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Journal articles on the topic 'Pipeline injection'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Elashmawy, M., A. Alghamdi, and I. Badawi. "Investigation of the Effect of Pipeline Size on the Cross Flow Injection Process." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 6, no. 3 (June 12, 2016): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.727.

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Injection pumps constitute an essential component for many industrial applications. The main focus of this study is to predict the effect of the size of the pipeline on the cross flow injection process. A test-rig was designed, built and equipped with three different pipelines, 1½", ¾" and ½" diameters. Comparison was made under constant line pressure of 40-bar and line flow rate of 5 liter/min, with a fixed injection pump rotational speed of 100 rpm. The main parameter tested was the injection dose capacity at different pump displacements. Cross flow mixing process is also theoretically studied using 3D-CFD analysis to show the injection cross flow behavior for the same geometry and parameters used for experimental test. Results show that increasing the size of the pipeline increases injection pump doses ability. This effect is insignificant at lower injection pump displacements, while the effect of the size of the pipeline becomes dominant when increasing the displacement. By changing the size of the pipeline from ½" to 1½" diameter injection pump dose capacity increases by 3.24% at 100% pump displacement. Selecting larger pipe sizes for injection ports is recommended whenever possible.
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2

Zhou, Jun, Tao Deng, Jinghong Peng, Guangchuan Liang, Xuan Zhou, and Jing Gong. "Experimental study on pressure pulses in long-distance gas pipeline during the pigging process." Science Progress 103, no. 1 (October 22, 2019): 003685041988445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850419884452.

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Long-distance gas pipelines generally have complex, undulating sections. Trapped air pockets are often present at the high points or ends of pipelines. This article carries out an experimental research to figure out the transient changes. First of all, under the condition of using the pig with 231 g and the injection pressure of 0.3 MPa, the hydraulic pulse increases from 0.31 to 0.54 MPa as the liquid level rises from 1 to 8 m. And at the liquid level of 8 m, the injection pressure grows from 0.3 to 0.75 MPa and the hydraulic pulse from 0.54 to 0.95 MPa. When the interception air mass is located at the blind side of the pipeline’s end, the injection pressure is 0.75 MPa, and the hydraulic pulse decreases from 4.9 to 3.21 MPa with the increase in the void fraction. The maximum hydraulic pressure generates when the air pocket is located at the rear end of the drainage system (4.9 MPa) is far higher than that when the air pocket is located in front of the pig (1.0 MPa). Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the generation of trapped air pockets at the rear end of the pipeline system to ensure safety.
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3

Khodyrev, A. I., and V. V. Mulenko. "Analysis of injector designs for inhibitors injection into a pipeline." Equipment and Technologies for Oil and Gas Complex, no. 3 (2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33285/1999-6934-2021-3(123)-5-13.

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4

Andrei, Madalina, Brandusa Ghiban, and Valeriu Rucai. "Bacterial Activity in a Deposit from a Residual Injection Water Pipeline." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 8 (September 15, 2019): 2707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.8.7412.

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This research was conducted on a deposit sampled from a residual injection water pipeline, where corrosion problems identified on metallic equipment have been suspected to be caused by microbiological activity. The residual injection water was also analyzed to confirm the bacterial activity inside the pipeline. Microbiological activity is internationally recognized as a significant contributor to corrosion problems of oilfield equipment, being characterized by rapidity, severity and localized nature. The commonly encountered deposits in water injection pipelines include salts, corrosion products, microbiological mass, suspended matter and water. MIC mitigation methods, as biocide treatment, cannot be implemented without evaluation and confirmation of bacterial activity in the deposit. Several techniques were performed, as SEM and EDS analysis of the deposit to characterize the morphology and elemental composition and microbiological analysis and microscopic examination of the biofilm contained by the deposit, which demonstrated the presence of bacteria communities responsible for MIC.
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5

Qaisar, Hayat, Li Yun Fan, En Zhe Song, Xiu Zhen Ma, Bing Qi Tian, and Naeim Farouk. "Study of Effect of Diesel Fuel Properties on Pressure Wave Profile." Applied Mechanics and Materials 681 (October 2014): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.681.19.

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High pressure (HP) fuel pipeline is one of the vital components of Combination Electronic Unit Pump (CEUP) fuel injection system besides pump and injector. Effect of four key fuel properties including density, viscosity, acoustic wave speed and bulk modulus on pressure wave profile has been investigated using a 1D viscous damped mathematical model. Wave equation (WE) based mathematical model has been developed in MATLAB using finite difference method. Dynamic variations of these fuel properties during fuel injection cycles have also been incorporated in mathematical model by utilizing empirical formulas. The results show that these four key fuel properties not only vary with the pressure during fuel injection process but also define the trend of pressure wave propagation inside HP fuel pipeline.
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6

Lindau, Tobias, and Michael Becken. "Using impressed current cathodic protection systems of pipelines for electromagnetic exploration." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): B155—B165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0651.1.

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Low-frequency electromagnetic (EM) signals generated by networks of technical infrastructure such as power-lines, pipelines, or railways may provide a cheap and efficient means to perform EM depth sounding of the upper few kilometers of the earth. We attempt to use the signals emitted by an impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system of a 35 km long gas pipeline segment in northwestern Germany. The installed ICCP system uses a periodical 12 s on/3 s off current switching scheme, which resembles current waveforms used in controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM). In contrast to CSEM, where a grounded electrical dipole is used as the source, the current flow in pipelines is not constant along its legs. Our efforts are therefore concentrated toward the determination of the temporal and spatial behavior of the electrical current within the investigated pipeline segment. Although the time dependency of the current can be measured directly at the injection point, the spatial distribution is only accessible through indirect observations. We use fluxgate magnetic field measurements at multiple locations directly above the pipeline to infer the local source current and its frequency-dependency and phase lag. We observe that the current decays roughly exponentially away from the injection point, exhibits a position-dependent frequency dependency, and experiences a phase shift that accumulates to more than 30° at the ends of the segment. These effects can be consistently explained with a transmission line model. Having determined the current distribution, we can represent the pipeline as an EM source superposed of point dipoles. The estimated source model allows us to predict the electric (and magnetic) fields at remote locations. To verify our approach, we deploy an array of telluric recorders in the vicinity of the pipeline, estimate the frequency-domain transfer functions, and invert the data into a 3D electrical conductivity model using smoothness-constrained inversion techniques.
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7

Gupta, V., C. Flynn, W. Farah, A. Jameson, V. Venkatraman Krishnan, M. Bailes, T. Bateman, A. T. Deller, A. Mandlik, and A. Sutherland. "Estimating fast transient detection pipeline efficiencies at UTMOST via real-time injection of mock FRBs." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 501, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 2316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3683.

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ABSTRACT Dedicated surveys using different detection pipelines are being carried out at multiple observatories to find more fast radio bursts (FRBs). Understanding the efficiency of detection algorithms and the survey completeness function is important to enable unbiased estimation of the underlying FRB population properties. One method to achieve end-to-end testing of the system is by injecting mock FRBs in the live data stream and searching for them blindly. Mock FRB injection is particularly effective for machine-learning-based classifiers, for which analytic characterization is impractical. We describe a first-of-its-kind implementation of a real-time mock FRB injection system at the upgraded Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (UTMOST) and present our results for a set of 20 000 mock FRB injections. The injections have yielded clear insight into the detection efficiencies and have provided a survey completeness function for pulse width, fluence, and dispersion measure (DM). Mock FRBs are recovered with uniform efficiency over the full range of injected DMs; however, the recovery fraction is found to be a strong function of the width and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For low widths (≲20 ms) and high SNR (≳9) the recovery is highly effective with recovery fractions exceeding 90 per cent. We find that the presence of radio-frequency interference causes the recovered SNR values to be systematically lower by up to 20 per cent compared to the injected values. We find that wider FRBs become increasingly hard to recover for the machine-learning-based classifier employed at UTMOST. We encourage other observatories to implement live injection set-ups for similar testing of their surveys.
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8

Pei, Guihong, Chunyang Wang, and Lili Liu. "Experimental Study on the Cause of Inorganic Scale Formation in the Water Injection Pipeline of Tarim Oilfield." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/619834.

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Scale formation of water injection pipeline will cause the pipeline to be corroded and increase frictional drag, which will induce the quality and quantity cannot meet the need of oil production process. The cause of scale formation in different oilfield is different because of the complex formation conditions. Taking one operation area of Tazhong oilfield as research object, the authors studied the water quality in different point along water injection pipeline through experiment studies, and analyzed the cause of inorganic scale formation and influence factors. The research results can provide theoretical guidance to anticorrosion and antiscale of oilfield pipeline.
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9

Dall'Acqua, D., M. Benucci, F. Corvaro, M. Leporini, R. Cocci Grifoni, A. Del Monaco, A. Di Lullo, C. Passucci, and B. Marchetti. "Experimental results of pipeline dewatering through surfactant injection." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 159 (November 2017): 542–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.08.068.

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10

Li, Xing Gao, and Chao Jie Duan. "Determining Range of Saturated Ground around Leakage Pipeline Using Unsteady Seepage Numerical Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.609.

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It is of great significance to estimate the range of saturated ground around leakage pipelines when tunneling near the pipelines. The range of saturated ground can be determined from the distributions of the water content and pore-water pressure in ground around the leakage pipelines. The leakage pipeline being modeled as an injection well, a series of unsteady seepage numerical analysis is performed to understand the effects of the internal water pressure of pipelines on the range of saturated ground surrounding the pipelines, and computation results show the exponential relationship between them. In the unsteady seepage analysis, the hydraulic conductivity function and the volumetric water content function must be determined beforehand to get reasonable results of the range of saturated ground.
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11

Zhang, Ji Hong, Yong Liu, Qing Bin He, and Jin Feng Li. "Characteristics and Mechanism Analysis of Reducing Substances in the Injection System of Polymer Flooding." Advanced Materials Research 803 (September 2013): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.803.76.

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As the Temperature Reduces in Heated Waxy Oil Pipeline, Wax Crystal Continues to Precipitate. the Wax Sediment Reduces the Pipeline Transmission Capacity, Increases the Friction Resistance and Raises Power Consumption. to Restore the Pipeline Transmission Capacity and Ensure the Safety Operation of Pipeline, Regular Wax Removing is Needed. Taking the Transition of Flow States into Consideration, Different Formulas of Temperature and Friction Drop under Different Flow States are Applied. Wax Precipitation and Running Cost Corresponding to Different Flow States are Obtained, and the Best Pigging Circle is Determined. Finally, the Effect of Different Flow States on Temperature Drop, Pressure Drop and Pigging Circle of Heated Waxy Oil Pipeline is Analyzed.
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12

Park, Hyung Soo, Indranil Chatterjee, Xiaoli Dong, Sheng-Hung Wang, Christoph W. Sensen, Sean M. Caffrey, Thomas R. Jack, Joe Boivin, and Gerrit Voordouw. "Effect of Sodium Bisulfite Injection on the Microbial Community Composition in a Brackish-Water-Transporting Pipeline." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 19 (August 19, 2011): 6908–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05891-11.

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ABSTRACTPipelines transporting brackish subsurface water, used in the production of bitumen by steam-assisted gravity drainage, are subject to frequent corrosion failures despite the addition of the oxygen scavenger sodium bisulfite (SBS). Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes was used to determine the microbial community composition for planktonic samples of transported water and for sessile samples of pipe-associated solids (PAS) scraped from pipeline cutouts representing corrosion failures. These were obtained from upstream (PAS-616P) and downstream (PAS-821TP and PAS-821LP, collected under rapid-flow and stagnant conditions, respectively) of the SBS injection point. Most transported water samples had a large fraction (1.8% to 97% of pyrosequencing reads) ofPseudomonasnot found in sessile pipe samples. The sessile population of PAS-616P had methanogens (Methanobacteriaceae) as the main (56%) community component, whereasDeltaproteobacteriaof the generaDesulfomicrobiumandDesulfocapsawere not detected. In contrast, PAS-821TP and PAS-821LP had lower fractions (41% and 0.6%) ofMethanobacteriaceaearchaea but increased fractions of sulfate-reducingDesulfomicrobium(18% and 48%) and of bisulfite-disproportionatingDesulfocapsa(35% and 22%) bacteria. Hence, SBS injection strongly changed the sessile microbial community populations. X-ray diffraction analysis of pipeline scale indicated that iron carbonate was present both upstream and downstream, whereas iron sulfide and sulfur were found only downstream of the SBS injection point, suggesting a contribution of the bisulfite-disproportionating and sulfate-reducing bacteria in the scale to iron corrosion. Incubation of iron coupons with pipeline waters indicated iron corrosion coupled to the formation of methane. Hence, both methanogenic and sulfidogenic microbial communities contributed to corrosion of pipelines transporting these brackish waters.
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13

Yeung, Hoi C., and Paulo C. R. Lima. "Modeling of Pig Assisted Production Methods." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 124, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1446474.

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More and more transient gas-liquid operations in pipes have been successfully applied in the oil and gas industry. Pigging operation in two-phase pipelines to remove liquid accumulation or for cleaning purpose is an important transient operation. Another important operation is the injection of gas to transport the accumulated liquid in the pipeline to process facilities. Analysis of such transient two-phase flow in a pipeline is necessary not only for designing the liquid and gas handling facilities, but also for establishing safe operating procedures. In pipeline-riser systems, such operations cause even more severe change in flow conditions. A two-fluid model has been developed to determine the transient behavior of fluids during these operations. A one-dimensional set of equations for bubble/mist, annular and stratified flows has been derived. Slug flows were modeled as a combination of the foregoing. Semi-implicit finite difference schemes were used to solve the initial and boundary value problem for each phase of the pigging process: gas/pig injection, gas shut-in, slug production, and gas flow out of the system. An extensive experimental program was carried out to acquire two-phase transient flow and pigging data on a 69-m-long, 9.9-m-high, 50-mm-dia pipeline-riser system. A computer based data acquisition system was used to obtain rapidly changing and detailed information of the flow behavior during tests. The model compared well with the experimental data for characteristics such as inlet pressure, hold-up, and pig velocity. Liquid production efficiencies for different operations were compared.
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14

Qaisar, Hayat, Li Yun Fan, Bing Qi Tian, and Zhen Ma Xiu. "Numerical Modeling and Simulation of Pressure Wave in Combination Electronic Unit Pump High Pressure Pipeline." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 1823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.1823.

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High pressure (HP) fuel pipeline is one of the major components of Combination Electronic Unit Pump (CEUP) diesel fuel injection system and has significant contribution in building up of high pressure required during fuel injection cycle. A MATLAB numerical model of pressure wave inside HP fuel pipeline of CEUP system using damped wave equation has been developed in MATLAB to study and simulate pressure wave propagation through fuel pipeline at various operating conditions of diesel engine. Finite Difference method has been applied to model and simulate pressure equation at various equidistant locations of fuel pipeline. Dynamic variations of fuel properties as a function of varying pressure have also been incorporated. The MATLAB model has been validated by comparing simulated pressures with those of experimentally validated AMESim numerical model of CEUP fuel injection system. Quantitative comparisons were also done using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Index of Agreement (IA). Results show that MATLAB numerical model is quite accurate especially at low cam rotational speeds and low cam angles.
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15

Zhang, Tao, Yiteng Li, Chenguang Li, and Shuyu Sun. "Effect of salinity on oil production: review on low salinity waterflooding mechanisms and exploratory study on pipeline scaling." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 75 (2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2020045.

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The past decades have witnessed a rapid development of enhanced oil recovery techniques, among which the effect of salinity has become a very attractive topic due to its significant advantages on environmental protection and economical benefits. Numerous studies have been reported focusing on analysis of the mechanisms behind low salinity waterflooding in order to better design the injected salinity under various working conditions and reservoir properties. However, the effect of injection salinity on pipeline scaling has not been widely studied, but this mechanism is important to gathering, transportation and storage for petroleum industry. In this paper, an exhaustive literature review is conducted to summarize several well-recognized and widely accepted mechanisms, including fine migration, wettability alteration, double layer expansion, and multicomponent ion exchange. These mechanisms can be correlated with each other, and certain combined effects may be defined as other mechanisms. In order to mathematically model and numerically describe the fluid behaviors in injection pipelines considering injection salinity, an exploratory phase-field model is presented to simulate the multiphase flow in injection pipeline where scale formation may take place. The effect of injection salinity is represented by the scaling tendency to describe the possibility of scale formation when the scaling species are attached to the scaled structure. It can be easily referred from the simulation result that flow and scaling conditions are significantly affected if a salinity-dependent scaling tendency is considered. Thus, this mechanism should be taken into account in the design of injection process if a sustainable exploitation technique is applied by using purified production water as injection fluid. Finally, remarks and suggestions are provided based on our extensive review and preliminary investigation, to help inspire the future discussions.
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16

Wodtke, Michał, Artur Olszewski, and Artur Wójcikowski. "FEM Calculations in Analysis of Steel Subsea Water Injection Flowlines Designing Process." Polish Maritime Research 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2018-0099.

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Abstract The article describes the result of theoretical research aimed at assessing the loads and operating conditions of a Coiled Tubing pipeline injecting water, suspended to the mining platform of Lotos Petrobaltic. For this purpose, appropriate calculation models have been developed using the Finite Element Method (FEM), taking into account the nature of the analyzed object and its loads. The analyzes were carried out for two pipes (previously operated and newly proposed) differing in geometrical and strength parameters. The research was carried out for selected directions of load on the pipeline (originating from sea waves) and various variants of attaching the suspended pipeline to the mining platform.
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17

Eltohami, E. S., M. A. Adewumi, and M. Erdogmus. "PCB Migration and Cleanup Scenarios in Natural Gas Pipelines." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 126, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1712978.

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A model for tracking PCB migration under a variety of solvent injection scenarios is presented. The model serves as a tool for evaluating the efficacy and efficiency of solvents as a means of decontaminating PCB-contaminated natural gas pipelines. The model accounts for the continuous mass transfer between the pipe wall and the multiphase fluids flowing in the pipeline. Consideration is given to the processes of PCB desorption from the pipe wall, and the possibility of subsequent re-adsorption to the pipe wall. To capture the multiple mechanisms involved adequate coupling of hydrodynamic, thermodynamic, and mass transfer modeling is called for and used in this study. The study shows that PCBs concentrate in the liquid phase which is the primary transport phase. It also demonstrates that the model could be used to design an optimal pipeline decontamination scenario.
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18

Kun, Huang, Kun Rong Shen, and Yan Xian. "Natural Gas Pipeline Commissioning Displacement Nitrogen Injection Capacity Calculation Study." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.278.

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The article use the software of FLUENT to simulation nitrogen gas and natural gas section at different working conditions during the displacement course for commissioning of the pipeline. Then，use the MATLAB to analog data three-dimensional fit，the length of gas mixture segment can be calculate. According to the actual situation at the scene，give the formula a correction range. The formula of the nitrogen injection is based on the formula of the length of gas mixture segment. Drawn proven，consistent results with field data. The formula can meet the demand for pipeline safety commissioned. Research results to obtain reasonable assurance as to provide a theoretical basis for nitrogen injection.
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19

Chen, Diwu, Andrew Duff, and John Willcocks. "The application of dynamic modelling technique on the pipeline drying operation during pre-commissioning." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19144.

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The objective of pipeline drying during pre-commissioning is to remove residual water left in the pipeline after dewatering and desalination operations. Removing the residual water mitigates corrosion and hydrate formation and aids quicker delivery of product to required dryness. The common pipeline drying methods are vacuum drying and convection drying. The convection drying method blows dry air through the pipeline to remove the residual water. Its disadvantages are an inability to adequately dry complex-shaped pipeline networks, significant equipment footprint and expelling air noise during the convection drying operation. The vacuum drying method can achieve low dewpoints particularly for complex-shaped pipeline networks and the equipment footprint can also be smaller than for the convection drying method. Therefore, it is advantageous when facing space restrictions for equipment. This paper introduces a dynamic integrated model to simulate the pipeline drying operation. This model considers vacuum pump performance and gas saturation condition in the pipeline during the drying operation. The modelling results can be used to determine the vacuum drying suitability, predict the drying operation duration and identify opportunities to improve the pipeline drying efficiency, such as vacuum pump performance, dry gas injection and convection dry air flow rate. It also demonstrates where vacuum drying is unlikely to be feasible, i.e. low ambient temperature conditions, and methods for identifying such. An optimisation case study is also presented. The drying duration can be reduced significantly by integrating vacuum drying with dry gas injection. This combined methodology can thus significantly improve the pipeline vacuum drying efficiency, which reduces the project cost and improves and de-risks scheduled and simultaneous operations.
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20

Li, Xiaolu, Xiaomin Fang, Liyun Lao, Lijun Xu, and Lijuan Qian. "On-line mixing and emission characteristics of diesel engine with dimethyl ether injected into fuel pipeline." Thermal Science 21, no. 1 Part B (2017): 627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150927283l.

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This article presents a new on-line dimethyl ether/diesel mixing method, researches its blend characteristics, and also validates combustion and emission effects on a light-duty direct injection engine. This new blend concept is that dimethyl ether is injected into the fuel pipeline to mix with local diesel as the injector stops injection, and this mixing method has some advantages, such as utilization of the original fuel system to mix dimethyl ether with diesel intensively, flexibility on adjustable mixing ratio varying with the engine operating condition, and so on. A device was designed to separate dimethyl ether from the blends, and its mixing ratios and injection quantity per cycle were also measured on a fuel pump bench. The results show that compared with the injected diesel, the percentages of dimethyl ether injected into fuel pipeline are 13.04, 9.74, 8.55, and 7.82% by mass as the fuel pump speeds increase, while dimethyl ether injected into fuel pipeline are 45.46, 35.53, 31.45, and 28.29% of wasting dimethyl ether. The power outputs of engine fueled with the blends are slight higher than those of neat diesel at low speeds, while at high speeds, its power outputs are a little lower. Smoke emissions of the blends are lower about 30% than that of neat diesel fuel at medium and high loads with hardly any penalty on smoke and NOx emissions at light loads. The NOx and HC emissions of the blends are slight lower than that of neat diesel fuel at all loads.
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21

Zoranović, M., M. Ivanišević, and A. Sedlar. "Sizing of a pipeline-injection system for liquid manure distribution." Savremena poljoprivredna tehnika 40, no. 4 (2014): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/savpoljteh1403173z.

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22

Rojas-Figueroa, Antonio, and Yuri V. Fairuzov. "Numerical Simulation of Corrosion Inhibitor Transport in Pipelines Carrying Oil-Water Mixtures." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 124, no. 4 (November 20, 2002): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1491980.

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The transport of corrosion inhibitors in a pipeline carrying crude oil-water mixture has been studied using a transient liquid-liquid two-phase flow model. The fluid flow model (the hydrodynamic model) is based on a two-fluid model of two-phase flow. The model allows simulating the transfer of inhibitor from one phase to another (inhibitor partitioning) under steady-state and transient oil-water flow conditions. Both stratified and dispersed flow patterns can be modeled. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effects of topography of the line, locations of the inhibitor injection point, flow pattern, and partitioning of the inhibitor between the phases on the distribution of inhibitor concentration along the pipeline. The modeling can be used to predict the inhibitor volume needed to be injected (the dose rate) in order to provide the required inhibitor concentration in critical sections of crude-oil pipelines.
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23

Jachym, Robert, Piotr Gotkowski, and Jarosław Gazdowicz. "Investigation of Reasons for Damage to a Steel Pipeline Used For the Injection of Formation Waters." Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa, no. 3 (June 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2020.3/3.

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The article presents results of the research on the causes of failure of the DN 80 steel pipeline used for injection of formation waters. Based on the research results, it was found that the cause of perforation and subsequent material losses in the DN 80 pipeline wall made of L360NB steel was under deposit corrosion.
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24

Plugin, Andrii, Liudmyla Trykoz, Oleksandr Donets, Andrii Nykytynskyj, and Anton Pluhin. "Diagnostics and regulation of rheological characteristics for injection mortars by electromechanical sensors." E3S Web of Conferences 166 (2020): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016606006.

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In the article the diagnostic and regulation problems are considered for the rheological characteristics of mortars which are used for pumping into the interpipe gaps or cracks during repairing the pipelines, tunnels, and other objects. It is important to obtain the necessary mortar viscosity which allows providing a complete hole filling. For this aim the experimental dependencies have been determined between the injection mortar viscosity, the water-cement ratio, and the additives quantity in the mortars. According to the Poiseuille’s flow law the theoretical dependencies have been obtained between the penetration depth of the injection mortar and viscosity under the different water-cement ratios. The said dependencies are a base during the development of the functioning algorithm the diagnostic and regulation system of the injection cement mortars rheological characteristics. The description of this functioning system is given. The mentioned system application allows increasing the cementation quality, corrosion resistance and durability of the repaired pipeline sections as well as decreasing of the work duration and labor costs.
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Rodríguez‐Gómez, L. E., M. Álvarez, J. Rodríguez‐Sevilla, M. C. Marrero, and A. Hernández. "Nitrogen transformation of reclaimed wastewater in a pipeline by oxygen injection." Environmental Technology 30, no. 7 (June 2009): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330902896187.

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26

Senel, Ozgur, and Arutchelvi Harichandran. "CO2 injection and storage—Coupling pipeline network, wellbore, and reservoir models." Energy Procedia 4 (2011): 2348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.126.

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27

Sobenko, Luiz R., José A. Frizzone, Antonio P. de Camargo, Ezequiel Saretta, and Hermes S. da Rocha. "Characterization of venturi injector using dimensional analysis." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, no. 7 (July 2019): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n7p484-491.

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ABSTRACT Venturi injectors are commonly employed for fertigation purposes in agriculture, in which they draw fertilizer from a tank into the irrigation pipeline. The knowledge of the amount of liquid injected by this device is used to ensure an adequate fertigation operation and management. The objectives of this research were (1) to carry out functional tests of Venturi injectors following requirements stated by ISO 15873; and (2) to model the injection rate using dimensional analysis by the Buckingham Pi theorem. Four models of Venturi injectors were submitted to functional tests using clean water as motive and injected fluid. A general model for predicting injection flow rate was proposed and validated. In this model, the injection flow rate depends on the fluid properties, operating hydraulic conditions and geometrical characteristics of the Venturi injector. Another model for estimating motive flow rate as a function of inlet pressure and differential pressure was adjusted and validated for each size of Venturi injector. Finally, an example of an application was presented. The Venturi injector size was selected to fulfill the requirements of the application and the operating conditions were estimated using the proposed models.
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Liu, Shu Lin, Xian Ming Wang, Rui Zhang, You Fu Tang, and Rui Cong. "Method of Displacement Parameters Prediction Based on Neural Network for Natural Gas Pipeline." Applied Mechanics and Materials 79 (July 2011): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.79.232.

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Theoretical investigation is not enough for natural gas pipeline displacement technology of nitrogen isolation method without isolator, which makes displacement parameters hard to be controlled accurately. Therefore, the method of natural gas pipeline displacement parameters prediction based on neural network is proposed in this paper. From Fluent numerical simulation, some useful information is acquired, such as displacement parameters under the typical working conditions, the relationship between different working conditions and nitrogen injection capacity. Moreover, the samples gained by simulation are trained by neutral network which has association function. Thus the aim of forecasting process parameter for nitrogen displacement technology without isolator is attained, which provides an important reference for the production of nitrogen displacement of nature gas pipeline without isolator.
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Hayat, Qaisar, Li Yun Fan, Xiu Zhen Ma, Bing Qi Tian, En Zhe Song, and Farouk Naeim. "Pressure Modeling of Combination Electronic Unit Pump Fuel Pipeline with Rapeseed Methyl Ester." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 966–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.966.

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An alternate biodiesel fuel Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) has been evaluated for diesel engine Combination Electronic Unit Pump (CEUP) fuel injection system. Pressure wave modeling of CEUP high pressure fuel pipeline using viscous damped wave equation has been done in MATLAB at various operating conditions of diesel engine. Finite Difference method has been used to model and simulate wave equation at eleven equidistant locations along fuel pipeline. Results show increase in pressure, density, acoustic wave speed and bulk modulus amplitudes with RME fuel as compared to conventional diesel fuel.
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Jin, Jiaming, Renming Pan, Ruiyu Chen, Xiaokang Xu, and Quanwei Li. "Flow and Diffusion Characteristics of Typical Halon Extinguishing Agent Substitute under Different Release Pressures." Processes 8, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121684.

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To provide guidance towards reducing the weight of the HFC-125 storage vessel by reducing the release pressure and to reveal the effects of release pressure on the extinguishing efficiency of HFC-125, we investigated the flow and diffusion characteristics of HFC-125 under six release pressures in the present study. The influence of release pressure on the degree of superheat, injection duration, pressure loss, jet angle, and concentration distribution were analyzed. Results show that the degree of superheat and the injection duration both decreased with the release pressure. The bubble expansion in the HFC-125 could slow down the pressure decrease in the storage vessel. The flow process in the pipeline can be divided into three phases: pipeline filling, stable flow, and mixed gases release. Both of the maximum and mean values of the pipeline pressure loss increased with the release pressure. The maximum concentration value decreased with the increase of the distance from the nozzle. The maximum concentration value in the near field from the nozzle increased with the release pressure. The concentration and holding time (duration above 17.6% volume concentration) of HFC-125 in the near field from the nozzle met the requirements of minimum performance standards (MPS) for HFC-125.
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31

Lienhard, F., D. Queloz, M. Gillon, A. Burdanov, L. Delrez, E. Ducrot, W. Handley, et al. "Global analysis of the TRAPPIST Ultra-Cool Dwarf Transit Survey." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 497, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 3790–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2054.

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ABSTRACT We conducted a global analysis of the TRAPPIST Ultra-Cool Dwarf Transit Survey – a prototype of the SPECULOOS transit search conducted with the TRAPPIST-South robotic telescope in Chile from 2011 to 2017 – to estimate the occurrence rate of close-in planets such as TRAPPIST-1b orbiting ultra-cool dwarfs. For this purpose, the photometric data of 40 nearby ultra-cool dwarfs were reanalysed in a self-consistent and fully automated manner starting from the raw images. The pipeline developed specifically for this task generates differential light curves, removes non-planetary photometric features and stellar variability, and searches for transits. It identifies the transits of TRAPPIST-1b and TRAPPIST-1c without any human intervention. To test the pipeline and the potential output of similar surveys, we injected planetary transits into the light curves on a star-by-star basis and tested whether the pipeline is able to detect them. The achieved photometric precision enables us to identify Earth-sized planets orbiting ultra-cool dwarfs as validated by the injection tests. Our planet-injection simulation further suggests a lower limit of 10 per cent on the occurrence rate of planets similar to TRAPPIST-1b with a radius between 1 and 1.3 R⊕ and the orbital period between 1.4 and 1.8 d.
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32

Peng, Haoping, Zhaolin Luan, Jun Liu, Yun Lei, Junxiu Chen, Song Deng, and Xuping Su. "Corrosion behavior of X80 pipeline steel in oilfield injection water in Eastern China." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 68, no. 5 (August 30, 2021): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-06-2020-2328.

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Purpose This paper aims to under the laboratory environment, the corrosion behavior of X80 pipeline steel in oilfield injection water in eastern China was studied by immersion test. Design/methodology/approach First, the corrosion product film was immersed in oilfield injection water and the effect on the corrosion behavior and the corrosion reaction mechanism were constantly observed during this period. The effect was displayed by potentiodynamic polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectrums (EIS) measurements. Second, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to observe and test the corrosion product film immersed in the oilfield water for 30 days. Findings The results indicate that the tendency of metal corrosion becomes weaker at an early stage, but strengthened later, which means the corrosion rate is accelerating. Besides, it is indicated by impedance spectroscopy that with the decreasing of the capacitance arc radius, the reaction resistance is reducing in this progress. Meanwhile, the character of Warburg impedance could be found in EIS, which means that the erosional components are more likely to penetrate the product film to reach the matrix. The corrosion product is mainly composed of the inner Fe3O4 layer and outer shell layer, which contains a large number of calcium carbonate granular deposits. It is this corrosion under fouling that produces severe localized corrosion, forming many etch pits on the metal substrate. Originality/value The experiment chose the X80 steel, the highest-grade pipeline steel used in China, to conduct the static immersion test in the injection water coming from an oilfield in eastern China. Accordingly, the corrosion mechanism and the effect of corrosion product film on the corrosion of pipeline steel were analyzed and discussed.
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33

Kahlke, Sven-Lasse, Martin Pumpa, Stefan Schütz, Alfons Kather, and Heike Rütters. "Potential Dynamics of CO2 Stream Composition and Mass Flow Rates in CCS Clusters." Processes 8, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091188.

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Temporal variations in CO2 stream composition and mass flow rates may occur in a CO2 transport network, as well as further downstream when CO2 streams of different compositions and temporally variable mass flow rates are fed in. To assess the potential impacts of such variations on CO2 transport, injection, and storage, their characteristics must be known. We investigated variation characteristics in a scenario of a regional CO2 emitter cluster of seven fossil-fired power plants and four industrial plants that feed captured CO2 streams into a pipeline network. Variations of CO2 stream composition and mass flow rates in the pipelines were simulated using a network analysis tool. In addition, the potential effects of changes in the energy mix on resulting mass flow rates and CO2 stream compositions were investigated for two energy mix scenarios that consider higher shares of renewable energy sources or a replacement of lignite by hard coal and natural gas. While resulting maximum mass flow rates in the trunk line were similar in all considered scenarios, minimum flow rates and pipeline capacity utilisation differed substantially between them. Variations in CO2 stream composition followed the power plants’ operational load patterns resulting e.g., in stronger composition variations in case of higher renewable energy production.
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34

Wilmshurst, Jan. "USE OF DRAG REDUCER CHEMICAL IN THE BASS STRAIT CRUDE OIL PRODUCING SYSTEM." APPEA Journal 25, no. 1 (1985): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj84010.

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Esso Australia Ltd (on behalf of the Esso/BHP joint venture) operates a crude oil and natural gas processing system based on the offshore fields in Bass Strait.Crude oil is discharged from the offshore fields via a 132-km pipeline to the crude stabilization plant at Longford. A 187-km pipeline is then used to transfer stabilized crude to Long Island Point, where the oil is held in storage prior to discharge to Australian refineries and to export.Without the use of drag reducer chemical, Bass Strait crude production is limited by pipeline hydraulic capacity. Since the last quarter of 1983, drag reducer has been injected at both Halibut platform and Longford as required to meet the demand for crude oil. As a result, daily production rates have been increased by more than ten per cent.Drag reducer chemical is a long chain polymer which acts to reduce the extent of turbulence in the flowing oil stream. The chemical is highly viscous, and specifically designed gear pumps are required to achieve satisfactory injection into the pipeline systems.
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35

Zhou, Rui Fen, and Yu Xue Wang. "Calibration of Pipe Friction Factor Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 1036–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.1036.

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This paper presents a method to calibrate pipe friction factor in oilfield water injection pipeline based on genetic algorithm. For the shortcoming, of basic genetic algorithms, genetic algorithm is made the corresponding improvements, this algorithm is improved global searching capability. Finally, a practical example verified the feasibility of the presented method.
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36

Hayat, Qaisar, Liyun Fan, Enzhe Song, Xiuzhen Ma, Bingqi Tian, and Naeim Farouk. "Nonlinear Modeling and Analysis of Pressure Wave inside CEUP Fuel Pipeline." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/521859.

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Operating conditions dependent large pressure variations are one of the working characteristics of combination electronic unit pump (CEUP) fuel injection system for diesel engines. We propose a precise and accurate nonlinear numerical model of pressure inside HP fuel pipeline of CEUP using wave equation (WE) including both viscous and frequency dependent frictions. We have proved that developed hyperbolic approximation gives more realistic description of pressure wave as compared to classical viscous damped wave equation. Frictional effects of various frequencies on pressure wave have been averaged out across valid frequencies to represent the combined effect of all frequencies on pressure wave. Dynamic variations of key fuel properties including density, acoustic wave speed, and bulk modulus with varying pressures have also been incorporated. Based on developed model we present analysis on effect of fuel pipeline length on pressure wave propagation and variation of key fuel properties with both conventional diesel and alternate fuel rapeseed methyl ester (RME) for CEUP pipeline.
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37

Wang, Bohong, Yongtu Liang, Meng Yuan, Jinghui Wang, Haoran Zhang, and Xingju Li. "Optimal design of oilfield surface pipeline networks for the cyclic water injection development method." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 171 (December 2018): 1400–1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.08.065.

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38

Shimada, Hideki, Yasuhiro Yoshida, Jiro Oya, Takashi Sasaoka, Kikuo Matsui, Hideaki Nakagawa, and Jan Gottfried. "Application of injection material for rehabilitation of underground pipeline using fly ash surfactant mixtures." International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment 24, no. 1 (March 2010): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17480930903003664.

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39

Dong, Bin, Ying Xu, Hao Deng, Fan Luo, and Shengjian Jiang. "Effects of pipeline corrosion on the injection water quality of low permeability in oilfield." Desalination 326 (October 2013): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.07.001.

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40

Wang, Bohong, Yongtu Liang, Jianqin Zheng, Rui Qiu, Meng Yuan, and Haoran Zhang. "An MILP model for the reformation of natural gas pipeline networks with hydrogen injection." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43, no. 33 (August 2018): 16141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.06.161.

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41

TABKHI, F., C. AZZAROPANTEL, L. PIBOULEAU, and S. DOMENECH. "A mathematical framework for modelling and evaluating natural gas pipeline networks under hydrogen injection." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33, no. 21 (November 2008): 6222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.07.103.

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42

Bjerkholt, J. T., T. R. Cumby, and I. M. Scotford. "The Effects of Air Injection on the Pipeline Transport of Cattle and Pig Slurries." Biosystems Engineering 91, no. 3 (July 2005): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2005.04.010.

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43

Woodward, Alexander, Rui Gong, Hiroshi Abe, Ken Nakae, Junichi Hata, Henrik Skibbe, Yoko Yamaguchi, et al. "The NanoZoomer artificial intelligence connectomics pipeline for tracer injection studies of the marmoset brain." Brain Structure and Function 225, no. 4 (May 2020): 1225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02073-y.

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44

Klinkby, Lone, Carsten Møller Nielsen, Espen Krogh, Ivar Eskerud Smith, Bjarne Palm, and Christian Bernstone. "Simulating rapidly fluctuating CO2 flow into the Vedsted CO2 pipeline, injection well and reservoir." Energy Procedia 4 (2011): 4291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.379.

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45

Young, Ruth, Tewodros Bekele, Alexander Gunn, Nick Chapman, Vipul Chowdhary, Kelsey Corrigan, Lindsay Dahora, et al. "Developing new health technologies for neglected diseases: a pipeline portfolio review and cost model." Gates Open Research 2 (April 26, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12817.1.

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Background: Funding for product development for neglected diseases fell from 2009-2015, other than a short-term injection of Ebola funding. One impediment to mobilizing resources is a lack of information on product candidates, the estimated costs to move them through the pipeline, and the likelihood of specific launches. This study aimed to help fill these information gaps. Methods: We conducted a pipeline portfolio review to identify current candidates for 35 neglected diseases. Using an adapted version of the Portfolio to Impact (P2I) financial modelling tool, we estimated the costs to move these candidates through the pipeline over the next decade and the likely launches. Since the current pipeline is unlikely to yield several critical products, we estimated the costs to develop a set of priority “missing” products. Results: We found 685 product candidates for neglected diseases as of August 31, 2017; 538 candidates met inclusion criteria for input into the model. It would cost about $16.3 billion (range $13.4-19.8B) to move these candidates through the pipeline, with three-quarters of the costs incurred in the first 5 years, resulting in about 128 (89-160) expected product launches. Based on the current pipeline, there would be very few launches of complex new chemical entities; launches of highly efficacious vaccines for HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria would be unlikely. Estimated additional costs to launch one of each of 18 key missing products range from $13.6B-$21.8B, depending on product complexity. Over the next 5 years, total estimated costs to move current candidates through the pipeline and develop these 18 missing products would be around $4.5-5.8B/year. Conclusions: Since current annual global spending on product development is about $3B, this study suggests the annual funding gap over the next 5 years is at least $1.5-2.8B, which is probably an underestimate. The current portfolio is not balanced across health needs.
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46

Young, Ruth, Tewodros Bekele, Alexander Gunn, Nick Chapman, Vipul Chowdhary, Kelsey Corrigan, Lindsay Dahora, et al. "Developing new health technologies for neglected diseases: a pipeline portfolio review and cost model." Gates Open Research 2 (August 22, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12817.2.

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Background: Funding for neglected disease product development fell from 2009-2015, other than a brief injection of Ebola funding. One impediment to mobilizing resources is a lack of information on product candidates, the estimated costs to move them through the pipeline, and the likelihood of specific launches. This study aimed to help fill these information gaps. Methods: We conducted a pipeline portfolio review to identify current candidates for 35 neglected diseases. Using an adapted version of the Portfolio to Impact financial modelling tool, we estimated the costs to move these candidates through the pipeline over the next decade and the likely launches. Since the current pipeline is unlikely to yield several critical products, we estimated the costs to develop a set of priority “missing” products. Results: We found 685 neglected disease product candidates as of August 31, 2017; 538 candidates met inclusion criteria for input into the model. It would cost about $16.3 billion (range $13.4-19.8B) to move these candidates through the pipeline, with three-quarters of the costs incurred in the first 5 years, resulting in about 128 (89-160) expected product launches. Based on the current pipeline, there would be few launches of complex new chemical entities; launches of highly efficacious HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria vaccines would be unlikely. Estimated additional costs to launch one of each of 18 key missing products are $13.6B assuming lowest product complexity or $21.8B assuming highest complexity ($8.1B-36.6B). Over the next 5 years, total estimated costs to move current candidates through the pipeline and develop these 18 missing products would be around $4.5B (low complexity missing products) or $5.8B/year (high complexity missing products). Conclusions: Since current annual global spending on product development is about $3B, this study suggests the annual funding gap over the next 5 years is at least $1.5-2.8B.
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47

Young, Ruth, Tewodros Bekele, Alexander Gunn, Nick Chapman, Vipul Chowdhary, Kelsey Corrigan, Lindsay Dahora, et al. "Developing new health technologies for neglected diseases: a pipeline portfolio review and cost model." Gates Open Research 2 (February 19, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12817.3.

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Background: Funding for neglected disease product development fell from 2009-2015, other than a brief injection of Ebola funding. One impediment to mobilizing resources is a lack of information on product candidates, the estimated costs to move them through the pipeline, and the likelihood of specific launches. This study aimed to help fill these information gaps. Methods: We conducted a pipeline portfolio review to identify current candidates for 35 neglected diseases. Using an adapted version of the Portfolio to Impact financial modelling tool, we estimated the costs to move these candidates through the pipeline over the next decade and the likely launches. Since the current pipeline is unlikely to yield several critical products, we estimated the costs to develop a set of priority “missing” products. Results: We found 685 neglected disease product candidates as of August 31, 2017; 538 candidates met inclusion criteria for input into the model. It would cost about $16.3 billion (range $13.4-19.8B) to move these candidates through the pipeline, with three-quarters of the costs incurred in the first 5 years, resulting in about 128 (89-160) expected product launches. Based on the current pipeline, there would be few launches of complex new chemical entities; launches of highly efficacious HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria vaccines would be unlikely. Estimated additional costs to launch one of each of 18 key missing products are $13.6B assuming lowest product complexity or $21.8B assuming highest complexity ($8.1B-36.6B). Over the next 5 years, total estimated costs to move current candidates through the pipeline and develop these 18 missing products would be around $4.5B (low complexity missing products) or $5.8B/year (high complexity missing products). Conclusions: Since current annual global spending on product development is about $3B, this study suggests the annual funding gap over the next 5 years is at least $1.5-2.8B.
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48

Sanada, Kazushi. "Simulation of Pipeline Dynamics Using an Optimized Finite Element Model." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 11, no. 4 (August 20, 1999): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1999.p0283.

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Applying finite element approximation to basic equations of pipeline dynamics, we propose an optimized finite element model written as a state space equation having a state variable vector of flows and pressures at intersecting grid points. The model accepts various forms of friction. We propose an augmented model including unsteady laminar friction rewritten as a state space equation. A model generator program is developed to calculate coefficient matrices of the state space equation of the model. Using the program, the model is compatible with block-diagram-based simulation software. Use of the model is shown by experiment and simulation examples. Transient pressures of a closed-end pipe were measured experimentally and used to validate simulated results of the optimized finite element model. Fuel injection was simulated using commercial simulation software to demonstrate model use.
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49

Kammerer, J., A. Mérand, M. J. Ireland, and S. Lacour. "Increasing the achievable contrast of infrared interferometry with an error correlation model." Astronomy & Astrophysics 644 (December 2020): A110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038563.

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Context. Interferometric observables are strongly correlated, yet it is common practice to ignore these correlations in the data analysis process. Aims. We develop an empirical model for the correlations present in Very Large Telescope Interferometer GRAVITY data and show that properly accounting for them yields fainter detection limits and increases the reliability of potential detections. Methods. We extracted the correlations of the (squared) visibility amplitudes and the closure phases directly from intermediate products of the GRAVITY data reduction pipeline and fitted our empirical models to them. Then, we performed model fitting and companion injection and recovery tests with both simulated and real GRAVITY data, which are affected by correlated noise, and compared the results when ignoring the correlations and when properly accounting for them with our empirical models. Results. When accounting for the correlations, the faint source detection limits improve by a factor of up to ∼2 at angular separations > 20 mas. For commonly used detection criteria based on χ2 statistics, this mostly results in claimed detections being more reliable. Conclusions. Ignoring the correlations present in interferometric data is a dangerous assumption which might lead to a large number of false detections. The commonly used detection criteria (e.g. in the model fitting pipeline CANDID) are only reliable when properly accounting for the correlations; furthermore, instrument teams should work on providing full covariance matrices instead of statistically independent error bars as part of the official data reduction pipelines.
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50

Zhou, Yangping, Fu Li, Zhiwei Zhou, and Yuanle Ma. "Thermal Hydraulic Analysis Using GIS on Application of HTR to Thermal Recovery of Heavy Oil Reservoirs." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/676529.

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At present, large water demand and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have emerged as challenges of steam injection for oil thermal recovery. This paper proposed a strategy of superheated steam injection by the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR) for thermal recovery of heavy oil, which has less demand of water and emission of CO2. The paper outlines the problems of conventional steam injection and addresses the advantages of superheated steam injection by HTR from the aspects of technology, economy, and environment. A Geographic Information System (GIS) embedded with a thermal hydraulic analysis function is designed and developed to analyze the strategy, which can make the analysis work more practical and credible. Thermal hydraulic analysis using this GIS is carried out by applying this strategy to a reference heavy oil field. Two kinds of injection are considered and compared: wet steam injection by conventional boilers and superheated steam injection by HTR. The heat loss, pressure drop, and possible phase transformation are calculated and analyzed when the steam flows through the pipeline and well tube and is finally injected into the oil reservoir. The result shows that the superheated steam injection from HTR is applicable and promising for thermal recovery of heavy oil reservoirs.
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