Journal articles on the topic 'Piracy – Social aspects – 18th century'
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Khayarov, Damir G. "DISABLED PEOPLE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE XVIII CENTURY - MILITARY-HISTORICAL ASPECT." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 5 (July 8, 2020): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-5-104-111.
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The article is devoted to the historical and social aspects of the interaction of the state and military personnel with disabilities. The basic initial stages of the formation of social work in the young Russian empire with war invalids in the 18th century are considered.
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Komis, Kostas. "Demographic aspects of the Greek household: The case of Preveza (18th century)." History of the Family 9, no. 3 (January 2004): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2004.01.010.
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Chelcu, Cătălina. "Stolen wealth, perpetrators and punishments in Moldova (17th century – early 18th century)." Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia 26 (January 26, 2020): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bp.2019.26.7.
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For the historical period we refer to, no proper inventories have been made containing the unjustly appropriated goods. They are just mentioned as such or listed, if that was the case, according to the size of the damage. There are also documentary sources in which the object of the theft is less represented, the justice system focusing in those cases rather on the wrongdoers, than on the wrong actions. That is why, the blood money “paid for some reason”, with no other specific details, is quite frequently cited. Rare or frequent, these documents are complaints addressed by the victim to the Prince and his officials, documents in which the perpetrators admitted their fault, or deeds issued by the judicial authority subsequent to the investigation of the criminal act. In discussing the theft of/from the wealth, i.e. from the whole amount of the available goods, we are interested in clarifying some aspects pertaining to a reality that the historian should reconstruct, with all the complexity of its evolution: the motivations of the theft and its circumstances, the types of theft, the social categories involved, the time and space of the misdemeanour, the perpetrators’ punishment. Briefly, the study is about starting to write a history of the reprehensible acts liable to punishments for theft and robbery in 17th and early 18th century Moldavia.
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García-González, Encarnación, Pascual Saura-Gómez, and Vicente Raúl Pérez-Sánchez. "Geometry in 18th Century Bell Towers in Bajo Segura, Spain." Buildings 12, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030256.
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Bell towers are essential elements of religious architecture, which have been part of villagers’ lives for centuries and have marked their identity and orientation from a far distance. This research provides widens our knowledge of geometrical aspects of bell towers through a search for common building patterns. Throughout the history of construction and architecture, there have been specific studies about particular bell towers, but few have taken a more general approach, studying 18th-century architectural treatises and building warnings for ecclesiastical buildings after the Council of Trent. In the Spanish ecclesiastical territorial organisation, the Diocese of Orihuela and its region (Bajo Segura) had great importance, with outstanding social development and territorial expansion due to the colonising action of the clergy and nobility in the 18th century. In 1829, an earthquake had destructive effects on the area’s architectural heritage. This paper studies the bell towers that endured the earthquake by recording data in situ, generating a catalogue, and analysing and comparing the data obtained. The results outline a construction model that meets the established guidelines of the architectural treatises as far as geometrical proportions and building patterns are concerned.
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Athoillah, Ahmad. "Pembentukan Identitas Sosial Komunitas Hadhrami di Batavia Abad XVIII-XX." Lembaran Sejarah 14, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.45437.
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This paper discusses the process of forming identities carried out by the Hadhrami community in Batavia throughout the late 18th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The taking of the topic was motivated by the strong social identity of the Hadhrami community in Batavia, especially in religion and economy since the 19th century to the present. The problem of this research is about the form and process of forming Hadhrami social identity from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. To answer these problems, a critical historical method is used by using various historical sources and relevant reference studies.Some of the results obtained from this study are various historical realities, such as the formation of social religious symbols including mosques and religious teaching forum. Some important things are the formation of economic identities such as wholesale trade, shipping businesses and property businesses. In addition, there were also shifting settlements from Hadhrami over the Koja people in Pekojan in the early 19th century, as well as the shift of the Hadhrami to the inland of Batavia in the late 19th century. These various realities ultimately affected various forms and processes of forming the social identity of the Hadhrami community, such as the material aspects, language, behavior, and collective ideas of the Hadhrami community especially at the beginning of the 19th century. Generally the Hadhrami community had transformed themselves and their collective parts into colonial society in Batavia until the beginning of the 20th century.
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Bergman, A. "HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF FORMATION OF THE COASTAL AREA OF STANITSA STAROCHERKASSKAYA (COSSACK VILLAGE) IN THE ROSTOV REGION." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 7, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2022-7-5-50-59.
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The article analyzes the formation of a Cossack village on the coastal territory of the Don River in a historical and architectural-compositional context. A retrospective of the formation of the Cossack village of stanitsa Starocherkasskaya from the 18th century is considered until now. The author focuses on both architectural and compositional aspects and historical background that influence the formation of the image of the Cossack village. In addition, the main social aspects that influenced the integration of the coastal area into the structure of a small historical settlement are identified. For the coastal area of the Starocherkasskaya Cossack village (stanitsa), the author identifies three key periods of formation and integration into the structure of the settlement. The first is the period during the 18th century. The second is the period from the 19th to the middle of 20th century. The third is the period from the second half of the 20th century to the present. Each period is considered in detail. This is of great importance in the formation of the Starocherkasskaya Cossack village (stanitsa), and in particular the coastal area as the most important component in the structure of the settlement. Five basic principles for the formation of the structure of the Cossack settlement are formulated and the role of the coastal territory in this process is indicated on the basis of analysis of historical cartographic material
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Houghton, James. "Three Cheers for the Pirates! The History of Merseyside Smugglers and Wreckers: Realities, Myths, and Legacies." Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 171, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/transactions.171.10.
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Within recent years, Merseyside has adopted piratical imagery as part of its local identity. This adoption reprises Merseyside’s smuggling and wrecking heritage as smugglers and wreckers have been transformed into myths that have been assimilated into modern understandings of historical piracy. This modern interpretation of piracy has transformed the historical pirate into an anti-authoritarian symbol, stripped of its problematic criminal aspects. Pirates have become embedded within Merseyside’s social consciousness through cultural events. This article examines into how and why Merseyside has used its smuggling and wrecking past to facilitate a piratical identity. Drawing on the reality of the region’s history of smuggling and wrecking realities, this study assesses how these activities have been regarded since their heydays. Prevalent societal values of the period determine what is deemed of cultural importance, with Merseyside’s smugglers and wreckers enjoying dizzying heights today after having almost falling into obscurity in the twentieth century.
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Helgason, Jon. "Why ABC Matters: Lexicography and Literary History." Culture Unbound 2, no. 4 (November 4, 2010): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.10230515.
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The purpose of this article is twofold. First, I wish to discuss the origins of The Swedish Academy Dictionary against the backdrop of the social and cultural history of lexicography in 18th and 19th century Europe. Second, to consider material aspects of lexicography – the dictionary as interface – in light of German media scientist Friedrich Kittler’s “media materialism”. Ultimately, both purposes intend to describe how letters and writing have been constructed and arranged through-out the course of history. In Kittler’s view, “the intimization of literature”, that took place during second half of the 18th century, brought about a fundamental change in the way language and text were perceived. However, parallel to this development an institutionalization and disciplining of language and literature took place. The rise of modern society, the nation state, print capitalism and modern science in 18th century Europe necessitated (and were furthered by) a disciplining of language and literature. This era was for these reasons a golden age for lexicographers and scholars whose work focused on the vernacular. In this article the rise of the alphabetically ordered dictionary and the corresponding downfall of the topical dictionary that occurred around 1700 is regarded as a technological threshold. This development is interesting not only within the field of history of lexicography, but arguably also, since information and thought are connected to the basic principles of mediality, this development has bearings on the epistemo-logical revolution of the 18th century witnessed in, among other things, Enlightenment thought and literature.
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Erlihson, Irina M. "THE NEWGATE CALENDAR: PCHYCOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ENGLISH CRIMINAL BIOGRAPHY OT THE 18TH CENTURY." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 43 (2021): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/43/13.
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The author of the article refers to one of the intellectual aspects of the genesis of English penitentiary reforms of the 18th century. The progressive increase in crime rate, which English society faced in the 18th century, became a popular trend in social discourse, being left off “board” of historical penology that developed till the middle of the 20th century in the line of the normativism approach. Historiographic schools traditionally treated the evolution of English criminal justice system of the 18th century as the history of sanctions and led complicated social processes to forming severe “vertical of subordination”. The dislocation of the vector of historical researches to interdisciplinary anthropological field led to the emergence of new methods of reconstructions of historical world. The author applied theoretical aspects and tools of “cultural-intellectual and new social history” and it helped to consider imperious relationships in the epoch of the reforming of criminal justice system in the mirror of representation in historical narratives in social-cultural context and reality of Great Britain in the 18th century. The aim of the following research is to analyze criminal biographies from the Newgate Calendar for comprehension of the psychology of a crime both in the point of view of its direct subjects and through the prism of literary and personal interpretation. To reach the goal the author solves the following tasks: - considers the phenomenon of crime from the point of view of their subjects, on the one hand, and the public in the search for universal forms of neutralization of criminal aggression and ways of realization of the punishment in the stated period, on the other; - analyzes the criminals’ psychological state and emotional reactions taking into account classical studies in criminal psychology; - shows the specifics of the manifestation and perception of violence and “crime and retribution” interpretation in the social and spiritual-intellectual contexts of the period In the framework of the study, the author resorts to both special historical and source study methods (biographical, historical synthesis, discursive analysis, interpretation of texts and sources), as well as to the tools of related humanitarian disciplines such as psychological anthropology (reconstruction of a criminal biography involving fundamental works of Z. Freud, E. Fromm, Yu.M. Antonyan). We conclude the following: First of all, Newgate histories performed the edifying function, reminding us of the inevitability of punishment and compulsory repentance of a criminal. Moralistic component helped the “Calendar” to create the reputation of reading, elevating the spirit and it frequently held pride of place on the bookshelves near the Bible. Secondly, The Newgate Calendar made the attitude to the essence of violence in human nature as a part of public discourse. It was a successful commercial project of replication of the examples of antisocial behavior: violence, fraud, adultery, sexual inversions were boldly included into the sphere of public representation. In fact, the combination of didactic discourses and narrative passages created compositional structure of every biography in proportion, fitting such criteria as provocativeness of the material, eccentricity of a criminal’s personality and the degree of his discrepancy to conventional social norms.
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Pérez Hernández, José Eduardo. "Aspectos de la vida burguesa en Santa Cruz de La Palma a mediados del siglo XIX. El abogado Antonio de las Casas López y su familia." Revista de Historia Canaria, no. 203 (2021): 85–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.histcan.2021.203.04.
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On the island of La Palma, the surname De las Casas is an example of a bourgeoisie that has evolved, over three generations, from rustic and tenant farmers of the island’s oligarchy, in the second half of the 18th century, to urban, commercial and dedicated to the liberal professions in the 19th century. This article is based on the «Antonino Pestana Rodríguez» documentary collection (El Museo Canario) to study some aspects of the social and private life of the lawyer Antonio de las Casas López and his family in the mid-nineteenth century. The result is a behavior of the bourgeois characterized by the coexistence, in matters such as the path to marriage, social promotion and family honour, of modern mental attitudes together with other typical attitudes of the Old Regime society
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Samarin, Alexander Yu. "Printed Lists of Subscribers as a Source of Sociocultural Modeling in Reader’s History (on the Materials of the Last Third of the 18th Century)." Observatory of Culture, no. 6 (December 28, 2015): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2015-0-6-115-123.
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The article considers some aspects of the printed lists of subscribers as historical sources, methods of using them in researches on reader’s history and culturology. The author demonstrates the experience of creation of a multilevel integral dynamic reflective-measuring parametric model of the reader of Russian civil type books of the last third of the 18th century. Such a sociocultural model includes social, geographical, gender, personal characteristics and reflects the thematic-typological structure of different population groups’ reading circle.
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Chistyakov, A. V. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATEHOOD IN RUSSIA OF THE XVIII CENTURY AND THE FORMATION OF A NEW TYPE OF BUSINESS WRITING." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 31, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2021-31-3-438-448.
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The article is devoted to the development of business writing as an independent style of official document flow in Russia. For centuries, documents have been compiled in a language close to the spoken language and contained the individual speech characteristics of the compiler. This continued until the 18th century, when Peter I accelerated the state centralization and reorganized the system of state administration. These changes made it necessary to systematize the document flow and unify legislative acts. Naturally, such activity has led to the ordering of language of documents. As shown in the article, two main trends in the development of business language can be observed during the 18th century: 1) active enrichment of vocabulary and speech turns due to borrowing and terminologization process, caused by the development of various aspects of social life; 2) isolation of genres, regulation of the form of documents and active formation of terminology. This process, which began in the Petrine era, continued for many decades and was not completed under Catherine II.
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Salati, Marco. "Three Eighteenth-Century Waqf Documents from the Ottoman Courts of Aleppo." Eurasian Studies 17, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685623-12340063.
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Abstract This article is a study of three 18th-century documents from the archives of the Ottoman qāḍī-courts of Aleppo. Although the nature of the cases they relate differ, they all deal with various aspects of the waqf institution: istibdal – i.e. the exchange of ruined or unprofitable waqf property for a more productive one – the creation of a new waqf, and, finally, a dispute over the right to benefit from waqf property. Juridical considerations aside, the interest of these cases lies primarily in the fact that the individuals mentioned and involved in the three documents belong to a restricted circle of notable family groups which are at various degrees linked to one another through marriage relations. Even in their limited scope, these documents provide valuable information on some of the notable families of the city and their social networks.
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Gilbert, Emily. "‘Ornamenting the Facade of Hell’: Iconographies of 19th-Century Canadian Paper Money." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16, no. 1 (February 1998): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d160057.
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In this paper I explore the iconographies on 19th-century Canadian paper money. Drawing upon the recent debates regarding the intersection of culture, society, and economy, it is argued that the form of paper money conveys not only economic but social and cultural values. The paper is divided into three parts. The first section situates Canadian paper currency in terms of the consolidation of paper monies more generally in the 18th and 19th centuries, but with particular reference to Britain and the United States. I then turn to a more specific analysis of the design and production of paper money, illustrating how monetary images were transferred among artistic media. A third section focuses on some of the spatial aspects of paper money by exploring national and imperial monetary narratives which are in turn related to specific monetary practices. In a brief conclusion the importance of an historical analysis to our contemporary understanding of paper and other kinds of monies is outlined and points to our complicity in economic, social, and cultural networks.
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Danilova, L. N. "Forming of social order for teachers in the history of education in Russia." Professional education in the modern world 12, no. 2 (July 13, 2022): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/2618-7515-2022-2-10.
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Introduction. The first state educational institution for teacher’s training was the teachers’ seminary established in 1783. However, the teaching profession appeared in Russia long before that and was supported by social request. This fact builds questions about transformations of public expectations in relation to teachers, i.e. about the history of the social order to teachers. That order had not been realized and reflected in some documents for a long time, but its influence on education in Russia can be clearly observed already in the 17th century. Purpose setting. The article attempts to determine features of its becoming. Methodology of the study. The research is based on a large layer of literature, on the principles of dialectics and historicism, and uses comparative historical analysis, deduction, culturomics, content analysis, statistics and other theoretical methods. Results. Features of forming of a social order to teachers in the 17th and 18th centuries are identified and specified. The factors and conditions of its forming in the specified historical period are characterized; its structural components were determined, also patterns of changes in the social order for teachers and its actualization time were detected. Conclusion. In the 17th century, there was an order for teachers in the Russian Tsardom, the subject of which was the church, but partly also the state and townspeople. The state imposed requirements on teacher’s work, regulating some aspects of school organizing. The emerging in those times trend of transition from religious characteristics of the teacher to professional ones finally took shape at the beginning of the 18th century, when the state order for teachers had been formed. By the middle of the century, the image of the teacher had radically changed, and there were requirements of professionalism in the being taught science and of positive personal characteristics, which found its place in organizing of the first teachers’ seminary: the order for teacher’s methodological training began thanks to it. Patterns of formation of a social order to teachers (society always has high expectations from either professional or personal characteristics of the teacher; during periods of social conflicts and changes the requirements for his personal characteristics are actualized; that transfer depends on social stability) confirm that clearly it depends on historical periods and socio-political conditions.
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Volkov, Maksim. "Social, cultural and educational monastery activities of the Tambov Eparchy in the second half of 18th – 19th century." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 180 (2019): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-180-124-132.
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The relevance of this study is due to the increased interest in the problems of the cultural and material heritage of the monasteries in Russia. At the moment, when there are numerous discussions about the fate of the monastic shrines between the state and the Russian Orthodox Church, an appeal to the history of this issue is very important. Monasteries in various regions were a peculiar center of spiritual and material culture, around which various sections of the popu-lation united and formed a single historical understanding of the past, present and future of their region. Over the centuries, in the minds of each person the feeling of tremulous and sacred attitude to the history of their ancestors has developed, which made it possible to realize the significance of each local holy place for the entire Russian people as a whole. The main sacred and valuable relics in the Russian Orthodox monasteries, of course, were: the relics of saints, icons (many of which were considered miraculous), collections of books. As a result, whole system of cultural, educational and social activities was gradually built around the monasteries. It was implemented in various directions. In the monasteries of the Tambov Eparchy there are several main directions: public education, charity, social guardianship in various fields, education. The main objective of this study is the most detailed disclosure of these aspects of monastic activity on the territory of the Tambov Region, as well as identifying the main patterns and development trends of the designated areas in their interdependence.
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Kinashchuk, O. "UKRAINIAN SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY OF 1940-60S ABOUT RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ZAPOROZHIAN HOST AND RUSSIA DURING THE HAYDAMATSKIY MOVEMENT IN THE XVIII CENTURY." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 11 (December 1, 2022): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112037.
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The purpose of the research is to analyze the works of Ukrainian Soviet historians of the 1940s and 1960s, who are devoted to the Haidamat movement and the role of Cossacks in it. Changes in the Soviet paradigm regarding the interpretation of the history of the Zaporozhian Host and the social and political aspects of Zaporizhzhya-Russian relations during the spread of the Haydamak movement in the 18th century are traced.The influence of the resolutions of the congresses of the CPSU on the coverage of the 300th anniversary of the "reunification of Ukraine and Russia" and the 200th anniversary of the Koliivshina has been studied. Among the methods that were used during the preparation of the article - general scientific and general historical, analysis of the Soviet historiography of the problem, comparison and generalization. The scientific novelty is emphasized by the fact that in modern Ukrainian historiography there are no works dedicated to the study of the history of Zaporizhzhya-Russian relations during the Haydamak movement of the 18th century. The author of the article proposes to fill this historiographical gap.
Conclusions. In the context of the study of the Haydamak movement of the 18th century, Soviet historians considered Zaporozhye-Russian relations as a component of the struggle of peasants against feudal lords in Right-Bank Ukraine. This was due to the promotion and consolidation in Soviet historiography of the idea of the "leading role" of the peasantry, instead of the Cossacks, in the wars and uprisings of the outlined period. Soviet historians consciously supported the policy of the Central Committee of the CPSU, participating in the transformation of historical science into a political tool, manipulating facts to suit the ruling ideology.
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Borokh, O. N. "China in Quesnay’s doctrine: Interpretations, translations, cultural aspects." Journal of the New Economic Association 50, no. 2 (2021): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2021-50-2-7.
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The paper analyzes the Chinese influences on the doctrine of the French physiocrat François Quesnay from the perspective of the cultural specifics of the perception of economic and political ideas. The approaches of Chinese researchers were impacted by Marxist methodology, sinocentric views and fragmentary use of primary sources. The application of the Marxist concept of socio-economic formations supported the arguments that feudal Confucianism could not influence the views of physiocrats, which reflected the emergence of capitalist relations. In the 18th century opponents of the physiocrats used the comparison of the Tableau Économique with the scheme of the Chinese Book of Changes to disqualify Quesnay’s doctrine. For Chinese researchers this comparison became a confirmation of the value of the Tableau Économique and an incentive to search for the ideas of circular flows and equilibrium in both tables. The study of Despotism in China content confirms its connection with the actual historical China. It is concluded that Chinese scholars seek to interpret the historical precedent of the influence of Confucian thought on Quesnay’s doctrine in the context of plans to increase the global clout of China’s social sciences.
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Proença, Kátia Aparecida Poluca, and Neiva Afonso Oliveira. "Women's Educacion on Rousseau." Educativa 20, no. 1 (September 29, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/educ.v20i1.5864.
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A EDUCAÇÃO DAS MULHERES NA TEORIA ROUSSEAUNIANA
Resumo: neste artigo nos propomos a explorar os aspectos da vida e obra de Rousseau, evidenciando os fatos que envolveram sua relação com as mulheres. O texto mostra pontos importantes para que Jean-Jacques Rousseau viesse a desenvolver suas ideias a respeito da educação e comportamento da mulher na sociedade francesa do século XVIII. Para a sustentação de nossas hipóteses, compusemos um estudo bibliográfico de aproximação sócio-histórico-filosófica, explorando a formação de Rousseau como pessoa e identificando mulheres importantes em sua formação, apresentaremos as questões sociais e condutas, vivenciadas por Rousseau. Na formação desse cenário compomos o quanto a influência das mulheres na vida de Rousseau determinaram a sua proposta educacional.
Palavras-chave: Rousseau. Educação das Mulheres. Século XVIII
Abstract: In this text, we intend to explore aspects of Rousseau's life and writings, putting in evidence the facts which involved his relationship with women. The text shows relevant topics so that Jean-Jacques Rousseau could develop his ideas about education and women's behavior in 18th century of French society. To support our hypothesis, we composed a bibliographical study of philosophical-social-historical characteristics, exploring Rousseau's formation as a subject and identifying important women in his formation and on his prospect of education.
Keywords: Rousseau. Women's education. 18th century.
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Montojo Montojo, Vicente. "Chinchilla de Montearagón y el diezmo eclesiástico de su distrito. Siglos XVII-XVIII." Al-Basit : Revista de Estudios Albacetenses 65 (December 1, 2020): 41–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37927/al-basit.65_2.
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: In this text, the participation of the population of Chinchilla and others of its district in the administration and management of ecclesiastical tithe in the 17th and 18th centuries, a part of the agrarian production that is delivered to the Diocese of Cartagena (bishop and council cathedral, based in Murcia) and the king (royal thirds) or even the lord in the case of manors. This popular action in the ecclesiastical tithe took place on the part of diverse social groups, reason why it is illustrative of the social organization and its evolution, in which the policy of the enlightened governments of the eighteenth century influenced by the liberalization of the cereal prices (previously appraised) and the setting of new contributions, such as the pious fund and frutos civiles. In this way, the social composition of Chinchilla is made known a little more, a city to which hardly any attention has been devoted in these aspects.
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Kardasz, Monika. "“Bezoar z łez ludzkich czasu powietrza morowego” by Walenty Bartoszewski as an Example of “A Prescription for the Soul and the Body” at the Time of the Plague." Tematy i Konteksty specjalny 1(2020) (2020): 121–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/tik.spec.eng.2020.7.
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The article is an attempt to interpret a hardly known collection of poems by Walenty Bartoszewski, a Jesuit in Vilnius, published in reaction to the outbreak of the plague in Vilnius in the years 1629–1632, which constitutes the testimony of increased religiousness in the face of an epidemic. In the article, the author of the collection is presented, as well as his poetic oeuvre. Also, a brief description of the social background of those events is given. Then, other texts from the 16th–18th centuries, concerned with the topic of the epidemic are characterized. They include sermons, secular works, religious songs and prayers. The main part of the article is devoted to the interpretation of the collection by Bartoszewski in the context of the most important aspects of the volume „Bezoar z łez ludzkich czasu powietrza morowego” [Bezoar of Human Tears Shed at the Time of the Plague], which include: the manifestation of religiousness at the beginning of the 18th century, the realities of the epidemic depicted in lyrics, the vision of God and Christ, ways of protecting the faithful against the plague, and the intercession of the Mother of God.
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Tataurov, S. F. "Tobacco and pipes in the city of Tara in the 17th–19th centuries." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 2 (49) (June 5, 2020): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-49-2-7.
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The research was carried out on the materials of 2009–2019 archeological-historical investigations in one of the first Russian cities in Siberia — Tara, founded in 1594. The aim was to study the process of tobacco distribu-tion in the region and the specific aspects of tobacco smoking in the 17th–19th centuries. The perception of this habit from the local administration and various groups of the population, such as servicemen, Old Believers and other social strata of the city, has been considered. The attitude to tobacco smoking changed over the studied period from the government ban to protection by the highest authorities. The perception within the society also varied, from semi-underground smoking and punishment for this habit to permission and encouragement. In total, during the excavation, 10 pipes for tobacco smoking and 2 mouthpieces were found. Pipes from archeological excavations of Siberian sites of the Sayany ostrog, as well as those from Moscow and Saint-Petersburg, were analyzed. Based on this analysis, the Tara pipes were divided into the following types: locally produced items of the 18th century, «Moscow» pipes of the 18th century, and porcelain pipes of the 19th century. By their design, they split into heads with small cups for finely cut tobacco and pipes with large cups for Russian coarsely cut tobacco. The collection of pipes obtained during archaeological research in the city of Tara overall fits into the general con-cept of the distribution of smoking in Siberia, proposed by A.V. Shapovalov. The mouthpieces are made of wood and bone and fit with dimensions of the pipe heads. Planigraphically, the findings of pipes and mouthpieces in the 17th century are associated to the interhouse spaces, and pipes of the 18th–19th centuries — to the location of drinking houses. This is related to the prohibition of smoking by local administrations before Peter the Great time, and then to the protests of Old Believers against smoking. The issue of the use of drugs during smoking, primarily hashish, a tradition that could come to Siberia from Central Asia, is still to be addressed.
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Kim, Eun-Kyoung. "The Acceptance patterns and meanings of polygonal bottle of the Qing Dynasty seen in Joseon white porcelain in the 19th century." Korean Journal of Art History 313 (March 31, 2022): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.31065/kjah.313.202203.004.
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This polyhedron white porcelain, which suddenly appeared in the 19th century, is a new form that deviates from the tradition of making white porcelain in Joseon. This study paid attention to the emergence of polygonal bottle, which had not been independently viewed so far, and looked into the production aspects and formative characteristics along with the formative origins. Furthermore, the meaning of polygonal bottle consumed in the 19th century was examined. First, based on similar stylistically, it was revealed that the origin was a Glass-body painted enamel snuff bottle that was most likely introduced into Joseon as a gift from the Qing Dynasty during the reign of King Jeongjo. This bottle, which requires a tricky manufacturing process, is a structure that can be manufactured only when mathematical concepts, especially geometric theories, are supported. Considering that geometric-related books such as Giha Bobapyeon(幾何補編) by Mei Wen-ting (梅文鼎, 1633-1721), who studied Archimedes’ polyhedron, were passed down to Joseon and were the main targets of inquiry by scholars in the late 18th century, the possibility cannot be ruled out that Silhak(實學) scholar familiar with geometry were involved in the production of polyhedron drawings. In addition, the exotic and colorful polyhedron form known through the Qing Dynasty in the late 18th century would have been avoided from production and consumption under the philosophy of government administration of King Jeongjo, where ‘thrift and saving’ were revered. However, it is estimated that in the 19th century, the aristocrats who opposed the rise in the status of the economically powerful lower class and consumption intentionally consumed polygonal bottles, a high-end bowl, to reveal their status. In the 19th century, Joseon was rapidly changing, such as increasing interest in Western studies and relaxation of the status system, and this social atmosphere is thought to have had a significant impact on the emergence of polyhedron shapes.
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Nevzorov, Evgeniy. "Soldiers’ children in legislation and law enforcement practice in Russian Empire of 18th–19th centuries." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 179 (2019): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-179-131-142.
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We consider historical and legal aspects of social and class status of minor members of “military class”: soldiers’ children, recruit’s children, soldiers’ daughters. These children had special status in legislation and law enforcement practice in Russian Empire in 18th–19th century as they were born in the families of recruits, lower ranks soldiers during their service in Russian army, retired soldiers, soldiers on indefinite leave and service-disabled veterans. On the basis of wide range of archival and published materials we reconstructed the legal regulation and social characteristics of “military offspring” in military forces and civil society. We also reveal recorded in primary archival documents and legal acts social and legal, class and household collisions and trends, which determined life and destiny of “military children”. We clarify statistical uncertainties, which occurred during estimation members of military class – soldiers’ children – in Russian province. We also give detailed historiographic assessment of studying legal status of cantonists and soldiers’ daughters. We conclude about the prospects of studying this scientific problem by domestic historians, as well as the presence of primary archival documents, which are waiting for the introduction into scientific circulation. It is proved that the category of “soldiers’ children” was not only a subject, but was often the object of Russian legislation, this category also made it possible to successfully defend their rights. We reveal features of transformation of the former cantonists into professional soldiers, and also their role in military and social history of the Russian Empire of the considered chronological period.
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Pramasto, Arafah. "Idealisme Sosial Kemasyarakatan dalam Kitab Hidayatus Shalikin karangan Syaikh Abdus Shamad Al-Palimbani." Analisis: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 20, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/ajsk.v20i1.6806.
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Sufism is a kind of appreciation of the esoteric dimension of Islam which is often considered a destructive and distorted teaching. A sharp criticism was raised by Hasan Hanafi, a modern Muslim intellectual from Egypt, according to Sufism arising from the despair of the opponents of the absolutism of the Umayyads, and this Sufism had no social contribution. However, in Indonesia there is a cleric from Palembang named Shaykh Abdus Shamad Al-Palimbani who adheres to the Neo-Sufism style with its characteristic namely activism in collective life. This article seeks how to uncover the form of social idealism in the book Hidayatus Shalikin by Shaykh Abdus Shamad Al-Palimbani in the 18th century. The research methodology used is the historical method, heuristic, critical interpretation, and Historiography.The results of this study prove that Shaykh Abdus Shamad's social idealism includes several aspects, namely universal compassion in the morality of the people, rejecting violence and oppression, clean assets from acts of wrongdoing, and forbidding lies and expressions of hatred in the community.
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Smutok, Lesia, Yaroslav Lyseyko, and Ihor Smutok. "CENSUS OF THE JEWISH POPULATION OF STARA SIL IN 1764." Problems of humanities. History, no. 5/47 (March 27, 2021): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2312-2595.5/47.217796.
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Summary. The purpose of the research is to introduce a documentary source from the middle of the 18th century into the scientific circulation, in particular. The document in question is the census of the Jewish population of the city of Stara Sil in the Przemysl land in 1764. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism and the use of methods acceptable for the study of microhistory, the history of local social groups. The scientific novelty – for the first time a historical source which allows reconstructing the demographic component of the history of Jews in the territory of Przemysl land of the early modern period is introduced into scientific circulation. In the absence of statistical information for the specified period and the absence of metric records, this census remains almost the only document that forms an idea of the number and family structure of the Jewish community in a particular city. The document proposed for publication can be used for demographic research, genealogy and in related scientific topics devoted to the history of the Jewish society of the Carpathian region in the early modern period. Conclusions as a result of archival searches, a historical source was discovered and introduced into scientific circulation. This historical source is the census of the Jewish population of the Przemysl land in the mid-18th century. The information in it allows you to find out certain aspects of the life and activities of the Jewish community of Stara Sil and the Przemysl land of early modern times.
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Belov, Alexey V. "Cultural Environment of Moscow at the Turn of the 19th Сentury: Noble Theaters of the City. Main Types and Features of Operation." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 65 (2022): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-65-62-70.
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The paper examines the place and significance of the city`s noble manor theaters in the cultural environment of Moscow in the second half of the 18th – early 19th centuries. The priority attention of the study is drawn to the frontier of two centuries, since this historical stage was marked by a final rooting of the hitherto mostly alien Western European theater tradition in the Russian city (primarily metropolitan) society, which led to the further development of theatrical art as an integral part of national culture of Russia. Along with this, the last years of the 18th century became the peak of the manor theater as part of the urban cultural space of Moscow. The noble character of the “old” capital as well as the dense ring of “Moscow” — suburban estates, oriented in all aspects of their life to Moscow — contributed to this momentum. Based on the census of Moscow theaters conducted in the last years of the 18th century, the study provides characteristics of the main types of home stage groups, which are divided into a number of independent types, differing from each other in a degree of openness, main goals of existence, circle of participants and social component of their activities. The paper explains the features and goals of their functioning, analyzing such a phenomenon of the cultural life of Moscow of those years as “noble” performances and “noble” actors. The research also dwells on some of the most notable and characteristic creative groups, stage venues and stage ministers, presenting an assessment of the nature of their work. The author draws special attention to the importance of home city theaters and orchestras in the development of public theater art in the country, formation of the necessary creative personnel, appearance of new talented actors on the Moscow`s imperial stage, including those maintaining their dependent serfdom. The study concludes with an assessment of the subjective and objective reasons of the decay of manor theaters in Moscow and Russia, as well as their transformation on a new “commercial” basis in the first half of the 19th century.
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Zagyi, Nándor. "18–19. századi magyar India-utazók emlékezete." Modern Geográfia 17, no. 2 (April 2022): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/mg.2022.17.02.05.
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The present study provides a comprehensive overview of the 18th–19th century Hungarian or Hungary-related India travellers. In this context, relying upon the author’s subjective value judgement, individuals who visited India and South Asia, respectively, at any point during the period indicated in the title are systematized according to the strength of their work’s and oeuvre’s connection to the Indian subcontinent, as well as their social backgrounds, occupations, motives and goals, and not least the value of their contribution to travel and scientific literature and their significance in the history of science. In the case of India travellers in the strict sense, i.e. whose oeuvre is closely intertwined with India, the author devotes a separate analysis to the everyday and scientific aspects of their memory, their positions in memory space, the appearance of their memory in physical form, and the reasons behind the differences perceptible in these issues.
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Stefanović, Nenad. "Human rights and the social position of citizens in ancient Rome." Pravo - teorija i praksa 39, no. 3 (2022): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ptp2203038s.
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The paper analyzes the status aspects of human rights during the period of existence of the Roman state. Considering the fact that it was the empire lasted for several centuries, the position of a human in it and his/ her rights changed. The modern understanding of human rights originates from the period of the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, when The School of Natural Law laid the foundations of the understanding of human, natural rights, which did not exist in that form during the ancient period. The primary social differentiation of the population in ancient Rome was based on a simple division of people into free ones and slaves. From this premise, they built the foundations of their rights as well as their social, legal and political positions. In theory, Roman history is chronologically divided into four periods: The period of Kings, The period of the Republic, the Principate and the Dominate. In those periods, the social structure differed significantly. The aim of this paper is to show the position of the population in each of these periods, their rights and mutual relationships. The Roman law represents the cradle of contemporary continental law, and the germ of human rights was "sown" exactly in that period, which, for this reason, deserves to be the subject of a deeper professional analysis.
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Belov, Alexey V., and Mikhail V. Rudakov. "French colony in Moscow of the second half of the 18th – early 19th c.: aspects of emergence and historical destiny." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 62 (2021): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2021-62-87-100.
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The paper aims to analyze such a unique phenomenon of national history and culture as a French colony, established in Moscow of the late 18th c., exerting an outstanding influence on every aspect of the city life. “Russian French”, although repeatedly noted by contemporaries as a fact and feature of the Russian culture, still awaits a body of consistent research. The authors seek to assess specificity of the French community of Moscow focusing on the context of its emergence and covering its time span until 1812. The study pays special attention to the issues of the process of the French diaspora`s formation, its features and main aspects of the “Russian French” role in developing of the Russian culture at the turn of the 19th century, in all complexity of this entity, to identifying of the main motivational directions, social and professional status of migrants, mutual estimations of two cultures` representatives, their adjustment during the period observed subject to internal and external factors. The study involves estimating the contribution of the French migrants into Moscow`s business life and education, including the aspect of the theater evolution. The paper introduces into scholarly discourse previously unpublished sources and academic papers of the Russian and foreign authors of the past few years.
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Fekete, Albert, Imola Gecséné Tar, Máté Sárospataki, and Péter Győri. "Educational role of public parks : Windows to past, to future and to exotic worlds." 4D Tájépítészeti és Kertművészeti Folyóirat, no. 55-56 (2020): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36249/55.56.3.
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The design of public parks in Europe evolved at the end of 18th century. The first public parks were created primarily for leisure, entertainment and social representation. Reflecting architectural and artistic trends of specific time periods and eras, and design concepts of various ideologies, through their images, compositional aspects and symbols public parks also fulfill an important educational role in everyday life. Following the progress of the theoretical background of European public parks, the article introduces the research analysis of the educational role of the parks. The conclusions drawn from the historical review and from the analysis of public parks and gardens provide a good basis for the renovation methodology of historic parks and for the design of contemporary urban parks and open spaces, with an emphasis on their current and future educational role. Placing the survey and assessment of the public parks into an international context makes it possible to overview the most important educational benefits of public parks to the society.
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van den Toorn, Martin. "New functions and roles for public parks in Europe : The future relation between public space and public health." 4D Tájépítészeti és Kertművészeti Folyóirat, no. 55-56 (2020): 2–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36249/55.56.1.
Full textAbstract:
The design of public parks in Europe evolved at the end of 18th century. The first public parks were created primarily for leisure, entertainment and social representation. Reflecting architectural and artistic trends of specific time periods and eras, and design concepts of various ideologies, through their images, compositional aspects and symbols public parks also fulfill an important educational role in everyday life. Following the progress of the theoretical background of European public parks, the article introduces the research analysis of the educational role of the parks. The conclusions drawn from the historical review and from the analysis of public parks and gardens provide a good basis for the renovation methodology of historic parks and for the design of contemporary urban parks and open spaces, with an emphasis on their current and future educational role. Placing the survey and assessment of the public parks into an international context makes it possible to overview the most important educational benefits of public parks to the society.
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Potočárová, Mária. "Poland – Slovak regional relationships and development of minority Slovak schools in Poland in the Upper Orava region." Forum Pedagogiczne 10, no. 2 (July 18, 2020): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/fp.2020.2.15.
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The study deals with the situation of the minority (Slovak) education in the Upper Orava region in Poland. The situation and overall state of development of minority education is evaluated mainly from the perspective of historical development of social conditions that not only influenced the school policy, but in some aspects, also reflected the wider understood development of pedagogical thinking in Poland. Over roughly more than two centuries (from the 18th century to the present), a number of historical milestones in Polish – Slovak relationships have taken place, which also affected the functioning of Slovak minority schools in Poland. It is reflected in the territorial and language disputes that affect mainly the national identity of the Slovaks. This paper reflects on the meaning and mission of regional minority schools in this border area of Poland. It emphasizes their unifying role, promoting good coexistence and the formation of an honest and civic open national (ethnic) identity of Slovaks living in Poland in the Upper Orava region.
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Thorp, H. Holden. "The court is lost." Science 377, no. 6605 (July 29, 2022): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.ade0780.
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The United States has an insatiable desire for technological advancement but is governed by founding documents that are completely unsuited for science and technology. This incongruity has manifested in recent disastrous actions by the US Supreme Court on guns, abortion, and climate. The decisions suggest that the battle is being won by the portion of America who—while lionizing the past and clinging to the infallibility of words written in the late 18th century—can’t put down their cell phones. Reactionary posts on social media wouldn’t get very far without a hundred years of technical advances—and massive amounts of power to recharge mobile device batteries and run the server farms that support the digital world. Because the disconnect between aspects of modern life and the framing of the country’s governance appears inconsequential to the conservative majority of justices in the US Supreme Court, it is vital that the scientific community advocate a political and societal landscape in which compassion and adaptability attend technological progress.
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Willinsky, John. "Popular Literacy and the Roots of the New Writing." Journal of Education 168, no. 2 (April 1986): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205748616800204.
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The place of writing in the curriculum has recently increased in importance under a series of new approaches based on a processing model of how writers write. An overlooked aspect of these new programs in the schools is the degree to which they parallel aspects of an earlier, popular literacy. In a brief recounting of incidents in the history of literacy with a focus on Renaissance Europe, 17th- and 18th-century England, and the 20th-century United States, three historical elements are brought to light which now play a strong part in the new programs. In these programs literacy (a) is sociable, (b) has its roots in nonstandardized language, and (c) places a premium on performance and publication. Insofar as the new writing takes up these aspects of popular literacy, there is reason to feel that it will work to some degree in meeting the current literacy crisis. However, the traditions of popular literacy have both political and social ramifications which warrant our attention. Popular literacy in the past has been entangled in the sensational and subversive and has not always been well received. This history raises questions as to what can be expected and what is desired of this new thrust in writing. The advocates of the new writing programs need to confront the potential of this increased voice, this latest form of popular literacy, which they have begun to encourage.
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Blyzniak, Mykola. "FIRE SAFETY MEASURES IN THE CITIES OF VOLYN IN THE 18TH CENTURY (THE CASE STUDY OF DUBNO)." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, no. 30 (November 30, 2020): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-30-5-13.
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The article outlines the main aspects of the occurrence and prevention of fires in the cities of Volyn. In general, the fires hindered the development of a city, and its citizens bore the heavy burden of restoring the city’s production capacities. The owners of Volyn cities provided the fire victims with help for certain periods of time, but it did not always improve the situation. The article uses the orders of the prince’s administration in Dubno in the 18th century to analyse the fire safety measures and sanctions against violators. The documents regulating fire management have been published. The sources focuse mainly on the implementation of the system of preventive measures to fight the fires in the city of Dubno and the technical and managerial recommendations aimed to overcome possible challenges. The fire management strategy proposed by the prince’s administration was current and corresponded to the society’s needs at the time, since by the mid-18th century, the privately owned city of Dubno had become Volyn’s leader in the number of households, thus the most populated, and continued to support its people until the end of the century. The necessity of strict fire safety regulations and their adherence was based on four major factors: the high numbers of the city’s inhabitants, the ethnic and religious diversity of military contingent as well as their different professional activities, the constant influx of merchants and guests of the city, and mostly wooden city constructions and buildings. Volyn cities had night guards, whose responsibilities included ensuring that the citizens adhered to the fire safety regulations. For example, the city of Olyka had quartermasters, which were elected, similar to some other city positions. The article analyses the fire safety rules and requirements, which united the entire city community and ensured equality in the rights and duties of all city residents and locals from adjacent suburban areas regardless of their social affiliation. Thus, the problem of firefighting in the city became a common cause. Fires and their consequences could also become an instrument of manipulation in the political life of the region.
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Lee, Myungeun. "A Study on Marivaudienne Trilogy <Island>." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 593–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.8.44.8.593.
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This article is in the interest of the representation of the ‘island’, the stage of the 18th century French comedy writer Marivaux’s <The Island of Slaves>, <The Island of Reason>, and <The Colony>, contemplating what the writer ultimately intends to realize through the role and function of the island in the development of the plot. The writer reduces various aspects of the real society and human groups into the imaginary space of ‘island’: its’ ‘spatial representation’ would seem to embody a utopia reversing the established order. However it functions as a ‘space of recognition’ where characters look into their own illusionary image in society, and as a space of healing and recovery, revealing the human truth behind the false mask. Therefore, Marivaux’s island is a ‘symbolic space’, which embodies a ‘world of truth’ leading to human understanding.
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Kozubik, Michal, Jitse P. van Dijk, and Daniela Filakovska Bobakova. "Aspects of Illness and Death among Roma—Have They Changed after More than Two Hundred Years?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 4796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234796.
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Augustini studied Roma and published reports in 1775–1776 on their illnesses and death. Our intention was to compare the features of these two topics described by him in the late 18th century with those in the present time. We studied Augustini’s work on illnesses and death in the past. The present qualitative study was conducted in 2012–2013 in the same geographical area in which Augustini lived and worked more than two hundred years ago, i.e., the Tatra Region in Slovakia; our findings were evaluated in 2017–2018. We carried out semi-structured interviews with more than 70 informants and organised two sessions of focus groups. Data were analysed using content analysis (Augustini) and an open coding process. Our findings suggest that illnesses in Roma are treated differently nowadays compared with 1775–1776. For example, the traditional forms of healing have completely disappeared in the area of investigation. We did not observe any differences in dying and death perceptions between the past and nowadays. Although data and knowledge on health disparities and related mechanisms exist, and much more about perceptions of Roma regarding illnesses is now known compared with 1775–1776, so far, this knowledge has not helped to design effective interventions to overcome them. Substandard living conditions in marginalised Roma communities have not significantly improved since 1775–1776, which may contribute to their higher morbidity and mortality also nowadays. Political and social consensus should lead to a comprehensive vision for enhancing the social situation and living conditions in segregated settlements, especially providing housing for the poorest classes and overcoming health disparities.
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Wołowiec, Tomasz. "Potential and Possible Ways of Harmonizing the Personal Income Taxation Process." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 21, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0022.
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Personal income tax (hereinafter referred to as PIT) has a short history, as it appeared in tax systems of EU countries as late as at the end of the 18th century. As a specific universal structure it performs two economic functions: providing financial means for covering some public expenses (fiscal function), leveling inequalities – through its structure – in population incomes (a redistribution function). It also implements social functions of taxation through various tax reliefs and exemptions or the structure of the tax scale. Contemporary personal income tax in European countries has been shaped by many years of evolution. This proces is continuing, taking into account the process of European integration and the processes of standardizing and harmonizing tax systems in European Union countries. Most EU states only sporadically implement major reforms of personal income taxation. The scope of such changes is usually limited and determined by current fiscal needs or the need to stimulate a particular behavior of taxpayers. The current taxation of personal incomes is a very complex phenomenon which should be analyzed not only from the legal point of view, but also taking into account its social, cultural, economic and political system aspects.
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Maskuliūniene, Džiuljeta, and Bronius Maskuliūnas. "Cultural and Social Inclusion Efforts – A Significant Aspect of Early Lithuanian Children’s Literature." Scriptus Manet: humanitāro un mākslas zinātņu žurnāls = Scriptus Manet: Journal of Humanities and Arts, no. 13 (November 8, 2021): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/sm.2021.13.058.
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Children’s literature is an important part of national culture. Its mission has always been to help mature a young person, to form valuable foundations of personality. The aim of the article is to reveal the work of early Lithuanian children’s literature, especially of the 19th century, playing an important role in the life of society, i. e. playing the role of a mechanism of cultural and social inclusion, changing society and human mentality. It is necessary to emphasise that the field of children’s literature discussed here also includes early Lithuanian writing, which cannot be directly considered children’s literature, but it undoubtedly integrated the care for children (in the form of catechisms, elementary publishing, etc.). What functions of cultural and social inclusion did the texts intended for children (or also for children) perform, and what impact did they have? Methods used: sociology of literature, cultural analysis, interpretation of the text. The phenomenon of inclusion is an important aspect of Lithuanian children’s literature and culture. This is also testified by the history of Lithuanian books for children and works of particular writers. It is significant that in the cultural situation of the 19th century, children’s literature contributed to overcoming children’s illiteracy and helped create and unite the readership community in the making. Children (and often youth) were getting used to the book, a completely new form of communication for them. Little by little, people became aware of the importance of reading, writing, and education in general. Some texts of educational type have been left by Lithuanian writers of the 18th–19th centuries, and their traditions were continued by the creators of the early 20th century, portraying the fate of the book smuggler, the wish of a country child to learn, the authority of a published book, and other similar aspects. The book and the ability to read decrease seclusion, include the child and the youth into community life, and open wider horizons for thinking. Different aspects of inclusion (and there are more of them than mentioned in this paper) can also be found in modern children’s literature. A book and literature dedicated to the child or young person help to survive social seclusion, isolation and show the ways and means of overcoming them. Finally, children’s literature adjusts to the social environment, participates in society modelling, change, and establishes itself as an integral part of an inclusive society. Today children’s literature is perceived as an integral part of an inclusive society.
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Moriak-Protopopova, Khrystyna. "CHRISTIAN VALUES AS BASIC VALUES OF 1743 CODE (SELECTED ASPECTS)." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Law 73, no. 73 (November 30, 2021): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vla.2021.73.044.
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The article presents justifications that law and religion are social regulators which aim is to create rules of human behavior in a socially heterogeneous society. Their functions are, to some extent, similar and, consequently, mutual influence of law on religion and religion on law is inevitable (however, it is felt less and less in Europe in 21st century). In the middle of the 18th century the influence of religion on law was especially noticeable and, as a result, Christian values became the basis of normative acts. Thus, we have tried to identify some Christian values implemented as a basis for 1743 Code, the most perfect and general law codification of Hetmanate. Detailed studying of the legal document under analysis allowed us to conclude that provisions of canon law with Christian values in it were included into the 1743 Code not by accident. The combination of two states in the Hetmanate, Cossack-noble and clerical, could have led to the fact that secular commission members’ views were formed under a significant influence of Christianity, whereas church representatives’ views were less conservative. Most of them were knowledgeable at current state and canonical law. Thus, there is the evidence of direct influence of Christianity on the Hetmanate right (in spite no references to the sources of canon law in 1743 Code). The composition of the committee and Cossacks’ worldviews indicate preservation of traditional inclination of contemporary law to strengthen Christianity (Orthodox rite) as a dominant religion in the state. It has been proved that, taking into consideration historical period, composition of the committee and traditional contemporary ideas, values mentioned in the article were Christian ones for Cossacks officers and clergy of the Hetmanate (including authors of the Code). It has been revealed that 1743 Code equally protected the oldest Christian values contained in Moses Pentateuch as well as their additions and modifications whose source was the New Testament. It has been noted that medieval cruelty and intolerance confronted New Age humanism in the Code. The topic under study needs both further investigation and comprehension of the Christian legal tradition in general. Its further exploration will allow to characterize and understand the whole complex of possible impacts of Christianity on law, namely law of the Hetmanate.
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Osmanova, M. N. "Marginalities of the Handwritten Qurans of Highland Dagestan as a Historical Source." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 2 (March 3, 2021): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-2-371-384.
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The article is devoted to the study of the content of extra-textual records — marginals — in the margins of handwritten Qurans, recorded by Dagestan oriental scholars at different times while working with written monuments in private and mosque book collections of highland Dagestan. It was established that most of the discovered marginals were made in Arabic, however, since the beginning of the 18th century, such records were often kept in local languages using Arabic script. It is shown that the Quran, due to its sacred functions, became a repository of the most important documents of various nature. It is reported that extra-textual recordings are extremely diverse in their content, they affect many aspects of the socio-political, spiritual, economic and cultural life of the region. The experience of studying marginals over the past several decades is summarized. The author of the article draws attention to the newest findings of the Qurans made by archaeographic expeditions in 2017—2019 in private book collections in the Shamil region of the Republic of Dagestan. It is emphasized that an analysis of their thematic composition and a scientific description of the manuscripts stored in them will give an idea of some aspects of the social, cultural and religious life of the peoples of Dagestan.
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Razuvaev, A. D. "The History of Development of Inland Transport Infrastructure: Technology and Economic Aspects. Part 1." World of Transport and Transportation 19, no. 6 (July 23, 2022): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2021-19-6-11.
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The article, consisting of two parts, studies historical and economic aspects, physical infrastructure and technological basis of emergence, formation, and evolutionary development of inland transport infrastructure. In contrast to water and air transport, land transport, due to its linkage to a certain territory, developed in a very restrained and nonlinear manner. Its infrastructure, represented by the simplest paths and roads, of course, played a certain economic role, but until 18th–19th centuries was not considered as the basis for regular advance and exchange of goods. In different parts of the world, the infrastructure of land transport developed differently which was largely due to the prevailing socio-economic institutions. For many centuries, the technical condition of the inland transport infrastructure and its economic importance have not undergone any significant changes. Therefore, the end of the medieval era and a significant breakthrough in development of land transport are interdependent processes. The emergence of an era of economic growth, including development of international trade and an increase in social welfare, would not have been possible without a wellfunctioning land transport system. Nevertheless, land transport until the beginning of 19th century was not associated with a reliable, fast, and regular medium of exchange and travel. Only with the advent of railways the situation changed radically. Paved roads were also developing. From this moment land transport and its infrastructure has become the basis of the dynamic economic activity of society.
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Lemus-Lauzon, Isabel, Najat Bhiry, and James Woollett. "Napâttuit: Wood use by Labrador Inuit and its impact on the forest landscape." Études/Inuit/Studies 36, no. 1 (May 23, 2013): 113–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1015956ar.
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Abstract In Nunatsiavut, recent studies have shown that major changes to forest tundra ecosystems have occurred over the past two centuries, including a shift in the abundance and range of tree/shrub species. Although this trend could be due to the highly variable climate of this period, we should also consider anthropogenic factors, such as wood harvesting, when conducting ecological studies of forest dynamics. Based on a literature review, interviews, and field observations, this article documents the interactions between residents of Nain (Nunatsiavut) and the forest landscape since the late 18th century. Nain is one of the few Inuit communities south of the tree line, and its inhabitants seem to have had an ambivalent and changing relationship with their forest landscape. Thus, though probably perceived initially as potentially dangerous, the forest has gradually been integrated into land use patterns and helped shape some aspects of Labrador Inuit culture. For Nain’s inhabitants, wood use has been continuous but not homogenous over time. Patterns of use and harvesting have changed with the socio-economic setting and have left their traces on the region’s forest stands, as is evident from the abundance of cut stumps and the scarcity of naturally dead trees.
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Sum, Robert. "Aspects of Gothic Tradition in the Literary Imagination of Nnedi Okorafor." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 4, no. 3 (May 27, 2022): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.4.3.759.
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The Gothic writing has often been perceived as a form of Western fiction- making. This apparently is based on the fact that Gothic genre originated in Europe in the late 18th century and has been widely exploited in the West (Europe and North America). Contrary to these assumptions, it can be confirmed that Gothic mode has indeed been appropriated by many non–Western fiction writers. An in- depth interrogation of Nnedi Okorafor’s, selected novels like ‘Who Fears death’, Akata Witch and The Book of Phoenix reveal that she does indeed appropriate Gothic elements. This article therefore critically examines aspects of Gothic tradition in Nnedi Okorafor’s selected novels. It seeks to portray how unique Gothic motifs like monstrosity, villainy and morality have been appropriated, transformed and complicated in Nnedi Okorafor’s selected novels ‘Who Fears death’, ‘Akata Witch’ and ‘The Book of Phoenix’. This study found out that that the three motifs indeed exist in Okorafor’s selected novels and are closely related. Gothic Monsters are generally implicated in subversion of social norms and nature. This often renders them villainous and their defeat, as portrayed in the analysed texts, leads to a restoration of moral order in a given society. Yet the findings affirm that physical or moral monstrosity of a character does not necessarily qualify her or him to be a villain. Villainy is tied to innate monstrosity which manifests itself through characters’ inhuman, unjust, and oppressive attitude towards the perceived other. This piece therefore concludes that Nnedi Okorafor does indeed appropriate the Gothic motifs of monstrosity, villainy and morality in a manner that offers radically fresh means of highlighting Africa’s complex reality.
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Ķauķīte, Sintija. "Pieturzīmes senajos latviešu tekstos." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 25 (November 23, 2021): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2021.25.083.
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Early written Latvian texts are important sources not only for linguistics but also for culture and social studies. Latvian texts (and indeed Latvian culture as a whole) show consistent German influence. These texts were produced in a cross-cultural context of Catholicism and Protestantism and display elements from local folklore. The history of the Latvian written language dates to the 16th century and is largely linked to the Reformation of the Church. The earliest texts from the 16th century are various versions of translations of the Lord’s Prayer, as well as separate short records in the books of Riga trade associations. Since the 17th century, the scope of genres of written sources widens: lexicographical, legal, and other secular texts have been published. There are two significant aspects of these early Latvian texts. The first is that most of the texts were translations from German, Latin, and Polish, and there were very few original texts. The second aspect is that most of the translators were not native speakers of Latvian. First punctuation marks in Latvian appeared in the 16th century in translations from the German language. In 16th-century texts, the following punctuation marks – point, question mark, slash, double hyphen, colon, and parentheses – were used. Semicolons and exclamation marks were used in 17th-century writings. The following punctuation marks have entered the 18th century: a dash, dots, round quotation marks, a comma, and an apostrophe, but they had been used on a different basis than today. While reading various texts of the 16th and the 17th century, the author also looked at the punctuation marks used at this time – a point, a question mark, a slash, a colon, a semicolon, brackets, a double hyphen, and an exclamation mark. In this study, the use of punctuation marks of 11 texts of Early Written Latvian is analyzed, and a comparison of Early Latvian Texts and the Luther Bible is given. The descriptive method and the comparative method are used. At the end of the paper, the main conclusions are given.
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Semerhei, Nataliia. "HISTORIOGRAPHICAL DISCOURSE ON THE ROLE OF ARCHETYPES IN STABILIZATION OF THE CONFLICT DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIANS’ NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE EMPERIAL AGE." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 24 (2019): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2019.24.3.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of modern Ukrainian researches about place and role of archetypes of Ukrainian mentality in genesis of national and cultural revival and development of the Ukrainian identity in the second half of the 19th century. Archetypes are studied as the source structure of collective unconscious national ideas, which are presented as common ideas, feelings, and stories, characters that determine social, cultural and religious traditions of ethnos. It has been found out, that within the framework of modern Ukrainian studies, integration of archetypical methodology with a research of social, cultural and spiritual aspects of development of Ukrainian society is rather slight but it considerably contrasts with the exceptional cognitive value of analysis on the domestic historical processes and events in terms of archetypes and mentality. It is shown that modern historians and social scientists identify the structural archetype components of Ukrainian mentality as factors and basis of national movement and Ukrainian revival. Modern historian G. Kasyanov determines a time frame for these events: the end of the 18th – 90s of the 20th century. At the same time, scientists pay attention to the fact that state, political and ideological conditions when Ukrainian lands were under Romanov and Habsburg Empires also influenced a structure of Ukrainian archetype. This fact caused some changes in Ukrainian identity, appearance of so called Little-Russians identity and syndrome of double loyalty (Y. Kalakura and others). Scientists consider that Ukrainian national peculiarities (agriculture, individualism, tolerance, democracy, love of freedom, peaceful nature, instability and inconsistency, lack of collective will and national solidarity) influenced the dynamics and character of state creative processes in different ways. These national peculiarities were driving force of changes and, at the same time, had destructive influence on state creative processes in imperial age. Historians believe that such fundamental principles of Ukrainian identity as archetype of motherland (agro-based production, social and historical, spiritual and cultural aspects) were formed exactly in the 19th century. In that period, such triad of Ukrainian mentality as House-Field-Temple, archetype of collegiality of ethnos and others has also emerged. The author comes to the conclusion that research of archetypes of Ukrainian mentality enables to find out the ideological source of those spiritual, national and social and cultural values and senses which became the basis for national and cultural revival in imperial age. Moreover, archetypical verification of modern public policy for the purpose its correlation to national, spiritual and cultural identity of the Ukrainians is of great importance for the progress and efficiency of modern state creative processes.
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Fazan, V. "DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL ENLIGHMENT AND PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF UKRAINE AT THE KYIV-PECHERSK LAVRA IN THE 19TH-18TH CENTURIES." Pedagogical Sciences, no. 72 (August 16, 2019): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2524-2474.2018.72.176127.
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Development of educational - educational activities and training in higher educational institutions of Ukraine spiritual in Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra began in the mid of the mid-nineteenth century. This was facilitated by the allocation of educational courses from the context of philosophy and moral theology, increased secular aspects of education and teaching pedagogical subjects and the requirement to prepare high-quality teachers. It was created by a number of manuals and textbooks that evaluated both contemporaries and the next generation of scientists, educators and teachers.History of education in the Ukrainian lands is primarily a history of the monastic institutions of education. Since the XVIІI century in Central Ukraine (Poltava, Pereyaslav, Chernihiv), the demand for high quality secular and religious education in accordance with the best European models. Cells of such education are training systems, "monastic monastery – Seminary", in particular in Poltava (Holy cross monastery Slavonic Seminary) and Pereyaslavl (ascension monastery – Seminary of Pereyaslav), which was formed by descendants of the Kyiv-Pechersk monastery and monastic monasteries. This testifies to the high scientific-pedagogical and organizational effectiveness in a difficult economic, social, political circumstances of the historical period and the territory of Central Ukraine educational complex "the monastery-Seminary" as centers of spirituality, education, mentality of the Ukrainian people. In fact, Holy cross and Poltava and Pereyaslavl Voznesensky Cathedral monasteries for their money, as earned by the monks, and secured charitable donations of the population, kept and developed original educational complexes, which included: the Seminary, the Seminary for courses, monastic library, a temple, a hospital, several parochial schools, United by a common concern about the appropriate level of education as spiritual persons, and secular population of the region.
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Wiegerling, Klaus. "Elaboration of a theory of resistance." Filozofija i drustvo 32, no. 4 (2021): 641–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid2104641w.
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The theory of resistance here elaborated is based on considerations current since the 18th century and concern the proof of reality of the external world. However, what is ignored in the course of these proofs are the social, psychological, and in particular the logical aspects of resistance. The idea of a theory of resistance is inspired by tendencies in the philosophy of technology, as well as other current philosophical and scientific lines of thought that obscure their metaphysical underpinnings, advocating a position of complete achievability of human and natural relations. The theory of resistance seeks to show that resistance is a reflexive term that concerns relations, not objects or those relations that can be expressed in qualities and quantities. Furthermore, this concept has a positioning role, important in epistemological, as well as ethical and anthropological sense. Resistance is a central, although not the sole characteristic of reality. As an ethical category, it is articulated, for example, in the idea of dignity if understood as hostility to mere typologization and subjection to calcu?lation. The theory of resistance does not advocate some existing reality, but limits the domain of validity of constructivist and narrativist theories.
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Walmsley, Ian. "Coming Off Drugs." Contemporary Drug Problems 43, no. 4 (September 16, 2016): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450916666641.
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Heroin withdrawal is perhaps one of the most taken-for-granted components of the addiction framework. Heroin users as well as researchers, policy makers, and practitioners have become dependent on it for thinking about and acting upon the process of heroin leaving the body. It is thought to be among the most challenging aspects of the recovery journey and has been linked to a range of public health, legal, and social problems. The taken-for-granted nature of heroin withdrawal has arguably limited its scrutiny in sociological and historical analyses. This article offers an alternative and critical perspective that draws attention to the heterogeneity of historical events and strategies that have left their mark on the withdrawing body of the heroin user. It maps changes in the discourse from the 18th century to the present and closes with developments in the neuroscience of addiction, which have relocated withdrawal from the body to the neurocircuitry of the brain and reframed it as a negative emotional state. This new language suggests the future of the discourse of withdrawal might be relatively short. The analysis moves beyond existing understandings of withdrawal as the simple absence of drugs from the body.