process of ready position and target shooting." Physical education of students 19, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2015.0106.

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Purpose: consists in studying the relationships between the system of equilibrium regulation in upright stance and voluntary motion control in athletes-shooters during ready position and target shooting. Material: 19 highly skilled athletes specialized in pistol shooting were studied. Physiological and biomechanical characteristics of posture and voluntary motions were assessed by methods of stabilography, electromyography and tremorometry; besides, accuracy of target shooting was registered. Results: high degree of shooting accuracy dependence on posture somatic parameters has been revealed, of which the greatest impact upon the result is exerted by low-frequency vibrations of the body general centre of mass, subjected to voluntary control. Prognostic models of shooting accuracy dependence upon the character of posture regulation during ready position and the shot have been developed. Conclusions: obtained results reveal the mechanisms of functioning and interacting of two systems of management - posture and voluntary motion. Elaborated regression models permit to model and predict posture stability and shooting accuracy during ready position and the shot.

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Brożek-Mucha, Zuzanna. "Chemical and Morphological Study of Gunshot Residue Persisting on the Shooter by Means of Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, no. 6 (November 4, 2011): 972–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927611012141.

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AbstractPersistence of gunshot residue (GSR) simultaneously collected from hands, face and hair, and clothing of the shooting person was examined. Samples were collected from five shooters in nine time intervals after a single shoot with a Luger 9 mm pistol, in the range of 0–4 h and examined with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Numbers of particles, frequencies of occurrence of certain compositions of particles, and their sizes in function of the time intervals were inspected. The greatest numbers of particles were observed in samples collected from hands right after shooting, but they decrease quickly with time. In samples collected from the face smaller initial numbers of particles were found, but they lasted at a similar level longer. The estimated half-life times of particles were less than 1 h for samples taken from the hands, over 1 h for clothing and about 2–3 h for the face. In samples collected at longer intervals after shooting, there were particles present of small sizes and irregular shapes. The results demonstrate that including evidence collected from the suspect's face and hair may increase the probability of detection of GSR in cases when the suspect has not been apprehended immediately after the investigated incident.

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Kozłowski, Emil, and Rafał Młyński. "Attenuation of earmuffs used simultaneously with safety spectacles in exposure to impulse noise." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 67, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.8033.

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Impulse noise is particularly hazardous to the hearing of exposed individuals. In many real-life scenarios, the only protective measure used to reduce the level of impulse noise is hearing protectors. These scenarios include firing ranges. Aside from hearing protectors, shooters use personal safety spectacles. The purpose of this paper was to determine the effect of the simultaneous use of earmuffs and safety spectacles on the sound attenuation of earmuffs during exposure to impact noise. The research was completed with the MIRE method and included the determination of sound attenuation changes in five different models of earmuffs, used simultaneously with three different models of safety spectacles and prescription glasses. The impulse noise source used was a starting pistol, which generated C-weighted peak sound pressure level at a mean of 136.7 dB. The tests demonstrated that the simultaneous use of safety spectacles and earmuffs reduces the impulse noise attenuation of the earmuffs by up to 9 dB. Such sound attenuation changes occurred during simultaneous use of earmuffs with safety spectacles, which feature temples with a rectangular cross-section. The tests also demonstrated that the effect of prescription glasses on sound attenuation was unusually high; prescription glasses reduced the impulse sound attenuation of earmuffs by as much as 18 dB. Keywords: acoustics, noise protection, impulse noise, hearing protectors, earmuffs, noise attenuation

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Sitburana, Oraporn, and William G. Ondo. "Task-specific focal hand dystonia in a professional pistol-shooter." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 110, no. 4 (April 2008): 423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.12.012.

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Juszczyk, Henryk. "Damage to WALTHER P99 cal. 9 mm pistol during shooting." Issues of Forensic Science 286 (2014): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2014.286.3.

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The aim of this article is to warn against the possible injury hazard for the shooter, resulting from the wear of the components of weapon during dry firing. The analyzed case presents the damages to a gun caused by multiple dry firing, i.e. without a cartridge in the chamber. As a consequence of the shots, the breech face of the pistol was damaged. Therefore, it should be considered to categorically ban dry firing with WALTHER P99 pistol.

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Bogiel, Grzegorz, and Paweł Szymanik. "A follow-up investigation of the defect of Walther P99 pistol." Issues of Forensic Science 296 (2017): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2017.296.7.

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This article presents an experimental reconstruction of a failure of the Walther P99 pistol, involving the tearing of a fragment of the breech face and ejecting weapon elements in the shooter’s eye direction. The tests were carried out with the use of a high-speed camera and the software for analysis of video recording. As a result of this experiment, the velocities and energy values of the elements tested were obtained.

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Tommasi, Vincenza, Giulia Prete, Selenia di Fronso, Lorenzo Schinaia, Chiara Lucafò, Luca Tommasi, Claudio Robazza, and Maurizio Bertollo. "The Effect of tRNS on Performance: A Pilot Study with a Skilled Air-Pistol Shooter." Biofeedback 43, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-43.2.02.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the possible effects on the performance of a skilled shooter of the delivery of transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) to the right parietal and left frontal areas of the brain. An athlete (35-year-old male) with 16 years of shooting experience was involved in the study. The participant performed 40 shots in two different sessions (sham and tRNS) during which his performance was assessed using the SCATT shooter training system, while physiological and postural data were collected. Findings showed that tRNS stimulation can improve shooting performance. Considering heart rate as an index of arousal, it is evident that its increase during the tRNS is consistent with the hypothesis that arousal plays an important role in modulating selective attention. Probably this is caused by the increase of cognitive resources devoted to help, maintain, and sustain attention for the time necessary to perform the visual–spatial–motor task.

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Mazur, Julia, and Paweł Faliszewski. "The significance of ricochet marks in finding bullets at the shooting scene and in determining shooter location." Issues of Forensic Science 287 (2015): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2015.287.5.

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The article offers an overview of the ricochet phenomenon. The authors addresses the issue of examining bullet trajectories that have been deflected as a result of coming into contact with different types of obstacles. Ricochet marks are used by forensic experts to determine bullet trajectory, pattern, caliber and shooter location. Finding the ricocheted projectiles is difficult due to the fact that the angles of incidence (impact) and reflection are not equal. This article, devoted to ballistics and ricochet phenomenon, is based on the findings of the study conducted by specialists of the MWD Academy, Volgograd, Russia. The above study involved the use of a small semiautomatic 5.45 mm PSM pistol. Experimental firing was conducted with 5.45 mm pistol cartridges with central ignition (MPC); 2.5 g steel-core bullet; 0.15-0.17 g powder charge (Sf 040 gunpowder); muzzle velocity: 315–325 m/s. The shooting targets involved 16 mm particleboards (DSP) covered with laminate and without laminate, removed from old furniture. The results of 17 experimental firings are shown in this article. For all the firing trials, the muzzle was positioned at a distance of 2 m from the anticipated impact site. Based on the obtained results, it can be inferred that for all the ricochet incidents, the angle of reflection was greater than the angle of incidence. The projectile penetrated the particleboard over a certain distance and exited out the front site. The analysis of findings will in the future serve the formulation of the conclusions about the shooting scene, including finding the projectiles. The authors developed the following sequence of recommended expert activities: determining the type of projectile, trajectory, angles of incidence and reflection, shooter position and finally, the search for a projectile.

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Zech, Wolf-Dieter, Beat Kneubühl, Michael Thali, and Stephan Bolliger. "Pistol thrown to the ground by shooter after fatal self inflicted gunshot wound to the chest." Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 18, no. 2 (February 2011): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2010.11.005.

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Chu, Yu-Chun, and Jer-Chia Chang. "Heat Stress Leads to Poor Fruiting Mainly Due to Inferior Pollen Viability and Reduces Shoot Photosystem II Efficiency in “Da Hong” Pitaya." Agronomy 12, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010225.

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High summer temperatures (day/night: 40 °C/30 °C) are known to cause poor fruiting, reduced fruit/seed weight, and delayed fruit development in the “Da Hong” red-fleshed pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus); however, the mechanisms of these effects are unknown. This study examined how high temperature (HT, 40 °C/30 °C) affects stamen and pistil fertility through pollination combinations and fruit set in “Da Hong” pitaya and evaluated photosystem II (PSII) efficiency in yellowed shoots (cladodes). The in-vitro pollen germination rate was significantly higher at optimal temperature (OT, 30 °C/20 °C) than at HT, which was also associated with a reduced flower length, poor fruit set, small fruit size, and low number of seeds after self-pollination. Meanwhile, fruit set and fruit development were remarkably improved by using the pollens taken from plants grown at OT and moderate temperature (MH, 35 °C/25 °C) after mutual cross pollination, indicating that the reduction in seed number caused by incomplete fertilization due to inferior pollen viability was the main cause of poor fruiting under HT rather than pistil or photoinhibition, although HT treatment was linked to reductions of PSII efficiency at both the adaxial and abaxial ends of shoots. The results suggested that pollen viability was most affected under HT stress; thus, yielding remarkably reduced fruiting.

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de Oliveira, Marcelo, Alex Almeida Chedid, Larissa Silva de Azevedo, Ayla Roberta Borges da Silva Galaço, Thiago Rui Casagrande, and Osvaldo Antonio Serra. "Voltammetric Determination of New Chemical Markers in Gunshot Residues from Conventional and Ecological Ammunitions: Importance of Forensic Electroanalysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 52 (July 7, 2022): 2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01522164mtgabs.

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Gunshot residues (GSR) are chemical traces present in the shooter's body. GSR are primarily deposited on the dorsal region of the hands. Metallic microparticles formed by Sb, Ba, and Pb are the main inorganic residues produced by conventional ammunition. These residues are commonly analyzed by SEM-EDS for forensic evidence. Currently, two experimental limitations for forensic GSR analysis exist: GSR (1) are produced indistinctly (revolvers, pistols, and shotguns, among other firearms, produce the same GSR.) and (2) are not produced when metal-free (ecological) ammunition is fired. To overcome the issue of absent metallic traces and to provide proper ammunition traceability, we suggest using luminescent chemical markers based on rare earth ions. These markers can be synthesized with different elements, to produce distinct colors depending on the firearm caliber. In addition, these markers present good visual detectability under forensic flashlights, and they can be detected and quantified by sensitive, low-cost instrumental techniques, such as voltammetry. In this context, we aimed to develop a composite containing Eu and Zr and to incorporate it in conventional and ecological ammunition propellants to test whether voltammetric detection of GSR traces collected after the shots is feasible. Conventional and ecological .380-caliber pistol ammunition was used. Both types of ammunition were previously disassembled with a commercial inertia hammer. Aliquots of the composite containing Eu and Zr were mixed at 10% ratio (w/w) with the propellants of these types of ammunition. Later, ammunition was reassembled with a mechanical press from Lee, model Lock Pro. The firing step was carried out in a professional shooting range; a .380 caliber pistol from Taurus, model PT 638 PRO, was used. Shots were fired on boards of pressed wood placed 1.0 m away from the end of the gun barrel. After the shooting stage, a Spectroline UV flashlight, model ENF-280C, was used to detect the luminescent chemical marker in the ammunition capsules and shot residues deposited on the hands, target, and weapon. GSR for SEM-EDS analysis were collected with aluminum stubs equipped with conductive adhesive tape. GSR aliquots for GC-MS analysis were collected by using swabs soaked with chromatographic grade ethanol solution and placed in 2.0-mL Eppendorf tubes. GSR aliquots for voltammetric analysis were collected by using carbon paste electrodes, with their surface being lightly pressed on the sample collection region. GSR detection by UV flashlight showed that the luminescent chemical marker was present on the target, hands, and weapon and in the deflagrated ammunition cases, as evidenced by red dots spread over the samples. This indicated that the method was practical, and that the luminescent chemical marker was effective for the intended purpose. Analysis of GSR from conventional and ecological cartridges by GC-MS showed that they had distinct chemical profile, but the chemical components present in the luminescent chemical marker could not be detected. MEV-EDS analysis allowed particles containing the luminescent chemical marker to be detected in the cases of GSR from conventional and ecological munitions. The characteristic peaks of Zr and Eu were observed during EDS analysis, indicating that this technique can also be used to detect these markers. The voltammetric results indicated that the luminescent chemical marker can be detected through Zr detection at an anodic peak potential of 0.45 V vs. Ag/AgCl, consistent with the expected signal for this element. Additional substances present in these residues did not interfere in voltammetric Zr detection, making the new methodology a fast and viable alternative for forensic analysis. Figure 1

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Rozikin, Choirur, Fifin Kurnianto, Ahmadi Ahmadi, and Mohammad Syaifi. "DESIGN OF SHOOTING SCORE RECORDING INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON IMAGE PROCESSING." JOURNAL ASRO 9, no. 1 (September 10, 2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/asro.v9i1.239.

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Image processing shooter-based Information System is very useful for STTAL, which has a visionto become a center for the development of defense science and technology in the field of military,maritime and reliable seas at the regional level in realizing the independence of the main weaponssystem.STTAL has the mission of organizing higher education programs to produce human resourceswith Indonesian character and personality, based on science and technology that are of high quality andrelevant to the defense needs of the military, maritime and marine departures. In carrying out its duties asan educational institution, STTAL also carries out its obligations as the Indonesian National Army. So withthat STTAL often hold short barrel or pistol shooting exercises. In a series of short barrel or pistolshooting activities, each process of recording values is still carried out visually, that is by looking directlyat the target and counting manually, so that it takes a lot of members of the shooting committee and takesa long time in recording values. We design a application of image processing information system basedshots which can be used in shooting exercises to facilitate all members in carrying out shooting exercisesat STTAL. In this application the shooter can see firsthand the value of the shot obtained so that it canconcentrate fully in carrying out a shooting exercise. In this application also makes it easy for the head ofthe shooting committee to make a report to the commander quickly and accurately, for the commander tosee first hand the results of the shooting practice and it's easy to take a decision on shooting practice.Keywords: Value Marker, Shooting, Image Process.

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MUCHUT, SEBASTIÁN E., ANDREA G. REUTEMANN, NORA G. UBERTI-MANASSERO, and ABELARDO C. VEGETTI. "Synflorescence morphology of grasses with reduced terminal inflorescences: a case study of Jouvea (Cynodonteae, Chloridoideae, Poaceae)." Phytotaxa 302, no. 3 (April 4, 2017): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.302.3.3.

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Jouvea is a dioecious genus of grasses with two species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses place it in tribe Cynodonteae, closely related to subtribes Hilariinae and Scleropogoninae, and the genera Allolepis and Sohnsia. The staminate inflorescence in Jouvea is an ordinary grass spike of spikelets, but the pistillate inflorescence is represented by a single spikelet which lacks glumes, has a thick and cylindrical rachilla, lemmas forming a tube that enclose the palea and pistil, stigmas protruding from an apical pore of this tube, and does not have lodicules. Within Cynodonteae, inflorescences reduced to a single spikelet also occur in subtribe Monanthochloinae, in which the small number of flowers of the terminal inflorescence is compensated by an increase in the number of lateral floriferous shoots. We here describe the floriferous shoot system (synflorescence) of Jouvea and compare it to other cynodonteae grasses with reduced inflorescences. Jouvea species display a high number of lateral shoots (trophotagma enrichment axes) growing from the medial and distal zones of the synflorescences. These shoots have prophyllar origins and form clusters of lateral inflorescences. The elevated number of trophotagma enrichment axes of Jouvea may be associated with the extreme reduction in the pistillate terminal inflorescence. In addition, the increase in number of spikelets by the development of prophyllar branches is a unique strategy within tribe Cynodonteae.

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