Journal articles on the topic 'Pipeline graphique'

RBMK channel power reactors belong to the one-loop boiling water reactors with graphite as a moderator. Equipment, pipelines and core elements are the main components of the coolant recirculation circuit. Analysis in terms of fracture mechanics shows that the circuit elements conform to the “leak-before-break” criterion, with the pipelines and equipment keeping their availability during the whole design operation period. The core is a critical component for the circuit availability.

Oil and its distillation products play an important role in human life. In the process of distilling oil, we get important products for the life of a modern person. It is hard for a person to live without gasoline, diesel fuel, lubricants and polymeric materials. The chemical industry is also heavily dependent on oil. Oil production makes a significant contribution to the economy and at the same time causes significant damage to the habitat of humans and animals. Nowadays the oil production process may cause oil spills into the upper soil layers and water bodies. Also, the likelihood of accidents during the production, transportation and distillation of oil is not excluded. Most accidents occur due to corrosion of pipes, which are not always inspected and replaced in due time. Each pipeline has its own service life, oil companies are required to monitor the condition of pipes, valves, etc. It is necessary to create special commissions to control the transportation routes. It is always better to prevent an accident than to clean up the spill and clean the environment from pollution products. Unfortunately, the leaders of large oil corporations do not want to replace pipelines in time, trying to save some material resources. As a result, animals, birds and inhabitants of reservoirs die. Not only adult representatives of the animal world can die, but their embryos, they are very sensitive even to a small amount of oil and its products. Animals listed in the Red Book are dying. Every year more and more representatives of flora and fauna suffer from human mistakes. Some species are on the verge of extinction. A man in pursuit of technological progress ruins his habitat. A large number of oil fields are located at the bottom of reservoirs, as a result, we have oil spills during production at the bottom and surface of the reservoir. The effect of these processes on fish is almost always lethal. Birds, during migration, are also exposed to the detrimental effects of oil spills. Oil contaminates their feathers and enters the respiratory tract. As a result, contaminated feathers do not allow to continue the flight.

The specifics of low-alloyed cast irons after EN 16124 standard of type GJS SiMo for high temperature applications of exhaust tracts of internal combustion piston engines. Boundary exposition temperature. Structure failure of cast iron by temperature overloading. Metalography, SEM, XRD of overexposed exhaust pipelines. Failure reason hypothesis of useful properties by exceeding of critical temperature.

Background: legislation.gov.uk is a platform that enables users to explore and navigate the many sections of the UK’s legal corpus through its well-designed searching and browsing features. However, there is room for improvement as it lacks the ability to easily move between related sections or Acts and only presents a text-only rendering of provisions. With Graphie, our novel navigational tool (graphie.quantlaw.co.uk), we aim to address this limitation by presenting alternative visualizations of legal documents using both text and graphs. Methods: The building block of Graphie is Sofia, an offline data pipeline designed to support different data visualizations by parsing and modelling data provided by legislation.gov.uk in open access form. Results: Graphie provides a network representation of the hierarchical structure of an Act of Parliament, which is typically organized in a tree-like fashion according to the content and information contained in each sub-branch. Nodes in Graphie represent sections of an Act (or individual provisions), while links embody the hierarchical connections between them. The legal map provided by Graphie is easily navigable by hovering on nodes, which are also color-coded and numbered to provide easily accessible information about the underlying content. The full textual content of each node is also available on a dedicated hyperlinked canvas. Conclusions: While we focus on the Housing Act 2004 for illustrative purposes, our platform is scalable, versatile, and provides users with a unified toolbox to visualize and explore the UK legal corpus in a fast and user-friendly way.

The partial upgrading of “tar-like” Canadian bitumen is an essential process to reduce its viscosity to an acceptable range that meets the required pipeline specifications. An innovative and potentially greener solution has emerged in the form of microwave irradiation. This work proposes and demonstrates the use of an electrically powered commercial microwave along with carbon-based microwave susceptors (activated carbon, biochar, coke, and graphite) to promote localized thermal cracking within bitumen at a temperature as low as 150 °C, compared to the conventional method of 400 °C. The remarkable results show that just 0.1 wt% of carbon additives can reduce the viscosity of bitumen by 96% with just 10 min of microwaving at 200 °C. A Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, and Asphaltenes (SARA) analysis reveals that the mass fractions of light components (saturates) are almost doubled and that almost one-third of heavy polar hydrocarbon constituents are cracked and decomposed into much lighter molecules, resulting in higher-quality, less viscous bitumen. Furthermore, this study highlights the key role of the surface area and porosity of the carbon microwave susceptor in absorbing microwave radiation, offering exciting new avenues for optimization. Microwave-assisted partial upgrading of bitumen is a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to conventional upgrading, producing upgraded bitumen that requires significantly less diluent at a lower cost prior to pipeline transportation.

This paper introduces a novel concept of a TRISO-fueled salt-cooled reactor (TFSCR). The core contains circulating pipes filled with molten salt carrying TRISO particles. The reactor achieves online refueling by slowly circulating the molten salt through the pipeline. The reactor utilizes the same molten salt as the coolant and graphite as the moderator. The reactor design has the characteristics of safety, economy, and nonproliferation. TRISO particles exhibit greater resistance to neutron irradiation, corrosion, oxidation, and high temperatures compared to conventional fuels. A molten salt-cooled reactor can also operate at higher temperatures, consequently enhancing power generation efficiency. Furthermore, lower operating pressures can mitigate the risk of significant damages and loss of coolant caused by accidents, thereby enhancing reactor safety. This paper presents the basic nuclear design of TFSCR under the assumptions concerning the average fuel power density, the volumetric core power density, and the core temperature. At the same time, the feasibility of online refueling and long-life operation was evaluated by fuel burnup calculation.

A method was developed to obtain a durable coating consisting of zinc and graphene oxide (Zn-GO) in order to reduce the mechanical wear and tear rate of oil and gas pipelines made of steel. Graphene oxide was obtained from graphite by wet chemical oxidation (unmodified and modified Hummers’ method) using potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid. The process was carried out at various temperatures. The steel was covered with an ultrathin layer of Zn-GO using the electrophoretic deposition method. The GO particle size (< 90 nm) was confirmed by XRD and laser analysis. For GO particles obtained by the modified Hummers’ method, a significant correlation was observed in the scratch (R2 = 0.87) and the Vickers microhardness tests (R2 = 0.93), which indicates a lower wear rate of Zn-GO-coated steel.

Рассмотрены стадии коррозии серого чугуна, в результате чего в процессе многолетнего замещения на графитную составляющую железо металлической матрицы фактически остается законсервированным слоем некорродирующего графита. Благодаря этому срок службы чугунных труб, даже без дополнительной антикоррозионной защиты, реально может достигать 100–150 лет. Коррозионная стойкость высокопрочного чугуна (ВЧШГ) по сравнению с серым чугуном выше в среднем соотношении 0,76. На практике трубы из ВЧШГ поставляются с защитными покрытиями, что обеспечивает дополнительную коррозионную защиту и в течение долгого времени предохраняет стенки трубопроводов. В международном стандарте ISO 21053:2019 «Анализ цикла жизни и утилизации труб из высокопрочного чугуна при их использовании в системах водообеспечения» (пункт 6) указан общепризнанный срок службы труб из ВЧШГ – 100 лет. The stages of gray cast iron corrosion are considered, that result in the process of many years of replacement by the graphite component, and the iron of the metal matrix actually remains a preserved layer of non-corroding graphite. Owing to this, the service life of cast iron pipes, even without additional anti-corrosion protection, can actually reach 100–150 years. The corrosion resistance of ductile iron compared to gray cast iron is higher in an average ratio of 0.76. In practice, ductile iron pipes are supplied with protective coatings that provide for additional corrosion protection of the pipeline walls for a long time. The international standard ISO 21053:2019 «Life cycle analysis and disposal of ductile iron pipes while used in water supply systems» (clause 6) indicates the generally accepted service life of ductile iron pipes of 100 years.

A lot of work has shown that despite the effectiveness of the traditional electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology in decontaminating soils with different types and amounts of contaminants, it can be enhanced by a number of strategies for extra effective performance. This work presents the effect of ethanol and acetone cosolvents in enhancing EKR of crude oil contaminated soil (COCS), collected at a depth of 1 m from a petroleum pipeline and storage company, Kaduna Nigeria using graphite electrodes to pass 1 V DC/cm across EKR setups enhanced by incorporating 20% ethanol and 20% acetone separately as cosolvents in the anode compartments of the setups. The total petroleum hydrocarbon results showed that the crude oil content of 78,600 mg/kg present in the COCS exceeds permissible limits for soils. Average removal efficiencies of 74.61% and 67.79% obtained from 20% ethanol and 20% acetone cosolvents enhancements respectively showed that 20% ethanol, with higher removal efficiency, is a better cosolvents for COCS than 20% acetone. Although 20% ethanol has been shown to be a better cosolvents compared to 20% acetone, either of them can be incorporated into EKR technology for enhancing the remediation of COCS.

Ductile iron is a high-strength cast iron material. The spherical graphite obtained by inoculation treatment effectively improves the mechanical properties of cast iron, resulting in higher strength than carbon steel. However, severe corrosion may occur under specific circumstances, especially in thermal water pipelines. In this paper, the corrosion mechanisms at the main defective points of ductile iron were investigated using microscopic morphological characterization after accelerated tests combined with numerical simulations. The influence law of each environmental factor on the corrosion kinetics of ductile iron in a complex water quality environment was studied using dynamic potential polarization tests. The results showed that the main causative factors leading to the increased corrosion of ductile iron were the presence of tail-like gaps on its surface, and the crescent-shaped shrinkage and loosening organization around the graphite spheres. After mechanical treatment was applied to eliminate the obvious defects, the number of corrosion pits was reduced by 41.6%, and the depth of the pits was slowed down by 40% after five days. By comparison, after ten days, the number of pits was reduced by 51%, and the depth of the pits was slowed down by 50%. The dynamic potential polarization test results show that the dissolved oxygen concentration has the greatest influence on the corrosion of ductile iron in the simulated water environment; meanwhile, the water hardness can slow down the corrosion of ductile iron. The relative influence of each environmental factor is as follows: dissolved oxygen concentration > temperature > immersion time > water hardness > pH > Cl−.

To counter the rising threat of bacterial infections in the post-antibiotic age, intensive efforts are invested in engineering new materials with antibacterial properties. The key bottleneck in this initiative is the speed of evaluation of the antibacterial potential of new materials. To overcome this, we developed an automated pipeline for the prediction of antibacterial potential based on scanning electron microscopy images of engineered surfaces. We developed polymer composites containing graphite-oriented nanoplatelets (GNPs). The key property that the algorithm needs to consider is the density of sharp exposed edges of GNPs that kill bacteria on contact. The surface area of these sharp exposed edges of GNPs, accessible to bacteria, needs to be inferior to the diameter of a typical bacterial cell. To test this assumption, we prepared several composites with variable distribution of exposed edges of GNP. For each of them, the percentage of bacterial exclusion area was predicted by our algorithm and validated experimentally by measuring the loss of viability of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis. We observed a remarkable linear correlation between predicted bacterial exclusion area and measured loss of viability (R2 = 0.95). The algorithm parameters we used are not generally applicable to any antibacterial surface. For each surface, key mechanistic parameters must be defined for successful prediction.

The article is devoted to the study of a nitrogen supply system for cooling an experimental device designed for testing in a pulsed reactor with a graphite moderator. To analyze emergency situations caused by disruption of the nitrogen supply system in the cooling paths of the fuel assembly cover and the experimental device power housing, a mathematical model has been developed to describe thermodynamic processes in a system of interconnected tanks that simulate individual sections of the experimental device hydrodynamic cooling system in a pulsed graphite reactor and implemented in the mathematical interactive package for engineering calculations in MATLAB/Simulink. To study the normal operation of the system and analyze possible emergencies, the cooling system of the experimental device was presented in the form of groups of interconnected sections of the hydrodynamic system-tanks, with specified volumes and hydraulic resistances of pipelines connecting these tanks. Verification of the model, calculations of the experimental device cooling system normal operation mode, calculations of emergency situations caused by a violation of the nitrogen supply system normal operation in the cooling paths of the fuel assembly cover were carried out, in particular, it was found that for the cooling system of the experimental device WF-2, the breakdown of the gearbox P-12 can cause depressurization of the fuel assembly cover and an increase in pressure in the power housing, the opening of the safety valve prevents exceeding the pressure limit in the housing, the device maintains integrity even in emergency situations, without being subjected to destruction of the power elements of the structure at a pressure of up to 8 MPa

Purpose The purpose of this work is to study the corrosion rate of X52 pipeline steel exposed to three types of soils collected in Campeche State in México. The electrochemical evaluation for X52 steel exposed to soils ranging from saturated soil until dry conditions was carried out for a period of 21 days. Owing to its versatility to study the steel corrosion process exposed to different types of soils, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization and cyclic voltammetry tests were performed. Additionally, optical and electronic microscopy observations of the steel surface were carried out. Design/methodology/approach Electrochemical cell arrangement was described elsewhere (Quej-Ake et al., 2014). Owing to soil being an electrolytic system with high resistivity and impedance, all electrodes were placed as close as possible, and iR-drop compensation was taken into account using two rods of graphite as an auxiliary electrode. In addition, the conductivity of the soil (Rs) obtained from EIS was used to correct the potential of the working electrode according to iR-drop, and an analysis of ohmic drop from the polarization curves was carried out. Findings Saturated conditions of the three soils were initially considered as the most corrosive conditions for X52 steel surface. Finally, 21 days of immersion time was taken into account as the more drastic condition. So, according to results, X52 steel exposed to beach sand was more susceptible to the corrosion process (0.092 mm/year). iR corrected was negligible at low over-potentials region in saturated soils, which is inside the linear region of Tafel or the activation region. In addition, high cathodic peak potential value obtained from cyclic voltammetry for X52 steel exposed to saturated soil may be attributed to hydrogen evolution reaction and neutral pH. Research limitations/implications The paper has implications for research. It bridges the gap between theory and practice. Originality/value Cyclic voltammetry is a really important tool for the electrochemical analysis of the pipeline steel surface exposed to saturated soils, but is not adequate for analysis of steel exposed to dried soils. In addition, the physicochemical results show that fissures, voids and extra-oxygen presence could also affect the electrochemical responses obtained for X52 steel exposed to soils.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop technically efficient and economically effective sacrificial anodes that can be used for cathodic protection (CP) of pipelines in marine environment and fill the knowledge gap in the use of carbon anodes for CP. Design/methodology/approach A sacrificial anode was produced via sand casting by adding varying weight-percent of coal and ferrosilicon to a constant weight-percent of grey cast iron. The hardness of the produced anodes was evaluated using a Rockwell hardness tester. The microstructure of the anodes was observed with scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to study the phases present. A potentiostat was used to assess the corrosion behaviour of the produced anodes and mild steel in 3.5 Wt.% NaCl solution. Findings The SEM results showed that some anodes had interdendritic graphite formation, while others had pronounced graphite flakes. The EDS analysis showed carbon and iron to be the prominent elements in the anode. Anodes Bc, B2 and B5 with a corrosion rate of two order of magnitudes were observed to have similar dendritic structures. Anode B4 is the most electronegative with an Ecorr of −670.274 mV Ag/AgCl and a corrosion rate of 0.052475 mmpy. The produced anodes can be used to protect mild steel in the same environment owing to their lower Ecorr values compared to that of mild steel −540.907 mV Ag/AgCl. Originality/value Alloying has been majorly used to improve the efficiency of sacrificial anodes and to alleviate its setbacks. However, development of more technically efficient and economically effective sacrificial anodes via production of composite has not been exhaustively considered. Hence, this research focuses on the development of a carbon based anode by adding natural occurring coal and ferrosilicon to grey cast iron. The corrosion behaviour of the produced anode was evaluated and compared to that of mild steel in marine environment.

Research have shown how electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology attempts to tackle the challenge of soil contamination by crude oil. However, the suitability of the resulting remediated soils for use in road construction have not been well reported. This work investigates the engineering properties of filter media enhanced electrokinetic remediated crude oil contaminated soil (COCS) with a view to ascertain its suitability for use in road construction by comparing the performance of charcoal and active carbon as filter materials. COCS collected at a depth of 1m from the Nigerian Pipeline and Storage Company, Kaduna was remediated by using graphite electrodes to pass 1V DC/cm across EKR setups enhanced by incorporating a 1cm thick charcoal and active carbon separately as filter materials across the setups. Average removal efficiencies of 81.4% and 84.6% were obtained against the 78,600 mg/kg oil content of the COCS from charcoal and active carbon filter media enhancements respectively. This showed that active carbon, with higher removal efficiency, is a better filter medium for COCS than charcoal. The compaction and California bearing ratio (CBR) properties of the COCS also improved with the filter media enhanced EKR. However, the CBR values for the filter media enhanced EKR soils only meet the 20% minimum requirements for Type 2 sub-base course materials specified for light trafficked Nigeria roads. As such, charcoal or active carbon filter media enhanced EKR technology can be adopted for remediating COCS for light trafficked Nigeria road construction in areas not subjected to flooding.

Abstract Inspection and testing is done to determine the metallurgical phenomena that occur on the boiler pipes that have been operating several years continuously at a temperature of 560 ° C. The study is also intended to determine the operational feasibility of the pipeline and to avoid undetected damage. Investigation of these pipes is also carried out in the laboratory with micro-structure analysis method, inspection crust, tensile test, bending test, hardness and thickness test. From the analysis of the microstructure, boiler pipes are in condition ferrite pearlite spheroidization with a crust that is thick and contains graphite. In addition, The pipes are attacked by uniform and pitting corrosion. The results of tensile and bending tests are still normal (standard). The hardness test results show significant values compared to the standard, as well as the thickness of the pipe thinning as a result of the corrosion process. Inspeksi dan pengujian dilakukan untuk mengetahui fenomena metalurgis yang terjadi terhadap pipa ketel uap yang sudah beroperasi beberapa tahun secara terus menerus pada suhu 560°C. Penelitian juga dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui kelayakan operasional pipa tersebut dan untuk menghindari terjadinya kerusakan yang tidak terdeteksi. Investigasi pipa-pipa tersebut juga dilakukan di laboratorium dengan metode analisa struktur mikro, pemeriksaan kerak, uji tarik, uji bending, uji kekerasan dan ketebalan. Dari analisa struktur mikro, pipa ketel berada pada kondisi ferrit spheroidisasi perlit dengan lapisan kerak yang cukup tebal serta mengandung grafit. Selain itu juga terjadi serangan korosi merata dan korosi sumuran. Hasil uji tarik dan hasil uji bengkok masih normal (memenuhi standar). Hasil uji kekerasan terjadi penurunan nilai yang signifikan dibanding standar, demikian juga pada ketebalan pipa terjadi penipisan akibat dari adanya proses korosi. Keywords: Boiler pipe, spheroidization, corrosion, thinning.

Diagnosing battery states such as health, state-of-charge, or temperature is crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of electrochemical energy storage systems. While some states, such as temperature, may be measured using cheap sensors, accurate diagnosis of battery health metrics usually requires time-consuming performance measurements, making them infeasible for use in real-world operation. These health metrics can be measured during lab-testing and then estimated on-line using predictive life models or via state observer algorithms such as Kalman filters, but these predictive methods should be supplemented by actual measurement of battery health whenever possible to ensure reliability. Rapid measurement of battery health may be done by various types of fast diagnostic techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which can be performed in only a few minutes and require only a fraction of the energy and power needed for a full charge and discharge measurement. But there is a substantial challenge for estimating battery health using EIS data, as EIS is sensitive to cell temperature, state-of-charge, current, and resting time in addition to health. Thus, utilizing EIS data to predict battery capacity requires correcting for all these additional variables, a task that is extremely difficult to handle analytically. This talk utilizes machine-learning methods to estimate the effectiveness of battery capacity prediction from EIS data, leveraging a data set of hundreds of EIS measurements recorded at varying temperature and state-of-charge throughout a 500-day aging study of 32 commercial, large-format NMC-Graphite lithium-ion batteries. Using EIS as input to machine-learning models is complicated by the nonlinear response of impedance to battery health, temperature, and state-of-charge, as well as the collinearity between the impedance response at neighboring frequencies, which can easily lead to overfit models. To train robust models, features from EIS data need to be extracted from the data or some subset of critical frequencies selected. Many approaches for extracting and selecting features from EIS data from electrochemical analysis and machine-learning fields were identified for analysis: using the entire raw spectra; selection of one, two, or many frequencies from the entire spectra; selecting interesting points from the EIS measurement using domain knowledge; fitting EIS with an equivalent-circuit model; calculating statistics on the raw impedance values; and reducing the dimensionality of the data using unsupervised linear (principal component analysis) and non-linear (uniform manifold approximation and projection) methods. These approaches were rigorously compared using a machine-learning pipeline approach, training linear, Gaussian process, and random forest regression models and quantifying performance using cross-validation as well as a held-out test set. An artificial neural network model trained on the raw spectra was also tested. Promising pipelines were fine-tuned via Bayesian hyperparameter optimization using cross-validation loss and training with class-specific weights to counter data set imbalance. The most reliable method for utilizing impedance in this work was the selection of two optimal frequencies through an exhaustive search, resulting in about 2% mean absolute error on test data for both Gaussian process and random forest model architectures. Interrogation of a variety of models reveals critical frequencies of 100 Hz and 103 Hz for this data set, though the optimal set of frequencies is not necessarily intuitive, i.e., the best performing models are not simply those that use impedance at frequencies that have the highest correlation to the relative discharge capacity. The best performing model is an ensemble model, which is able to predict battery capacity with 1.9% mean absolute error for unseen cells using impedance recorded at a variety of temperatures and states-of-charge.

For millennia, materials science has relied on the paradigm of empiricism to describe the physical world and to fuel technological advance. It was only some centuries ago that the paradigm of mathematical modelling was introduced, boosting scientific knowledge with the introduction of laws in the form of equations. Their predictive capability proved essential to the human understanding of nature, but, as the complexity of the problems increased over time, equations became more and more impenetrable, with analytical solutions being often rather challenging to determine. Electronic computers cut this Gordian knot for us, allowing for quick(er) calculations of approximate solutions to the equations mentioned above. [1] Battery science has greatly benefit from these advances: Density Functional Theory allowed for e.g. reliable quantifications of active materials’ figures of merit like stability or operational potential. The introduction of multiscale modelling was also allowed by this third paradigm of science, leveraging quick computation speeds to infer cell level properties from lower-level ones. [2] The data generated both with experimentation and computation has now accumulated, and a great amount is being published on platforms like, but not limited to, the Materials Project. [3] This is where science enters the so-called fourth paradigm, i.e. data driven science, [4] where statistical methods can contaminate and enhance the “traditional” physico-chemical ones. In fact, new approaches to materials screening are being published with increasing frequency, like neural networks able to predict material properties [5], or generative algorithms able to suggest novel materials. [6] It is important to notice that these methods rely heavily on data quality, hence are not to be seen as a substitute for first principle calculations, but rather as techniques able to expand their scope and capabilities. Battery science itself can greatly benefit from the fourth paradigm of science as well: it is in this context that we developed the present work, in an endeavor to tackle a specific issue in battery science: active materials screening has rarely considered the properties that emerge when coupling two active materials, embedding them into composite electrodes and connecting them electrically. The present work introduces a Python-based combinatorial materials screening workflow, named VOLTA. Its pipeline allows for a novel battery active material explorative workflow, that prioritizes the cell level performance indicators, like cell capacity and voltage profile. This is achieved by the construction of a starting dataset of both observed and virtual active materials from the Materials Project, the implementation of a physics-based pipeline for the assessment of practical electrode properties like porosity and thickness, [7] and the coupling of the electrodes into virtual cells, whose figures of merit are calculated, like voltage and capacity. The screening can be conducted by applying filters to these cell-level properties, achieving an indirect selection of the most suitable active materials. The approach is validated through comparison to current commercial battery technology, and we demonstrate that VOLTA is able to identify promising electrode materials for high energy batteries, like the well-known LCO, LNO and graphite. We also illustrate a case-study, where the pipeline is used in a low-voltage "battery discovery" problem. Bibliography [1] Agrawal, A., & Choudhary, A. (2016). Perspective: Materials informatics and big data: Realization of the “fourth paradigm” of science in materials science. APL Materials, 4(5), 053208. [2] Jain, A., Ong, S. P., Hautier, G., Chen, W., Richards, W. D., Dacek, S., Cholia, S., Gunter, D., Skinner, D., Ceder, G., & Persson, K. A. (2013). Commentary: The Materials Project: A materials genome approach to accelerating materials innovation. APL Materials, 1(1), 011002. [3] Franco, A. A., Rucci, A., Brandell, D., Frayret, C., Gaberscek, M., Jankowski, P., & Johansson, P. (2019). Boosting Rechargeable Batteries R&amp;D by Multiscale Modeling: Myth or Reality? Chemical Reviews, 119(7), 4569–4627. [4] Hey, T., Tansley, S., Tolle, K., & Gray, J. (2009). The Fourth Paradigm: Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery. The Fourth Paradigm: Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery, 39–44. [5] Wang, A. Y.-T., Kauwe, S. K., Murdock, R. J., & Sparks, D. (2021). Compositionally-Restricted Attention-Based Network for Materials Property Predictions. Npj Computational Materials, 33. [6] Dan, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, X., Li, S., Hu, M., & Hu, J. (2020). Generative adversarial networks (GAN) based efficient sampling of chemical composition space for inverse design of inorganic materials. Npj Computational Materials, 6(1), 84. [7] Lombardo, T., Caro, F., Ngandjong, A. C., Hoock, J. B., Duquesnoy, M., Delepine, J. C., Ponchelet, A., Doison, S., & Franco, A. A. (2022). The ARTISTIC Online Calculator: Exploring the Impact of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Manufacturing Parameters Interactively Through Your Browser. Batteries & Supercaps, 5(3), e202100324.

Silicon-based anode materials are one of the most promising approaches to further increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. However, current materials are limited by poor cycling stability and rapid capacity fading, mainly caused by the massive volume expansion of Si during lithiation and subsequent strain on the material composite. [1] Furthermore, this electrode swelling also results in continuous solid electrolyte interface (SEI) growth, which hinders the migration of Lithium and leads to permanent capacity loss. [2] [3] To optimize these materials, analytical techniques able to probe the local 3D morphology and Li content are necessary. By applying methods such as neutron computed tomography (NCT), X-Ray computed tomography (XCT) and synchrotron scattering micro-tomography (SMT) structural ageing and changes in the distribution of lithium in the various components can be characterized and quantified for different charging states and recharge cycle numbers. This study investigates an anode material based on a dual phase alloy system of amorphous Silicon (a-Si) with crystalline iron silicide (c-FeSi2) and graphite. [4] [5] Li-ion battery coin cells containing this silicon-graphite composite anode material were industrially produced and aged by performing 1, 300, and 700 charge-discharge cycles, corresponding to remaining capacities of 100, 70 and 50 %, respectively. NCT and XCT scans were acquired at the NeXT instrument of the ILL in Grenoble (France) [6], and SMT measurements performed at ID31 of the neighboring ESRF. These datasets were reconstructed and evaluated using specially developed data processing pipelines. By performing multi-modal registration, the NCT and XCT scans were aligned and segmented to combine the complementary datasets and create a 4D model of the Li-ion battery coin cells. Figure 1 shows a sample of the combined NCT (cyan) and XCT datasets (red). Cropped horizontal slices of Li-Ion battery coin cells are depicted side by side with the main components labelled. Comparing one of the highly cycled cells with 50% remaining capacity (top) with the reference cell without electrolyte (bottom), trapped Lithium can be observed in the anode layers, visible as cyan colored blotchy areas in the otherwise dark component. The pixel size is approximately 5 µm. The change of lithium distribution in the components between different cycle numbers and charge states in the attenuation-based tomography techniques of NCT / XCT is quantified by modelling expected attenuation parameters to the observed values. The diffraction-based tomography method of SMT was modeled using expected lattice parameters. From this information, trapped Lithium can be identified and changes in the distribution are analyzed to point out possible degradation and failure mechanisms. We acknowledge financial support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and Innovation program No. 875514 (ECO2LIB) as well as No. 847439 (InnovaXN) under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement. [1] S. Tardif et al, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b05796 [2] T. Vorauer et al, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-020-00386-x [3] P. Kumar et al, https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201906812 [4] C. Berhaut et al, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b05055 [5] C. Berhaut et al, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.04.008 [6] A. Tengattini et al, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.163939 Figure 1

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is one of the most aggressive forms of corrosion leasing to infrastructure and equipment damage in various industries, including oil and gas, water systems, medical devices, marine environments, nuclear waste storage facilities, and aviation fuel systems and storage. During the last 10 year, PHMSA estimates that MIC has caused 503 internal corrosion incidents at a reported property damage of $188 million and a loss of 53,000 barrels of oil. Some common bacteria associated with MIC are sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), iron and CO2 reducing bacteria and iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria. SRB are generally considered the most aggressive group of bacteria in pipeline systems that causes MIC and pitting, especially of carbon steel in the oil and gas industry. SRB are facultative anaerobes and thrive in anoxic environments, using sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor and producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a metabolic byproduct. Furthermore, SRBs also can reduce both nitrate and thiosulfate and obtain their energy from organic nutrients, such as lactate. Electrochemical techniques to monitor for MIC focus on studying the electrochemical characteristics of the interface or mass transport properties of a system that are modified by the microbiological activities. Polarization sensors, such as the BIOX system or BioGeorge, use polarization based on a galvanic couple between a stainless steel electrode and a sacrificial anode. The measured galvanic current is proportional to biofilm that has grown on the electrode surface. Other electrochemical sensors use electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) or amperometry to measure biofilm thickness by comparing the electrochemical signatures of a reference channel (without bacteria) to a measurement channel (exposed to bacteria); while sensors based on electrochemical resistance use linear polarization measurements to determine the amount of biofilm on an electrode surface. Electro hydrodynamical impedance has also been used to measure the diffusion coefficient in a biofilm and correlate to biofilm growth and thickness. While these approaches can accurately predict the presence and/or thickness of a biofilm on a metal surface, they cannot determine the risk of MIC associated with biofilm formation, as the presence of a biofilm does not necessarily mean that a surface experiences MIC. Additionally, many of the techniques are destructive or require visual examination of the surface after analysis. This work presents a split-chamber zero resistance ammetry (SC-ZRA)-based approach to overcome the limitations to MIC monitoring described above and serve as a screening system to determine the risk of MIC associated with certain microorganisms or groups of microorganisms. Previous work using a split-chamber approach to assess MIC was used by Daumus for the study of stainless steel corrosion in the presence of sulfate reducing bacteria, and subsequently used by Miller et al to evaluate MIC under aerobic, Fe (III)- and nitrate-reducing conditions. In this approach, two identical electrochemical cells (chambers) are separated by an ion-transport membrane. Each chamber contains an identical electrode of the same material which are electrically connected through a zero-resistance ammeter. When one of the chambers is inoculated with microorganisms, the galvanic current between the two electrodes is measured through the zero ammeter. This configuration mimics the microbiologically induced development of localized anodic and cathodic patches on a metal surface that leads to corrosion. The flow of electrons (difference in corrosion current between the two chambers) depends solely on the microbiological activities of bacteria in one of the two chambers, so the influence of the microorganisms on MIC, as well as the extent of corrosion, can be quantified. Using the SC-ZRA technique we were able to characterize the mechanism and electrochemical signatures of SRB corrosion. Specifically, we found that in split-chamber incubations containing an electron donor, electrons flow from the inoculated to the uninoculated chambers. While the current direction could be interpreted as electron transfer such as in a microbial fuel cell, these systems deploy inert graphite electrodes. When used for MIC characterization, the SC-ZRA uses reactive carbon steel electrodes. Indeed, when positive current was detected, greater corrosion was detected on WE1, which is consistent with redox couples, as well as previous work to characterize MIC using SC-ZRA measurements. After depletion of an electron donor, SRB uses electrons from the metals surface as an electron donor reversing the flow of electrons from the uninoculated to the inoculated chamber. In future work, this technique can be used to provide a mechanistic understanding and a monitoring tool for corrosion of metals that are exposed to SRB under a variety of redox regimes.

A graphite fluid-wall aerosol flow reactor heated with concentrated sunlight has been developed over the past five years for the solar-thermal decarbonization of methane. The fluid-wall is provided by an inert or compatible gas that prevents contact of reactants and products of reaction with a graphite reaction tube. The reactor provides for a low thermal mass that is compatible with intermittent sunlight and the graphite construction allows rapid heating/cooling rates and ultra-high temperatures. The decarbonization of methane has been demonstrated at over 90% for residence times on the order of 10 milliseconds at a reactor wall temperature near 2000 K. The carbon black resulting from the dissociation of methane is nanosized, amorphous, and ash-free and can be used for industrial rubber production. The hydrogen can be supplied to a pipeline and used for chemical processing or to supply fuel cell vehicles.

Focusing on ferritic-pearlitic DCIs, these alloys are characterized by a microstructure that ranges from a fully ferritic to a completely pearlitic matrix, and they are widely used for many applications (e.g. wheels, gears, crankshafts in cars, exhaust manifolds, valves, flywheels, boxes bearings, hubs, shafts, valves, flanges, pipelines ...). Considering the graphite elements, their morphology can be considered as degenerated when its nodularity is too low and this can be due to different causes (e.g., a partially failed nodularization process or a wrong inoculant). In this work, a ferritic DCI with degenerated nodules was obtained by means of an annealing treatment and the fatigue crack propagation resistance was investigated by means of fatigue crack propagation tests performed according to ASTM E647, focusing on the influence of degenerated graphite nodules on the fatigue crack paths. This analysis was performed both analysing the crack path profile by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and by means of a SEM fracture surfaces analysis.

Fire and explosion are a major cause of concern for refinery, gas processing, petrochemical, and gas installations. The safest way to deal with a fire is to prevent it. However, fire prevention strategies are not always successful, and fires can happen. Therefore, valves should be designed and tested to be fire-safe. This paper reviews valve design features that can help prevent fires, including secondary sealing between the ball and body in case of losing a soft seat, a graphite fire-safe ring design for stem and seat sealing, antistatic devices, and antistatic tests to ensure that the valve is fire-safe. In addition to design considerations, a fire-safe design should be validated through tests defined in standards such as API 607, API RP 6FA, and ISO 10497. The API RP 6FA tests reviewed in this paper include seven tests that check the operability of the valve from closed to open position. A case study was done to prove the operability of a fail close 38″ pipeline ball valve on an oil export pipeline in case of fire during the first 20 s from the open to the closed position. Thermal analysis on the body of the valve proved that there was no thermal expansion inside the valve after 150 s of fire. Additionally, the maximum radial displacement on the valve body after 150 s of fire was 0.34 mm which is negligible. Thus, the valve thermal expansion did not disturb the operation of the valve after 20 s.

Inspection and testing is done to determine the metallurgical phenomena that occur on the boiler pipes that have been operating several years continuously at a temperature of 560 ° C. The study is also intended to determine the operational feasibility of the pipeline and to avoid undetected damage.Investigation of these pipes is also carried out in the laboratory with micro-structure analysis method, inspection crust, tensile test, bending test, hardness and thickness test.From the analysis of the microstructure, boiler pipes are in condition ferrite pearlite spheroidization with a crust that is thick and contains graphite. In addition, The pipes are attacked by uniform and pitting corrosion. The results of tensile and bending tests are still normal (standard). The hardness test results show significant values compared to the standard, as well as the thickness of the pipe thinning as a result of the corrosion process.AbstrakInspeksi dan pengujian dilakukan untuk mengetahui fenomena metalurgis yang terjadi terhadap pipa ketel uap yang sudah beroperasi beberapa tahun secara terus menerus pada suhu 560°C. Penelitian juga dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui kelayakan operasional pipa tersebut dan untuk menghindari terjadinya kerusakan yang tidak terdeteksiInvestigasi pipa-pipa tersebut juga dilakukan di laboratorium dengan metode analisa struktur mikro, pemeriksaan kerak, uji tarik, uji bending, uji kekerasan dan ketebalan.Dari analisa struktur mikro, pipa ketel berada pada kondisi ferrit spheroidisasi perlit dengan lapisan kerak yang cukup tebal serta mengandung grafit. Selain itu juga terjadi serangan korosi merata dan korosi sumuran. Hasil uji tarik dan hasil uji bengkok masih normal (memenuhi standar). Hasil uji kekerasan terjadi penurunan nilai yang signifikan dibanding standar, demikian juga pada ketebalan pipa terjadi penipisan akibat dari adanya proses korosi.Keywords: Boiler pipe, spheroidization, corrosion, thinning.

CHIEF EDITOR Ahmad Faris Ismail, IIUM, Malaysia EXECUTIVE EDITOR AHM Zahirul Alam, IIUM, Malaysia ASSOCIATE EDITOR Anis Nurashikin Nordin, IIUM, Malaysia LANGUAGE EDITOR Lynn Mason, Malaysia COPY EDITOR Hamzah Mohd. Salleh, IIUM, Malaysia EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Abdullah Al-Mamun, IIUM, Malaysia Abdumalik Rakhimov, IIUM, Malaysia Amir Akramin Shafie, IIUM, Malaysia Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta, IIUM, Malaysia Erwin Sulaeman, IIUM, Malaysia Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia Hazleen Anuar, IIUM, Malaysia Konstantin Khanin, University of Toronto, Canada Ma'an Al-Khatib, IIUM, Malaysia Md Zahangir Alam, IIUM, Malaysia Meftah Hrairi, IIUM, Malaysia Mohamed B. Trabia, United States Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United States Muataz Hazza Faizi Al Hazza, IIUM, Malaysia Mustafizur Rahman, National University Singapore, Singapore Nor Farahidah Binti Za'bah, IIUM, Malaysia Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States Rosminazuin AB. Rahim, IIUM, Malaysia Waqar Asrar, IIUM, Malaysia INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Anwar, United States Abdul Latif Bin Ahmad, Malaysia Farzad Ismail, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Hanafy Omar, Saudi Arabia Hany Ammar, United States Idris Mohammed Bugaje, Nigeria K.B. Ramachandran, India Kunzu Abdella, Canada Luis Le Moyne, ISAT, University of Burgundy, France M Mujtaba, United Kingdom Mohamed AI-Rubei, Ireland Mohamed B Trabia, United States Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United States Nazmul Karim Ossama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United States Razi Nalim, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States Syed Kamrul Islam, United States Tibor Czigany, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Yiu-Wing Mai, The University of Sydney, Australia. AIMS & SCOPE OF IIUMENGINEERING JOURNAL The IIUM Engineering Journal, published biannually, is a carefully refereed international publication of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Contributions of high technical merit within the span of engineering disciplines; covering the main areas of engineering: Electrical and Computer Engineering; Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; Automation and Mechatronics Engineering; Material and Chemical Engineering; Environmental and Civil Engineering; Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Engineering Mathematics and Physics; and Computer Science and Information Technology are considered for publication in this journal. Contributions from other areas of Engineering and Applied Science are also welcomed. The IIUM Engineering Journal publishes contributions under Regular papers, Invited review papers, Short communications, Technical notes, and Letters to the editor (with publication charge). REFEREES’ NETWORK All papers submitted to IIUM Engineering Journal will be subjected to a rigorous reviewing process through a worldwide network of specialized and competent referees. Each accepted paper should have at least two positive referees’ assessments. SUBMISSION OF A MANUSCRIPT A manuscript should be submitted online to the IIUM-Engineering Journal website: https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal. Further correspondence on the status of the paper could be done through the journal website and the e-mail addresses of the Executive Editor: zahirulalam@iium.edu.my Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Phone: (603) 6196 4529, Fax:(603) 6196 4488. Published by International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Phone (+603) 6196-5018, Fax: (+603) 6196-6298 Website: http://www.iium.edu.my/office/iiumpress Whilst every effort is made by the publisher and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisement herein are the responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publisher and the editorial committee accept no liability whatsoever for the consequence of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement. IIUM ENGINEERING JOURNAL ISSN: 1511-788X E-ISSN: 2289-7860 Volume 20, Issue 1, June 2019 Table of Content Editorial Page COVER PAGE CHEMICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING COMPARATIVE METAGENOMICS ANALYSIS OF PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT (POME) USING THREE DIFFERENT BIOINFORMATICS PIPELINES Adibah parmen, MOHD NOOR MAT ISA, FARAH FADWA BENBELGACEM, Hamzah Mohd Salleh, Ibrahim Ali Noorbatcha 1 - 11 PDF LIPASE IMMOBILIZATION ON FIBERS GRAFTED WITH POLYGLYCIDYL METHACHRYLATE Maan Alkhatib, Nik Adlin Bahrudin, HAMZAH M. SALLEH, Teo M. Ting 12 - 23 PDF COLONY COMPOSITION AND BIOMASS OF MACROTERMES GILVUS HAGEN (BLATTODEA: TERMITIDAE) IN INDONESIA NIKEN SUBEKTI, Priyantini Widiyaningrum, Dodi Nandika, Dedy Duryadi Solihin 24 - 28 PDF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING A SURVEY OF MATLAB EFFICIENCY IN DAMAGE DETECTION OF CONCRETE GRAVITY IN CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS Sajad Esmaielzadeh, Hassan Ahmadi, Seyed Abbas Hosseini 29 - 48 PDF IMPLEMENTATION OF GOVERNMENT ASSET MANAGEMENT USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER (TLS) AS PART OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) Asep Yusup Saptari, S. Hendriatiningsih, Dony Bagaskara, Levana Apriani 49 - 69 PDF THE ANALYSIS OF LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENON OF THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT USING SEISMIC MONITORING EQUIPMENT RINI KUSUMAWARDANI, Untoro Nugroho, Sri Handayani, Mareta Aspirilia Fananda 70 - 78 PDF ELECTRICAL, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING PSG DYNAMIC CHANGES IN METHAMPHETAMINE ABUSE USING RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS Sayyed Majid Mazinani, GHASEM SADEGHI BAJESTANI 79 - 89 PDF FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF MEMS PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY SCAVENGER BASED ON PZT THIN FILM Aliza Aini Md Ralib, Nur Wafa Asyiqin Zulfakher, Rosminazuin Ab Rahim, Nor Farahidah Za'bah, Noor Hazrin Hany Mohamad Hanif 90 - 99 PDF Evaluation on the Effectiveness of Visual Learning Environment on Programming Course From Students’ Perspectives Nasa Zata Dina, Eto Wuryanto, Rachman Sinatriya Marjianto 100 - 107 PDF TOWARDS AN EFFICIENT TRAFFIC CONGESTION PREDICTION METHOD BASED ON NEURAL NETWORKS AND BIG GPS DATA Wiam Elleuch, Ali Wali, Adel M. Alimi 108 - 118 PDF AUGMENTATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION METHOD BASED ON TONGUE CLICKING FOR MUTE DISABILITIES NIK NUR WAHIDAH NIK HASHIM, MUHAMMAD AMIRUL AMIN AZMI, HAZLINA MD. YUSOF 119 - 128 PDF A COMBINED DEEP LEARNING MODEL FOR PERSIAN SENTIMENT ANALYSIS Zahra Bokaee Nezhad, Mohammad Ali Deihimi 129 - 139 PDF MODIFIED CAPACITOR ASSISTED EXTENDED BOOST QUASI Z-SOURCE INVERTER FOR THE GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM N Hemalatha, Seyezhai Ramalingam 140 - 157 PDF A NOVEL USER PROFILE-BASED FUZZY APPROACH FOR EVALUATING TRUST IN SEMANTIC WEB SOMAYEH ASHTARI, MALIHE DANESH, hossein shirgahi 158 - 176 PDF PLL-BASED 3?; INVERTER CIRCUIT FOR MICROGRID SYSTEM OPERATED BY ELECTROSTATIC GENERATOR S.M.A Motakabber, Tawfikur Rahman, Muhammad I. Ibrahimy, A. H. M. Zahirul Alam 177 - 193 PDF INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEM OF A WHEELCHAIR FOR PEOPLE WITH QUADRIPLEGIA PARALYSIS hayder Fadhil; Saif Hussam; Yasseen Sadoon 194 - 201 PDF MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING Adsorptive removal of Pb (II) using exfoliated graphite adsorbent:influence of experimental conditions and magnetic CoFe2O4 decoration Thi Thuong Nguyen, Thi Ngoc Thu Nguyen, Long Giang Bach, Duy Trinh Nguyen, Thi Phuong Quynh Bui 202 - 215 PDF Grease Quality Issues on Middle Voltage Switchgear: Corrosivity, Resistivity, Safety and Ageing Mohd Sabri Mahmud, Sanuri Ishak, Mohd Najib Razali, Mohd Aizudin Abdul Aziz, Musfafikri Musa 216 - 228 PDF MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING A RANS K-? SIMULATION OF 2D TURBULENT NATURAL CONVECTION IN AN ENCLOSURE WITH HEATING SOURCES mehdi ahmadi, Seyed Ali Agha Mirjalily, Seyed Amir Abbas Oloomi 240 - 255 PDF MECHATRONICS AND AUTOMATION ENGINEERING MAGNETICALLY INDUCED PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTER VIA HYBRID KINETIC MOTION Huda Azam, Noor Hazrin Hany Mohamad Hanif, Aliza Aini Md Ralib 256 - 268 PDF