Journal articles: 'Pinus radiata Growth'

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Montalbán, Itziar A., Ander Castander-Olarieta, Cathy L. Hargreaves, Keiko Gough, Cathie B. Reeves, Shaf van Ballekom, Tomás Goicoa, María Dolores Ugarte, and Paloma Moncaleán. "Hybrid Pine (Pinus attenuata × Pinus radiata) Somatic Embryogenesis: What Do You Prefer, Mother or Nurse?" Forests 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010045.

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Development of hybrid pines of Pinus radiata D. Don for commercial forestry presents an opportunity to diversify the current resource of plant material. Climate change and different land uses pose challenges, making alternative species necessary to guarantee wood and non-wood products in the future. Pinus radiata var. cedrosensis × Pinus attenuata hybrid possesses different attributes, such as tolerance to drought conditions, better growth and resistance to snow damage at higher altitudes, and more importantly, different wood quality characteristics. Embryogenic cell lines were successfully initiated reciprocal hybrids using as initial explants megagametophytes, excised zygotic embryos and excised zygotic embryos plus nurse culture. However, the questions raised were: does the initiation environment affect the conversion to somatic plantlets months later? Does the mother tree or the cross have an effect on the conversion to somatic plantlets? In the present work we analysed the maturation rate, number of somatic embryos, germination rate, and the ex-vitro growth in cell lines derived from different initiation treatments, mother tree species, and crosses. Differences were not observed for in vitro parameters such as maturation and germination. However, significant differences were observed due to the mother tree species in relation with the ex-vitro growth rates observed, being higher those in which P. radiata acted as a mother. Moreover, embryogenic cell lines from these hybrids were stored at −80 °C and regenerated after one and five years.

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Cremer, K. W. "Relations between reproductive growth and vegetative growth of Pinus radiata." Forest Ecology and Management 52, no. 1-4 (September 1992): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90501-y.

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Matsumura, Junji, and Brian G. Butterfield. "MICROFIBRIL ANGLES IN THE ROOT WOOD OF PINUS RADIATA AND PINUS NIGRA." IAWA Journal 22, no. 1 (2001): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000268.

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Microfibril angles of the S2 layer and tracheid lengths were measured in the root wood of Pinus nigra, and the root and stem wood of Pinus radiata. Within 10 mm (the first 2–3 growth rings) from the root centre, microfibril angles were large in the wood of both species, ranging from 25° to 40°. Beyond 10 mm (the fourth growth ring and beyond) from the root centre, microfibril angles were small. This pattern of microfibril angle change in root wood differs from those normally found in stems where angles are large until the 10–15th rings. Root wood tracheid length also showed a different pattern in radial direction from that normally observed in stem wood. Tracheids of Pinus radiata root wood were long in the first ring, decreasing to the third ring and then increased to the seventh ring. Beyond the seventh ring tracheid length was stable at around 3 to 3.5 mm. It was noted that microfibril angles were not influenced by tracheid length in root wood.

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Harris, J. M., and A. P. Singh. "Unusual growth patterns in short shoots of Pinus radiata." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-039.

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Short shoots and the needles that they bear usually persist for about 3 years on stems and branches of Pinus radiata D. Don. As the main axis thickens with secondary growth, short shoots may elongate by four times their original length, during which process xylem elements become embedded in the stem as "needle trances," although the external shoots appear to remain unchanged. This report describes how elongation in both xylem and phloem results from the insertion of new vascular elements derived from marginal cells of radial parenchyma bands. There was no evidence that the apical meristem contributes to this growth. Possible mechanisms for elongation of pith and cortex are also described.

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Neilsen, W. A., and E. A. Pinkard. "Effects of green pruning on growth of Pinus radiata." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 2067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-131.

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Pruning of plantation trees is completed to produce knot-free timber and veneer logs, thus increasing the value of the plantation. A long-term study (11 years) was established to investigate the effects of selective pruning on radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) stem growth. The 175 stems selected for the experiment had been pruned to 2.4 m at 6 years of age. At ages 8 and 10, the trees were pruned to 45%, 60%, or 75% of tree height and growth was compared with a control (first lift pruned only). Pruning to 45% of tree height had no effect on growth to age 13 years. Responses to the other treatments were apparent soon after pruning and continued until measurements ceased at 17 years of age. Pruning to 60% or 75% of tree height at second lift reduced diameter increment, and increment decreased as pruning severity increased. There was a further separation of the growth curves following third-lift pruning to 60% or 75% of tree height. The results suggested that maintaining a live crown ratio of 55% would minimize effects of pruning on diameter growth. The effect of severe pruning on diameter increment was greater for subdominant trees than for dominant stems. Pruning had less effect on height than diameter increment, but all treatments involving pruning to 75% of height at third lift resulted in trees that were approximately 10% shorter than unpruned trees at 13 years of age. More severe second-lift pruning resulted in smaller diameter over stubs at the time of third-lift pruning. Second-lift pruning to 60% of total height produced acceptable diameter over stubs. Implications for management are discussed.

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Gous, S. F., B. Richardson, and M. O. Kimberley. "Optimum spot weed control treatment for a New Zealand radiata pine (Pinus radiata) plantation." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6032.

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A trial was established in the South Island of New Zealand to investigate the response of Pinus radiata to varying the area and duration of weed control around individual trees Results after six years demonstrated that weed control was essential to ensure maximum survival and growth of Pinus radiata seedlings Maintaining weed control for two seasons following planting resulted in marginally higher stand productivity than where weed control was applied in the year of planting only A modelling approach was used to determine treatment effects in terms of a time difference and to make inferences on longterm treatment effects Without weed control tree volume six years after planting was more than 15 years behind trees given complete weed control Spot vegetation control resulted in similar tree growth to total control as long as the area and duration of weed control was greater than a 1 m spot maintained for 1 year

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Smethurst, Philip, Andrew Knowles, Keith Churchill, Ann Wilkinson, and Arthur Lyons. "Soil and foliar chemistry associated with potassium deficiency in Pinus radiata." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 6 (June 2007): 1093–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-307.

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We required an improved understanding of K deficiency and diagnosis in Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine). A rapid growth response to K fertilization (100 kg·ha–1) in the presence of weed control confirmed K deficiency in a 2-year-old stand. Tree growth did not respond to N fertilization, and weed control alone appeared insufficient to maximize tree growth. Temporal patterns in visual symptoms of K deficiency suggested they were worst at the end of a drought, and improved after several months of above-average rainfall that coincided with an increase in soil temperature. Soil chemistry generally responded predictably to fertilization, but K fertilization increased soil solution Ca and Mg concentrations without changing exchangeable concentrations. With weed control, a doubling of stem growth response to K fertilizer was associated with a 270% increase in soil solution K (natural variation amongst control plots), 51% increase in exchangeable K, and 39% increase in foliar K. Relationships between seedling growth and hydroponic concentrations of K were consistent with the incidence of K deficiency in the field; predicting these deficiencies using soil exchangeable concentrations was less clear. This study advances the interpretation of soil and foliar chemistry in relation to K and Mg deficiency in P. radiata.

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Jayawickrama, K. J. S., and C. Balocchi. "Growth and form of provenances of Pinus radiata in Chile." Australian Forestry 56, no. 2 (January 1993): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1993.10674605.

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Guzmán, Gustavo, Timo Pukkala, Marc Palahí, and Sergio de-Miguel. "Predicting the growth and yield of Pinus radiata in Bolivia." Annals of Forest Science 69, no. 3 (December 6, 2011): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13595-011-0162-3.

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Vargas, Felipe, Carlos A. Gonzalez-Benecke, and Rodrigo Ahumada. "Long-Term Responses to Competing Vegetation Management for Pinus radiata." Forests 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010055.

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Numerous studies have been carried out to quantify the response to competing vegetation control (CVC) in P. radiata plantations. Most of these publications have reported on the early response in tree growth; however, a knowledge gap exists regarding the growth responses throughout the rotation. In this study, we analyzed the long-term response of P. radiata plantations across a gradient of seven sites in central Chile. Treatments included a no-action control, two spot (circular) areas of competing vegetation control using herbicides around individual P. radiata seedlings (spot herbicide application of 0.75 and 1.5 m), and total competing vegetation control using herbicides. Additionally, three different timings for control regimes were included (0, 1, and 2 years after planting). Competing vegetation biomass abundance during the first growing season ranged from 0.6 to 5.7 Mg ha−1 across all sites. The total competing vegetation control treatment maintained for 2 years (TotalY012) showed the largest gain in stem volume per hectare (VOL) in most of the sites. The sites included in this study showed contrasting values in productivity, having volume yields for the TotalY012 treatment ranging from 238 m3 ha−1 at the site with the lowest annual rainfall (age 12 years) to 471 m3 ha−1 at the southern site (age 14 years). Across all sites, maximum gain in VOL ranged between 21 and 175 m3 ha−1 at age 11 to 14 years and was linearly correlated to the amount of competing biomass controlled during the first year after planting. At the southern, wetter site, plots with only pre-planting spot herbicide application achieved 87% of VOL of plots with TotalY012. Our results suggest that CVC improved the availability of resources at the site for P. radiata seedlings, increasing volume production by reducing environmental constraints to tree growth differentially at each site.

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Ow, Lai Fern, David Whitehead, Adrian S. Walcroft, and Matthew H. Turnbull. "Thermal acclimation of respiration but not photosynthesis in Pinus radiata." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 6 (2008): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08104.

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Pinus radiata L. were grown in climate-controlled cabinets under three night/day temperature treatments, and transferred between treatments to mimic changes in growth temperature. The objective was to determine the extent to which dark respiration and photosynthesis in pre-existing and new needles acclimate to changes in growth temperatures. We also assessed whether needle nitrogen influenced the potential for photosynthetic and respiratory acclimation, and further assessed if short-term (instantaneous, measured over a few hours) respiratory responses are accurate predictors of long-term (acclimated, achieved in days–weeks) responses of respiration to changing temperature. Results show that respiration displayed considerable potential for acclimation. Cold and warm transfers resulted in some acclimation of respiration in pre-existing needles, but full acclimation was displayed only in new needles formed at the new growth temperature. Short-term respiratory responses were poor predictors of the long-term response of respiration due to acclimation. There was no evidence that photosynthesis in pre-existing or new needles acclimated to changes in growth temperature. N status of leaves had little impact on the extent of acclimation. Collectively, our results indicate that there is little likelihood that respiration would be significantly stimulated in this species as night temperatures increase over the range of 10–20°C, but that inclusion of temperature acclimation of respiration would in fact lead to a shift in the balance between photosynthesis and respiration in favour of carbon uptake.

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Diéguez-Aranda, Ulises, Harold E. Burkhart, and Roque Rodríguez-Soalleiro. "Modeling dominant height growth of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations in north-western Spain." Forest Ecology and Management 215, no. 1-3 (August 2005): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.015.

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Ringrose, C., and W. A. Neilsen. "Growth Responses of Pinus radiata and Soil Changes following Periodic Fertilization." Soil Science Society of America Journal 69, no. 6 (November 2005): 1799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.0341.

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LAING, WILLIAM, DENNIS GREER, OSBERT SUN, PETER BEETS, ALISON LOWE, and TIM PAYN. "Physiological impacts of Mg deficiency in Pinus radiata: growth and photosynthesis." New Phytologist 146, no. 1 (April 2000): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00616.x.

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Drew, David M., and Geoff Downes. "A model of stem growth and wood formation in Pinus radiata." Trees 29, no. 5 (June 10, 2015): 1395–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-015-1216-1.

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Donaldson, L. A. "Lignin Distribution During Latewood Formation in Pinus Radiata D. Don." IAWA Journal 13, no. 4 (1992): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001291.

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Lignin distribution during formation of latewood tracheids in Pinus radiata, was determined by quantitative interference microscopy, and by potassium permanganate staining combined with transmission electron microscopy. Lignin distribution varied among trees sampled on the same date in late winter. In one tree, latewood tracheids were fully lignified up to the growth ring boundary. However in most trees sampled, latewood was only partially lignified. The extent of lignification varied from tree to tree but in all cases, at least some lignin was present in the middle lamella and primary wall at the growth ring boundary. Latewood was ideal for examining the lignification process because of the large number of different stages present in a single specimen.

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Carson, S. D., M. F. Skinner, A. T. Lowe, and M. O. Kimberley. "Performance differences in Pinus radiata progeny with differing site nutrient availability." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 2410–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-104.

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Two intensive harvesting trials with contrasting nutrient capital were examined for genetic × environment interactions to age 5 years after planting. Treatments included differences in removal of organic matter and in site preparation and weed control, with each treatment having both fertilized and nonfertilized plots. Three harvest treatments (both fertilized and nonfertilized) were common to both sites, with two additional treatments at one site. There were four replicate plots of each treatment combination at each site, with two trees from each of three control seed lots and 47 open-pollinated families chosen to represent the range of performance for growth planted in each plot. Large differences among sites and among treatments in both growth and foliar nutrient concentration were observed. Genetic × site interactions and genetic × treatment within site interactions were seldom significant. Significant interactions did not appear to be related to changes in rankings of families, but rather to the differences in variance among families in different treatments. This study suggests that selection of specific radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) families for better growth performance on nutrient-deficient sites in New Zealand would not result in substantial improvement over selection for growth on all sites disregarding nutrient availability.

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Nyakuengama, John Gwinyai, Geoffrey M. Downes, and Jane Ng. "GROWTH AND WOOD DENSITY RESPONSES TO LATER-AGE FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN PINUS RADIATA." IAWA Journal 23, no. 4 (2002): 431–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000313.

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Growth or ring width responses to nitrogen, phosphorus and the two combined fertilizers were significant over five out of seven years that followed treatment (post-treatment period) in thinned, mid-rotation radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). Responses were similar between nitrogen and phosphorus treatments and largest in the nitrogen plus phosphorus (NP) treatment. Fertilizer increased the proportion of wood formed in mid-rotation relative to juvenile wood thereby increasing tree density in comparison to the control. Fertilizers, other than nitrogen, significantly lowered density compared to the control in the posttreatment period only. Density was higher in nitrogen than phosphorus and similar between phosphorus and NP. Density responses lasted for up to 5 years and were inconsistent between treatments. Ring width and density were weakly correlated. Ring width and density responded differently to climatic variables within and between sites, signalling independent physiological controls and highlighting the importance of site specific differences.

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Dorado, Mónica, Eduardo Astini, Graciela Verzino, Julio Di Rienzo, and Ester Perpiñal. "Growth curves for Pinus elliottii, Pinus taeda and Pinus radiata in two areas of the Calamuchita Valley (Córdoba, Argentina)." Forest Ecology and Management 95, no. 2 (July 1997): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(97)00009-1.

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Marks, GC, and SL Becker. "Influence of Propazine and Chlorthal Dimethyl on Mycorrhizal Development in Pinus radiata Seedlings." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 4 (1990): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900341.

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In an investigation into the side effects of herbicides on mycorrhizal formation in Pinus radiata nurseries, propazine and chlorthal dimethyl were added at concentrations that approximated to normal (2.20 and 1.88 g a.I-1L) and half-normal (1.10 and 0.94 g a.i.-1L) field application rates respectively to P. Radiata seedlings growing in terra cotta pots. A humus-rich, surface soil from a 40-year-old P. radiata plantation was used as mycorrhizal inoculum. Root length, mycorrhizal numbers and type, and seedling growth were assessed and a histological examination of bulk mycorrhizal samples was carried out. Propazine applied at both dosage rates and chlorthal dimethyl at the higher rate significantly sup- pressed root growth during the first 3 months and mycorrhizal formation during both the early and later stages of growth. However, neither herbicide affected shoot growth after 3 months and both increased shoot growth at the end of 6 months. Two mycorrhizal types were identified, a white-coloured, heavily dichotomised ectomycorrhiza with a thick mantle and a reddish-coloured, weakly dichotomous ectendomycorrhiza. The roots of chlorthal dimethyl treated seedlings strongly suppressed intracellular penetration in the ectendomycorrhiza, producing an unusual association with only a Hartig net, which was similar to that seen in senescing associations and some long roots of conifers. The ratio of white to red mycorrhizal numbers was highest in the untreated controls and was reduced by both herbicides. Both herbicides appeared to effect mycorrhizal formation through their influence on root morpho- genesis and host physiology.

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Walbert, K., T. D. Ramsfield, M. A. Dick, E. E. Jones, and H. J. Ridgway. "The fate of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Pinus radiata seedlings in the nursery." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6865.

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Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi dramatically enhance the growth of the plantation species Pinus radiata and facilitate the establishment of nursery seedlings following outplanting This study investigated ECM species colonising P radiata seedlings in the nursery and their fate in the first year of outplanting Naturally occurring ECM communities of P radiata seedlings in the Te Ngae Nursery Rotorua were investigated and these seedlings were assessed following outplanting in Kaingaroa Forest Observations of the ECM communities were made eight times during the first year of the seedlings being in the plantation forest In addition the ECM communities of 1 2 and 8 year old P radiata plantation stands were also analysed It was found that nursery ECM survived the first year of outplanting The first nonnursery ECM Pezizales sp occurred 6 months after outplanting at Kaingaroa but these were in minor abundance Rhizopogon rubescens was the most persistent and dominant nursery ECM species Overall nursery ECM survived for 2 years following outplanting but were completely replaced by 7 years

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ARá‰VALO, José Ramón, Gloria GARCáA-FARIá‘A, Yeray MONTES DE OCA, and Silvia FERNáNDEZ-LUGO. "Differences in Carbon Sequestration in Native vs. Exotic Pine Species (Tenerife, Canary Islands)." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, no. 2 (November 25, 2013): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9744.

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Global warming can be mitigated by carbon sequestration through forestry and agroforestry. For countries with low industrial development, carbon sequestration also represents an opportunity to fund sustainable development. In the Canary Islands, CO2 emissions are above the average for Spain, in fact, they are estimated to be three times higher. Authorities have been working in recent years to reduce these emissions and increase carbon sequestration. Afforestation on the island of Tenerife has beenÂ carriedÂ outÂ mainlyÂ usingÂ anÂ endemicÂ pine speciesÂ (Pinus canariensis), theÂ dominantÂ speciesÂ of native pine forest stands. However, the exotic Pinus radiata has also been introduced in some areas. The success of exotic invasive species is often attributed to their capacity for fast growth, particularly when resources are not limited and can continue to increase. In this situation, exotic species are more competitiveÂ comparedÂ toÂ nativeÂ ones.Â WeÂ evaluatedÂ theÂ capacityÂ toÂ absorbÂ CO2Â of P.Â radiataÂ vs. P. canariensisÂ underÂ similarÂ environmentalÂ conditionsÂ andÂ plantedÂ duringÂ theÂ sameÂ period.Â Through allometricÂ equationsÂ forÂ aboveÂ groundÂ biomass,Â weÂ estimatedÂ theÂ amountÂ ofÂ biomassÂ andÂ carbon content in individuals and extrapolated these results to the rest of the mass (in the the Corona Forestal NaturalÂ ParkÂ inÂ Tenerife).Â OurÂ preliminaryÂ resultsÂ revealedÂ that P.Â radiataÂ and P.Â canariensis sequesterÂ differentÂ amountsÂ ofÂ carbonÂ underÂ similarÂ environmentalÂ conditions.Â TheÂ carbonÂ capture strategy of a species is strongly associated with disturbance, with species from disturbed sites having traits that confer capacity for fast growth. We suggest that P. radiata has a higher carbon sequestration capability per individual than the native species P. canariensis. However, the much larger extensions and density of P. canariensis make this species the main carbon sink on the island.

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Ryan, PJ. "Characteristics of soil and productivity of Pinus radiata (D Don) in New South Wales .II. Pedogenesis on a range of parent materials." Soil Research 24, no. 1 (1986): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9860103.

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Soil profile descriptions were made at a series of 11-year-old unfertilized Pinus radiata stands in the Lithgow district of New South Wales. Catenas within three soil parent materials were selected to compare variation in soil physical and morphological properties with growth of P. radiata. These parent materials were a Silurian siltstone, a Permian conglomerate and a Silurian-Devonian rhyolite. Basal area growth of the P. radiata stands increased down catenas on the Silurian siltstone as soil depth to a root impeding layer increased. Plateau soils on the Permian conglomerate had hardsetting surfaces and high gravel contents, and were associated with very poor pine growth. By way of contrast, lower slope, colluvial gradational earths were deep, fine-textured soils and supported more productive pine stands. The Silurian-Devonian rhyolite parent material produced highly leached soils, commonly with conspicuously bleached A2 horizons and poor sandy textures of surface soil. Both physical and chemical features of the rhyolite interacted with pedological processes to affect adversely soil physical conditions and trace element availability, in particular boron. The poorer P. radiata growth on lower or concave slope in comparison with upper slope position was a result of increased soil leaching and horizon differentiation. This pattern contrasted with improved pine growth on the deeper soils on lower slopes on the two sedimentary parent materials. These case studies emphasize the importance of geology and pedological processes when evaluating the applicability of specific soil physical factors to site classification for P. radiata plantations.

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Sechi, C., S. Seddaiu, B. T. Linaldeddu, A. Franceschini, and B. Scanu. "Dieback and Mortality of Pinus radiata Trees in Italy Associated with Phytophthora cryptogea." Plant Disease 98, no. 1 (January 2014): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0572-pdn.

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Pinus radiata D. Don is a forest tree species native to the Monterey Baja in California. Due to its rapid growth and desirable lumber and pulp qualities, between 1960 and 1980, about 12,000 ha of P. radiata were planted in Sardinia, Italy. The only disease reported on this conifer species has been Diplodia pinea, which causes tip and branch dieback (3). In January 2012, dieback and mortality of 25-year-old radiata pine trees were observed in a reforestation area of about 20 ha located in northern Sardinia (40°43′N, 9°22′E, 600 m a.s.l.). Symptoms included chlorosis, reddish-brown discoloration of the whole crown or dieback starting in the upper crown and progressing downward through the crown, and necrotic bark tissues at root collar. Approximately 25% of the trees were affected. In a first attempt, a Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from the rhizosphere of 23 symptomatic trees, which included necrotic fine roots using oak leaves as bait (4). Afterwards, it was also isolated from phloem samples taken from the margins of fresh lesions at the stem base and upper roots of affected trees using synthetic mucor agar medium (1). Isolation from soil samples of six healthy pine trees randomly selected in the site did not yield any Phytophthora isolate. On carrot agar (CA), Phytophthora colonies were stellate to slightly radiate with limited aerial mycelium. Sporangia were obpiryform, non-papillate, and non-caducous, measuring 46.9 to 51.2 × 29.1 to 32.6 μm (l:b ratio 1.9). Hyphal swellings were formed in chains or clusters; chlamydospores were not observed. These isolates had cardinal temperatures of <5°C, 25°C, and 35°C, respectively. Their morphological and cultural features were typical of Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybridge & Lafferty. They were heterothallic and produced oogonia with amphyginous antheridia when paired with an A2 mating type tester strain of P. cryptogea. This identity was corroborated by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA. BLAST searches showed 99% homology with sequences of P. cryptogea available in GenBank (DQ479410 and HQ697245). The ITS sequence of a representative isolate (PH101) was submitted to GenBank (Accession Nos. KC603895). The strain PH101 was stored in the culture collection of the Department of Agriculture at the University of Sassari. Pathogenicity of isolate PH101 was verified by inoculating five freshly cut logs of radiata pine (1 m long and 15 cm diam.) with a 5-mm agar plug taken from the margin of 4-day-old culture grown on CA (4). The plug was inserted in a 5-mm hole made through the bark with a cork borer. Five control logs were inoculated with sterile CA. All logs were incubated in a growth chamber at 20°C. Phloem lesion sizes were assessed after 1 month and measured 9.7 ± 5.5 cm2 (average ± standard deviation). Control logs had no lesions. The pathogen was re-isolated from the lesions, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. P. cryptogea has been previously reported in Australia, causing decline of radiata pine trees in wet and flooded soils (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cryptogea on P. radiata trees in Europe. References: (1) C. M. Brasier and S. A. Kirk. Plant Pathol. 50:218, 2001. (2) M. Bumbieris. Aust. J. Bot. 24:703, 1976. (3) A. Franceschini et al. Informatore Fitopatologico 1:54, 2006. (4) B. Scanu et al. For. Pathol. 43:340, 2013.

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Gomez-Gallego, Mireia, Nari Williams, Sebastian Leuzinger, Peter Matthew Scott, and Martin Karl-Friedrich Bader. "No carbon limitation after lower crown loss in Pinus radiata." Annals of Botany 125, no. 6 (January 28, 2020): 955–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa013.

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Abstract Background and Aims Biotic and abiotic stressors can cause different defoliation patterns within trees. Foliar pathogens of conifers commonly prefer older needles and infection with defoliation that progresses from the bottom crown to the top. The functional role of the lower crown of trees is a key question to address the impact of defoliation caused by foliar pathogens. Methods A 2 year artificial defoliation experiment was performed using two genotypes of grafted Pinus radiata to investigate the effects of lower-crown defoliation on carbon (C) assimilation and allocation. Grafts received one of the following treatments in consecutive years: control–control, control–defoliated, defoliated–control and defoliated–defoliated. Results No upregulation of photosynthesis either biochemically or through stomatal control was observed in response to defoliation. The root:shoot ratio and leaf mass were not affected by any treatment, suggesting prioritization of crown regrowth following defoliation. In genotype B, defoliation appeared to impose C shortage and caused reduced above-ground growth and sugar storage in roots, while in genotype A, neither growth nor storage was altered. Root C storage in genotype B decreased only transiently and recovered over the second growing season. Conclusions In genotype A, the contribution of the lower crown to the whole-tree C uptake appears to be negligible, presumably conferring resilience to foliar pathogens affecting the lower crown. Our results suggest that there is no C limitation after lower-crown defoliation in P. radiata grafts. Further, our findings imply genotype-specific defoliation tolerance in P. radiata.

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Regliński, T., N. Rodenburg, J. T. Taylor, G. L. Northcott, A. Ah Chee, T. M. Spiers, and R. A. Hill. "Trichoderma atroviride promotes growth and enhances systemic resistance to Diplodia pinea in radiata pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings." Forest Pathology 42, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00710.x.

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Morita, S., Y. Yazaki, and G. C. Johnson. "Mycelium Growth Promotion by Water Extractives from the Inner Bark of Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata D. Don)." Holzforschung 55, no. 2 (February 21, 2001): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.025.

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Gould, Nick, Tony Reglinski, Mike Spiers, and Joe T. Taylor. "Physiological trade-offs associated with methyl jasmonate - induced resistance in Pinus radiata." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 4 (April 2008): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-193.

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Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can induce defence responses in plants to pathogen attack, but it can also have consequences for plant growth. The transient effects of exogenous MeJA treatment on the resistance of Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) seedlings to Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx. and some physiological parameters affecting the impact of treatment on seedling growth were investigated. Following foliar application of 4.5 mmol·L–1 MeJA, disease resistance was greatest 1–2 weeks after treatment and declined with time thereafter. Elevated disease resistance was accompanied by a reduction in seedling growth rate the second week following MeJA treatment. Thereafter, seedling growth rate recovered and exceeded that of the control seedlings 4–5 weeks after MeJA treatment. Within hours of MeJA treatment, reductions in both the capacity of photosystem II and transpiration rate were observed, resulting in a concomitant reduction in net CO2 uptake rate. The slight reduction in transpiration rate was also associated with an increase in needle water potential. Longer term measurements showed no effect of MeJA on photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, chlorophyll content, or shoot water potential and thus could not account for the elevated growth rate observed 4–5 weeks after treatment.

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Simcock, R. C., R. L. Parfitt, M. F. Skinner, J. Dando, and J. D. Graham. "The effects of soil compaction and fertilizer application on the establishment and growth of Pinus radiata." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1077–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-009.

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Ground-based harvest operations in planted forests can adversely affect the soil and subsequently the productivity of the plantation. This study examined the effects of compaction, site preparation, and fertilization on soil physical and chemical properties and tree growth in a trial established at a second-rotation harvest on an imperfectly drained clay loam located in the North Island, New Zealand. Treatments were installed following harvest of Pinus radiata D. Don. There were four physical treatments: no treatment, compaction in rows by skidder, site preparation (rip and disk), and compaction followed by site preparation; the three nutrient treatments included no fertilizer, nitrogen (N), and N plus phosphorus (P). Response of P. radiata was studied for the first 4 years of growth. Compaction reduced survival of P. radiata at planting and during the first year of growth as the result of an increased oxygen deficit, caused by a reduction in macropore volume, and a shallower depth to the perched water table. Site preparation improved both survival of the seedlings and growth over 4 years. There was an initial growth response to N, but fertilizer did not increase survival of the seedlings. After 4 years, both site preparation and N plus P treatments gave approximately 10% extra growth, suggesting that N plus P may have been as effective as site preparation for improved growth of the trees that survived the first 2 years. However, since survival of seedlings is important to the economics of plantations, especially where planting densities are low, site preparation of soils with low macropore volume should be considered as a management tool.

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García-Rodríguez, José-Leonardo, Jesús Pérez-Moreno, Darcy Ríos-Leal, Patricia Sáez-Delgado, Cristian Atala-Bianchi, Manuel Sánchez-Olate, and Guillermo Pereira-Cancino. "In vitro GROWTH OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH Pinus radiata PLANTATIONS IN CHILE." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 40, no. 4 (December 8, 2017): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2017.4.415-423.

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A comparative study of in vitro growth of three species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) (Rhizopogon luteolus, Suillus granulatus and Suillus luteus) was performed. Fungal material was collected in adult Pinus radiata plantations. Isolation and purification of the strains were performed on potato-dextrose-agar medium and the evaluation of the radial growth rate and the increase in mycelial biomass, under different culture conditions, was performed on the Modified Melin Norkrans growth medium. The effects of temperature (24, 28 and 32 ºC) and pH (4.8, 5.3, 5.8, 6.3 and 6.8) of the growth medium were tested for the three fungal species in two independent assays. The results indicate that the temperature had a significant effect on the radial growth rate (RG) and mycelial biomass increase (MB) in all of the evaluated fungal species. The highest RGR and MBI were recorded in R. luteolus, and the lowest values for these variables were registered in S. luteus. Rhizopogon luteolus had the highest sensitivity to pH changes. Meanwhile, there was no pattern in S. granulatus and S. luteus growth response under different pH conditions. When cultivated in vitro, the three studied species of ECMF presented adaptation, exponential, declining and stationary growth phases. The in vitro growth responses recorded in the present study showed the great potential of R. luteolus to be used in future programs using mycorrhizal inoculation in the production of Pinus radiata trees in nurseries in Chile.

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Singh, T., R. Wakeling, B. Kreber, M. V. Jaspers, and A. Stewart. "Advances in understanding the mode of action of MBT fungicide used in wood protection." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3920.

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Interactions between methylene bisthiocyanate (MBT) and common wood degrading fungi of Pinus radiata were investigated The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MBT was determined in yeastmalt liquid medium and on radiata pine Higher treatment concentrations of MBT were required to control fungal growth on wood than in liquid culture irrespective of the test fungus used There were significant differences between the test fungi for MIC levels of MBT on diptreated wood with the highest degree of tolerance observed for Trichoderma viride (MIC le; 064 w/v) Further experiments suggested that vapour action and diffusibility both contributed to the fungitoxicity of MBT

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32

Newman, R. H. "Homogeneity in cellulose crystallinity between samples of Pinus radiata wood." Holzforschung 58, no. 1 (February 5, 2004): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2004.012.

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Abstract Wood was sampled from 22 locations in 3 Pinus radiata trees and characterized by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Values of a cellulose crystallinity index were confined to the range 0.486 to 0.541 despite inclusion of earlywood and latewood, compression wood and opposite wood, juvenile wood and mature wood. The mean value was 0.515 and the standard deviation was 0.015. Highest crystallinity was associated with relatively slow radial growth, with a correlation coefficient of R=−0.79 for a linear least-squares fit against ring width. The NMR results were consistent with published studies based on X-ray peak widths. Crystallinity indices based on X-ray peak heights or areas have shown wider ranges of variation, attributed to differences in cellulose content rather than cellulose crystallinity.

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Ivković, Miloš, Brian Baltunis, Washington Gapare, Jo Sasse, Gregory Dutkowski, Stephen Elms, and Harry Wu. "Breeding against dothistroma needle blight of radiata pine in Australia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 8 (August 2010): 1653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-097.

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Pine needle blight, caused by Dothistroma septosporum (Dorog.) M. Morelet, is one of the most serious foliar diseases of Pinus spp. in Australia and New Zealand. In 16 Pinus radiata (D.Don.) progeny trials in northeastern Victoria, Australia, Dothistroma-caused defoliation varied widely among trials and assessment years, ranging from 5% to 65%. The estimated narrow sense heritability ranged from nonsignificant to as high as 0.69 with a median of 0.36. Spatial autocorrelation of residuals accounted for a significant proportion of residual variance, and that increased heritability estimates. Genetic correlation between defoliation scores at an early age and growth at a later age was negative with a median value of –0.39. Phenotypic correlation between defoliation and survival was low and negative with a median value of –0.11. Economic analyses indicated that at sites with a high risk of infection, the effect of reducing defoliation on profitability was comparable with that of increasing growth at sites free from infection. The genetic parameters and economic impacts of Dothistroma were used to derive selection indices and include resistance to defoliation into the current breeding objective for radiata pine.

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34

Mesanza, Nebai, Bryan D. Crawford, Thomas J. D. Coulson, Eugenia Iturritxa, and Cheryl L. Patten. "Colonization of Pinus radiata D. Don Seedling Roots by Biocontrol Bacteria Erwinia billingiae and Bacillus simplex." Forests 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070552.

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Erwinia billingiae S31R1 and Bacillus simplex S11R41, isolated from the rhizosphere of a healthy tree located in a Pinus radiata D. Don plantation with high presence of fungal pathogens, are antagonists of pine root rot fungi Heterobasidion annosum and Armillaria mellea in vitro and in young trees. For effective biocontrol of these pathogens, the bacteria must stably colonize P. radiata roots following their application. To determine root colonization patterns, the bacteria were transformed with stable plasmids encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). Transformed E. billingiae was visualized on roots 24 days after soil inoculation by confocal and epifluorescence microscopy, and GFP was detected by ELISA 31 days after inoculation. The presence of E. billingiae microcolonies, in some cases in root intercellular spaces, suggests that bacterial growth was active and localized. Fluorescence of B. simplex S11R41 was visualized on P. radiata roots 31 days after inoculation and its colonization pattern changed from scattered cells to localized microcolonies. Although the populations decreased over time, microcolony formation and localization in specific regions of roots indicated that E. billingiae, normally considered to be an epiphyte, and B. simplex can stably colonize roots of P. radiata.

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35

Wu, H. X., J. V. Owen, A. Abarquez, and A. C. Matheson. "Inbreeding in Pinus Radiata – V. The Effects of Inbreeding on Fecundity." Silvae Genetica 53, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2004): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2004-0015.

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Abstract A successful inbreeding and hybrid breeding strategy in tree improvement requires that 1) inbreeding (selfing) can produce superior inbred lines (effective purging of deleterious alleles), 2) there is heterosis among crosses of inbred lines, 3) early selection between lines is effective, and 4) inbreeding will not substantially reduce reproductive ability. We have previously reported that inbreeding depression on growth was lower in radiata pine relative to other conifers and segregation in the first two-generations of selfs generated superior inbred trees. In addition, we have observed that early selection among inbred trees (lines) was more effective than in out-crossed populations and there was an apparent heterosis in radiata pine. In this study, the effect of inbreeding on the reproductive ability in young and adult trees of radiata pine has been quantified from five populations of varied inbreeding levels (F =0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75). It was observed that the effects of inbreeding depression on fecundity was higher at a young age than at older age and inbreeding depression at a young age is due to two factors: 1) a delay of reproductive age (about 8.3, and 8.5% of trees delayed for F =0.5 and F =0.75 populations, respectively) and 2) a true reduction of flowering trees (6.7 and 13.1% more trees having no flowers for F =0.5 and F =0.75 populations than F =0 population, respectively). Despite significant inbreeding depression on the percentage of female reproductive trees and the number of cones on adult trees, overall inbreeding depression on fecundity was low in radiata pine. One founder clone contributed most of the significant inbreeding depression observed for the population of eight founder clones. It was observed that fecundity varied more widely among the eight clones than among the inbreeding level (self and outcross).

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36

Espinoza, S., C. R. Magni, V. Martínez, M. Ivković, and W. Gapare. "Genetic parameters for early growth and biomass traits of Pinus radiata D. Don under different water regimes." Silvae Genetica 62, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2013): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2013-0014.

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AbstractIn Chile, genetic improvement of Radiata pine has been directed towards characters such as volume, form and wood density. Estimation of genetic parameters for growth and biomass traits in young seedlings, as a tool for early indirect selection in the P. radiata breeding program, has not been explored yet. We aimed to estimate genetic parameters for growth and biomass traits. Five-month-old P. radiata seedlings grown under wellwatered (WW) and water stress (WS) regimes were evaluated. Root collar diameter, height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, total dry weight, height/diameter ratio and root/shoot ratio were analyzed in both treatments. Trait with the highest heritability was root/shoot ratio in WW and WS regime (h2= 0.80 and 0.63 respectively). The highest genetic correlation was between height and shoot dry weight (rg= 0.90), under WW regime. In contrast, there were negative genetic correlations between root collar diameter and height/diameter ratio under WS regime. To breed for drought tolerance, traits such as height and root collar diameter would be effective targets for indirect selection since estimated heritabilities are high, there is sizable genetic variation, they are easily assessed, they can be measured non-destructively and they have a high genetic correlation with root/shoot ratio, a trait related to drought tolerance. The measurement of dry weights for early selection purposes is not recommended.

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37

Reid, Nick, Jackie Reid, Justin Hoad, Stuart Green, Greg Chamberlain, and J. M. Scott. "Five-year survival and growth of farm forestry plantings of native trees and radiata pine in pasture affected by position in the landscape." Animal Production Science 53, no. 8 (2013): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11247.

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Woodlots ranging in area from 0.18 to 0.5 ha were established within the Cicerone Project farmlet trial on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, due to a lack of physical protection in most paddocks across the farmlets. Two percent of each farmlet was planted to trees to examine the commercial and environmental potential of seven species to provide shade and shelter for livestock, increase biodiversity or contribute to cash flow through farm forestry diversification. Eucalyptus caliginosa (timber), E. nitens (timber, pulp wood), E. radiata (essential oil) and Pinus radiata (timber) were planted in four upslope plots (1059–1062 m a.s.l.) in different paddocks. Casuarina cunninghamiana (timber, shelter), E. acaciiformis (shade, shelter and biodiversity), E. dalrympleana (timber, biodiversity), E. nitens (timber, pulp wood), E. radiata (essential oil) and P. radiata (timber) were planted in four low-lying plots (1046–1050 m a.s.l.) in separate paddocks, 400–1200 m distant. The pines and natives were planted in August and October 2003, respectively, into a well prepared, weed-free, mounded, planting bed. After 5 years, P. radiata (98% survival) and E. nitens (83%) survived best in upslope plots, reaching maximum heights of 7.8 and 8.8 m and exhibiting no or only modest insect damage, respectively. In low-lying plots, E. acaciiformis (75% survival) and E. dalrympleana (80%) survived best, reaching maximum heights of 5.5 and 4.5 m, and exhibiting little or only moderate insect damage, respectively. P. radiata exhibited 17–69% survival in the two lowest-lying plots but 100% survival in the other two lowland plots. On average, <50% of C. cunninghamiana, E. nitens and E. radiata survived in low-lying plots and survivors grew poorly. Early frosts in March 2004 were the primary cause of losses in low-lying plots, and frost, waterlogging, insect attack and some inadvertent livestock browsing explain the slower growth of species in low-lying plots compared with their performance upslope. P. radiata and perhaps E. nitens have commercial promise for timber production on Northern Tablelands farms, but only in higher (well drained, less frost-prone) parts of the landscape. E. acaciiformis can withstand the stressful growing conditions in open pasture in low-lying plots, and should be planted more widely for on-farm shade and shelter. E. dalrympleana can also be considered for amenity and biodiversity plantings in lower parts of the landscape.

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Dean, C. A., P. P. Cotterill, and R. D. Burdon. "Early Selection of Radiata Pine." Silvae Genetica 55, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2006): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2006-0025.

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Abstract Additive genetic, dominance genetic and phenotypic variances and corresponding correlations were estimated for growth data collected from disconnected half-diallel progeny trials involving 25 Pinus radiata D. DON parents and replicated across two sites in central North Island, New Zealand. Sectional area of stem was measured at three, seven, 10 and 13 years after planting at both sites, and height at three and 10 years at one site. Sectional area at three years exhibited similar levels of estimated additive (σA2) and dominance (σD2) genetic variance. However, levels of σD2 remained approximately constant between three and 13 years while σA2 increased substantially. Thus, sectional-area growth changed from being under equal additive and dominance genetic control at three years to almost complete additive genetic control from seven to 13 years. The greater increase in additive variance relative to phenotypic variance led to increases in individual heritability from 0.16 to 0.28 to 0.35 for sectional-area increments between 3-7, 7-10 and 10-13 years, respectively. Height growth exhibited negligible levels of σD2 for the three- and 10-year measurements. The early sectional-area increment between 3-7 years showed an estimated additive genetic correlation of 0.87 with “mature” sectional area at 13 years. Subsequent sectional-area increments between 7-10 and 10-13 years showed estimates of additive genetic correlations of 0.99 with sectional area at 13 years. Dominance genetic correlations were much lower in magnitude, reflecting inconsistent dominance effects over time.

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Arévalo, José Ramón. "Asexual Regeneration Response of Ilex canariensis Poir. to Management of the Canopy of Pinus radiata D.Don." Ecologies 1, no. 1 (October 27, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecologies1010003.

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Exotic afforestation can provide suitable conditions for native shade-tolerant species restoration without threatening native forests. This study analyzes the impact of different thinning intensities of the canopy of an exotic Pinus radiata stand on the asexual regeneration response of Ilex canariensis, a native laurel forest species in the Canary Islands, Spain. The results provide useful indications for how to manage P. radiata stands to promote recovery of native plant communities. For different stand treatments were selected: stand clear cut, low intensity thinning (10–15%), high intensity thinning (25%), and a control. The stand clear cut management revealed Ilex canariensis individuals with a higher number of sprouts and more leaf cover; however, the height of these sprouts two years after the cut did not reach the values of individuals prior to this management. Consequently, the vitality index following clear cut management is significantly lower with respect to the other treatments. Thinning management is shown not to be so useful to promote the growth and vitality of Ilex canariensis individuals. The results suggest that thinning over 50% could be more appropriate in the case of Pinus radiata, allowing resprouting of Ilex canariensis in the understory and improvement in the vitality index.

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40

Richardson, B., M. Kimberley, and A. Pattison. "Pinus radiata growth benefits from spot weed control in Kinleith forest." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 50 (August 1, 1997): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1997.50.11313.

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41

Woollons, R. C., and B. R. Manley. "Examining growth dynamics of Pinus radiata plantations at old ages in New Zealand." Forestry 85, no. 1 (November 2, 2011): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpr059.

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42

Lacey, S. T., and P. J. Ryan. "Cumulative management impacts on soil physical properties and early growth of Pinus radiata." Forest Ecology and Management 138, no. 1-3 (November 2000): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00422-9.

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43

Snowdon, Peter, Tom Jovanovic, and Trevor H. Booth. "Incorporation of indices of annual climatic variation into growth models for Pinus radiata." Forest Ecology and Management 117, no. 1-3 (May 1999): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(98)00463-0.

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44

Merino, Agustı́n, Alejandro Fernández-López, Fernando Solla-Gullón, and José Miguel Edeso. "Soil changes and tree growth in intensively managed Pinus radiata in northern Spain." Forest Ecology and Management 196, no. 2-3 (July 2004): 393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.04.002.

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45

Snowdon, P., and H. D. Waring. "Growth responses by Pinus radiata to combinations of superphosphate, urea and thinning type." Forest Ecology and Management 30, no. 1-4 (February 1990): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90145-2.

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46

Smethurst, Philip J., Tim R. McVicar, Neil I. Huth, Ben P. Bradshaw, Stephen B. Stewart, Thomas G. Baker, Richard G. Benyon, John F. McGrath, and Thomas G. Van Niel. "Nitrate Uptake from an Aquifer by Two Plantation Forests: Plausibility Strengthened by Process-Based Modelling." Forests 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020184.

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Forest plantations can access water from some unconfined aquifers that also contain nitrate at concentrations that could support hydroponic culture, but the separate effects of such additional water and nitrogen availability on tree growth have not hitherto been quantified. We demonstrate these effects using simulation modelling at two contrasting sites supporting Eucalyptus globulus Labill. or Pinus radiata D.Don plantations. The APSIM Eucalyptus and Pinus models simulated plantation growth within 2% of observed growth where the water table was at 4 m depth for eucalypts (height 28 m, MAI 32 m3 ha−1 year−1) and at 23 m for pines (height 37 m, MAI 20 m3 ha−1 year−1). In simulations without an aquifer, observed growth could only be matched using unrealistically high surface soil nitrogen (N) supply, suggesting this is an unlikely mechanism. Simulated aquifer N concentrations, evapotranspiration, and net N mineralization and leaching (emergent properties of modelling) were similar to measured values. These results strengthen the plausibility that aquifer N uptake by plantations could be contributing to tree growth. This hypothesis warrants further research that quantifies these processes at multiple sites. Simulations included growth of herbaceous and tree weed species, and pasture, which demonstrated the utility of the process-based APSIM modelling framework for dynamically simulating carbon, water and N of plantations and other mixed-species systems.

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47

Muñoz, C., G. Gómez, A. I. Stefanakis, C. Plaza de los Reyes, I. Vera-Puerto, and G. Vidal. "Aromatic Compounds and Organic Matter Behavior in Pilot Constructed Wetlands Treating Pinus Radiata and Eucalyptus Globulus Sawmill Industry Leachate." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 22, 2019): 5046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235046.

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The objective of this research was to evaluate the fate of aromatic compounds and organic matter in pilot constructed wetlands (CW) treating Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus sawmill industry leachate. Six lab-scale surface flow CW were built and fed in batches. Three CW were fed with P. radiata leachate, while the other three CW were fed with E. globulus leachate. Each group of three CW included two CW planted with Phragmites australis and one unplanted CW as control unit. A stable hydraulic retention time of seven days was maintained in each CW. The organic loading rate was gradually increased in three phases in the CW fed with P. radiata leachate (i.e., from 12 to 19 g COD/m2/day) and with E. globulus leachate (i.e., from 14 to 40 g COD/m2/day). The operation of the six CWs lasted 98 days. The CW treating P. radiata and E. globulus leachate had a similar performance. The highest performance was obtained by the unplanted CW (approximately 10–20% higher than the planted CW), without significant differences observed between the P. radiata and E. globulus leachate treatment, regarding the removal efficiencies of organic matter and total phenolic compounds. The planted systems were probably affected by the high concentrations of these compounds applied, which probably created a toxic environment hindering the microbial community growth.

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48

Zas, Rafael, Luis Sampedro, Xoaquín Moreira, and Patricia Martíns. "Effect of fertilization and genetic variation on susceptibility of Pinus radiata seedlings to Hylobius abietis damage." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 1 (January 2008): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-128.

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The effects of establishment fertilization and pine genotype on pine weevil ( Hylobius abietis L.) damage was studied in a radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) naturally infected family × fertilization genetic trial in Galicia (northwestern Spain). Fertilization strongly increased both growth and H. abietis damage, especially when calcium phosphate was included in the fertilization treatment. Fertilized plants showed higher degree of debarking, greater leader loss, and higher mortality than unfertilized controls. Because of the greater leader loss, fertilization did not significantly increase the actual height (height of live stem) 1 year after planting. In contrast, after the second growing season, fertilized plants overcompensated for the weevil damage and reached greater height than the unfertilized controls. However, considering the effects on survival and the stem deformities resulting from the leader losses, fertilization should be avoided (or delayed) in P. radiata plantations on clear-cut coniferous areas if the risk of H. abietis is high. Our results also indicate a strong genetic variation in H. abietis susceptibility within the Galician P. radiata breeding population. The high family-mean and the moderate individual-tree heritability estimates suggest that improving resistance to this pest by conventional breeding techniques is possible. The use of planting stock with improved resistance should be considered as another prophylactic measure to supplement the traditional methods employed against this pest.

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49

Donaldson, L. A. "Effect of Physiological Age and Site on Microfibril Angle in Pinus Radiata." IAWA Journal 17, no. 4 (1996): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000639.

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The effect of physiological age (shoot age at propagation) and site on microfibril angle was examined for seedlings (physiological age = 0 years) and cuttings (physiological age = 5-16 years) of Pinus radiata D. Don. Two trials were examined by measuring microfibril angle in alternate growth rings on breast height discs. In the first trial, two sites were compared for ll-year-old trees propagated from seedlings, and cuttings of comparable genotype, at 0 and 5 years physiological age, respectively. In the second trial, a single site was examined comparing 25-year-old trees propagated from open pollinated seedlings, and cuttings physiologically aged by 12-16 years, originating from 10 seed-orchard clones. In each trial there was a significant effect of physiological age for microfibril angle in the first 9 growth rings with a greater effect in the trees of greater physiological age. Physiological aging produced a significant decrease in microfibril angles in the juvenile wood, on average reducing microfibril angle to values below 35° in trees aged by 12-16 years. Juvenile wood size, as indicated by the point at which microfibril angle gradient changes, was reduced by an average of two rings in both sets of aged cuttings examined. There was no effect of site in the material examined. Differences were consistent among seedling/ramet pairs of similar genotype. The use of aged cuttings rather than seedlings should result in increased stiffness of the juvenile wood and reduced longitudinal shrinkage. However, other changes associated with physiological aging, such as reduced basic density and growth rate, may affect the practicality of using highly.

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50

Xiao, Y., and B. Kreber. "Effect of IPBC/DDAC on Spore Germination and Hyphal Growth of the Sapstaining Fungus Ophiostoma piceae." Holzforschung 53, no. 3 (May 10, 1999): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.040.

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Summary Fungicide interactions were investigated using Ophiostoma piceae (Münch) H. and P. Syd, unseasoned radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) and an antisapstain formulation based on 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC) and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC). Treated and untreated wood samples were inoculated with O. piceae and then periodically examined over an incubation period of one month using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Additional treated and infected wafers were removed after 8 and 15 days, rinsed with distilled, sterile water and then further incubated on malt agar nutrient media before examining microscopically. The results of the study showed that prolific spore germination and mycelial growth of O. piceae occurred on untreated radiata pine within 24 hours whereas the majority of spores did not germinate on treated wood. However, in some spores the process of germination was only delayed, occurring after 20 days of incubation. Furthermore, it was noticed that once spore germination occurred hyphae rapidly colonised treated wafers possibly indicating that mycelium of O. piceae is more tolerant to IPBC/DDAC treatment, than spores. The possible mode of action of IPBC/DDAC on spores and mycelium of O. piceae is discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pinus radiata Growth'

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