Journal articles: 'Pipelined methods'

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Sanan, P., S. M. Schnepp, and D. A. May. "Pipelined, Flexible Krylov Subspace Methods." SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 38, no. 5 (January 2016): C441—C470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/15m1049130.

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Abbas, Abdulkareem Dawah. "Review of high-speed phase accumulator for direct digital frequency synthesizer." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 4008. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i4.pp4008-4014.

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A review of high-speed pipelined phase accumulator (PA) is proposed in this paper. The detail explanation of ideas, methods and techniques used in previous researches to improve the PA throughput designs were surveyed. The Brent–Kung (BK) adder was modified in this paper to be applied in pipelined PA architecture. A comparison of different adder circuits, includes a modified BK, ripple carry adder (RCA), Kogge-Stone adder (KS) and other prefix adders were applied to architect the PA based on Pipeline technique. The presented pipelined PA design circuit with multiple frequency control word (FCW) and different adders were coded Verilog hardware description language (HDL) code, compiled and verified with field programmable gate array (FPGA) kit platform. The comparison result shows that the modified BK adder has fast performances. The shifted clocking technique is utilized in the proposed pipelined PA circuit to reduce the unwanted repetitive D-flip flop (DFF) registers (coming from the pipeline technique), while preserving the high speed.

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GANAPATHY, KUMAR, and BENJAMIN W. WAH. "OPTIMAL SYNTHESIS OF PROCESSOR ARRAYS WITH PIPELINED ARITHMETIC UNITS." Parallel Processing Letters 04, no. 03 (September 1994): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626494000314.

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Two-level pipelining in processor arrays (PAs) involves pipelining of operations across processing elements (PEs) and pipelining of operations in functional units in each PE. Although it is an attractive method for improving the throughput of PAs, existing methods for generating PAs with two-level pipelining are restricted and cannot systematically explore the entire space of feasible designs. In this paper, we extend a systematic design method, called General Parameter Method (GPM), we have developed earlier to find optimal designs of PAs with two-level pipelines. The basic idea is to add new constraints on periods of data flows to include the effect of internal functional pipelines in the PEs. As an illustration, we present pipelined PA designs for computing matrix products. For n-dimensional meshes and other symmetric problems, we provide an efficient scheme to obtain a pipelined PA from a non-pipelined PA using a reindexing transformation. This scheme is used in GPM as a pruning condition to arrive at optimal pipelined PAs efficiently. For pipelines with minimum initiation interval (MII) greater than unity, we show additional constraints that ensure correctness of the synthesized PAs.

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Bonomo, John P., and Wayne R. Dyksen. "Pipelined iterative methods for shared memory machines." Parallel Computing 11, no. 2 (August 1989): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8191(89)90028-8.

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Chen, Rongxin, Zongyue Wang, and Yuling Hong. "Pipelined XPath Query Based on Cost Optimization." Scientific Programming 2021 (May 27, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5559941.

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XPath query is the key part of XML data processing, and its performance is usually critical for XML applications. In the process of XPath query, there is inherent seriality between query steps, which makes it difficult to parallelize the query effectively as a whole. On the other hand, although XPath query has the characteristics of data stream processing and is suitable for pipeline processing, the data flow of each query step usually varies a lot, which results in limited performance under multithreading conditions. In this paper, we propose a pipelined XPath query method (PXQ) based on cost optimization. This method uses pipelined query primitives to process query steps based on relation index. During pipeline construction, a cost estimation model based on XML statistics is proposed to estimate the cost of the query primitive and provide guidance for the creation of a pipeline phase through the partition of query primitive sequence. The pipeline construction technique makes full use of available worker threads and optimizes the load balance between pipeline stages. The experimental results show that our method can adapt to the multithreaded environment and stream processing scenarios of XPath query, and its performance is better than the existing typical query methods based on data parallelism.

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Wang, Cheng-Yeh, Chih-Bin Kuo, and Jing-Yang Jou. "Hybrid Wordlength Optimization Methods of Pipelined FFT Processors." IEEE Transactions on Computers 56, no. 8 (August 2007): 1105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tc.2007.1059.

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Morgan, Hannah, Matthew G. Knepley, Patrick Sanan, and L. Ridgway Scott. "A stochastic performance model for pipelined Krylov methods." Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 28, no. 18 (March 31, 2016): 4532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpe.3820.

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Sas, Jerzy, and Andrzej Żołnierek. "Pipelined language model construction for Polish speech recognition." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 649–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amcs-2013-0049.

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Abstract The aim of works described in this article is to elaborate and experimentally evaluate a consistent method of Language Model (LM) construction for the sake of Polish speech recognition. In the proposed method we tried to take into account the features and specific problems experienced in practical applications of speech recognition in the Polish language, reach inflection, a loose word order and the tendency for short word deletion. The LM is created in five stages. Each successive stage takes the model prepared at the previous stage and modifies or extends it so as to improve its properties. At the first stage, typical methods of LM smoothing are used to create the initial model. Four most frequently used methods of LM construction are here. At the second stage the model is extended in order to take into account words indirectly co-occurring in the corpus. At the next stage, LM modifications are aimed at reduction of short word deletion errors, which occur frequently in Polish speech recognition. The fourth stage extends the model by insertion of words that were not observed in the corpus. Finally the model is modified so as to assure highly accurate recognition of very important utterances. The performance of the methods applied is tested in four language domains.

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Liu, Ya Li, Wen Yan Chai, and Xiu Rong Li. "A Pipelined Parallelism Approach to Parallel Short-Range Molecular Dynamics Simulations on Multi-Core Platforms." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 2207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.2207.

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We present a pipelined parallelism approach to implement the short-range force computations in molecular dynamic simulations on a multi-core machine. Our methodology is based on the OpenMP programming model. It uses multiple producer threads and a single consumer thread to adapt the application for pipeline parallelism, and utilizes the high inter-core communication bandwidth. Multiple producer threads compute the short-range force, and the consumer thread modifies the global force-array. Compared with some other methods applied in data parallelism that can parallelize reduction operations on a force-array, our method achieves high performance especially when the simulation system is characterized by irregular geometry or by inhomogeneous atom densities.

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Yanakova, E. S., G. T. Macharadze, L.G. Gagarina, and A. A. Shvachko. "Parallel-Pipelined Video Processing in Multicore Heterogeneous Systems on Chip." Proceedings of Universities. Electronics 26, no. 2 (April 2021): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24151/1561-5405-2021-26-2-172-183.

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A turn from homogeneous to heterogeneous architectures permits to achieve the advantages of the efficiency, size, weight and power consumption, which is especially important for the built-in solutions. However, the development of the parallel software for heterogeneous computer systems is rather complex task due to the requirements of high efficiency, easy programming and the process of scaling. In the paper the efficiency of parallel-pipelined processing of video information in multiprocessor heterogeneous systems on a chip (SoC) such as DSP, GPU, ISP, VDP, VPU and others, has been investigated. A typical scheme of parallel-pipelined processing of video data using various accelerators has been presented. The scheme of the parallel-pipelined video data on heterogeneous SoC 1892VM248 has been developed. The methods of efficient parallel-pipelined processing of video data in heterogeneous computers (SoC), consisting of the operating system level, programming technologies level and the application level, have been proposed. A comparative analysis of the most common programming technologies, such as OpenCL, OpenMP, MPI, OpenAMP, has been performed. The analysis has shown that depend-ing on the device finite purpose two programming paradigms should be applied: based on OpenCL technology (for built-in system) and MPI technology (for inter-cell and inter processor interaction). The results obtained of the parallel-pipelined processing within the framework of the face recognition have confirmed the effectiveness of the chosen solutions.

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Carson, Erin C., Miroslav Rozložník, Zdeněk Strakoš, Petr Tichý, and Miroslav Tůma. "The Numerical Stability Analysis of Pipelined Conjugate Gradient Methods: Historical Context and Methodology." SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 40, no. 5 (January 2018): A3549—A3580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/16m1103361.

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Keqin Li. "Improved methods for divisible load distribution on k-dimensional meshes using pipelined communications." IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 14, no. 12 (December 2003): 1250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2003.1255637.

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Wang, C. J., and F. Emnett. "Area and performance comparison of pipelined RISC processors implementing different precise interrupt methods." IEE Proceedings E (Computers and Digital Techniques) 140, no. 4 (July 1993): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-e.1993.0028.

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Bansal, Trapit, Pat Verga, Neha Choudhary, and Andrew McCallum. "Simultaneously Linking Entities and Extracting Relations from Biomedical Text without Mention-Level Supervision." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 7407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6236.

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Understanding the meaning of text often involves reasoning about entities and their relationships. This requires identifying textual mentions of entities, linking them to a canonical concept, and discerning their relationships. These tasks are nearly always viewed as separate components within a pipeline, each requiring a distinct model and training data. While relation extraction can often be trained with readily available weak or distant supervision, entity linkers typically require expensive mention-level supervision – which is not available in many domains. Instead, we propose a model which is trained to simultaneously produce entity linking and relation decisions while requiring no mention-level annotations. This approach avoids cascading errors that arise from pipelined methods and more accurately predicts entity relationships from text. We show that our model outperforms a state-of-the art entity linking and relation extraction pipeline on two biomedical datasets and can drastically improve the overall recall of the system.

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Al-Khalid, Ali S., and Safaa S. Omran. "Hybrid branch prediction for pipelined MIPS processor." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 3476. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i4.pp3476-3482.

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In the modern microprocessors that designed with pipeline stages, the performance of these types of processors will be affected when executing branch instructions, because in this case there will be stalls in the pipeline. In turn this causes in reducing the Cycle Per Instruction (CPI) of the processor. In the case of executing a branch instruction, the processor needs an extra clocks to know if that branch will happen (Taken) or not (Not Taken) and also it requires calculating the new address in the case of the branch is Taken. The prediction that the branch is T / NT is an important stage in enhancing the processor performance. In this research more than one method of branch prediction (hybrid) is used and the designed circuit will choose different types of prediction algoritms depending on the type of the branch. Some of these methods were used are static while the other are dynamic. All circuits were built practically and examined by applying different programs on the designed predictor algorithm to compute the performance of the processor.

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Morgan, Hannah, Patrick Sanan, Matthew Knepley, and Richard Tran Mills. "Understanding performance variability in standard and pipelined parallel Krylov solvers." International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 35, no. 1 (October 20, 2020): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342020966835.

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In this work, we collect data from runs of Krylov subspace methods and pipelined Krylov algorithms in an effort to understand and model the impact of machine noise and other sources of variability on performance. We find large variability of Krylov iterations between compute nodes for standard methods that is reduced in pipelined algorithms, directly supporting conjecture, as well as large variation between statistical distributions of runtimes across iterations. Based on these results, we improve upon a previously introduced nondeterministic performance model by allowing iterations to fluctuate over time. We present our data from runs of various Krylov algorithms across multiple platforms as well as our updated non-stationary model that provides good agreement with observations. We also suggest how it can be used as a predictive tool.

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Moosazadeh, Tohid, and Mohammad Yavari. "A Calibration Technique for Pipelined ADCs Using Self-Measurement and Histogram-Based Test Methods." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 62, no. 9 (September 2015): 826–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2015.2435851.

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Li, Keqin. "New Divisible Load Distribution Methods using Pipelined Communication Techniques on Tree and Pyramid Networks." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 47, no. 2 (April 2011): 806–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2011.5751227.

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Korah, Reeba, and J. Raja Paul Perinbam. "Fully Pipelined Parallel Architecture for Candidate Block and Pixel-Subsampling-Based Motion Estimation." VLSI Design 2008 (April 20, 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/890410.

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This paper presents a low power and high speed architecture for motion estimation with Candidate Block and Pixel Subsampling (CBPS) Algorithm. Coarse-to-fine search approach is employed to find the motion vector so that the local minima problem is totally eliminated. Pixel subsampling is performed in the selected candidate blocks which significantly reduces computational cost with low quality degradation. The architecture developed is a fully pipelined parallel design with 9 processing elements. Two different methods are deployed to reduce the power consumption, parallel and pipelined implementation and parallel accessing to memory. For processing 30 CIF frames per second our architecture requires a clock frequency of 4.5 MHz.

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MIN, GEYONG, and MOHAMED OULD-KHAOUA. "PERFORMANCE MODELLING OF PIPELINED CIRCUIT SWITCHING UNDER MMPP TRAFFIC." Journal of Interconnection Networks 02, no. 04 (December 2001): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021926590100049x.

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Performance properties of switching methods used in existing interconnection networks have been mainly examined under the assumption that network traffic follows the Poisson arrival process. However, the Poisson process is unable to capture the bursty nature of traffic. In this paper we propose the first analytical model for pipelined circuit switching under bursty traffic using the Markov-Modulated Poisson Process (MMPP). Simulation experiments reveal that the proposed model exhibits a good degree of accuracy for various networks sizes and under different traffic conditions.

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Tiwari, Manasi, and Sathish Vadhiyar. "Pipelined Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Methods for real and complex linear systems for distributed memory architectures." Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 163 (May 2022): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2022.01.008.

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Liu, Wei, Qiao Meng, Chen Wang, Chenye Zhou, Shunyu Yao, and Irfan Tariq. "A Real-time, Pipelined Incoherent Dedispersion Method and Implementation in FPGA." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 134, no. 1031 (January 1, 2022): 015008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ac3902.

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Abstract In pulsar observation, dispersion occurs due to the interstellar medium. The dispersion significantly affects the detection of pulsar signals. To overcome the dispersion effect, incoherent dedispersion methods are often applied. The tranditional inchoherent dedispersion methods are computationally expensive and troublesome. To deal with this problem, in this paper, we developed a Real-Time, Pipelined Incoherent Dedispersion Method (RT-PIDM). RT-PIMD only caches the summed-up time series, instead of all the frequency spectra, so the memory consumption is determined by the number of DM trails, whereas the traditional method’s memory consumption is determined by the number of frequency channels. In most of the situations, the number of frequency channels is several times more than that of DM trails, which means the memory consumption of traditional methods is more than that of RT-PIDM. With RT-PIDM, we designed a 1.2 GHz bandwidth prototype digital backend, and we finished pulsar observation with the 40 m radio telescope at Yunnan Observatory. The results demonstrate that the RT-PIDM can be implemented inside a single FPGA chip with less Block RAM, and the proposed RT-PIDM dedisperses the pulsar signal in real time and achieves the same result as compared to traditional incoherent dedispersion.

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Kalistru, I. I., M. A. Borodin, A. S. Rybkin, and R. A. Gladko. "Methods for implementing the Kuznyechik algorithm on FPGAs." Radio industry 28, no. 3 (August 29, 2018): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2018-28-3-64-70.

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Increased volumes and speed of data transmission over computer networks, and also the need to protect the transmitted data, require accordingly to increase the speed of cryptographic data processing. One of the ways to achieve high performance is implementation of FPGAs-based cryptographic equipment. Therewith, to cut the cost of equipment, it is important that encryption modules shall consume a minimum possible hardware resources. The work aims to find the most compact high-speed solution for FPGA-based Kuznyechik block cipher. Several methods for hardware implementation of linear transformation, which is used in Kuznyechik cipher, have been reviewed. Various aspects of implementation of these methods taking into account the architecture of target FPGAs are investigated. We also consider aspects of the FPGA implementation of nonlinear transformation, which is used in Kuznyechik block cipher. Resource consumption by various implemented solutions of linear transformation has been estimated. A relatively compact high-speed implemented solution of Kuznyechik block cipher has been obtained and tested on the real equipment. The achieved values of speed for iterative and fully pipelined implementations of the algorithm have been presented.

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Martyniuk, R. T., and O. T. Chernova. "MODERN METHODS OF REPAIR OF PIPELINES." PRECARPATHIAN BULLETIN OF THE SHEVCHENKO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Number, no. 17(64) (November 22, 2022): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2304-7399-2022-17(64)-179-189.

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At the stages of maintenance and repair of pipeline systems, there is a need to use flameless cutting in existing pipelines, in particular: when it is necessary to connect intake chambers and start cleaning pistons, and during pipeline repair with a complete replacement of the pipe body without stopping the transportation of the product. Also, fireless cutting is effectively used to connect branch pipelines during the development of pipeline systems. One of the progressive directions of improving the maintenance and repair of pipelines is the development of cutting methods that would ensure high efficiency and environmental friendliness of the work. However, their successful application is impossible without a theoretical and experimental study of the process of welding the branch pipe to the operating pipeline.

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BENNETT, ANDREW J., PAUL H. J. KELLY, and ROSS A. PATERSON. "Pipelined functional tree accesses and updates: scheduling, synchronization, caching and coherence." Journal of Functional Programming 11, no. 4 (July 2001): 359–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796801003793.

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This paper is an exploration of the parallel graph reduction approach to parallel functional programming, illustrated by a particular example: pipelined, dynamically-scheduled implementation of search, updates and read-modify-write transactions on an in-store binary search tree. We use program transformation, execution-driven simulation and analytical modelling to expose the maximum potential parallelism, the minimum communication and synchronisation overheads, and to control the overall space requirement. We begin with a lazy functional program specifying a series of transactions on a binary tree, each involving several searches and updates, in a side-effect-free fashion. Transformation of the source code produces a formulation of the program with greater locality and larger grain size than can be achieved using naive parallelization methods, and we show that, with care, these tasks can be scheduled effectively. Even with a workload using random keys, significant spatial locality is found, and we evaluate a modified cache coherency protocol which avoids false sharing so that large cache lines can be used to minimise the number of messages required. As expected with a pipeline, the application should reach a steady state as soon as the first transaction is completed. However, if the network latency is too large, the rate of completion lags behind the rate at which work is admitted, and internal queues grow without bound. We determine the conditions under which this occurs, and show how it can be avoided while maximising speedup.

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Nikolaidis, Dimitris, Panos Groumas, Christos Kouloumentas, and Hercules Avramopoulos. "High-Throughput Bit-Pattern Matching under Heavy Interference on FPGA." Electronics 12, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040803.

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Bit-pattern matching is an important technological capability, used in many fields such as network intrusion detection (NID) and packet classification systems. Essentially, it involves the matching of an input bit pattern to a bit-pattern entry of a memory structure inside the system. Contemporary methods focus on the decomposition of the input bit pattern into smaller and more manageable parts, with the subsequent parallel processing of these elements. This fragmentation promotes the use of advanced pipeline techniques and hardware optimizations, enabling these methods to achieve very high throughputs and reasonable efficiency. However, the functionality of their respective circuits is limited to only performing pattern matching when there is no interference. In this article, we intend to present a circuit that performs pattern matching under heavy interference; instead of fragmentation, a more holistic approach will be adopted. To improve the throughput of the circuit, long bit sequences will be directly compared to many memory entries simultaneously. The minimization of hardware consumption and maximization of efficiency in these comparisons will be achieved with the use of novel hardware architecture that is based on pipelined adder trees and comparators. The platform of implementation is an FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array).

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Mirzahosseini, Mohammad, and Mohammad Yavari. "A Digital Background Calibration Technique for Pipelined ADCs Using Initial Estimation of Errors and Histogram-Base Methods." Journal of Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 18, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jiaeee.18.4.79.

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Kopperundevi, P., and M. Surya Prakash. "Methods to develop high throughput hardware architectures for HEVC Deblocking Filter using mixed pipelined-block processing techniques." Microelectronics Journal 123 (May 2022): 105413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2022.105413.

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Bekakos, M. P., and D. J. Evans. "Relative performance comparisons for the Group Explicit class of methods on MIMD, SIMD and pipelined vector computers." Parallel Computing 10, no. 3 (May 1989): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8191(89)90109-9.

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Ravikumar, Aswathy, and Harini Sriraman. "Real-time pneumonia prediction using pipelined spark and high-performance computing." PeerJ Computer Science 9 (March 9, 2023): e1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1258.

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Background Pneumonia is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria; it affects many people, particularly in impoverished countries where pollution, unclean living standards, overpopulation, and insufficient medical infrastructures are prevalent. To guarantee curative therapy and boost survival chances, it is vital to detect pneumonia soon enough. Imaging using chest X-rays is the most common way of detecting pneumonia. However, analyzing chest X-rays is a complex process vulnerable to subjective variation. Moreover, the data available is growing exponentially, and it will take hours and days to train the model to predict pneumonia. Timely prediction is significant to guarantee a better cure and treatment. Existing work provided by different authors needs more precision, and the computation time for predicting pneumonia is also much longer. Therefore, there is a requirement for early forecasting. Using X-ray picture samples, the system must have a continuous and unsupervised learning system for early diagnosis. Methods In this article, the training time of the model is accelerated using the distributed data-parallel approach and the computational power of high-performance computing devices. This research aims to diagnose pneumonia using X-ray pictures with more precision, greater speed, and fewer processing resources. Distributed deep learning techniques are gaining popularity owing to the rising need for computational resources for deep learning models with several parameters. In contrast to conventional training methods, data-parallel training enables several compute nodes to train massive deep-learning models to improve training efficiency concurrently. Deploying the model in Spark solves the scalability and acceleration. Spark’s distributed processing capability reads data from multiple nodes, and the results demonstrate that training time can be drastically reduced by utilizing these techniques, which is a significant necessity when dealing with large datasets. Results The proposed model makes the prediction 1.5 times faster than the traditional CNN model used for pneumonia prediction. The model also achieved an accuracy of 98.72%. The speed-up varying from 1.2 to 1.5 was obtained in the synchronous and asynchronous parallel model. The speed-up is reduced in the parallel asynchronous model due to the presence of straggler nodes.

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PURUSHOTHAM, B. V., A. BASU, P. S. KUMAR, and L. M. PATNAIK. "PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION OF LU FACTORISATION ON MESSAGE PASSING MULTIPROCESSORS." Parallel Processing Letters 02, no. 01 (March 1992): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626492000179.

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The paper proposes an analytical model for estimating the performance of Pipelined Ring algorithm for LU factorisation on any distributed memory message passing multiprocessor. Expressions for parallel execution time and speedup are derived from the computation-communication characteristics of the algorithm. Earlier methods on performance estimation of LU factorisation have been based on determining the number of floating point operations in the best and worst cases. The methodology proposed in this paper follows a different approach and estimates the performance of LU factorisation from a measurement of the execution time of the algorithm on a single processor and from a knowledge of the number of bytes communicated in different steps of the algorithm. The expression for parallel execution time of LU factorisation derived from the analytical model has been validated with experimental values obtained 011 a sixty-four transputer based multiprocessor. Results indicate that the methodology proposed in this paper can be used for estimating the execution time of Pipelined Ring algorithm for LU factorisation on any distributed memory message passing multiprocessor with high accuracy.

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Chen, Yuechuan, and Yu Liu. "Research and Implementation of a Numerical Control Oscillator with Improved Pipelined CORDIC Algorithm." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v5i1.5301.

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As the recognized core of electronic systems, frequency synthesizers have been applied in many communication fields. NC oscillator (NCO) is the main component of the frequency synthesizer. It helps to generate high-precision and high-frequency signals, so it has been widely used. NCO implementation methods include table lookup method, polynomial expansion method, coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm, etc. CORDIC algorithm is one of many commonly used methods in trigonometric function calculation and digital signal processing, and is often used as the core of DDS (direct digital synthesis) to generate signals. Compared with table lookup and polynomial expansion, CORDIC algorithm has higher efficiency in signal generation and hardware utilization. In view of the disadvantages of traditional CORDIC algorithm, which takes up large resources and has relatively slow calculation speed, in order to improve the output efficiency, this paper uses an efficient 12-stage pipelined CORDIC architecture and a very small lookup table (LUT) to implement a sine wave generator. The system is coded and simulated in Quartus and ModelSim. The results show that the proposed structure can increase the operating speed of the system from 217.77 MHz to 291.04 MHz, and improve the output efficiency of the system.

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Shylashree, N., and D. S. Mahesh. "Latency and throughput analysis of a pipelined GDI ripple carry adder." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.21 (April 20, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.21.11848.

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Latency and Throughput are deemed parameters of prime importance that determine the speed of an Adder Circuit. Ongoing research in the field of Digital Signal Processing involves optimizing an Adder regarding these parameters. This article picks up the study of a ripple carry adder and presents the use of two methods towards ameliorating the performance of an adder – viz., the use of GDI (Gate Diffusion Input) technology for reduced Latency, and implementation of a pipelined architecture towards increasing the throughput. In this paper, we have dileneated the function of a basic GDI cell, with which a 1-bit ripple carry full adder was designed, which in turn formed the basic building blocks of 8-bit and 32-bit ripple carry adders. These full adders were designed using GDI technology while employing the concept of pipelining resulting in a novel structure optimizing both latency and throughput. This paper also presents a comparison among CMOS and GDI RCAs of 8 and 32bits with and without pipelining.On simulating 32-bit RCAs in Cadence virtuoso tool using gpdk 180nm technology ,those with pipelining had a 4.5 times increase in throughput with 42.8% increase in latency.

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Li, Yan, Huijun Jin, Zhi Wen, Xinze Li, and Qi Zhang. "Stability of the Foundation of Buried Energy Pipeline in Permafrost Region." Geofluids 2021 (December 16, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3066553.

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During operation, a buried pipeline is threatened by a variety of geological hazards, particularly in permafrost regions, where freezing-thawing disasters have a significant influence on the integrity and safety of the buried pipelines. The topographical environmental conditions along the pipeline, as well as the influence of frost heave and thaw settlement on the pipeline’s foundation soil, must be considered in the design and construction stage. Theoretical analysis, numerical modeling, field testing, and mitigation measures on vital energy pipelines in permafrost have been widely documented, but no attempt has been made to review the freezing-thawing disasters, current research methodologies, and mitigation strategies. This article reviews the formation mechanisms and mitigation measures for frost hazards (e.g., differential frost heave, thaw settlement, slope instability, frost mounds, icing, river ice scouring, and pipeline floating) along buried pipelines in permafrost regions and summarizes and prospects the major progress in the research on mechanisms, analysis methods, model test, and field monitoring based on publications of studies of key energy pipelines in permafrost regions. This review will provide scholars with a basic understanding of the challenging freezing-thawing hazards encountered by energy pipelines in permafrost regions, as well as research on the stability and mitigation of pipeline foundation soils plagued by freezing-thawing hazards in permafrost regions under a warming climate and degrading permafrost environment.

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Liu, Ying, Daryoush Habibi, Douglas Chai, Xiuming Wang, Hao Chen, Yan Gao, and Shuaiyong Li. "A Comprehensive Review of Acoustic Methods for Locating Underground Pipelines." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031031.

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Underground pipelines are vital means of transporting fluid resources like water, oil and gas. The process of locating buried pipelines of interest is an essential prerequisite for pipeline maintenance and repair. Acoustic pipe localization methods, as effective trenchless detection techniques, have been implemented in locating underground utilities and shown to be very promising in plastic pipeline localization. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current acoustic methods and recent advances in the localization of buried pipelines. Investigations are conducted from multiple perspectives including the wave propagation mechanism in buried pipe systems, the principles behind each method along with advantages and limitations, representative acoustic locators in commercial markets, the condition of buried pipes, as well as selection of preferred methods for locating pipelines based on the applicability of existing localization techniques. In addition, the key features of each method are summarized and suggestions for future work are proposed. Acoustic methods for locating underground pipelines have proven to be useful and effective supplements to existing localization techniques. It has been highlighted that the ability of acoustic methods to locate non-metallic objects should be of particular practical value. While this paper focuses on a specific application associated with pipeline localization, many acoustic methods are feasible across a wide range of underground infrastructures.

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Chanchina, V. E., S. O. Gaponenko, A. E. Kondratyev, A. O. Fedotova, and G. R. Mustafina. "Application of mathematical modeling methods to determine the effect of soil on natural vibration frequencies of pipelines." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 14, no. 2 (July 28, 2021): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2021-14-2-142-147.

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When a pipeline is subjected to an external influence that can affect the frequency of its natural vibrations, the parameters of its natural vibrations change, which increases the measurement error, and often simply distorts the results of vibration control. For pipelines, such an impact may be the influence of the soil when pipelines are laid without a channel. Different types of soil affect the change in the natural vibration frequency of the pipeline in different ways.The purpose of the article is to analyze the influence of various types of soils on the parameters of natural vibrations of the pipeline. The aim of the study was to theoretically confirm the dependence of the change in the frequency of vibration of the pipeline under the influence of soil.A modal analysis of natural oscillations of 5 polyethylene pipelines was performed. As initial data, it is assumed that the design pipeline is laid in a trench with inclined walls, with the slope laid on a flat base at a depth of 2.5 m. The calculations were performed in the ANSYS finite element analysis software package. In order to build a mathematical model, the degree of soil impact on pipelines is determined by studying the vertical and lateral pressure of the soil on the above pipelines, and the natural vibrations of pipelines are analyzed.The results of the modal analysis for polyethylene pipes with a laying scheme with inclined walls and different soils (gravel sands, coarse and medium-sized; heavy clays) are presented. The soils were chosen that are the most common on the territory of Russia.Thus, the obtained dependence of the degree of influence of different soil on the natural frequencies of pipelines significantly increases the reliability of vibration diagnostics of buried communications, can facilitate the work on its organization and allow determining long-term forecasts of pipeline operation.

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Wang, Yunlong, Zhiting Liu, Xinru Huang, Haizhou Lv, Yun Wu, and Kai Zhou. "A Method for Grading the Hidden Dangers of Urban Gas Polyethylene Pipelines Based on Improved PLC Methods." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 6073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166073.

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The classification of hidden dangers in urban gas pipelines plays a vital role in the smooth operation of urban gas pipelines and in solving the problem of hidden safety dangers in urban gas pipelines. In recent years, the number and proportion of polyethylene (PE) pipelines in urban gas pipelines are increasing day by day, but the current classification of hidden dangers in urban gas pipelines is still based on steel pipelines, and the classification method is highly subjective. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved PLC method that integrates the use of a risk matrix and compensation coefficient to solve the problem of grading the hidden dangers of PE pipelines of urban gas. The improved PLC method is based on the failure database of urban gas PE pipelines to obtain the vulnerability and severity of consequences when determining the initial level of hidden dangers, and the compensation coefficient is modified according to regional vulnerability, ease of rectification, condition around the pipeline, positioning technology, leak detection technology, and emergency ability, which can effectively reduce the subjectivity of hidden danger classification. Using the improved PLC method to classify urban gas pipelines for hidden dangers can provide pipeline operating companies with a basis for decision making in the process of hidden danger disposal and effectively reduce pipeline safety risks.

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Yokoyama, Yoshio, and Eiji Ichihashi. "High-Speed Machine Vision System Based on Human Sensibility Analysis for Automotive Cluster Dial Inspection." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 7, no. 3 (June 20, 1995): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1995.p0234.

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This paper addresses with the problems in automated visual inspection of automotive instrument cluster dials for which appearance quality criteria are based on human sensibility. By analyzing the experimental human visual sensibility for defects, two types of defect identification method are proposed for pinhole and for particle and scratch. To execute these identification methods in real-time, a pipelined image processor composed of FPGA boards has been newly developed and introduced into the dial manufacturing line as an automatic inspection system. The result of test operation was satisfactory.

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Srivastava, Rachna, Vincent C. Gaudet, and Patrick Mitran. "Hardware Implementation of a Fixed-Point Decoder for Low-Density Lattice Codes." Journal of Signal Processing Systems 94, no. 1 (January 2022): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11265-021-01735-2.

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AbstractThis paper describes a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of a fixed-point low-density lattice code (LDLC) decoder where the Gaussian mixture messages that are exchanged during the iterative decoding process are approximated to a single Gaussian. A detailed quantization study is first performed to find the minimum number of bits required for the fixed-point decoder to attain a frame error rate (FER) performance similar to floating-point. Then efficient numerical methods are devised to approximate the required non-linear functions. Finally, the paper presents a comparison of the performance of the different decoder architectures as well as a detailed analysis of the resource requirements and throughput trade-offs of the primary design blocks for the different architectures. A novel pipelined LDLC decoder architecture is proposed where resource re-utilization along with pipelining allows for a parallelism equivalent to 50 variable nodes on the target FPGA device. The pipelined architecture attains a throughput of 10.5 Msymbols/sec at a distance of 5 dB from capacity which is a 1.8$$\times$$ × improvement in throughput compared to an implementation with 20 parallel variable nodes without pipelining. This implementation also achieves 24$$\times$$ × improvement in throughput over a baseline serial decoder.

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Ma, Qiuping, Guiyun Tian, Yanli Zeng, Rui Li, Huadong Song, Zhen Wang, Bin Gao, and Kun Zeng. "Pipeline In-Line Inspection Method, Instrumentation and Data Management." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113862.

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Pipelines play an important role in the national/international transportation of natural gas, petroleum products, and other energy resources. Pipelines are set up in different environments and consequently suffer various damage challenges, such as environmental electrochemical reaction, welding defects, and external force damage, etc. Defects like metal loss, pitting, and cracks destroy the pipeline’s integrity and cause serious safety issues. This should be prevented before it occurs to ensure the safe operation of the pipeline. In recent years, different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods have been developed for in-line pipeline inspection. These are magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing, ultrasonic testing (UT), electromagnetic acoustic technology (EMAT), eddy current testing (EC). Single modality or different kinds of integrated NDT system named Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG) or un-piggable robotic inspection systems have been developed. Moreover, data management in conjunction with historic data for condition-based pipeline maintenance becomes important as well. In this study, various inspection methods in association with non-destructive testing are investigated. The state of the art of PIGs, un-piggable robots, as well as instrumental applications, are systematically compared. Furthermore, data models and management are utilized for defect quantification, classification, failure prediction and maintenance. Finally, the challenges, problems, and development trends of pipeline inspection as well as data management are derived and discussed.

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Jaware, Tushar H., K. B. Khanchandani, and Anita Zurani. "An Accurate Automated Local Similarity Factor-Based Neural Tree Approach toward Tissue Segmentation of Newborn Brain MRI." American Journal of Perinatology 36, no. 11 (December 15, 2018): 1157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1675375.

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Background Segmentation of brain MR images of neonates is a primary step for assessment of brain evolvement. Advanced segmentation techniques used for adult brain MRI are not companionable for neonates, due to extensive dissimilarities in tissue properties and head structure. Existing segmentation methods for neonates utilizes brain atlases or requires manual elucidation, which results into improper and atlas dependent segmentation. Objective The primary objective of this work is to develop fully automatic, atlas free, and robust system to segment and classify brain tissues of newborn infants from magnetic resonance images. Study Design In this study, we propose a fully automatic, atlas-free pipeline based Neural Tree approach for segmentation of newborn brain MRI which utilizes resourceful local resemblance factor such as concerning, connectivity, structure, and relative tissue location. Physical collaboration and uses of an atlas are not required in proposed method and at the same time skirting atlas-associated bias which results in improved segmentation. Proposed technique segments and classify brain tissues both at global and tissue level. Results We examined our results through visual assessment by neonatologists and quantitative comparisons that show first-rate concurrence with proficient manual segmentations. The implementation results of the proposed technique provided a good overall accuracy of 91.82% for the segmentation of brain tissues as compared with other methods. Conclusion The pipelined-based neural tree approach along with local similarity factor segments and classify brain tissues. The proposed automated system have higher dice similarity coefficient as well as computational speed.

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Lapajne, Janez, Matej Knapič, and Uroš Žibrat. "Comparison of Selected Dimensionality Reduction Methods for Detection of Root-Knot Nematode Infestations in Potato Tubers Using Hyperspectral Imaging." Sensors 22, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010367.

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Hyperspectral imaging is a popular tool used for non-invasive plant disease detection. Data acquired with it usually consist of many correlated features; hence most of the acquired information is redundant. Dimensionality reduction methods are used to transform the data sets from high-dimensional, to low-dimensional (in this study to one or a few features). We have chosen six dimensionality reduction methods (partial least squares, linear discriminant analysis, principal component analysis, RandomForest, ReliefF, and Extreme gradient boosting) and tested their efficacy on a hyperspectral data set of potato tubers. The extracted or selected features were pipelined to support vector machine classifier and evaluated. Tubers were divided into two groups, healthy and infested with Meloidogyne luci. The results show that all dimensionality reduction methods enabled successful identification of inoculated tubers. The best and most consistent results were obtained using linear discriminant analysis, with 100% accuracy in both potato tuber inside and outside images. Classification success was generally higher in the outside data set, than in the inside. Nevertheless, accuracy was in all cases above 0.6.

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Zhvan, V., V. Donenko, S. Kulish, and A. Taran. "ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL ENGINEERING NETWORK METHODS." Municipal economy of cities 4, no. 157 (September 25, 2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-4-157-7-11.

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The article is devoted to the effective analysis of trench and trenchless pipeline laying technologies. In the course of the work, an analytical review of pipeline assembly was performed, the main technological parameters, the scope of each method, and their advantages and disadvantages were determined. List of considered pipeline laying methods: trenching, horizontal directional drilling, mechanical puncture, hydraulic puncture, microtunneling and punching. The article analyzes the classical trench method and the most widely used trenchless ones: horizontal directional drilling; mechanical puncture; hydraulic puncture; microtunneling; punching. Each of these methods has several advantages and disadvantages. The choice of the optimal method of laying the pipeline depends on many factors: the physical and mechanical properties of soils and hydrogeological conditions, the length and diameter of the pipeline, the presence of other communications, buildings and structures, as well as the budget that customers have. Work time is the last deciding factor. Based on the results of the analysis of pipeline laying technologies and expert survey of construction industry experts, the cost table of each method was compiled, outlining the main characteristics of the technology: length of pipeline, speed of work, scope, cost, and the advantages and disadvantages of each of the considered methods. The conclusions about the use of each of the pipeline laying methods were made. Each of the methods has its advantages and disadvantages, so to choose the method of work it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of technological parameters, cost, scope and timing of work. The cost of lay-ing the pipeline consists of the following factors: conducting research; selection of diameter and determination of pipeline length; choice of laying method and equipment necessary for the works; selection of equipment, shut-off and control equipment and other materials arranged on the pipeline; terms of performance of works. Taking into account these factors, an estimate is made, which determines the cost of installation of a particular pipeline. After the analysis, we can conclude that among the methods of trenchless laying of pipelines can be identi-fied horizontally directional drilling, it is this method of laying the pipeline will be appropriate to use for our region. The drilling technique allows to carry out pipelines under obstacles, to pull long segments of networks, to repair site damage. This method is universal and can be used in almost any environment. Keywords: trenches, horizontal directional drilling, mechanical puncture, hydraulic piercing, microtunnelling, punching, pipeline.

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Kamali, Hadi Mardani, and Shaahin Hessabi. "A Fault Tolerant Parallelism Approach for Implementing High-Throughput Pipelined Advanced Encryption Standard." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 09 (June 21, 2016): 1650113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616501139.

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Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is the most popular symmetric encryption method, which encrypts streams of data by using symmetric keys. The current preferable AES architectures employ effective methods to achieve two important goals: protection against power analysis attacks and high-throughput. Based on a different architectural point of view, we implement a particular parallel architecture for the latter goal, which is capable of implementing a more efficient pipelining in field-programmable gate array (FPGA). In this regard, all intermediate registers which have a role for unrolling the main loop will be removed. Also, instead of unrolling the main loop of AES algorithm, we implement pipelining structure by replicating nonpipelined AES architectures and using an auto-assigner mechanism for each AES block. By implementing the new pipelined architecture, we achieve two valuable advantages: (a) solving single point of failure problem when one of the replicated parts is faulty and (b) deploying the proposed design as a fault tolerant AES architecture. In addition, we put emphasis on area optimization for all four AES main functions to reduce the overhead associated with AES block replication. The simulation results show that the maximum frequency of our proposed AES architecture is 675.62[Formula: see text]MHz, and for AES128 the throughput is 86.5[Formula: see text]Gbps which is 30.9% better than its closest existing competitor.

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Pyanylo, Ya, and V. Sobko. "Pipeline pressure distribution finding methods." Mathematical Modeling and Computing 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/mmc2016.02.199.

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Rahim Mammadov, Ogtay Rahimov, Rahim Mammadov, Ogtay Rahimov. "MAIN PIPELINES AND THEIR MEASUREMENT METHODS." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 30, no. 07 (May 12, 2023): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei30072023-213.

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Today it is difficult to imagine the development of modern society without the discovery of oil and gas fields, the development of ways to transport these products, their processing and the full use of these products in various industries. The general problem of the functioning of the pipeline system is complicated by the fact that the existing firefighting equipment and technologies cannot reliably ensure safety, as evidenced by the growing number of emergencies associated with fires at facilities. The existing control systems for the operation of main oil pipelines require revision and modernization in terms of automation, the introduction of innovative technologies and computer systems. The leak detection method described in the paper is the most promising both for upgrading the leak detection system and for the oil pipeline safety management system as a whole. The leak detection system under study is based on the work of microscopic robots that move along the pipeline along with the oil product. The correct operation of microscopic robots requires a careful approach to the development of their control algorithms. Currently, oil (its products) and gas are the main energy carriers and are considered mass cargoes, so it is of particular importance to transport them continuously with minimum losses, in a short period of time, relatively inexpensively and safely. Oil and oil products are mainly transported by rail, water, road and pipelines. In some cases, oil products can be delivered to operators by air transport methods. The selection of each mentioned transportation method depends on the size and nature of the products to be transported, as well as the location of oil fields, oil refineries, oil bases, and consumers. One of the most important conditions is to minimize costs in all cases and prevent irrational situations. In recent years, the focus on environmental protection, as well as the need to ensure the safety of pipelines and surrounding communities, has intensified the search for innovative solutions to minimize risks and optimize the transportation process. The implementation of advanced leak detection systems, like the one based on microscopic robots, demonstrates the growing emphasis on proactive measures to address pipeline safety concerns. These microscopic robots, also known as nanobots, can be designed with specialized sensors to detect changes in pressure, temperature, and chemical composition within the pipeline. By continuously monitoring the conditions inside the pipeline, the nanobots can quickly identify any deviations from the normal operation and alert the control systems about potential leaks or other issues. This real-time data can then be used to implement timely interventions, preventing catastrophic failures and minimizing environmental impact. Keywords: Pipeline, oil, development, product,

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Wu, Zhenning, Hanyang Huang, Guangdong Zhao, and Jinhai Liu. "TMR-Array-Based Pipeline Location Method and Its Realization." Sustainability 15, no. 12 (June 20, 2023): 9816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129816.

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Pipeline inspection is important to ensure the safe operation of pipelines. Obtaining the location of an underground pipeline is a prerequisite for most inspection technologies. Existing pipeline location methods can find a pipeline’s location, but they require multiple measurements and cannot be used by automatic inspection robots. In this paper, a tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR)-sensor-array-based pipeline location method is proposed to solve this problem. Firstly, a detection probe is designed using a TMR sensor array. It is calibrated by the improved ellipsoid fitting method to measure the magnetic field around the pipeline accurately. Secondly, a relative pipeline-position-locating method is proposed by detecting the phases of the magnetic induction signals at different frequencies. Thirdly, a three-dimensional pipeline location method is proposed. The horizontal and vertical distances and the angle between the pipeline and the probe are calculated by measuring the magnetic induction amplitude. Finally, a simulation model and a test platform are established, and the experimental results illustrate that, by adopting the TMR array, the three-dimensional pipeline location method can locate a pipeline in real time in three dimensions with good accuracy.

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Salnikov, A. V., and A. A. Ignatik. "Application of the combined probabilisticstatistical methods of quantitative assessment of strength and durability of main pipelines with single and combined defects." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 5 (November 17, 2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2019-5-115-124.

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Main gas and oil pipelines are the most important objects of the fuel and energy complex of the state. They are subjected to strict requirements for reliable and safe operation. Therefore, it is necessary to assess their strength (current strength) and durability (prediction strength) when operating main pipelines. The wall of the pipes of the existing main pipelines is subjected to various loads and influences. To prevent pipeline failure, strength and durability calculations are performed. The parameters of the load and mechanical resistance of the pipes are taken into account when calculating. Therefore, the "load — resistance" model is used to quantify the reliability of the main pipeline. This paper presents the main theoretical provisions of the methodology for assessing the strength and durability of trunk pipelines with single and combined defects in the framework of a combined probabilistic-statistical approach, and also an example of the use of the technique for a section of a trunk pipeline examined by an inline flaw detector.

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Lv, Haizhou, Lingjie Xiang, Tao Wang, Yuxing Li, Kai Zhou, Xiaofeng Xu, Wuchang Wang, and Yun Wu. "Data-Driven Urban Gas Pipeline Integrity Detection and Evaluation Technology System." Processes 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2023): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030895.

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At present, PE pipelines are widely used in urban gas pipeline networks. As pipeline safety is of great importance to the gas supply, this paper focuses on the safety and reliability of PE pipes during service. First of all, this paper analyzes the aging factors of PE materials and the failure forms and mechanisms of PE pipes. Second, the performance testing methods of PE pipelines are summarized, including pipeline pressure tests, pipeline condition inspections, welded joint inspections, mechanical performance tests, and physical performance tests. In addition, life prediction methods for PE pipelines are introduced and analyzed. The methods and applicability of tensile experiments and DSC experiments based on thermal oxygen aging are both analyzed, and the corresponding experiments are also carried out. On the basis of the above research, the technical system of the integrity detection and evaluation of urban gas pipelines is finally established. The system includes the integrity detection method of urban gas pipelines and the applicability evaluation and determination of retest cycles, which can provide a reference for the safe operation of urban gas pipeline networks.

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Chung, Nguyen-Thuy, Min-Sung Hong, and Jung-Gu Kim. "Optimizing the Required Cathodic Protection Current for Pre-Buried Pipelines Using Electrochemical Acceleration Methods." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030579.

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Several corrosion mitigation methods are generally applied to pipelines exposed to corrosive environments. However, in the case of pre-buried pipelines, the only option for corrosion inhibition is cathodic protection (CP). To apply CP, the required current should be defined even though the pipeline is covered with various oxide layers. In this study, an electrochemical acceleration test was used to investigate the synthetic soil corrosion of a pre-buried pipeline. Potentiodynamic polarization experiments were first conducted to ascertain the corrosion current density in the environment, and galvanostatic measurements were performed to accelerate corrosion according to the operating time. In addition, corrosion current density and the properties of the rust layer were investigated via potentiodynamic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests. The variation in surface corrosion was subsequently analyzed via optical microscopy (OM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Finally, an empirical equation for the optimized CP current requirement, according to the pipeline service time, was derived. This equation can be applied to any corroded pipeline.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pipelined methods'

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