Academic literature on the topic 'Pipeline welding procedure'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pipeline welding procedure"
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Faes, Koen, Patrick De Baets, Alfred Dhooge, Wim De Waele, Rudi Denys, E. Van Der Donckt, and D. Delbaere. "Weldability of micro-alloyed high-strength pipeline steels using a new friction welding variant." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 1, no. 1 (November 6, 2010): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v1i1.20401.
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An innovative welding method for fully automatic joining of pipelines has been developed. Theproposed welding procedure is a variant of the conventional friction welding process. A rotatingintermediate ring is used to generate heat necessary to realise the weld. The working principles of thewelding process are described. The weldability of the micro-alloyed high-strength pipeline steel API-5L X65is experimentally investigated. It was found that the new welding process is suitable for joining this material.When welding with a sufficiently low heat input, a high weld quality is obtained. Under these circumstancesthe weld strength, ductility and impact toughness are high and fulfil the requirements of the commonly usedstandard EN 12732 for joining pipes.
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Birsan, Dan Catalin, Elena Scutelnicu, and Daniel Visan. "Modeling of Heat Transfer in Pipeline Steel Joint Performed by Submerged Double-Arc Welding Procedure." Advanced Materials Research 814 (September 2013): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.814.33.
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Submerged arc welding is the most applicable and productive procedure when thick sections have to be welded. Nevertheless, the manufacturers of pressure vessels, pipelines, ships and offshore structures keep on looking for new and modern design solutions of equipments and technologies which should lead to increase of welding process productivity. For instance, the longitudinal welds of pipelines are, mostly, performed by submerged arc welding procedure with multiple arcs and/or multi-wires, such as twin, tandem or twin-tandem, in order to increase the process productivity. However, achievement of optimal mechanical properties of the welded joint should remain the most important quality criteria. It is well known that dependence of the mechanical and metallurgical changes on heat transfer plays a major role in obtaining of safe welded structures and preserving of their structural integrity. That is why the investigation of heat transfer induced by the welding process is required. Furthermore, setting of distance between thermal sources and its influence on the overlapping phenomenon of temperature fields should be explored when submerged double-arc welding procedure is applied. Three dimensional finite element model of butt welded joint - used for simulation of heat transfer in pipeline steel joint performed by submerged double-arc welding process - is developed and described in this paper. Numerical results and a comparative analysis related to the temperature distribution, thermal history, and temperature variation in cross section of the welded joint at different time steps are discussed. Finally, important conclusions regarding the influence of distance between thermal sources on thermal effects and temperature fields overlapping are drawn.
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Kim, Woo-Sik, Young-Pyo Kim, and Cheol-Man Kim. "Development of Girth Automatic Welding Procedure of Gas Pipeline." Journal of the Korean Welding and Joining Society 28, no. 6 (December 31, 2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/kwjs.2010.28.6.001.
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Hudeček, Pavel, and Petr Dostál. "Determination of Elements and Carbon Content of Stainless Steel Welded Pipeline." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 5 (2016): 1547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664051547.
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Find out defects or problems of welds are not so simple from time to time. Specially, if weld has been made in rough environmental conditions like high temperature, dusty wind and humidity. It is important to assure have good conditions to realize basic step of welding. For welding, have been used welding procedures specification and procedure qualification record. However, difficult conditions, documentations rightness or human errors are always here. Common weld defects like cracks, porosity, lack of penetration and distortion can compromise the strength of the base metal, as well as the integrity of the weld. According of site inspection, there were suspicion of inclusions, leaker or segregation in root of weld. Surface treatment after welding and keep the intervals between single welds to not overheat the pipes. To recognize those suspicions, mechanical testing around weld joint, determination of carbon content and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy will be done.
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Iovanas, Daniela Maria, Cosmin Toma, and Radu Iovanas. "Research on the Use of Robotized Tandem MAG Welding in Steel Plates Destined for the Manufacture of Pipelines." Advanced Materials Research 1138 (July 2016): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1138.133.
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The performed research focuses on the complete replacement of the pipeline manufacturing process consisting in welding on SAW+MIG / MAG generators with the robotized Tandem MIG / MAG welding procedure, with low energy consumption.The Tandem MAG procedure was experimented on X52 MS steel plates destined for the manufacture of pipelines, measuring 400x150x12 mm, with Y-joints (30o).The welded joints were executed horizontally and unilaterally, with flux bed support, 3 welding seams, using for filler material two wires of the same quality, EN ISO 14341: G 42 4 M G3Si1 (Filcord C), measuring 1.2 mm in diameter, and shielding gas EN ISO 14175 (CORGON 18).The entire technological welding process was carried out in fully robotized, laboratory conditions, using the QIROX -315 welding robot, fitted with Tandem MIG/MAG welding equipment, type QUINTO-GLC 603.The welding seams were executed with the same Tandem MAG welding head, with two wires, taking advantage of the possibility to rotate the welding head so as to obtain welding seams with the wires either positioned one after the other (tandem), or transversally (perpendicular to the welding direction), obtaining, by correlation with the welding speed, optimal linear energies, implicitly, seams of various widths and penetrations.The results of the tests concerning the characterization of the obtained welded joints corresponded to the mechanical – metallographic tests, falling within the ranges provided by the applicable standards.The welding parameters used in the robotized Tandem MAG procedure may lead to remarkable advantages concerning the use of energy and filler metal. Thus, linear energies are about 40% - 45% smaller than in the case of the classical SAW+MIG / MAG process, with positive effects on the mechanical and metallographic characteristics of the welded joints, leading to significant reductions in energy consumption. Furthermore, the use of filler materials (wire, shielding gas) decreases by 10% - 15% as compared to the classical SAW+MIG / MAG process, leading, implicitly, to lower costs.As a consequence of the obtained results, MAG Tandem welding procedure may become an alternative to SAW submerged arc welding and combined SAW and MIG / MAG welding and a classical reference method for the manufacture of pipelines
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Wang, Xiao Yan, Xiao Dong He, Xin Li Han, Na Li, Ke Tong, and Mei Juan Hu. "Study on FCAW Semi-Automatic Welding Procedure of Girth Weld Joint of Line Pipes." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 2078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.2078.
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This paper investigate the mechanical property and microstructure of girth weldment of Lan Zhou to Cheng Du crude oil pipeline. The welding joint was bottomed by cellulose electrode E6010 and filled and covered by flux-cored wire AWS A 5.29 E71T8-Ni1. According to SY/T 4103-2006, test results show that the selected process parameters and welding method take on outstanding performance .Microstructure of weld joints is acicular ferrite, polygonal ferrite, proeutectoid ferrite and granular bainite, and widmanstaten ferrite dosn’t exsist in heat affected zone(HAZ). Microstrure of the whole weld joint is mainly polygonal ferrite and granular bainite, this is the reason that mechanical properties can meet the Lan Zhou to Cheng Du crude oil pipeline project requirement.
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Bazulin, A. E., A. V. Butov, D. S. Tikhonov, and S. V. Romashkin. "MECHANIZED ULTRASONIC INSPECTION OF TIEIN WELDS OF THE MAIN GAS PIPELINE WITH AN AUGUR-ART FLAW DETECTOR." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 289 (July 2022): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2022.07.pp.042-048.
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To perform ultrasonic testing of golden joints of the main gas pipeline, a procedure for mechanized ultrasonic testing was developed. The procedure complied with the requirements of EN ISO 13588:2019 inspection level C and EN ISO 10863:2020 inspection level C. Testing for transverse defects was carried out using conventional piezoelectric transducers using the echo-mirror method and frontal SAFT processing. The use of the AUGUR-ART flaw detector, the SPIDER scanner and the ECHO-scan and AUGUR-Analysis software demonstrated stable detection of defect simulators in the reference block. All this made it possible to analyze the shortcomings of welding at training joints and successfully perform golden joints of the main gas pipeline.
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Srisutraporn, Sermsak, Rittichai Paoniam, Bovornchok Poopat, and Supolchai Kwankaew. "Effect of tempered bead techniques on maximum HAZ hardness for in service pipeline welding." MATEC Web of Conferences 192 (2018): 01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819201046.
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This research intends to investigate the main factors of tempered bead techniques affecting on maximum HAZ hardness for in-service pipeline welding. Tempering parameters to be considered are the overlap ratio, weld bead sequences, and subsequent welding processes. This research consists of two parts of experimental procedure. Firstly, critical HAZ hardness (< 350 HV) in the first weld bead was estimated using computational simulation. Secondly, welding experiments were conducted with tempered techniques. Experimental setup included the used material of API 5L Gr. B pipe steel with nominal size of DN 200, wall thickness of 8.18 mm, and water piping How of 18.77 m3/hr. As a results, it suggested that the overlap weld ratio of 50h and 75%, weld bead sequences, as well as subsequent SMAW processes, were proficient of reducing significantly maximum HAZ hardness at the weld root. Nevertheless, in the case that the weld root was built up, maximum HAZ hardness was slightly changed with different weld bead sequences.
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Gonçalves e Silva, Régis Henrique, Tiago Loureiro Fígaro da Costa Pinto, Jair Carlos Dutra, Eduardo Bidese Puhl, Alberto Bonamigo Viviani, and Mateus Barancelli Schwedersky. "Welding Joint Features Extraction Algorithm for Laser Triangulation Sensors Applied to Root Pass Control." Soldagem & Inspeção 22, no. 1 (March 2017): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si2201.03.
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Abstract Joint geometry measurement is a key task for welding automation. Among the sensors used for this purpose, the Laser Triangulation Sensors for welding (LTS) are the ones that best characterize the joint geometry. Root gap measurement is especially important for success in the automated root pass deposition, with production and quality benefits in different applications, such as pipeline construction for the Oil & Gas industry. The measurement of this feature is sensitive to noises generated by welding and joint surface reflexivity. The image processing algorithms for gap measurement available in literature do not have the desired characteristics of measurement error and flexibility for dimensional variability of welding joints. This paper presents a new algorithm for root gap measurement of “V” type joints using a linear adjustment technique. This developed algorithm was evaluated from measurement errors found in images captured before and during orbital welding procedure of a standard test piece. The same images were processed with pattern correlation algorithm and derivative algorithm, both presented in academic papers. The proposed algorithm presented the best results of measurement error, robustness and flexibility.
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Bakrewal, Ayush. "A Recent Progress in Performance and Property Improvement in Underwater Welding." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1767–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39127.
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Abstract: Underwater welding is the process of connecting materials underwater in the presence of water. It is used to maintain and improve the structure in marine and offshore applications. It's utilized for underwater pipeline maintenance, submerged offshore oil drilling, and ship repairs. It can also be found in nuclear power plants and deep-sea mining. Underwater welding is divided into two categories dry welding and wet welding. Dry welding entails enclosing the weld zone in a hyperbaric tank filled with a gas mixture and welding at the prevailing pressure. Wet welding is a type of welding that uses waterproof electrodes and is done directly on the component to be welded. The major benefit of this welding is its simplicity and cost effectiveness, but we can't obtain high weld quality as easily as we can with dry welding. Dry welding, on the other hand, may provide high weld quality, but it is a time-consuming procedure that needs the welder to secure the region with the hyperbaric vessel, and it is also a costly method. Underwater welding has a number of issues, including bubble arc generation, cold cracking, microstructural deformation, and more. We attempted to bring together the most recent developments in the field of underwater welding. We've outlined several techniques that were used to improve welding characteristics as well as important issues that must be addressed. This review article may be used to figure out what measures need to be taken to enhance the underwater weld joint quality. Keywords: Underwater welding, underwater wet welding, underwater dry welding, hyperbaric vessel, underwater welding development
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pipeline welding procedure"
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Borkowski, Krzysztof. "Experimental study and theoretical modelling of pipeline girth welding." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/103735.
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The thermal field induced by arc welding has been the subject of numerous experimental, analytical and numerical studies in the past. However, few studies have focused on the effects of the local geometry and pipeline welding procedure on the transient thermal field at or near the vicinity of the weldline. The local geometry and welding procedures are often simplified in computational or analytical studies and normally disregarded in quantitative assessments. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the significance of these effects in order to understand their possible influence on the weld quality, pipeline integrity and weldability. In this thesis, simplified analytical models are developed, compared against outcomes from previous investigations, and validated with data obtained from a full-scale experimental study completed by the candidate. The conducted research indicates that the effects of the weld preparatory geometry (which is within the industry acceptable variations) and pipeline welding procedures might have a significant impact on the thermal history, specifically at low heat inputs and no preheats, which are characteristic for pipeline girth welding. Therefore, the account of these effects is very important for the adequate evaluation of the weld quality and, potentially, the pipe integrity. The results presented in this thesis can be utilised in the quality control, advanced modelling procedures and other activities directed towards the further improvement of pipeline construction procedures.Thesis (M.Phil.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.
Book chapters on the topic "Pipeline welding procedure"
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Rayapandi, Thiraviam, and Suresh P. "An Overview of Welding Methods for Advanced Materials." In Advanced Manufacturing Techniques for Engineering and Engineered Materials, 198–225. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9574-9.ch012.
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Recent developments in the engineering industry require joining of like and unlike materials with different properties such as melting point, coefficient of thermal conductivity, solubility, difference in electrochemistry, etc. as part of machines, tools, and more specific applications. Materials including those similar and dissimilar in nature are successfully joined by fusion and solid-state welding processes. In accordance with ASME Sec IX and AWS D1.1 codes and API 1104 standard, welding procedures specifications (WPS) through procedure qualifications (PQR) are required prior to commencing any fabrication work pertaining to pressure vessels, piping and pipeline, storage tanks, offshore platform structural parts, and so on. A specific welding process must be chosen based on the design of the component, the material, thickness, production, availability of equipment, people, and other factors. Weldment testing, including destructive and non-destructive examinations, are crucial during procedure qualification, welder qualification, and the production welding process.
Conference papers on the topic "Pipeline welding procedure"
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Huang, Zhijun, Renhua Deng, Miao Kai, Jibin Liu, Junhua Kong, and Yutao Wang. "Adaptability of X80 Steel and its SAW Welding Wire to the Welding Procedure." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10193.
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Taking into account cost and safety for pipelines transporting oil and natural gas, the strength of the steel used is getting higher and the plate wall thicker. After a good use of X70 steel in China’s East-to-West Gas Transmission Project, X80 steel is drawing more and more attention in the future pipelines, resulting in its successful production in Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Company, and also bringing some concerns about welding. With increasing the wall thickness of the pipeline, the welding heat input is expected to increase for an increased deposited rate and a quality weld configuration. However, it is likely for the thermo-mechanically controlled rolled fine-grained steel that the properties of the heat affected zone will get deteriorated after it is subjected to large weld heat inputs, so the influence of the weld linear energy on the weld configuration and the properties of the welded joint have been studied. It is evident that an increased weld heat input can significantly reduce the number of the welding runs, thereby increasing the production proficiency and favoring the welding quality control as well. Furthermore, for Ti, Nb micro alloyed X80 steel, almost no property deterioration was found in this experiment, indicating that X80 steel is adaptable to various welding heat inputs, which gives much possibility of selecting a desirable large heat input. X80 steel is characteristic of low carbon and low sulphur contents with the addition of Mn, Mo alloying elements, and correspondingly, its weld metal should have the similar features that need to be obtained with the welding materials. However, the welding wires for X80 steel aren’t currently and commercially available in domestic market, so developing new welding wires is an urgent task for the mass application of X80 steel. Two submerged arc welding wires, one used for X70 steel and the other one branded as WGX2 with a higher strength were used in this welding experiment on X80 steel. The former produced excellent average impact energy up to 172J at −20°C close to that of the base metal but practically under-matched strengths and unqualified bend properties. The welded joint produced with WGX2 wire practically has a little over-matched strengths, qualified bend properties and satisfactory impact energy as well.
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Lu, Junfang, Bob Huntley, and Luke Ludwig. "Development of an Effective ASME IX Welding Procedure Qualification Program for Pipeline Facility and Fabrication Welding." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64169.
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For cross country pipeline welding in Canada, welding procedures shall be qualified in accordance with the requirements of CSA Z662 Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems. For pipeline facility and fabrication welding on systems designed in accordance with CSA Z662 or ASME B31.4, welding procedures qualified in accordance with the requirements of ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section IX are permitted and generally preferred. Welding procedures qualified in accordance with ASME IX provide advantages for pipeline facility and fabrication applications as a result of the flexibility achieved through the larger essential variable ranges. The resulting welding procedures have broader coverage on material thickness, diameter, joint configuration and welding positions. Similarly, ASME IX is more flexible on welder performance qualification requirements and accordingly a welder will have wider range of performance qualifications. When applied correctly, the use of ASME IX welding procedures often means significantly fewer welding procedures and welder performance qualifications are required for a given scope of work. Even though ASME IX qualified welding procedures have been widely used in pipeline facility and fabrication welding, it is not well understood on how to qualify the welding procedures in accordance with ASME IX and meet the additional requirements of the governing code or standard such as CSA Z662 in Canada. One significant consideration is that ASME IX refers to the construction code for the applicability of notch toughness requirements for welding procedure qualification, yet CSA Z662 and ASME B31.4 are both silent on notch toughness requirements for welding procedure qualification. This paper explains one preferred method to establish and develop an effective ASME IX welding procedure qualification program for pipeline facility and fabrication welding while ensuring suitability for use and appropriate notch toughness requirements. The paper discusses topics such as base material selection, welding process, welding consumable consideration and weld test acceptance criteria.
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Boring, Matt A., and Joe Sobilo. "Relaxation of In-Service Welding Procedure Flow Restrictions." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64352.
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Edison Welding Institute (EWI) and Enterprise Products Operating LP (Enterprise) worked together to develop an in-service welding program. The objective of this project was to relax flow restrictions on current in-service welding procedures to allow for welding onto liquid pipelines with flow rates outside of current flow limits. Enterprise’s current products include liquid propane, liquid ethane, and propane and ethane mixes in addition to other refined products. The current Enterprise in-service welding procedures restrict welding onto liquid pipelines with a flow rate between 1.3 and 4.0 ft/s (0.4 and 1.2 m/s). The minimum flow rate of 1.3 ft/s (0.4 m/s) was used because it was Enterprise’s minimal operating flow rate. The maximum flow rate of 4 ft/s (1.2 m/s) was grandfathered into the procedures. When welding onto an in-service pipeline to repair a damaged section of pipe or to install a branch connection (i.e., hot-tapping) there are two main concerns (burnthrough and hydrogen cracking) and both concerns needed to be evaluated for both flow conditions. The results from the project allow welding onto no-flow liquid pipelines with wall thicknesses between 0.25 and 0.5 in. (6.4 to 12.7 mm). Even though welding onto a no-flow thin-walled liquid pipeline [i.e., less than 0.25 in. (6.4 mm)] would not increase cracking susceptibility, the risk of burnthrough and eutectic iron formation would make the procedure unacceptable. The results of this project also indicated that acceptable welds can be made onto a high flow liquid pipeline [up to 12 ft/s (3.7 m/s)]. It was recommended, however, that Enterprise only use the temper bead welding procedures for such applications. Proper use of the temper bead welding procedures (i.e., proper heat input, weld toe spacing and stringent low hydrogen welding practice) has been shown to produce acceptable, crack-free welds. It is important to note that none of the welds showed signs of cracking, but the hardness levels of the heat input control procedures all exceeded the critical hardness level for their intended carbon equivalent materials. Increasing the flow rate from 4 to 12 ft/s (1.2 to 3.7 m/s) does appear to increase the cooling effect but it is not possible to determine the magnitude of the effect from the results of this work.
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Funderburk, Scott, Paul Spielbauer, Yaoshan Chen, and Marie Quintana. "The Essential Welding Variable Methodology and its Application in Welding Procedure Development for Mechanized Girth Welds of X100 Line Pipes." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33379.
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The mechanical properties of X100 pipeline girth welds are quite sensitive to welding parameters and the design range for a viable welding procedure is narrower compared to pipeline steels of lower grades. The use of a high-productivity welding process, such as dual-torch gas metal arc welding (GMAW), further compounds the dependency of weld properties on welding parameters. Consequently, for X100 pipe welding procedure development, the path to achieve the required weld performance can be a time-consuming and costly process. Developed in a recently completed project, the essential welding variable methodology provides an effective approach to optimize the development process for X100 pipe welding, with the benefits of reducing development time and saving cost. The present paper presents a practical case study of the methodology for girth welds. The present paper focuses on the information needed and the analyses performed in the application of the methodology to the process of welding procedure development for a dual-torch pulsed GMAW (GMAW-P) procedure. Using an analysis tool that can predict the thermal cycles from welding parameters and the available knowledge of microstructure and mechanical responses of both pipe materials and weld metals to welding thermal cycles (cooling rate), several candidates of dual-torch pulsed GMAW procedures were evaluated first for cooling times to help the determination of the final welding procedures. The finalized welding procedures used for the production of the qualification welds were evaluated to estimate the mechanical properties of the girth welds. The estimated weld properties will be compared to those from the test results when they become available.
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Dekhane, Aditya, Alex Wang, Yong-Yi Wang, and Marie Quintana. "Application of Thermal Analysis Tool for Girth Welding Procedure Qualification." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64629.
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The mechanical properties of welds are governed by the final microstructure that develops as an interaction between the chemical composition and cooling rates produced by welding thermal cycles. For welds in modern microalloyed thermomechanically controlled processed (TMCP) pipeline steels, the microstructure and mechanical properties can be extremely sensitive to cooling rates. The development and qualification of welding procedures to achieve targeted mechanical properties is often an iterative process. Accurate knowledge of welding thermal cycles and cooling rates as a function of welding parameters is valuable for optimization of welding process development. This paper covers the development, validation, and application of a girth welding thermal analysis tool. The core of the tool is a numerical model that has a two-dimensional, axi-symmetrical finite element procedure to simulate the transient heat transfer processes both in the weld metal and the heat affected zone (HAZ). The tool takes welding parameters, pipe and bevel geometry, and thermal properties as inputs and predicts thermal cycles and cooling rates in weld metal and HAZ. The comparison of thermal cycles between experimental measurements and the model predictions show the tool was robust and accurate. This tool is particularly effective in understanding the thermal history and resulting microstructure and mechanical properties of welds produced with high-productivity gas metal arc welding (GMAW), such as mechanized dual-torch pulsed gas metal arc welding (DT GMAW-P). The tool was used in optimization of development and qualification of welding procedures of a DT GMAW-P process under a tight time schedule. The actual welds were fabricated according to the optimized welding procedures followed by the mechanical testing of welds. Good agreement was found between the predicted tensile properties and those from experimental tests. The welding procedures were qualified within the tight time schedule by avoiding iterative trials, and reducing the cost associated with the making of trial welds and mechanical testing by approximately 50%. This tool has also been applied in the application of essential welding variables methodology (EWVM) for X80 and X70 linepipe steels [1, 2]. Future applications of the tools include the revamp of the approach to essential variables in welding procedure qualification. In particular, the parameters affecting cooling rates may be “bundled” together towards the one critical factor affecting weld properties, i.e., cooling rate. The individual parameters may be varied beyond the limits in the current codes and standards as long as their combined effects make the cooling rate stay within a narrow band. It is expected that the same framework of approaches to GMAW processes can be extended other welding processes, such as FCAW and SMAW.
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Cheng, Wentao, Yong-Yi Wang, William Amend, and Jim Swatzel. "Weld Microstructure and Hardness Prediction for In-Service Hot-Tap Welds." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0558.
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Welding onto an in-service pipeline is frequently required to repair damaged areas and for system modifications. There are often significant economic and environmental incentives to perform in-service welding, including the ability to maintain operations during welding and to avoid venting the contents to the atmosphere. Welds made onto in-service pipelines tend to cool at an accelerated rate. These welds are likely to have high heat-affected zone (HAZ) hardness which increases their susceptibility to hydrogen cracking. Accurate prediction of HAZ hardness is critical in developing successful welding procedures for in-service hot-tap welds. The present PRCI thermal analysis software for hot-tap welding uses an empirical-formula-based HAZ hardness prediction procedure. This paper describes an effort funded by PRCI to produce a significantly improved HAZ hardness prediction procedure over the procedure in the current PRCI thermal analysis software. A markedly improved hardness prediction procedure was developed and systematically validated using extensive experimental data of actual welds. The underlying hardness calculation algorithms were based on the proven state-of-the-art phase transformation models. Although on the average the procedure under-predicts the measured hardness by a small amount, the new hardness prediction procedure is a significant improvement in overall accuracy over the procedure in the current PRCI thermal analysis software. The procedure developed here lays the foundation for a much more accurate hardness prediction module in the future version of the PRCI thermal analysis software.
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Chen, Yaoshan, Jim Gianetto, Fateh Fazeli, Yongli Sui, and Haicheng Jin. "The Essential Welding Variable Approach and its Application to the Welding of X80 Line Pipe Steels." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33380.
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A weld quality control approach developed for the welding of high-strength pipeline steels has demonstrated its effectiveness in achieving reliability and consistency in the mechanical performance of girth welds. Using a predictive tool that can relate cooling times of welding thermal cycles with welding parameters and with the knowledge of microstructure responses of both pipe materials and weld metals to welding thermal cycles, the approach can evaluate the effects of welding parameters on weld properties and identify the essential welding variables. As a result, the essential welding variable approach can be used to optimize and help shorten the process of welding procedure development. The current paper presents the application of the essential welding variable approach to the girth welding of X80 pipeline steels. The application started with the selection of pipe materials, welding consumables, and candidate welding procedures. The selection of actual weld procedures and a welding matrix were made after the candidate welding procedures were analyzed in terms of cooling times. Girth welds for two X80 pipes of different chemical compositions, outside diameters, and wall thicknesses were made with single and dual torch GMAW-P processes and a range of welding consumables. The welding parameters were monitored and recorded for all welds; and the thermal cycles of selected welds were measured by thermocouples. Small-scale testing, including all-weld-metal tensile test, Charpy impact toughness and CTOD fracture toughness tests, were evaluated and correlated with microstructures formed in the HAZ of the girth welds. The material responses of heat-affected zone (HAZ) to thermal cycles of typical GMAW-P single and dual torch processes were experimentally simulated (Gleeble®). Detailed welding thermal cycle analyses were conducted based on the measured welding parameters. Cooling times of welding thermal cycles for the girth welds were calculated and correlated with the material responses, of X80 pipe steels to welding thermal cycles. The correlation demonstrated very good consistency between the cooling times, the results of the Gleeble simulation, and the mechanical properties of the girth welds. The dependency of the weld properties on welding parameters was analyzed in terms of cooling times, and the optimization strategy for development of welding procedures that offer more balanced welding properties between strength and toughness was evaluated by adjusting the essential welding variables. In summary, the process of applying the essential welding variable approach and the results from the tests and the analyses showed that the approach is capable of evaluating the effects of welding parameters on weld properties, identifying the essential welding variables, and ultimately optimizing welding procedures.
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Hamada, Masahiko, Hidenori Shitamoto, Shuji Okaguchi, Nobuaki Takahashi, Izumi Takeuchi, Yoshiyuki Matsuhiro, and Shusuke Fujita. "Pipe Bending Test With Girth Welding on X80 Grade SAW Pipes." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31433.
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This study was planned as a part of a test program to confirm the effect of girth welds on the strain capacity of pipes. In this study, full-scale pipe bending tests are performed by using X80 SAW pipe. This paper covers pipe manufacturing procedure, developed welding procedure to obtain even match weld metal and properties of welded joints. And this work demonstrated that the X80 pipes welded under the developed procedure fractured in base metal remote from girth welded portion by full scale pipe bending test conducted under the internal pressure of 72% SMYS of X80.
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Nagayama, Hiroyuki, Masahiko Hamada, Mark F. Mruczek, Mark Vickers, Nobuyuki Hisamune, Tetsuya Fukuba, and Archie Arredondo. "Development of Welding Procedures for X90-Grade Seamless Pipes for Riser Applications." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90016.
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Ultra-high strength seamless pipes of X90 and X100 grades have been developed for deepwater or ultra-deepwater applications. Girth welding procedure specifications (WPSs) should be developed for the ultra-high strength pipes. However, there is little information for double jointing welding procedure by using submerged arc welding process for high strength line pipes. This paper describes mechanical test results of submerged arc welding (SAW) and gas shielded flux cored arc welding (GSFCAW) trials with various welding consumables procured from commercial markets. Welds were then made with typical welding parameters for riser productions using high strength X90 seamless pipes. The submerged arc weld metal strength could increase by increasing alloy elements in weld metal. The weld metal with CE (IIW) value of 0.74 mass% achieved fully overmatching for the X90 pipe. The weld metal yield strength (0.2% offset) was 694 MPa, and the ultimate tensile strength was 833 MPa. It was also confirmed that the reduction of boron in weld metal can improve low temperature toughness of high strength weld metal. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the HAZ has excellent mechanical properties and toughness for riser applications. In this study GSFCAW procedures were also developed. GSFCAW can be used for joining pipe and connector material for riser production welding. The weld metal with a CE (IIW) value of 0.54 mass% could meet the required strength level for X90-grade pipe as specified in ISO 3183. Cross weld tensile testing showed that fractures were achieved in the base metal. Good Charpy impact properties in weld metal and HAZ were also confirmed.
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Goodfellow, Ray, and Rory Belanger. "Challenges of Hot Tapping Into a Sour Gas Transmission Line." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-101.
Full textAbstract:
Chevron Canada Resources recently completed a hot tap on the Simonette high-pressure sour gas transmission line near Grande Prairie, Alberta. The hot tap was required to bring on new production into the Simonette pipeline without shutting in existing production. The hot tap was completed under full line pressure and gas/condenstate flow during the winter with temperatures averaging −20°C. The design pressure of the 12 “ Gr. 359 Cat II pipeline is 9930 kPa and the line operates at 8200 kPa. The gas in the main transmission line is approximately 2% H2S and 4% CO2. The gas being brought on through the 4″ hot tap tie-in was 21% H2S and 5% CO2. At the tie-in point the transmission line temperature was 3°C. Safely welding on the pipeline under these conditions was a considerable technical challenge. In welding sour service lines it is critical that the final weld hardness be below Vickers 248 micro hardness. This can be very difficult to achieve when welding on a line transporting a quenching medium of gas and condensate. In addition, hydrogen charging of the steel from operation in sour service can lead to hydrogen embrittlement during welding. Ludwig & Associates developed the hot tap weld procedure and extensively tested the procedure to ensure that suitable weld microhardness was achievable under pipeline operating conditions. As part of the procedure development the welder who would perform the hot tap was tested repeatedly until he could confidently and successfully complete the weld. During fieldwork, the welding was rigorously monitored to ensure procedural compliance thereby minimizing the possibility of elevated hardness zones within the completed weldment. This paper will detail with the technical development of the hot tap welding procedure and the successful field implementation.