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Journal articles on the topic 'Pinus radiata'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Echt, C. S., G. G. Vendramin, C. D. Nelson, and P. Marquardt. "Microsatellite DNA as shared genetic markers among conifer species." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-009.

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pairs for 21 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci in Pinus strobus L. and 6 in Pinus radiata D. Don. were evaluated to determine whether SSR marker amplification could be achieved in 10 other conifer species. Eighty percent of SSR primer pairs for (AC)n loci that were polymorphic in P. strobus also amplified SSR loci in two other soft pines of the subgenus Strobus but not in seven hard pines of the subgenus Pinus, nor in Picea glauca (Moench) Voss or Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. The six P. strobus SSR primer pairs that did amplify loci from conifers other than soft pines were those that were specific to loci monomorphic within P. strobus. These six loci were also monomorphic within seven other species tested, but four of the loci were polymorphic among species. A comparison of allelic variation among the three soft pine species found only 25 shared alleles among a total of 122 alleles at eight loci. Primer pairs for dinucleotide SSR loci that were polymorphic in Pinus radiata also specifically amplified loci from various other hard pines but not from the soft pines or from the other conifers tested.
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2

Wu, J., K. V. Krutovskii, and S. H. Strauss. "Nuclear DNA diversity, population differentiation, and phylogenetic relationships in the California closed-cone pines based on RAPD and allozyme markers." Genome 42, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 893–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-171.

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We studied nuclear gene diversity and population differentiation using 91-98 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci in the California closed-cone pines knobcone (Pinus attenuata Lemm.), bishop (P. muricata D. Don), and Monterey (P. radiata D. Don) pines. A total of 384 trees from 13 populations were analyzed for RAPDs and another sample of 242 trees from 12 of these 13 populations were analyzed at 32-36 allozyme loci, using a published data set. Twenty-eight of 30 (93%) comigrating RAPD fragments tested were found to be homologous by Southern hybridization in all three species. Using an enriched mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) preparation and a chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) library as probes, two fragments of cpDNA origin, and one of mtDNA origin present among RAPD profiles were excluded from analysis of nuclear gene diversity. RAPD markers revealed moderately higher intrapopulation gene diversity and substantially higher total genetic diversity and population differentiation than did allozyme markers for each species. We performed a simulation study using allozyme data, which showed that the dominant and biallelic nature of RAPD markers could explain the differences observed in differentiation parameters, but not in gene diversity; RAPD phenotypes appear to represent more underlying gene diversity than do allozyme phenotypes. Results of joint phylogenetic analyses of both the RAPD and allozyme markers strongly supported a common ancestor for P. radiata and P. attenuata pines, and south-to-north migration histories for all three species.Key words: allozymes, dominance, gene diversity, Pinus attenuata, Pinus muricata, Pinus radiata, phylogeny, RAPDs.
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3

Córdova, Z. M. Díaz, L. A. Bravo-Toledo, C. O. Tome-Ramos, J. Cáceres-Paredes, K. Vigo-Ingar, S. García-Flores, J. Valdivia-Zuta, and N. E. Feijoo Pérez. "Edible Mushroom, an Ecosystem Service of Pine Forests (Pinus Radiata): A Study of the Communities Cuyuni and Yuracmayo (Cusco, Peru)." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, no. 3 (September 8, 2023): 2082–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.1907.

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The present study aims to identify and quantify the edible mushroom with high production value in Pinus radiata forests, and their natural production as an ecosystem service for the peasant communities of Cuyuni and Yuracmayo in the district of Ccatca (Cusco, Peru). Fifty fungal samples were collected according to cap diameter (10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm), for counting and taxonomic identification. The samples were collected in 5 Pinus radiata forests with different growth ages (forest younger than 3 years, between 4 to 7 years and older than 7 years). The edible fungal species identified were Laccaria laccata and Suillus luteus, both in symbiotic growth with Pinus radiata, the latter being the most representative species due to its abundance and usefulness food, which gives it a high commercial value. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test of SPSS software was used and determined that there is a statistical difference between different groups of the Suillus luteus and Pinus radiata forests with different growth ages. For example, it presents a higher average growth rate in Pinus radiata forests older than 7 years with an average production rate of 523.6 kg in fresh weight per harvesting season. However, there is also a homogeneity of the Suillus luteus species in all the Pinus radiata forests. Therefore, this type of fungus represents the most productive edible mushroom component for the Cuyuni and Yuracmayo communities.
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4

Plugatar, Yu V., T. M. Sakhno, I. V. Bulavin, O. M. Shevchuk, and S. A. Feskov. "Morphology, anatomy and essential oil characterization of Pinus radiata needles in the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 843, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/843/1/012046.

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Abstract The paper presents data on the dendrometric parameters, a needle anatomy and an essential oil characterization of a radiate pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) in the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea. The research was carried out on the model trees (age 70-80 years) growing in the territory of the Montedor Park. For research collected pine needles radiant cuts were made on the freezing microtome (MZ-2, Ukraine), were stained with Sudan III and examined with a light microscope Mikmed-5 (LOMO, Russia) equipped with a digital camera MS-3 (LOMO, Russia). The essential oil from the needles was extracted by hydrodistillation on Ginsberg devices and examined on a gas chromatograph 6890N (Agilent Technology, USA). The studies showed that radiata pine trees achieve their genetically determined parameters, compared to those in the nature habitats in Monterey (California, USA). A needle anatomical investigation clearly demonstrated typical structure. In the essential oil composition, predominance of monoterpenes, in particular a-and (3-pinenes with a large content of the latter was demonstrated. The peculiarity of P. radiata essential oil under the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea, compared to some other regions, was the presence of limonene, which determined the stronger coniferous smell.
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5

Montalbán, Itziar A., Ander Castander-Olarieta, Cathy L. Hargreaves, Keiko Gough, Cathie B. Reeves, Shaf van Ballekom, Tomás Goicoa, María Dolores Ugarte, and Paloma Moncaleán. "Hybrid Pine (Pinus attenuata × Pinus radiata) Somatic Embryogenesis: What Do You Prefer, Mother or Nurse?" Forests 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010045.

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Development of hybrid pines of Pinus radiata D. Don for commercial forestry presents an opportunity to diversify the current resource of plant material. Climate change and different land uses pose challenges, making alternative species necessary to guarantee wood and non-wood products in the future. Pinus radiata var. cedrosensis × Pinus attenuata hybrid possesses different attributes, such as tolerance to drought conditions, better growth and resistance to snow damage at higher altitudes, and more importantly, different wood quality characteristics. Embryogenic cell lines were successfully initiated reciprocal hybrids using as initial explants megagametophytes, excised zygotic embryos and excised zygotic embryos plus nurse culture. However, the questions raised were: does the initiation environment affect the conversion to somatic plantlets months later? Does the mother tree or the cross have an effect on the conversion to somatic plantlets? In the present work we analysed the maturation rate, number of somatic embryos, germination rate, and the ex-vitro growth in cell lines derived from different initiation treatments, mother tree species, and crosses. Differences were not observed for in vitro parameters such as maturation and germination. However, significant differences were observed due to the mother tree species in relation with the ex-vitro growth rates observed, being higher those in which P. radiata acted as a mother. Moreover, embryogenic cell lines from these hybrids were stored at −80 °C and regenerated after one and five years.
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6

Bloomberg, M., J. R. Sedcole, E. G. Mason, and G. Buchan. "Hydrothermal time germination models for radiata pine (Pinus radiataD. Don)." Seed Science Research 19, no. 3 (September 2009): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258509990031.

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AbstractThe objective of this study was to fit a hydrothermal germination model to germination data for a seedlot of radiata pine (Pinus radiataD. Don). Seeds were incubated for 50 d at constant temperatures and water potentials (T = 12.5–32.5°C, Ψ = 0 to − 1.2 MPa). Most seeds completed germination within 50 d, but for low Ψ and/or non-optimal temperatures (T < 17.5°C,T>25°C) many seeds did not complete germination. In general, germination data conformed to the hydrothermal model. Departures from the model were encountered for slow-germinating seeds at suboptimal temperatures (T ≤ 20°C). To account for these departures, two alternative hydrothermal models were fitted with an additional term for an upwards shift in seed base water potential with increasing time to germination. The alternative models more correctly predicted germination time than the original model. Similarly, reduced percentage germination at supra-optimal temperatures (T>20°C) was explained by including a term in the hydrothermal model which shifted the base water potential of seeds upwards towards zero, which in turn reduced the predicted rate that hydrothermal time would be accumulated by seeds. The rate of this upwards shift in base water potential was dependent on time to complete germination and ambient water potential as well as supra-optimal temperature.
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7

Grace, Lynette J., Julia A. Charity, Belinda Gresham, Nod Kay, and Christian Walter. "Insect-resistant transgenic Pinus radiata." Plant Cell Reports 24, no. 2 (January 25, 2005): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-004-0912-x.

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8

Poblete W., Hernan, and Juan P. Sanchez A. "Tableros con corteza de Pinus radiata." Bosque 12, no. 1 (1991): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/bosque.1991.v12n1-03.

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9

Graham, Natalie, Emily Telfer, Tancred Frickey, Gancho Slavov, Ahmed Ismael, Jaroslav Klápště, and Heidi Dungey. "Development and Validation of a 36K SNP Array for Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata D.Don)." Forests 13, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020176.

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Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) is one of the world’s most domesticated pines and a key economic species in New Zealand. Thus, the development of genomic resources for radiata pine has been a high priority for both research and commercial breeding. Leveraging off a previously developed exome capture panel, we tested the performance of 438,744 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a screening array (NZPRAD01) and then selected 36,285 SNPs for a final genotyping array (NZPRAD02). These SNPs aligned to 15,372 scaffolds from the Pinus taeda L. v. 1.01e assembly, and 20,039 contigs from the radiata pine transcriptome assembly. The genotyping array was tested on more than 8000 samples, including material from archival progenitors, current breeding trials, nursery material, clonal lines, and material from Australia. Our analyses indicate that the array is performing well, with sample call rates greater than 98% and a sample reproducibility of 99.9%. Genotyping in two linkage mapping families indicated that the SNPs are well distributed across the 12 linkage groups. Using genotypic data from this array, we were also able to differentiate representatives of the five recognized provenances of radiata pine, Año Nuevo, Monterey, Cambria, Cedros and Guadalupe. Furthermore, principal component analysis of genotyped trees revealed clear patterns of population structure, with the primary axis of variation driven by provenance ancestry and the secondary axis reflecting breeding activities. This represents the first commercial use of genomics in a radiata pine breeding program.
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10

Dick, M. A., and K. Dobbie. "Species of Fusarium on Pinus radiata in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3919.

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The common diseases of pines caused by Fusarium species in New Zealand are dampingoff and root rot disorders of seedlings in forest nurseries The emergence of pine pitch canker disease caused by Fusarium subglutinans f sp pini as a serious threat to Pinus radiata plantations has increased the need for an awareness of the species associated with pines in New Zealand Standard morphological procedures were used to identify Fusarium cultures isolated from diseased pines and from soil in forest nurseries Fusarium oxysporum and F solani were the most commonly found species in bareroot P radiata nurseries and were obtained from both seedlings and from soil The species most frequently obtained from branches and needles of older trees in plantations were F avenaceum and F sambucinum but these were not associated with serious disease
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11

GARCÍA URETA, Agustín. "Enfermedad de los pinos, fumigaciones y Red Natura 2000. Algunas cuestiones sobre la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca." rvap 116, no. 116 (April 30, 2020): 17–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.116.2020.01.

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LABURPENA: Lan honetan 2019an pinuen gaixotasunari (pinus radiata) aurre egiteko Euskal Autonomia-erkidegoan hartu diren erabakiak daude aztergai. Horretarako pestizidei buruzko Europar Batasuneko Zuzenbidearen marko juridikoa ikasi da, bereziki, aireko fumigatzearen debekua, Estatu espainiarrean egindako arauen transposizioa, bai eta pestizidak erabili ahal izateko emandako baimenak ere. Lanak Lurralde Historikoek zenbait jarraibideren bidez eman duten erantzuna ere aztertzen du. Aurreko kasuetan hainbat hutsegite izan da kontuan, besteak beste, pestizidak erabiltzeko erabakietan arrazoitzerik ez egotea, hala nola, Autonomia-erkidegoko Natura 2000 sareko guneengan ondorioen ebaluazio egokia egin beharrari buruzko hausnarketa. ABSTRACT: This contribution examines the decisions taken during 2019 to combat a plague affecting pines (pinus radiata) in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. The article analyses the current EU legal framework concerning pesticides, in particular, the prohibition to carry out their aerial spraying, the implementing Spanish rules on the subject, and also the authorisations granted. The contribution also examines the measures (instructions) adopted by the three provincial governments (Territorios Históricos). In those cases, it highlights various procedural errors, such as the lack of proper reasons when grating the authorisation for the use of pesticides, or the absence of an appropriate assessment of their effects on Natura 2000 sites in the Autonomous Community. RESUMEN: Este trabajo analiza las decisiones tomadas en 2019 para combatir la enfermedad de los pinos (pinus radiata) en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. Para ello se examina el marco jurídico del Derecho de la Unión Europea sobre los pesticidas, en particular, la prohibición de fumigaciones aéreas, las normas de transposición en el Estado español, así como las autorizaciones concedidas para el uso de los pesticidas. El trabajo también analiza la respuesta dada por los Territorios Históricos mediante una serie de instrucciones. En los anteriores casos se tienen en cuenta algunos errores como la ausencia de motivación de la decisión de uso de los pesticidas, así como de consideración del requisito de llevar a cabo una adecuada evaluación de los efectos sobre las zonas de la red Natura2000 en la Comunidad Autónoma.
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12

Cool, Laurence G., and Eugene Zavarin. "Terpene variability of mainland Pinus radiata." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 20, no. 2 (March 1992): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90100-r.

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13

Torres, Leonel F., Roberto Melo, and Jorge Luiz Colodette. "Bleached kraft pulp production from Pinus tecunumanii (Eguiluz e Perry)." Revista Árvore 29, no. 3 (June 2005): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622005000300017.

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The use of 12-year-old Pinus tecunumanii (Eguiluz e Perry) grown in Colombia was evaluated for bleached kraft pulp production. Kraft pulps of kappa number 30 ± 1 were produced, and oxygen delignified and bleached to 90% ISO with ECF processes. The bleached pulps produced under optimum conditions were evaluated with regard to their strength properties. Pinus tecunumanii wood required low effective alkali charge to reach the desired kappa number and the unbleached pulp showed high oxygen delignification efficiency and bleachability when a OD(EO)DED sequence was used. The bleached pulps presented good physical-mechanical properties, which are comparable to those obtained with more traditional pines such as Pinus taeda and Pinus radiata. The results demonstrate that this tropical pine species is a suitable raw material for bleached kraft pulp production
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14

Widmer, Timothy L., and Stephen C. Dodge. "Infection of Select Pinaceae and Cupressaceae Seedlings to Phytophthora pinifolia." Plant Health Progress 20, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-02-19-0011-rs.

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Phytophthora pinifolia caused a devastating disease on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) in Chile. This pathogen has not been reported in the United States, but there is concern should it arrive. There is little information regarding other hosts besides Monterey pine that may be susceptible to this pathogen. In the present study, other potential hosts within the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae were inoculated with zoospores of P. pinifolia and observed for symptoms and infection after 4 weeks. Similar to Monterey pine, knobcone (Pinus attenuata), bishop (P. muricata), and ponderosa (P. ponderosa) pines were highly infectious, whereas several important species such as loblolly pine (P. taeda) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) showed no infection. P. pinifolia was also not recovered from slash (Pinus elliottii) and eastern white (P. strobus) pines. This study is important because it demonstrates other economically important tree hosts are at risk by P. pinifolia, should it enter the United States.
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15

Matsumura, Junji, and Brian G. Butterfield. "MICROFIBRIL ANGLES IN THE ROOT WOOD OF PINUS RADIATA AND PINUS NIGRA." IAWA Journal 22, no. 1 (2001): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000268.

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Microfibril angles of the S2 layer and tracheid lengths were measured in the root wood of Pinus nigra, and the root and stem wood of Pinus radiata. Within 10 mm (the first 2–3 growth rings) from the root centre, microfibril angles were large in the wood of both species, ranging from 25° to 40°. Beyond 10 mm (the fourth growth ring and beyond) from the root centre, microfibril angles were small. This pattern of microfibril angle change in root wood differs from those normally found in stems where angles are large until the 10–15th rings. Root wood tracheid length also showed a different pattern in radial direction from that normally observed in stem wood. Tracheids of Pinus radiata root wood were long in the first ring, decreasing to the third ring and then increased to the seventh ring. Beyond the seventh ring tracheid length was stable at around 3 to 3.5 mm. It was noted that microfibril angles were not influenced by tracheid length in root wood.
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16

Wrann H., Johannes, and Ramón Rosende Beytía. "Contenido de taninos en corteza de pino (Pinus radiata D. Don) según procedencias y edades distintas." Ciencia & Investigación Forestal 2, no. 2 (June 27, 1988): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52904/0718-4646.1988.50.

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Para mejorar el rendimiento de los taninos de Pinus radiata D. DON es necesario contar con la materia prima adecuada. La cantidad de taninos en los vegetales varía según la procedencia, edad, posición en el tronco. Con el objetivo de investigar la variación del contenido de taninos en la corteza de pino Pinus radiata D.DON se efectuó un muestreo atendiendo a variables de sitio (o procedencia), clases de edad (edad de raleo y corta final) y posiciones en el fuste (muestra basal y superior).
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17

FÜLLGRAFF, GÜNTHER R., DIÓGENES L. MELO, and EDGARDO R. CANALES. "Experimental pulping kinetics of Pinus radiata cultivated in Chile." TAPPI Journal 6, no. 10 (November 1, 2007): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj6.10.12.

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We adapted the Purdue model for kraft pulping kinetics for Pinus radiata wood cultivated in Chile. We cooked P. radiata chips in a batch kraft reactor at three different bulk temperatures (150ºC, 160ºC, and 170ºC) and followed wood concentrations of lignin, cellulose, galactoglucomannans, and arabinoxylans along time for up to 3 h. We compared experimental data against the kinet-ic model and determined new optimal pre-exponential factors for each wood component at each temperature. The corrected kinetic model predicted experimental data fairly well for lignin, yield, cellulose, and galactoglucomannans but was less satisfactory for arabinoxylans. The modified pulping kinetics model is more suitable for describing kraft cooking of local P. radiata species and has been validated through successful simulation of an industrial Kamyr digester.
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18

Rodríguez-Carrillo, Marco, and Nery Santillana. "CALIDAD MORFOLÓGICA Y BIOLÓGICA DE Pinus radiata D. Don, MICORRIZADO CON Scleroderma verrucosum (Vaill) Pers. Y Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. & Nordh. EN CONDICIONES DE VIVERO." Ecología Aplicada 20, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21704/rea.v20i2.1809.

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Se evaluó el efecto de Scleroderma verrucosum (Vaill) Pers y Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. & Nordh. sobre la calidad morfológica y biológica de plantas de Pinus radiata D. Don en vivero en Vilcashuamán, Ayacucho, Perú. Tratamientos: (1) Micorrización con Scleroderma verrucosum, (2) Micorrización con Rhizopogon luteolus, (3) Mezcla de ambos hongos y (4) Control, en un diseño completamente al azar con 10 repeticiones por tratamiento. Los hongos provinieron de bosques de Pinus radiata y Eucalyptus globulus de la localidad. La inoculación se realizó en el repique a los 30 días de siembra y la evaluación a los 7.5 meses después del repique. Los pinos micorrizados superaron con diferencias significativas al control en todas las variables. En el diámetro del cuello y materia seca de la parte aérea de los inoculados no presentaron diferencias significativas; sin embargo, en altura, materia seca de la raíz y materia seca total destacó el tratamiento Mezcla. En la calidad biológica se observó mayor número de micorrizas en los inoculados, con diferencias significativas frente al control sin micorrizar. Se evidenció mayor porcentaje de micorrizas monopodiales (91%) en relación a los dicotómicos (8.5%) y coraloides (0.6%). Se determinaron relaciones positivas significativas entre las variables morfológicas, pero éstas sobre P. radiata presentaron asociaciones no significativas con el número de micorrizas. El uso individual y en mezcla de hongos ectomicorrízicos silvestres incrementó la calidad morfológica y biológica de P. radiata, por ello se recomienda la aplicación de estos hongos para la producción de plántulas en viveros de Vilcashuamán y otras zonas altoandinas.
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19

Liu, Q., P. Loganathan, M. J. Hedley, and M. F. Skinner. "Root processes influencing phosphorus availability in volcanic soils under young Pinus radiata plantations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-083.

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Phosphorus (P) availability was investigated in rhizosphere soils under 4- to 5-year-old, second-rotation Pinus radiata D. Don and understorey grass (browntop, Agrostis capillaris L.) in two P-deficient Andosols (a Pumice Soil and an Allophanic Soil). Pinus radiata rhizosphere had more soil organic matter, greater mycorrhizal hyphal length density, higher acid phosphatase activity, and more concentrated dissolved organic carbon than bulk soil or the rhizosphere of grass species in one or both soils. Concentrations of resin P and organic P in the P. radiata rhizosphere were higher than those in the grass rhizosphere and bulk soils, suggesting that P. radiata rhizosphere processes have a greater potential to accumulate organic P and mobilize soil P than understorey grass rhizosphere processes. This effect was less marked in the Allophanic Soil than in the Pumice Soil, probably because of the higher P-fixing capacity and lower plant-available P concentrations in the Allophanic Soil.
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20

Devlieger S., Francis, and Jose Rademacher R. "Encolado de chapas de Pinus radiata con ureaformaldehído." Bosque 10, no. 1-2 (1989): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/bosque.1989.v10n1n2-07.

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21

Villamar, C. A., M. Jarpa, J. Decap, and G. Vidal. "Aerobic moving bed bioreactor performance: a comparative study of removal efficiencies of kraft mill effluents from Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus as raw material." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 3 (February 1, 2009): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.002.

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A Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR) was operated during 333 days. Two different effluents were fed in six different phases. Phases I and II were fed with effluent where Pinus radiata was used as raw material, while phases III to VI were fed with effluent where Eucalyptus globulus was used as raw material. The HRT was reduced from 85 to 4 h, and the BOD5:N:P ratio (100:5:1, 100:3:1 and 100:1:1) was also simultaneously evaluated as an operation strategy. When MBBR was operated with Pinus radiata influent, the performance presents a high BOD5 removal level (above 95%), although COD removal is below 60%. Most of the recalcitrant COD contained in the effluent has a molecular weight higher than 10,000 Da. When MBBR was operated with Eucalyptus globulus influent, the performance is around 97.9-97.6% and 68.6-65.1% for BOD5 and COD, respectively (with HRT up to 17 h). In the Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globus effluents, the color was mainly found in the molecular weight fraction up to 10,000 Daltons.
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22

Mei, LI, LuXiu Lan, Luo Cheng-De, Zhang Fan, Wu Zong-Xing, and Zhong Jing-Yong. "Optimizing System of SSR-PCR in Pinus radiata and Pinus tabulaeformis." Journal of Molecular Genetics 1, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jmolgene.2009.44.49.

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23

Kim, Minjun, and Tae-Jong Kim. "Genetic Species Identification Using ycf1b, rbcL, and trnH-psbA in the Genus Pinus as a Complementary Method for Anatomical Wood Species Identification." Forests 14, no. 6 (May 25, 2023): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14061095.

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This study proposes the use of genetic analysis as a complementary method for species identification in the genus Pinus, particularly in cases where anatomical identification is challenging. Pinus species were grouped based on anatomical similarities, and the efficacy of using ycf1b, which is the most variable for Pinus species identification, and rbcL, which is a suggested DNA barcode for land plants, was evaluated within each group. Sequences for each species were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database and were used to perform phylogenetic analysis. Among the species in Group 1 (P. echinata, P. elliottii, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. rigida, P. taeda, and P. virginiana), rbcL was only effective in identifying P. radiata and P. ponderosa, while ycf1b classified five species. An additional DNA barcode, trnH-psbA, was needed to identify P. radiata and P. taeda. In Group 2 (P. densiflora, P. sylvestris, and P. thunbergii), most species were identified using both rbcL and ycf1b, with the exception of possible hybrids of P. densiflora and P. sylvestris. In Group 3 (P. koraiensis and P. strobus), two species were identified using rbcL and ycf1b. Combining genetic species identification with anatomical identification can accurately identify species of the genus Pinus.
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Turner, J., and M. J. Lambert. "Nutrition and Nutritional Relationships of Pinus Radiata." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17, no. 1 (November 1986): 325–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.001545.

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Zhang, Huaibi, Kathryn Joan Horgan, Paul Hugh Stewart Reynolds, and Paula Elizabeth Jameson. "Cytokinins and bud morphology in Pinus radiata." Physiologia Plantarum 117, no. 2 (February 2003): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00026.x.

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26

King, M. J., and J. F. V. Vincent. "Fracture energy during cleaving of Pinus radiata." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 56, no. 4 (July 1998): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001070050315.

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27

Aguilera, Jose M., and Ricardo San Martin. "Steam hydrolysis of pine (Pinus radiata) sawdust." Biomass 8, no. 4 (January 1985): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(85)90062-9.

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28

Downes, Geoff M., and Nigel D. Turvey. "Lignification of wood from deformed Pinus radiata." Forest Ecology and Management 37, no. 1-3 (November 1990): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90050-l.

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29

McKenzie, Strathan, Ryan van Herel, William J. B. Heffernan, and Rachel L. Maw. "Electrical pruning of Pinus radiata epicormic growths." Trees, Forests and People 16 (June 2024): 100546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100546.

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30

Qin, Ye, Fei Qi, Zhiping Wang, Xianbao Cheng, Botao Li, Anmin Huang, and Ru Liu. "Comparison on Reduction of VOCs Emissions from Radiata Pine (Pinus Radiata D. Don) between Sodium Bicarbonate and Ozone Treatments." Molecules 25, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030471.

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in wood furniture are an important factor that affects indoor air quality. In this study, radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) was treated with sodium bicarbonate and ozone aqueous solution to reduce the VOC contents without sacrificing mechanical properties. The VOCs of radiata pine were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the functional group changes of wood samples were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the main VOCs of radiata pine include alkenes, aldehydes, and esters. The sodium bicarbonate and ozone treatments almost eliminated the VOC contents of radiata pine. The two treatments mentioned above had little effect on compressive strength and surface color of radiata pine.
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Ganjegunte, Girisha K., Leo M. Condron, Peter W. Clinton, Murray R. Davis, and Nathalie Mahieu. "Decomposition and nutrient release from radiata pine (Pinus radiata) coarse woody debris." Forest Ecology and Management 187, no. 2-3 (January 2004): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00332-3.

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32

Fuentes-Sepúlveda, Rodrigo, Claudio García-Herrera, Diego A. Vasco, Carlos Salinas-Lira, and Rubén A. Ananías. "Thermal Characterization of Pinus radiata Wood Vacuum-Impregnated with Octadecane." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040942.

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The incorporation of phase change materials (PCM) in construction components has become an alternative to reduce the effect of thermal loads in buildings with low thermal inertia. This study put together the effective heat storage capacity of an organic phase change material (O-PCM, octadecane) with the construction and production potential of Pinus radiata in Chile. The wood is impregnated with octadecane by using the Bethell method, showing that it has good retention of the impregnator, and that its size was not modified. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) showed that the composite material could achieve fusion enthalpy values from 36 (20.8 MJ/m3) to 122 J/g (108.9 MJ/m3). The transient line heat source method used, indicated that impregnation of Pinus radiata with octadecane increases its specific heat at temperatures from 15 to 20 °C, while its thermal conductivity decreases in the radial and the tangent directions, and increases in the longitudinal direction, showing a decrease in the orthotropic behavior of the wood. The ability of Pinus radiata wood to store latent heat positioned it as a candidate material to be considered in the building industry as a heat storage system.
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Duñabeitia, Miren K., Susana Hormilla, Isabel Salcedo, and Jose I. Peña. "Ectomycorrhizae synthesized between Pinus radiata and eight fungi associated with Pinns spp." Mycologia 88, no. 6 (November 1996): 897–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1996.12026730.

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34

Hong, Y. P., V. D. Hipkins, and S. H. Strauss. "Chloroplast DNA diversity among trees, populations and species in the California closed-cone pines (Pinus radiata, Pinus muricata and Pinus attenuata)." Genetics 135, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 1187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/135.4.1187.

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Abstract The amount, distribution and mutational nature of chloroplast DNA polymorphisms were studied via analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in three closely related species of conifers, the California closed-cone pines-knobcone pine: Pinus attenuata Lemm.; bishop pine: Pinus muricata D. Don; and Monterey pine: Pinus radiata D. Don. Genomic DNA from 384 trees representing 19 populations were digested with 9-20 restriction enzymes and probed with cloned cpDNA fragments from Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] that comprise 82% chloroplast genome. Up to 313 restriction sites were surveyed, and 25 of these were observed to be polymorphic among or within species. Differences among species accounted for the majority of genetic (haplotypic) diversity observed [Gst = 84(+/- 13)%]; nucleotide diversity among species was estimated to be 0.3(+/- 0.1)%. Knobcone pine and Monterey pine displayed almost no genetic variation within or among populations. Bishop pine also showed little variability within populations, but did display strong population differences [Gst = 87(+/- 8)%] that were a result of three distinct geographic groups. Mean nucleotide diversity within populations was 0.003(+/- 0.002)%; intrapopulation polymorphisms were found in only five populations. This pattern of genetic variation contrasts strongly with findings from study of nuclear genes (allozymes) in the group, where most genetic diversity resides within populations rather than among populations or species. Regions of the genome subject to frequent length mutations were identified; estimates of subdivision based on length variant frequencies in one region differed strikingly from those based on site mutations or allozymes. Two trees were identified with a major chloroplast DNA inversion that closely resembled one documented between Pinus and Pseudotsuga.
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Donaldson, L. A., M. Croucher, and J. M. Uprichard. "Clonal Variation of Wood Chemistry Variables in Radiata Pine(Pinus RadiataD. Don.) Wood." Holzforschung 51, no. 6 (January 1997): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1997.51.6.537.

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36

Avila Campos, Alberto Rafael, and Juan Carlos Muñoz Baeza. "Tendencias en el uso de especies en plantaciones de pequeños y medianos propietarios período 2012-2016." Ciencia & Investigación Forestal 24, no. 1 (July 15, 2018): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52904/0718-4646.2018.491.

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El presente trabajo analiza la tendencia en el uso de las especies en las reforestaciones de pequeños y medianos propietarios revisando el período comprendido entre los años 2012 y 2016. Los resultados indican que este segmento de propietarios reforesta en el período 152.637 ha y que es el subsegmento pequeños propietarios el que domina en esta cifra con 130.982 ha. Además, es este subsegmento el que está empleando mayormente los eucaliptos, con 1,2 ha reforestada con eucaliptos por cada 1 ha reforestada con pinus radiata, en tanto que los medianos propietarios registran 0,6 ha reforesta con eucaliptos por cada 1 ha reforestada con pinus radiata.
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37

Hua, Quan, Mike Barbetti, Ugo Zoppi, David M. Chapman, and Bruce Thomson. "Bomb Radiocarbon in Tree Rings from Northern New South Wales, Australia: Implications for Dendrochronology, Atmospheric Transport, and Air-Sea Exchange of CO2." Radiocarbon 45, no. 3 (2003): 431–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200032793.

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We have analyzed by radiocarbon 27 consecutive single rings, starting from AD 1952, of a preliminarily cross-dated section (DFR 021) of Pinus radiata, which grew in Armidale, northern New South Wales, Australia. The bomb 14C results suggested the possibility of 2 false rings, and, consequently, 2 misidentified rings in the preliminary count for this section. This possibility was supported by a better ring-width correlation between the revised DFR 021 count and other Pinus radiata chronologies in the study region. This indicated that bomb 14C is a useful tool to complement the standard techniques of dendrochronology in tree species where annual rings are not always clearly defined.
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38

Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, Gloria Pinto, Joana Amaral, Luis Valledor, Artur Alves, Julio J. Diez, and Jorge Martín-García. "Dual RNA-Sequencing Analysis of Resistant (Pinus pinea) and Susceptible (Pinus radiata) Hosts during Fusarium circinatum Challenge." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 5231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105231.

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Fusarium circinatum causes one of the most important diseases of conifers worldwide, the pine pitch canker (PPC). However, no effective field intervention measures aiming to control or eradicate PPC are available. Due to the variation in host genetic resistance, the development of resistant varieties is postulated as a viable and promising strategy. By using an integrated approach, this study aimed to identify differences in the molecular responses and physiological traits of the highly susceptible Pinus radiata and the highly resistant Pinus pinea to F. circinatum at an early stage of infection. Dual RNA-Seq analysis also allowed to evaluate pathogen behavior when infecting each pine species. No significant changes in the physiological analysis were found upon pathogen infection, although transcriptional reprogramming was observed mainly in the resistant species. The transcriptome profiling of P. pinea revealed an early perception of the pathogen infection together with a strong and coordinated defense activation through the reinforcement and lignification of the cell wall, the antioxidant activity, the induction of PR genes, and the biosynthesis of defense hormones. On the contrary, P. radiata had a weaker response, possibly due to impaired perception of the fungal infection that led to a reduced downstream defense signaling. Fusarium circinatum showed a different transcriptomic profile depending on the pine species being infected. While in P. pinea, the pathogen focused on the degradation of plant cell walls, active uptake of the plant nutrients was showed in P. radiata. These findings present useful knowledge for the development of breeding programs to manage PPC.
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Dunabeitia, Miren K., Susana Hormilla, Isabel Salcedo, and Jose I. Pena. "Ectomycorrhizae Synthesized between Pinus radiata and Eight Fungi Associated with Pinus spp." Mycologia 88, no. 6 (November 1996): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761052.

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40

Gous, S. F., B. Richardson, and M. O. Kimberley. "Optimum spot weed control treatment for a New Zealand radiata pine (Pinus radiata) plantation." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6032.

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A trial was established in the South Island of New Zealand to investigate the response of Pinus radiata to varying the area and duration of weed control around individual trees Results after six years demonstrated that weed control was essential to ensure maximum survival and growth of Pinus radiata seedlings Maintaining weed control for two seasons following planting resulted in marginally higher stand productivity than where weed control was applied in the year of planting only A modelling approach was used to determine treatment effects in terms of a time difference and to make inferences on longterm treatment effects Without weed control tree volume six years after planting was more than 15 years behind trees given complete weed control Spot vegetation control resulted in similar tree growth to total control as long as the area and duration of weed control was greater than a 1 m spot maintained for 1 year
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41

Gayoso, Jorge. "Costos ambientales en plantaciones de Pinus radiata D. Don." Bosque 17, no. 2 (1996): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/bosque.1996.v17n2-03.

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42

Bloomberg, M., and M. S. Watt. "Base water potential for germination of radiata pine and buddleia seeds adjusts in response to time, seed-bed water potential and supra-optimal temperatures." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 14 (January 1, 2010): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.14.2008.3177.

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Hydrothermal germination models are mathematical models which predict germination time of seeds for a specified seed-bed temperature (T) and water potential (Ψ). In this paper, the commonly observed decline in seed germination at supra-optimal temperatures is investigated by fitting a hydrothermal time model to germination data from two unrelated plant species (Buddleia davidii and Pinus radiata). For both these species, reduced germination rates and germination percentages above optimum temperatures (20°C and 25°C for P. radiata and B. davidii, respectively) were successfully modelled by an upward shift in the seeds' base water potential (Ψb) during germination. The upwards shift in Ψb was shown to be an asymptotic function of time to germination, but with the rate increased by higher temperatures and moister seed-bed conditions. The physiological and ecological implications of this proposed model of the observed decline in germination at supraoptimal temperatures are discussed. Keywords: hydrothermal, model, Pinus radiata, Buddleia davidii
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43

Palanti, Sabrina, Federico Stefani, Monica Andrenacci, Marco Faimali, Irene Guarneri, Marco Sigovini, and Davide Tagliapietra. "Biological Resistance of Acetylated Radiata Pine, European Beech, and MDF against Marine Borers at Three Italian Sites after Five Years Immersion." Forests 13, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050636.

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The aim of this research was to determine the resistance of acetylated wood against marine biodeterioration in use class 5 for use in temperate waters. The resistance of acetylated radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) on solid and medium-density fiberboard (MDF) panels was compared with untreated wood of European species, such as European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), European oak (Quercus robur L.), and marine plywood. As a reference control, untreated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was used. The field tests were carried out in accordance with EN 275, and started in April 2015. The three Italian exposure sites were Marine of Scarlino private harbor, Port of Genoa, and the Venice Lagoon. Final evaluation in 2021 showed a greater resistance to marine borers of acetylated wood, radiata pine, and beech and MDF panels. However, the untreated European species showed low resistance against marine organisms, with complete decay after the first year of exposure.
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44

Espinoza, S., C. R. Magni, V. Martínez, W. Gapare, and C. Cordero. "Genetic diversity and differentiation of Chilean plantations of Pinus radiata D. Don using microsatellite DNA markers." Silvae Genetica 61, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2012): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2012-0028.

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AbstractRadiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) is the most important tree species in Chilean forest economy that was introduced to the country in 1892. Despite its economical end ecological relevance, no information about its genetic diversity is today available. Forty individuals of P. radiata, representing all populations in the Chilean radiata pine breeding program were genotyped with five microsatellite loci in order to determine genetic diversity and structure of Chilean plantations. The results of genetic diversity indicated that, after its introduction and mass planting, Chilean plantations of P. radiata has retained levels of genetic diversity similar to those of the natural populations of the species (HE=0.87, A=11.4). Genetic differentiation among populations (FST=0.04) was low, which means that the genetic variation present in radiata pine in Chile is partitioned among populations, indicating they are poorly differentiated. The structure analysis indicated the genetic base of the present plantations in Chile comes only from one provenance of the native populations. The genetic information provided important implications for the future breeding programs of P. radiata in Chile.
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45

Singh, Adya P. "The ultrastructure of the attack of Pinus radiata mild compression wood by erosion and tunnelling bacteria." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 1095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-120.

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An inspection of 12-year-old, copper–chrome–arsenate (CCA) treated Pinus radiata wood from an industrial cooling tower showed extensive surface decay of wood. Electron microscopic examination of decaying mild compression wood indicated that compression wood cells were attacked exclusively by bacteria, which were of erosion and tunnelling types. The highly lignified outer S2 wall and the middle lamellae in the compression wood tracheids were resistant to erosion bacteria, and were only occasionally attacked by tunnelling bacteria. These observations are discussed in relation to the information available on the structure and chemical composition of compression wood. Key words: compression wood, bacterial attacks, CCA-treated wood, Pinus radiata wood, erosion bacteria, tunnelling bacteria.
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46

Prasad, Ashika A., Seona Casonato, Natalia Cripps-Guazzone, and Eirian Jones. "Evaluation of different methods for isolating Phytophthora spp. from a Canterbury waterway." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 30, 2018): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.211.

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Phytophthora spp. pose a risk to New Zealand’s managed and natural ecosystems. As Phytophthora spp. are well adapted to aquatic environments, water surveillance can be used to identify their distribution. Seven bait species (Rhododendron arborescens, Pittosporum undulatum, Banksia attenuata, Camellia japonica, Pittosporum eugenioides, Pinus radiata, and Cedrus deodara) were evaluated for Phytophthora spp. isolation. Water was collected from 2 sites in the Suckling river (Tai Tapu) and half was membrane-filtered (3-μm pore size) to capture spores. Leaf baits were floated directly on unfiltered water at room temperature in the laboratory for 7 days. Baits were also placed in nylon-mesh bags and floated in the Suckling river sites (in situ) for 7 days. Leaf lesions and membrane filters were cultured on Phytophthora spp. selective media. Eighty-six Phytophthora spp. isolates representing 5 colony morphotypes were recovered, 6 (3 morphotypes) from membrane filters, 25 (4 morphotypes) from baits on collected river water, and 55 (5 morphotypes) from in situ baits. The highest numbers of isolates were recovered from R. arborescens (50.6%; 4 morphotypes), Pinus radiata (17.2%; 3 morphotypes) and Pittosporum undulatum (12.6%; 2 morphotypes). In situ baiting using Rhododendron arborescens and Pinus radiata was the most effective method of isolating Phytophthora species.
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47

Sechi, C., S. Seddaiu, B. T. Linaldeddu, A. Franceschini, and B. Scanu. "Dieback and Mortality of Pinus radiata Trees in Italy Associated with Phytophthora cryptogea." Plant Disease 98, no. 1 (January 2014): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0572-pdn.

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Pinus radiata D. Don is a forest tree species native to the Monterey Baja in California. Due to its rapid growth and desirable lumber and pulp qualities, between 1960 and 1980, about 12,000 ha of P. radiata were planted in Sardinia, Italy. The only disease reported on this conifer species has been Diplodia pinea, which causes tip and branch dieback (3). In January 2012, dieback and mortality of 25-year-old radiata pine trees were observed in a reforestation area of about 20 ha located in northern Sardinia (40°43′N, 9°22′E, 600 m a.s.l.). Symptoms included chlorosis, reddish-brown discoloration of the whole crown or dieback starting in the upper crown and progressing downward through the crown, and necrotic bark tissues at root collar. Approximately 25% of the trees were affected. In a first attempt, a Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from the rhizosphere of 23 symptomatic trees, which included necrotic fine roots using oak leaves as bait (4). Afterwards, it was also isolated from phloem samples taken from the margins of fresh lesions at the stem base and upper roots of affected trees using synthetic mucor agar medium (1). Isolation from soil samples of six healthy pine trees randomly selected in the site did not yield any Phytophthora isolate. On carrot agar (CA), Phytophthora colonies were stellate to slightly radiate with limited aerial mycelium. Sporangia were obpiryform, non-papillate, and non-caducous, measuring 46.9 to 51.2 × 29.1 to 32.6 μm (l:b ratio 1.9). Hyphal swellings were formed in chains or clusters; chlamydospores were not observed. These isolates had cardinal temperatures of <5°C, 25°C, and 35°C, respectively. Their morphological and cultural features were typical of Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybridge & Lafferty. They were heterothallic and produced oogonia with amphyginous antheridia when paired with an A2 mating type tester strain of P. cryptogea. This identity was corroborated by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA. BLAST searches showed 99% homology with sequences of P. cryptogea available in GenBank (DQ479410 and HQ697245). The ITS sequence of a representative isolate (PH101) was submitted to GenBank (Accession Nos. KC603895). The strain PH101 was stored in the culture collection of the Department of Agriculture at the University of Sassari. Pathogenicity of isolate PH101 was verified by inoculating five freshly cut logs of radiata pine (1 m long and 15 cm diam.) with a 5-mm agar plug taken from the margin of 4-day-old culture grown on CA (4). The plug was inserted in a 5-mm hole made through the bark with a cork borer. Five control logs were inoculated with sterile CA. All logs were incubated in a growth chamber at 20°C. Phloem lesion sizes were assessed after 1 month and measured 9.7 ± 5.5 cm2 (average ± standard deviation). Control logs had no lesions. The pathogen was re-isolated from the lesions, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. P. cryptogea has been previously reported in Australia, causing decline of radiata pine trees in wet and flooded soils (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cryptogea on P. radiata trees in Europe. References: (1) C. M. Brasier and S. A. Kirk. Plant Pathol. 50:218, 2001. (2) M. Bumbieris. Aust. J. Bot. 24:703, 1976. (3) A. Franceschini et al. Informatore Fitopatologico 1:54, 2006. (4) B. Scanu et al. For. Pathol. 43:340, 2013.
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48

Singh, Adya P., and Lloyd A. Donaldson. "Ultrastructure of tracheid cell walls in radiata pine (Pinus radiata) mild compression wood." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 1 (June 1, 1999): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-184.

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The structure of tracheid cell walls in mild compression wood of Pinus radiata D. Don was examined by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fluorescence microscopy using lignin autofluorescence revealed cell to cell variations in lignification of the cell corner middle lamella (CCML) and outer S2 (S2L) regions supporting observations made at higher resolution with TEM. The mild compression wood sample examined lacked the characteristic intercellular spaces of most grades of compression wood and thus represents the least severe grade of compression wood. TEM observations revealed evidence for radial striations in the S2 region probably representing regions of alternating high and low lignin concentration, which may be the precursor to the helical cavities found in severe compression wood. These radial striations typically showed a sinuous and branched structure, extending partly into the S2L region, where the orientation of lignin lamellae was predominantly tangential following the arrangement of the cellulose microfibrils. At high magnification lignin occurred in a patchy distribution overlaying the typical lamellate arrangement associated with normal wood. Significant variability in the lignification of the CCML region was also observed sometimes giving a patchy or granular appearance. The lignification of the CCML and the S2L regions was generally comparable, while S1 and S2 layers were less lignified. A residual S3 layer was sometimes present in the form of a very thin layer slightly more lignified than the adjacent S2 layer.Key words: compression wood, Pinus radiata D. Don, ultrastructure, confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, lignin distribution.
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49

Singh, Tripti, Adya P. Singh, Ibrar Hussain, and Peter Hall. "Chemical characterisation and durability assessment of torrefied radiata pine (Pinus radiata) wood chips." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 85 (November 2013): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.07.014.

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50

Sharma, M., M. Brennan, S. S. Chauhan, K. M. Entwistle, C. M. Altaner, and P. J. Harris. "Wood quality assessment of Pinus radiata (radiata pine) saplings by dynamic mechanical analysis." Wood Science and Technology 49, no. 6 (October 1, 2015): 1239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-015-0769-x.

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