Journal articles on the topic 'Pinot Noir'
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1
Bohince, P. "Pinot Noir." Literary Imagination 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2010): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/imq067.
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Dunea, G. "Pinot Noir powders." BMJ 319, no. 7213 (September 25, 1999): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7213.861a.
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Qiao, Yifeng, Diana Hawkins, Katie Parish-Virtue, Bruno Fedrizzi, Sarah J. Knight, and Rebecca C. Deed. "Contribution of Grape Skins and Yeast Choice on the Aroma Profiles of Wines Produced from Pinot Noir and Synthetic Grape Musts." Fermentation 7, no. 3 (August 27, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7030168.
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The aroma profile is a key component of Pinot noir wine quality, and this is influenced by the diversity, quantity, and typicity of volatile compounds present. Volatile concentrations are largely determined by the grape itself and by microbial communities that produce volatiles during fermentation, either from grape-derived precursors or as byproducts of secondary metabolism. The relative degree of aroma production from grape skins compared to the juice itself, and the impact on different yeasts on this production, has not been investigated for Pinot noir. The influence of fermentation media (Pinot noir juice or synthetic grape must (SGM), with and without inclusion of grape skins) and yeast choice (commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC1118, a single vineyard mixed community (MSPC), or uninoculated) on aroma chemistry was determined by measuring 39 volatiles in finished wines using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fermentation medium clearly differentiated the volatile profile of wines with and without yeast, while differences between EC1118 and MSPC wines were only distinct for Pinot noir juice without skins. SGM with skins produced a similar aroma profile to Pinot noir with skins, suggesting that grape skins, and not the pulp, largely determine the aroma of Pinot noir wines.
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Gogorcena, Y., S. Arulsekar, A. Dandekar, and D. E. Parfitt. "RFLPS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF GRAPE CULTIVARS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1081d—1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1081d.
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DNA from 9 cultivars and 5 `Pinot noir' clones were isolated with either the Delaporta or cTAB methods Twenty five 32P label led cloned probes were constructed with the pUC18 plasmid and Hind-III digested `Pinot noir' DNA. Standard methods of isolation and labelling were used. The probes were tested for efficacy of `fingerprinting' the 14 selections. rDNA and cloroplast a/h binding protein probes were also tested. The non-specific probes were not found to be useful as they bound to an excess number of sites and could not be removed from the southern blots, rendering them useless for further analysis. Grape specific probes bound at multiple sites, indicating that multiple fragments were incorporated into the plasmid vectors during library construction. With the greater variability observable with these multi locus probes, significant polymorphism was observed between cultivars, including `Cabernet sauvignon' and `Pinot noir' which were not distinguishable with GPI or PGM isozymes. Variability between clones of `Pinot noir' was observed with several probes, indicating that these selections are different. No variability had been observed at isozyme loci of the `Pinot noir' clones
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Tomasino, Elizabeth, and Shiloh Bolman. "The Potential Effect of β-Ionone and β-Damascenone on Sensory Perception of Pinot Noir Wine Aroma." Molecules 26, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051288.
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Volatile compounds are responsible for driving the aroma of wine. Because of their low perception thresholds, norisoprenoids may play an important role in wine aroma. Studies have shown that β-damascenone may act as an aroma enhancing compound. However, the direct impact on wine aroma is unclear. Our study examined the direct impact of β-ionone and β-damascenone on the aroma sensory perception of Pinot noir wines. Triangle tests were used to determine if assessors could distinguish between wines with varying concentrations of β-ionone and β-damascenone in three different Pinot noir wine matrixes. Descriptive analysis was performed on these treatments, perceived as different in triangle tests. Results show that β-ionone acts as a significant contributor to aromas in Pinot noir wine, as individuals could differentiate both the low and high concentration wines from the control. How β-ionone impacted wine aroma depends on the wine matrix, as different aroma descriptors were affected based on the model wine used, resulting in floral, red berry or dark berry aromas. The effect of β-damascenone on Pinot noir aroma was less clear, as perception seems to be heavily influenced by wine matrix composition. This study contributes to our understanding of the complex chemical causation of fruity aromas in Pinot noir wine.
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Wimalasiri, Pradeep M., Tanya Rutan, and Bin Tian. "Effect of Pre-Fermentative Bentonite Addition on Pinot Noir Wine Colour, Tannin, and Aroma Profile." Fermentation 8, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8110639.
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Pinot noir is a grape variety with thin grape skin, which means the extraction of colour and polyphenols is more challenging than other red grape varieties. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of protein removal by adding bentonite prior to fermentation on Pinot noir wine composition. Four treatments were conducted, including the control without bentonite addition and Pinot noir wines produced with the addition of three different types of bentonites before cold soaking. The juice and wine samples were analysed for pathogenesis-related proteins, tannin, wine colour parameters, and aroma composition. The results showed that bentonite addition at 0.5 g/L had little impact on tannin and aroma compounds but more impact on wine colour, especially significantly higher level of SO2 resistant pigments observed in Na bentonite addition treatment. This study indicates the potential use of bentonite to modulate the Pinot noir juice composition that may facilitate the extraction of colour components from grape into juice, which plays an important role in colour stabilization in finished wine.
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Meyer, Melody M., and Bruce C. Kirkpatrick. "Exogenous Applications of Abscisic Acid Increase Curing of Pierce's Disease-Affected Grapevines Growing in Pots." Plant Disease 95, no. 2 (February 2011): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-10-0446.
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Foliar and drench applications of the plant growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA) were applied to 1-year-old potted Vitis vinifera ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vines infected with Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterial pathogen that causes Pierce's disease (PD). A naturally occurring ABA and a synthetic ABA were applied, and both materials showed some effectiveness at increasing curing rates of PD-affected grapevines. Pinot Noir grapevines treated with the drench ABA treatments had significantly greater disease curing effects than the unsprayed control plants. It has been shown that plant phenolics have antimicrobial properties, and we found a positive correlation between effective ABA treatments and the total phenolic compound content of xylem sap extracted from Pinot Noir vines.
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Kadir, Sorkel. "Thermostability of Photosynthesis of Vitis aestivalis and V. vinifera." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 131, no. 4 (July 2006): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.131.4.476.
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High temperature adversely affects photosynthetic rates and thylakoid activities in many species, but photosynthesis response to heat stress is not well defined in grapes (Vitis L.). Genotypes within species respond differently to high temperatures, indicating a genetic variability for the trait. The objective of this study was to determine the physiological responses of two grape species to high temperature, at the whole-plant level and at the cellular level. Gas exchange, relative chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence of intact leaves and thermostability of extracted thylakoids of the American (V. aestivalis Michx.) `Cynthiana' and European (V. vinifera L.) `Semillon', `Pinot Noir', `Chardonnay', and `Cabernet Sauvignon' wine grapes were evaluated. One-year-old vines were placed in controlled environmental chamber held at 20/15, 30/25, or 40/35 °C day/night for 4 weeks. Net CO2 assimilation (A) rate, stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E) rate, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence of intact leaves were measured at weekly intervals. Chlorophyll fluorescence of thylakoids extracted from V. aestivalis `Cynthiana' and V. vinifera `Pinot Noir' subjected to temperatures ranging from 20 to 50 °C was measured. Optimal temperatures for photosynthesis were 20/15 °C for `Cynthiana' and `Semillon' and 30/25 °C for the other three V. vinifera cultivars. The A, gs, E, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence values at 40/35 °C were lower in `Cynthiana' than `Pinot Noir'. In general, reduction of A coincided with decline in gs in `Cynthiana', whereas no strong relationship between A and gs was observed in V. vinifera cultivars. Variable chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv) and the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) of intact leaves for all the cultivars decreased at 40/35 °C, with severe decline in `Cynthiana' and `Cabernet Sauvignon,' moderate decline in `Semillon' and `Chardonnay', and slight decline in `Pinot Noir'. A distinct effect of high temperature on Fv and Fv/Fm of `Cynthiana' was exerted after 2 weeks of exposure. Prolonged-exposure to 40/35 °C led to 78% decrease in Fv/Fm in `Cynthiana', compared with 8% decrease in `Pinot Noir'. In general, Fv and Fv/Fm of extracted thylakoids declined as temperature increased, with more decline in `Cynthiana' than in `Pinot Noir'. Based on A rates and Fv/Fm ratios, results showed that `Cynthiana' has lower optimal temperature for photosynthesis (20/15 °C) than `Pinot Noir' (30/25 °C). Chlorophyll fluorescence responses of intact leaves and extracted thylakoids to high temperatures indicate that `Pinot Noir' possess higher photosynthetic activity than `Cynthiana'. Results of this work could be used in selection programs for the development of heat resistant cultivars in the warmest regions.
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Yang, Yi, Rebecca Christina Deed, Leandro Dias Araujo, and Paul Andrew Kilmartin. "Impact of microoxygenation on Pinot noir wines with different initial phenolic content." OENO One 55, no. 4 (November 4, 2021): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.4.4840.
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Microoxygenation (MOX) is used to improve wine colour and sensory quality; however, limited information is available for Pinot noir wines and wines with different initial phenolic content. In this study, MOX was applied to two Pinot noir wines, with either a low or a high phenolic content, at two doses (0.50 and 2.11 mg/L/day) for 14 days. With the sterile filtration applied, acetaldehyde formation during MOX was very low, supporting the influence of yeast on acetaldehyde production during MOX. The MOX dosage rate did not significantly affect colour development, while the Pinot noir wine with higher phenolics benefited more from MOX, significantly increasing colour intensity and SO2 resistant (polymeric) pigments. However, these changes did not guarantee colour stability, as a final SO2 addition (100 mg/L) largely erased the improvement to colour in all wines. This could be due to the lower acetaldehyde formation, thus less ethyl-bridged stable pigments resistant to SO2 bleaching. MOX also decreased the flavan-3-ols and anthocyanin monomers, which differed between the two Pinot noir wines, reflecting the initial phenolic content. Lastly, MOX generally increased the measured tannin concentration and affected the proportion of tannin subunits, with a decrease in tannin mass conversion and proportion of (-)-epigallocatechin extension units. Some of these changes in phenolic compounds could potentially increase astringency, suggesting that MOX should be applied to Pinot noir and other low phenolic wines with caution.
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Tassinari, Adriele, Eduardo Maciel Haitzmann dos Santos, Lincon Oliveira Stefanello, Beatriz Baticini Vitto, Gustavo Nogara de Siqueira, Raí Augusto Schwalbert, Carlos Alberto Ceretta, et al. "Establishment of Potassium Reference Values Using Bayesian Models in Grapevines." Agriculture 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2022): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111867.
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Critical levels (CL) of available potassium (K) in soils and leaves and maximum technical efficiency (MTE) doses are relevant information to define the best K fertilization strategies. The aim of this study was to determine reference values of K in leaves and soil, using Bayesian analysis, in order to maximize grape yield and must quality of ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Pinot Noir’ grown in a subtropical climate. The vines were subjected to applications of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg K2O ha−1 year−1. The CL and MTE doses of K, in leaves and soils, were determined using Bayesian hierarchical models. The range of probability of the occurrence of CL in leaves was 15.8 to 18.9 g K kg−1 in ‘Chardonnay’ and 16.8 to 19.1 g K kg−1 in ‘Pinot Noir’ at flowering. Moreover, the range was 15.3 to 18.1 g K kg−1 in ‘Chardonnay’ and 16.1 to 18.2 g K kg−1 in ‘Pinot Noir’ at veraison. In the soil, the CL of available K for ‘Chardonnay’ was 27.4 mg K kg−1 and for ‘Pinot Noir’ it was 23.2 mg K kg−1. The increase of K in leaves and soil increased the TSS, while the TTA decreased in both cultivars after sufficiency rate. The MTE was estimated in ‘Pinot Noir’. The proposition of CL and/or MTE doses of K can help increase the efficiency of K fertilization in vineyards.
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An, Jingxian, Rebecca C. Deed, Paul A. Kilmartin, and Wei Yu. "Could Collected Chemical Parameters Be Utilized to Build Soft Sensors Capable of Predicting the Provenance, Vintages, and Price Points of New Zealand Pinot Noir Wines Simultaneously?" Foods 12, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12020323.
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Soft sensors work as predictive frameworks encapsulating a set of easy-to-collect input data and a machine learning method (ML) to predict highly related variables that are difficult to measure. The machine learning method could provide a prediction of complex unknown relations between the input data and desired output parameters. Recently, soft sensors have been applicable in predicting the prices and vintages of New Zealand Pinot noir wines based on chemical parameters. However, the previous sample size did not adequately represent the diversity of provenances, vintages, and price points across commercially available New Zealand Pinot noir wines. Consequently, a representative sample of 39 commercially available New Zealand Pinot noir wines from diverse provenances, vintages, and price points were selected. Literature has shown that wine phenolic compounds strongly correlated with wine provenances, vintages and price points, which could be used as input data for developing soft sensors. Due to the significance of these phenolic compounds, chemical parameters, including phenolic compounds and pH, were collected using UV-Vis visible spectrophotometry and a pH meter. The soft sensor utilising Naive Bayes (belongs to ML) was designed to predict Pinot noir wines’ provenances (regions of origin) based on six chemical parameters with the prediction accuracy of over 75%. Soft sensors based on decision trees (within ML) could predict Pinot noir wines’ vintages and price points with prediction accuracies of over 75% based on six chemical parameters. These predictions were based on the same collected six chemical parameters as aforementioned.
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Gogorcena, Y., S. Arulsekar, and D. E. Parfitt. "MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPE CULTIVARS II." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 660f—660. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.660f.
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The work reported here is an extension of studies reported in 1990. The general objective was to develop molecular markers for genotype `fingerprinting', with specific reference to possible clonal differences among `Pinot noir' clones. Leaf DNA from 8 cultivars and 9 `Pinot noir' clones were isolated. RFLP and RAPD markers were identified and used to characterize the genotypes. 65 32-P labelled cloned probes were constructed with the pUC18 plasmid and Hind-III digested `Pinot noir' DNA. The probes were tested for their ability to discriminate among the 8 cultivars. 3 probes pGAD10, pGAD15, and pGAD44 showed polymorphisms among the cultivars. pGAD15 was most useful, with 5 polymorphisms for the 8 cultivars. RAPD makers were also tested for `fingerprinting'. Several primers were tested and polymorphisms were identified among cultivars. However, significant problems with repeatability for some bands were observed. Therefore, a series of experiments were conducted to test the effect of season and extraction method. These factors did not account for the inconsistancy which seemed to be more a function of the primer used. None of these studies showed clear evidence that the `Pinot noir' clones tested were geetically different.
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Duchêne, Eric, Nathalie Jaegli, and R. Salber. "Effects of the leaf /fruit ratio during a year N on the bud fertility in the year N+2: results for Pinot noir and Gewurztraminer grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in the greenhouse." OENO One 37, no. 4 (December 31, 2003): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2003.37.4.958.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Plants of Pinot noir and Gewurztraminer were monitored in 2002 after defoliation (R-)/ grape removal (R+) treatments at the veraison stage in 2000. Growth capacities between the treatments were equivalent in 2002. The number of inflorescences per shoot was reduced for the R- treatment only for the Pinot noir. Whereas the number of berries per cluster was reduced in the R- treatment for both varieties, a compensation occured on the number of seeds per berry and on the mean weight per berry for the Gewurztraminer. The final weight of berries per plant was reduced in the R- treatment only for the Pinot noir. The reactions of the two varieties in 2001 and 2002 after 2000 treatments are discussed.</p>
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Riaz, Summaira, Keith E. Garrison, Gerald S. Dangl, Jean-Michel Boursiquot, and Carole P. Meredith. "Genetic Divergence and Chimerism within Ancient Asexually Propagated Winegrape Cultivars." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, no. 4 (July 2002): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.4.508.
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In total, 25 clones of Vitis vinifera `Pinot noir' and 22 clones of `Chardonnay' were analyzed with 100 microsatellite markers, selected from an initial screening of 228 markers. Of the 100 markers, 17 detected polymorphism within one or both of the cultivars. In `Pinot noir', 15 polymorphic markers detected 15 different genotypes, uniquely distinguished 12 clones out of the 25 and separated the remaining 13 clones into 3 groups. In `Chardonnay', 9 polymorphic markers detected 9 genotypes and uniquely distinguished 6 clones out of the 22. The remaining 16 clones were separated into 3 groups. For markers that were polymorphic in `Pinot noir' and `Chardonnay', none of the variant alleles were common to both cultivars. It is inferred from this result that the natural cross that produced `Chardonnay' probably occurred when `Pinot' was still relatively young. Many of the variant genotypes were expressed as three alleles. Further analysis revealed the presence of chimeras in which the third allele was present in leaf but not root or wood tissues, confirming that the grape apical meristem is functionally two-layered. Some clones that share the same microsatellite genotype are documented to have originated in the same locality, suggesting that the origins of undocumented clones may be traced by comparing their microsatellite genotypes with those of well-documented clones. Because clones of `Pinot noir' and `Chardonnay' are often visually indistinguishable, microsatellite genotyping may also be useful to detect identification errors in collections and nurseries.
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ČERYOVÁ, Natália, Daniel BAJČAN, Judita LIDIKOVÁ, Marek ŠNIRC, Pavol TREBICHALSKÝ, Janka BERESECKÁ, and Jarmila HORVÁTHOVÁ. "Phenolic contents, antioxidant activity and colour density of Slovak Pinot Noir wines." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 117, no. 3 (November 10, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2021.117.3.2043.
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<p class="042abstractstekst"><span lang="EN-US">Recent studies show that wine contains more than thousand different compounds that could come from grapes, or could be formed in the process of winemaking and maturing. The most abundant compounds in wines are polyphenols, which affect sensory properties such as colour, taste and aroma, but also has antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine total polyphenol and total anthocyanin contents, and to evaluate antioxidant effects and wine colour density of red wines ‘Pinot Noir’ produced in Slovakia. Thirteen analysed, bottled, quality dry ‘Pinot Noir’ wines with origin in various Slovak wine regions were purchased in retail network, to provide that analysed samples of wine would have the same properties as wines that are consumed by common consumers. The content of total polyphenols in analysed ‘Pinot Noir’ wines ranged from 1458 to 3324 mg GAE l<sup>-1</sup>, while contents of total anthocyanins ranged from 43.6 to 279.6 mg l<sup>-1</sup>. Antioxidant activities ranged from 80.2 % to 85.3 % inhibition of DPPH and wine colour density ranged from 0.679 to 1.495. The highest total polyphenol content, total anthocyanin content, and wine colour density was determined in wines from the south Slovakia winegrowing region, while the highest antioxidant activity in wines from Nitra winegrowing region. Results did not show significant differences among studied parameters in wines from different winegrowing regions. Results showed that Slovakian ‘Pinot Noir’ wines have characteristics comparable with ‘Pinot Noir’ wines from other countries.</span></p><div id="OKAYFREEDOM_INJECTED" style="display: none;"> </div><script type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://hfnbbbkabnehoejfhcbbhdicagcoobji/web/libs/ciuvo-addon-sdk.min.js"></script>
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Skahill, Brian, Bryan Berenguer, and Manfred Stoll. "Temperature-based Climate Projections of Pinot noir Suitability in the Willamette Valley American Viticultural Area." OENO One 56, no. 1 (March 11, 2022): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.1.4889.
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In this study, we consider the complete archive of the 32 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) daily Localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA) downscaled historic datasets and their observational data that were used for downscaling and bias corrections to develop an ensemble that optimises calculation of the growing season average temperature (GST) viticulture climate classification index throughout the Willamette Valley (WV) American Viticultural Area (AVA). Ensemble directed spatiotemporal calculations, using LOCA CMIP5 historic and RCP4.5 future datasets of minimum and maximum daily temperature, were performed throughout the WV AVA for the GST index and Pinot noir specific applications of the grapevine sugar ripeness (GSR) model at a 220 g/L target sugar concentration. The GST index and GSR model evaluations were calculated on a mean decadal basis from the 1950s to the 2090s for the WV AVA. The GST index and GSR model calculations both revealed a warming trend with time for the WV AVA. A 3.1 °C increase in the GST index is predicted from the 1950s to the 2090s. The GSR model indicated a rate advance of 2.9 days a decade from the 1960s to the 2080s. However, the application of the GST index and the GSR model portray markedly different characterisations about the suitability of Pinot noir throughout the WV AVA with time. A strong invertible relationship between the GST index and GSR model calculations is observed and exploited to update the Pinot noir specific lower and upper bounds (14.8 °C, 17.6 °C) for the GST index throughout the WV AVA. Pinot noir specific applications of the GSR model or the GST index with updated bounds indicate that the percent of the WV AVA area suitable for Pinot noir production is currently at or near its peak value in the upper 80s to the lower 90s.
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Marodin, Gilmar Arduino Bettio, Denis Salvati Guerra, Claiton Luiz Dvoranovski Zanini, Fabiano Argenta, and Vinicius Grasselli. "Brotação e produção das videiras 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Pinot Noir' submetidas a diferentes concentrações de cianamida hidrogenada." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 28, no. 3 (December 2006): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452006000300015.
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A ausência de frio invernal na videira produz efeitos adversos, como o atraso e desuniformidade de brotação das gemas, dificuldades de manejo fitossanitário, produção escalonada e de baixa qualidade. O trabalho foi realizado no município de Garibaldi, na região da Encosta Superior do Nordeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com 640 metros de altitude, com objetivo de testar concentrações de cianamida hidrogenada de 0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5% nas cultivares viníferas Cabernet Sauvignon e Pinot Noir. Os melhores resultados para brotação de gemas de vara foram de 1,75 e 2,0 % em 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Pinot Noir', respectivamente. Concentrações superiores a 1,5 % ocasionaram uniformidade de brotação, independentemente do ano. A maior produtividade foi obtida com cianamida.hidrogenada 2,0% nas duas cultivares, com elevação média de cinco ton/ha. Houve maior fertilidade nas gemas de vara do que em esporão. Os aspectos qualitativos das uvas não foram afetados pela cianamida hidrogenada, com exceção do peso médio dos cachos na 'Pinot Noir', na safra de 2004.
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Herrera-Bravo, Jesús, Jorge F. Beltrán, Nolberto Huard, Kathleen Saavedra, Nicolás Saavedra, Marysol Alvear, Fernando Lanas, and Luis A. Salazar. "Anthocyanins Found in Pinot Noir Waste Induce Target Genes Related to the Nrf2 Signalling in Endothelial Cells." Antioxidants 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071239.
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Grape pomace is a source of anthocyanins, which can prevent cardiovascular diseases due to their antioxidant properties. Anthocyanin activity is associated with the ability to regulate oxidative stress through the transcription factor Nrf2. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate if the anthocyanins found in Pinot noir pomace extract can affect the target genes related to the Nrf2 signalling pathway in endothelial cells. Our results highlight that the predominant anthocyanin in the Pinot noir pomace extract was malvidin-3-glucoside (3.7 ± 2.7 Eq. Malv-3-glu/kg). Molecular docking indicated that cyanidin-3-glucoside (−6.9 kcal/mol), malvidin-3-glucoside (−6.6 kcal/mol) and peonidin-3-glucoside (−6.6 kcal/mol) showed the highest affinities for the binding sites of the BTB domains in Keap1, suggesting that these components may modify the interaction of this protein with Nrf2. In addition, when HUVEC cells were exposed to different concentrations of Pinot noir pomace extract (100 µg/mL, 200 µg/mL, and 400 µg/mL), no changes in Nrf2 gene expression were observed. However, the gene expression of HO-1 and NQO1, which are in the signalling pathway of this transcription factor, increased according the concentrations of the extract (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.0084, respectively). In summary, our results show that anthocyanins play a very important role in Nrf2 activation and release, while at the same time not promoting its transcription. These preliminary results strongly suggest that the Pinot noir pomace extract can serve as a potent bioactive component source that protects cells against oxidative stress.
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TEUSDEA, Alin C., Livia BANDICI, Rafał KORDIAKA, Gheorghe E. BANDICI, and Simona I. VICAS. "The Effect of Different Pulsed Electric Field Treatments on Producing High Quality Red Wines." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 45, no. 2 (September 15, 2017): 540–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha45210890.
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The aim of this study was to apply different Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) treatments in the pre-maceration stage of the mash which derives from ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Merlot’ grapes that were harvested in the Crişana-Santimreu vineyard, Romania, in 2016, in order to increase the content of total phenols, flavonoids, monomeric anthocyanin pigment and colour intensity of ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Merlot’ wines. The electrical and mechanical parameters that represent the variables in this experiment were: the distance between the drums, different voltages (7-8 kV), and different frequencies (178-344 Hz). The wines obtained were also analyzed in terms of the antioxidant capacity using two different methods. All PEF treatments applied in the pre-maceration stage resulted in an increase in bioactive compounds content and colour intensification. Of the five PEF treatments tested, the PEF treatment using the distance between the drums of 2.5 mm, U = 8 kV, the frequency f = 344 Hz, pulse durations of 300 s resulted in a wine with a content of total phenols 2 times and 1.5 times higher than the control sample in the case of ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Merlot’, respectively. Also, this type of PEF treatment also resulted in an extraction of the total flavonoids as efficiently as 1.8 times and 1.4 times, respectively, in the case of ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Merlot’, respectively. PEF treatment is a technology suitable for extracting phenols from grapes and so this technology can be used in the food industry to obtain wines rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity.
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Schreiner, R. Paul, and James Osborne. "Potassium Requirements for Pinot noir Grapevines." American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 71, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2019.19043.
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Nicholas, Kimberly A. "Will We Still Enjoy Pinot Noir?" Scientific American 312, no. 1 (December 16, 2014): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0115-60.
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Vezzulli, Silvia, Lorena Leonardelli, Umberto Malossini, Marco Stefanini, Riccardo Velasco, and Claudio Moser. "Pinot blanc and Pinot gris arose as independent somatic mutations of Pinot noir." Journal of Experimental Botany 63, no. 18 (October 23, 2012): 6359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers290.
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de Rosas, Inés, Leonor Deis, Yésica Baldo, Juan B. Cavagnaro, and Pablo F. Cavagnaro. "High Temperature Alters Anthocyanin Concentration and Composition in Grape Berries of Malbec, Merlot, and Pinot Noir in a Cultivar-Dependent Manner." Plants 11, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11070926.
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Climate is determinant for grapevine geographical distribution, berry attributes, and wine quality. Due to climate change, a 2–4 °C increase in mean diurnal temperature is predicted by the end of the century for the most important Argentine viticulture region. We hypothesize that such temperature increase will affect color intensity and other quality attributes of red grapes and wines. The present study investigated the effect of high temperature (HT) on anthocyanin concentration and composition, pH, and resveratrol and solids content in berries of three major wine-producing varieties during fruit ripening in two seasons. To this end, a structure that increased mean diurnal temperature by 1.5–2.0 °C at berry sites, compared to Control (C) plants grown without such structure, was implemented in field grown vineyards of Malbec, Merlot, and Pinot Noir. Results revealed a cultivar-dependent response to HT conditions, with Malbec and Pinot Noir berries exhibiting significant decreases in total anthocyanin concentration (TAC) at veraison and harvest, respectively, while Merlot maintained an unaffected pigment content under HT. The decrease in TAC was associated with reduced levels of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin glycosides, and increased ratios of acylated (AA)/non-acylated anthocyanins (NAA), suggesting pigment acylation as a possible stress-response mechanism for attenuating HT negative effects. Under HT, Pinot Noir, which does not produce AA, was the only cultivar with lower TAC at harvest (p < 0.05). pH, resveratrol, and solids content were not affected by HT. Our results predict high, medium, and low plasticity with regard to color quality attributes for Malbec, Merlot, and Pinot Noir, respectively, in the context of climate change.
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Sbraci, Sofia, Linda Salvi, Francesca Paoli, Eleonora Cataldo, Alessandra Zombardo, Sergio Puccioni, Paolo Storchi, and Giovan Battista Mattii. "Interactive effects of biostimulants and water stress on potted Pinot noir grapevines." BIO Web of Conferences 13 (2019): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191303006.
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Seaweeds extracts (SWE) are innovative and non-polluting tools that have become popular as biostimulants. Their effects on Pinot noir water potential, gas exchanges and fruit quality under drought stress and full irrigation were evaluated during the 2017 growing season. Differential irrigations were applied and Pinot Noir grapevines have been sprayed two times at label doses (3 g/L) during the vegetative growth, with the Ascophyllum nodosum exract, starting from veraison. During the season, measurements of single leaf gas exchange and stem water potential were made; moreover parameters of technological maturity (°Brix, acidity, pH) and phenological one were analyzed. The inhibition of gas exchange and increase of stomatal limitation induced by drought stress were not reduced by SWE where A.nodosum had positive effects on midday stem water potential. Under full irrigation SWE increased leaf gas exchange. No particular effect was observed on the technological parameters after the treatment. The application of the seaweed extract improved polyphenols accumulation in stressed theses, increasing wine grapes quality. A.nodosum can be useful to reduce negative effects of abiotic stress such lack of water and to improve polyphenols content in grapes, especially in genotypes with a limited phenolic profile like Pinot Noir variety.
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Maia, Marisa, António E. N. Ferreira, Gonçalo Laureano, Ana Patrícia Marques, Vukosava M. Torres, Anabela Bernardes Silva, Ana Rita Matos, Carlos Cordeiro, Andreia Figueiredo, and Marta Sousa Silva. "Vitis vinifera ‘Pinot noir’ leaves as a source of bioactive nutraceutical compounds." Food & Function 10, no. 7 (2019): 3822–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8fo02328j.
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Brooks, Larry M., Benjamin J. Kuhlman Kuhlman, Doug W. McKesson, and Leo McCloskey. "Poor Interoperability of the Adams-Harbertson Method for Analysis of Anthocyanins: Comparison with AOAC pH Differential Method." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 96, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.12-216.
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Abstract The poor interoperability of anthocyanin glycosides measurements by two pH differential methods is documented. Adams-Harbertson, which was proposed for commercial winemaking, was compared to AOAC Official MethodSM 2005.02 for wine. California bottled wines (Pinot Noir, Merlot, and Cabernet Sauvignon) were assayed in a collaborative study (n = 105), which found mean precision of Adams- Harbertson winery versus reference measurements to be 77 ± 20%. Maximum error is expected to be 48% for Pinot Noir, 42% for Merlot, and 34% for Cabernet Sauvignon from reproducibility RSD. Range of measurements was actually 30 to 91% for Pinot Noir. An interoperability study (n = 30) found Adams-Harbertson produces measurements that are nominally 150% of the AOAC pH differential method. Large analytical chemistry differences are: AOAC method uses Beer-Lambert equation and measures absorbance at pH 1.0 and 4.5, proposed a priori by Flueki and Francis; whereas Adams-Harbertson uses “universal” standard curve and measures absorbance ad hoc at pH 1.8 and 4.9 to reduce the effects of so-called co-pigmentation. Errors relative to AOAC are produced by Adams-Harbertson standard curve over Beer-Lambert and pH 1.8 over pH 1.0. The study recommends using AOAC Official Method 2005.02 for analysis of wine anthocyanin glycosides.
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Phan, Quynh, Aubrey DuBois, James Osborne, and Elizabeth Tomasino. "Effects of Yeast Product Addition and Fermentation Temperature on Lipid Composition, Taste and Mouthfeel Characteristics of Pinot Noir Wine." Horticulturae 8, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8010052.
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Lipids have important impacts on wine sensory. By targeting the lipid sources in wine, mainly from grape tissues and yeast cell walls, it was possible to alter the wine lipid profile thus potentially changing the final product quality. This research examined the changes of wine total lipids, lipid composition and sensory characteristics of Pinot noir wines in response to the winemaking factors, fermentation temperature and yeast product addition. Pinot noir grapes were fermented at 16 °C and 27 °C. After fermentation, Oenolees® yeast product was added to the wines at three levels (0 g/L, 0.5 g/L and 1.0 g/L). The six wine treatments were subjected to chemical analyses measuring total lipids and an untargeted lipidomic approach analyzing lipid composition. High temperature fermentation wines had significantly higher total lipid content. Random forest analysis distinguished the wine groups based on the 25 main lipids, including free fatty acids, acylcarnitines, diglycerides, triglycerides and phospholipids. Taste and mouthfeel characteristics of each treatment were assessed using descriptive analysis and check-all-that-apply (CATA) techniques. Multivariate analyses showed that changing fermentation temperature significantly impacted sweetness and drying perception in Pinot noir wines. Yeast product addition had nuanced effects on wine lipid profiles and sensory perception.
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Mikóczy, N. "Effect of drought damage in vine varieties." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.56.2008.3.9.
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Drought stress caused substantial damage to the certified vineyard examined in Szomód, Hungary, in 2004. The varieties included in the experiment were Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Királyleányka, Pinot Noir and Kékfrankos. Drought caused the greatest deterioration in yield quantity and quality in the varieties Kékfrankos and Királyleányka. The yield was 66% lower and the quality 3 MM° (Hungarian must degrees) lower than that recorded on the control area, which was less severely affected by the drought. In the case of Pinot Noir the soil water-holding capacity (WHC%) was below the critical 15% value, again leading to a decline in yield quantity and sugar concentration, though the difference compared with the control was not as great as for the two former varieties. Although the yield of Chardonnay decreased slightly, the quality improved. This could probably be attributed to the similarly low soil WHC% in the control and drought-struck areas.All in all it could be concluded that all the vine varieties exhibited stress symptoms at a soil WHC of below 30%. The varieties could be divided into three groups on the basis of stress sensitivity, with Királyeányka and Kékfrankos in the most susceptible group, Chardonnay in the moderately susceptible group, and Pinot Noir and Sauvignon Blanc intermediate between the two.
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Delcros, Léa, Teddy Godet, Sylvie Collas, Marion Hervé, Bruno Blondin, and Aurélie Roland. "Identification of a Glycosylated Fraction Involved in Mushroom Off-Flavors in Grapes: Influence of Gray Rot, Powdery Mildew and Crustomyces subabruptus." Molecules 27, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 7306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217306.
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An organoleptic defect, termed fresh mushroom off-flavor and mainly caused by the C8 compounds 1-octen-3-one, 3-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol, has been identified in wines and spirits since the 2000s. The aim of this work was to identify the presence of glycosidic precursors of these C8 compounds and to evaluate the influence of different molds on the glycosylated fractions of three grape varieties. Must samples contaminated by molds (gray rot, powdery mildew and Crustomyces subabruptus) and three levels of attack severity (from healthy to 10–15%) were studied. After a β-glycosidase treatment on Meunier and Pinot noir musts contaminated by Crustomyces subabruptus, 1-octen-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanol were identified by GC-MS, proving the existence of glycosidic fractions in the musts. A Pinot noir must contaminated by Crustomyces subabruptus displayed a 230% increase in the glycosylated fraction responsible for 1-octen-3-one in comparison with an uncontaminated sample. Powdery mildew did not appear to affect the levels of the studied glycosidic fractions in Chardonnay musts. Gray rot on Meunier and Pinot noir musts had opposite effects depending on glycoside type, decreasing the 1-octen-3-one fraction and increasing the 1-octen-3-ol fraction.
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Schreiner, R. Paul, and James Osborne. "Defining Phosphorus Requirements for Pinot noir Grapevines." American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 69, no. 4 (May 29, 2018): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2018.18016.
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Ageyeva, Natalia, Anastasia Tikhonova, Svetlana Biryukova, and Ekaterina Globa. "Study of phenolic compounds and lipids of grape pomace." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 05018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128505018.
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The article is devoted to the research of the makeup of phenolic compounds and fatty acids of grape pomace. The phenolic compounds were identified in skin and seed extracts and in extracts of skin-and-seed mixtures; the fatty acids – in grape oil generated by direct pressing. It was established that anthocyanins were present mainly in the skins. Low concentrations of ten components of the anthocyanin complex were identified in the Saperavi seeds. Maximum amounts of anthocyanins were found in the Saperavi skins. The concentration of quercetin distinguished by a PP-vitamin activity was by 1.5 to 2.0 times higher in the skin-andseed mixtures, especially of Roesler grapes, than in the skin itself. Maximum amounts of flavan-3-ols, hydroxy-cinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids and oligomeric procyanidins, as well as the highest antioxidant activity were observed in the skin-and-seed mixture. The highest value of the correlation factor was observed in cases of interaction of antioxidant activity and concentration of procyanidins (r = 0.83), antioxidant activity and concentration of anthocyanins (r = 0.78), and antioxidant activity and concentration of flavan-3-ols (r = 0.75). Among the flavan-3-ols, it was (+)-D-Catechin that prevailed in grape seeds, with its concentration in the Pinot Noir extract (OAO APF Fanagoria) reaching 468 mg/dm3. Maximum concentration of Epigallocatechin-gallate was observed in the Saperavi and Pinot Noir seeds. As regards the concentration of hydroxy-cinnamic acids in the seeds, n-coumaric acid (Ancellotta, Saperavi) stood apart among the others; gallic acid (Saperavi, Ancellotta) came forward among the hydroxy-benzoic acids. In the reviewed samples of grape seeds, procyanidins of groups В1 , В2 and В3 distinguished by high antioxidant activity prevailed. Prevalence of linoleic and oleic acids was established for grape oil extracted from the seeds of such red grape varieties as Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir and Saperavi. Maximum concentrations of oleic acid were found in the Pinot Noir and Riesling seeds. Palmitic and stearic acids were also available in rather high concentrations in the grape oil.
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Ochmian, Ireneusz, Ludmil Angelov, Piotr Chełpiński, Bojan Stalev, Rafał Rozwarski, and Agnieszka Dobrowolska. "The Characteristics of Fruits Morphology, Chemical Composition and Colour Changes in Must During Maceration of Three Grapevine Cultivars." Journal of Horticultural Research 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2013-0010.
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Abstract The study compares morphology of clusters and fruits, the chemical composition and changes of pulp in the process of maceration of grape cultivars ‘Mavrud’, ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Merlot’. The cultivar ‘Mavrud’ had biggest clusters and fruits. Its fruits were less firm but had the highest acidity while the fruits of the ‘Pinot Noir’ had the highest content of soluble solids and dry matter and the greatest firmness but the lowest acidity and content of nitrites and nitrates. The fruits of the ‘Merlot’ cultivar had the highest content of L-ascorbic acid, nitrites and nitrates. The pulp colour was largely affected by the maceration temperature. During a warm maceration, the process of pulp darkening accelerated and the red colour saturation increased, whereas cold maceration resulted in the blue colour saturation.
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Vršič, Stanko, and Klemen Vršič. "‘Pinore’: The New Red Wine Variety Cross-Bred between ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Regent’ Vines." Plants 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 2666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122666.
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Renewed interest in varieties that are more tolerant to diseases has emerged, which is mainly due to increased awareness by producers and consumers regarding the impact of phytochemicals in the environment. This paper describes the first Slovenian grapevine variety ‘Pinore’ crossed between the Vitis vinifera L. ‘Pinot Noir’ clone Mf and ‘Regent’ vines. The aim was to create an early ripening grape cultivar that has a good tolerance to biotic stress (e.g., downy and powdery mildew, botrytis) combined with the benefits of established cultivars and their intense wine colors. Some ampelographic characteristics of young shoots, mature leaves, bunches, and berries are presented, and its major agronomic traits, ripening time, grape yield, quality performances, and disease resistance were evaluated over a three-year period (2014–2017). Wine sensory analyses were performed and compared with the international variety ‘Pinot Noir’. The examined genotype showed good agronomic performance and a high wine quality as far as the content of polyphenols is concerned, especially in terms of anthocyanins and tolerance to diseases (Ren3/9 and Rpv3.1); it is significantly different compared to the reference variety ‘Pinot Noir’. In terms of ampelographic characteristics, the main differences are in the number of leaf lobes, the depth of the lateral sinuses, and the content of anthocyanins in its flesh. The investigated genotype has been proposed to the Committee of new varieties in Slovenia for the variety recognition procedure, and completion of the procedure planned for the end of 2023.
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Sedláček, Martin, Pavel Pavloušek, Tomáš Lošák, Andrea Zatloukalová, Radek Filipčík, Jaroslav Hlušek, and Monika Vítězová. "The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the content of macro and micro elements in grapevine (Vitis vinifera, L.) leaves." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 1 (2013): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361010187.
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In a two-year field experiment we used leaf analysis to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the content of some macro elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micro elements (Zn, Mn, Fe) in grapevine leaves at the beginning of softening/veraison of grape berries. The contents of the individual elements differed which was caused both by the different varieties of Rulandské modré (Pinot Noir) and Frankovka (Blaufränkisch), and by the effect of the conditions of the year (2010, 2011), and by the actual treatment of the experiment (untreated control, mycorrhizal /AM/ plants). In 2010 the contents of all the nutrients in leaves of the variety Rulandské modré (Pinot Noir) were optimal with the exception of the contents of Ca and Mg in 2011 and content of K in 2010. In the mycorrhizal plants in both years only calcium increased significantly (3.50 % as against 3.29 % and 1.54 % as against 1.31 %, respectively). The contents of micro elements in the variety Rulandské modré (Pinot Noir) fluctuated irregularly; only the content of Mn was higher in the control treatment in both years. The variety Frankovka (Blaufränkisch) showed a small to great Ca deficit in the leaves in both years; in 2010 also a K deficit and in 2011 a deficit in Mg. The contents of N, K and Mn increased significantly in the mycorrhizal treated plants both in 2010 and in 2011.
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Ide, Gilberto Massashi, and Carlos Eugênio Daudt. "EVOLUÇÃO DA COR DURANTE A MATURAÇÃO DAS UVAS TINTAS." Ciência Rural 23, no. 2 (August 1993): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84781993000200020.
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Foram feitos estudos de tonalidade e intensidade de cor na película e na polpa durante o desenvolvimento e a maturação da uva das cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera) e Isabel (Vitis labrusca) nas safras de 1990 e 1991. A tonalidade na película diminuiu acentuadamente no início do desenvolvimento das bagas estabilizando-se após a "veraison". As boas condições climáticas (baixa precipitação pluviométrica e umidade, alta insolação) da safra de 1991 tiveram pouca influência sobre a tonalidade. A intensidade de cor na película aumentou durante a maturação da uva e as condições climáticas de 1991 propiciaram maior intensidade nas cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc e Merlot pouco influindo, no entanto, nas cultivares Pinot Noir e Isabel. Na polpa houve estabilidade da intensidade de cor, porém, a tonalidade apresentou-se variável com tendência a estabilizar-se durante a maturação.
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Hunt, Harriet V., Matthew C. Lawes, Mim A. Bower, John W. Haeger, and Christopher J. Howe. "A banned variety was the mother of several major wine grapes." Biology Letters 6, no. 3 (December 16, 2009): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0810.
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A number of widely grown varieties of Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa , the grape used for wine production, are known to have resulted from crosses between Pinot noir and Gouais blanc, although it is not known which was the maternal parent in these crosses. We have analysed microsatellites and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in chloroplast DNA from these two varieties and twelve progeny strains, including Chardonnay, Gamay noir and Aligoté. The results demonstrate that Gouais blanc was the maternal parent for nine of these strains, including Chardonnay, Gamay noir and Aligoté. This is a striking conclusion, as Gouais is generally considered a highly inferior variety, and its cultivation was banned for many years in parts of Europe.
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Vlastníková, H., K. Moravcová, and M. Pidra. "The RAPD analysis of several cultivars of grapevine (Vitis viniferaL.) and their clones." Horticultural Science 31, No. 4 (November 25, 2011): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3807-hortsci.
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Nine identification RAPD markers (Moravcová et al. 2003) were used to distinguish 24 clones and grapevine cultivars. No polymorphism was detected among all the tested clones of Chardonnay, Pinot gris and Zweigeltrebe from Polešovice. Pinot noir, Pinot gris, Pinot blanc and Pinot Meunier were indistinguishable within clones, they also showed the identical RAPD profile within cultivars (except discussed sample No. 26). On the other hand, Auxerrois as a relative to cultivars of Pinot group showed unique patterns and may be classified as a different cultivar. Some irregularities within the cultivars of Pinot family from Oblekovice were also found, several of them gave different results from those expected: Pinot blanc sample 26 has the RAPD profile typical of Chardonnay. A new abnormal RAPD pattern as a marker of typical Chardonnay and Pinot profiles was observed in two cases. While RAPD banding patterns could not distinguish between the known clones, they were useful for distinguishing between phenotypically similar cultivars and for assessing the origins of cultivars thought to have originated as sports.
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Burzynska, Jo, Qian Janice Wang, Charles Spence, and Susan Elaine Putnam Bastian. "Taste the Bass: Low Frequencies Increase the Perception of Body and Aromatic Intensity in Red Wine." Multisensory Research 32, no. 4-5 (2019): 429–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-20191406.
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Abstract Associations between heaviness and bass/low-pitched sounds reverberate throughout music, philosophy, literature, and language. Given that recent research into the field of cross-modal correspondences has revealed a number of robust relationships between sound and flavour, this exploratory study was designed to investigate the effects of lower frequency sound (10 Hz to 200 Hz) on the perception of the mouthfeel character of palate weight/body. This is supported by an overview of relevant cross-modal studies and cultural production. Wines were the tastants — a New Zealand Pinot Noir and a Spanish Garnacha — which were tasted in silence and with a 100 Hz (bass) and a higher 1000 Hz sine wave tone. Aromatic intensity was included as an additional character given suggestions that pitch may influence the perception of aromas, which might presumably affect the perception of wine body. Intensity of acidity and liking were also evaluated. The results revealed that the Pinot Noir wine was rated as significantly fuller-bodied when tasted with a bass frequency than in silence or with a higher frequency sound. The low frequency stimulus also resulted in the Garnacha wine being rated as significantly more aromatically intense than when tasted in the presence of the higher frequency auditory stimulus. Acidity was rated considerably higher with the higher frequency in both wines by those with high wine familiarity and the Pinot Noir significantly better liked than the Garnacha. Possible reasons as to why the tones used in this study affected perception of the two wines differently are discussed. Practical application of the findings are also proposed.
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Richter, Robert, Susanne Rossmann, Doreen Gabriel, Reinhard Töpfer, Klaus Theres, and Eva Zyprian. "Differential expression of transcription factor- and further growth-related genes correlates with contrasting cluster architecture in Vitis vinifera ‘Pinot Noir’ and Vitis spp. genotypes." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 133, no. 12 (August 18, 2020): 3249–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-020-03667-0.
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Abstract Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is an economically important crop that needs to comply with high quality standards for fruit, juice and wine production. Intense plant protection is required to avoid fungal damage. Grapevine cultivars with loose cluster architecture enable reducing protective treatments due to their enhanced resilience against fungal infections, such as Botrytis cinerea-induced gray mold. A recent study identified transcription factor gene VvGRF4 as determinant of pedicel length, an important component of cluster architecture, in samples of two loose and two compact quasi-isogenic ‘Pinot Noir’ clones. Here, we extended the analysis to 12 differently clustered ‘Pinot Noir’ clones from five diverse clonal selection programs. Differential gene expression of these clones was studied in three different locations over three seasons. Two phenotypically opposite clones were grown at all three locations and served for standardization. Data were correlated with the phenotypic variation of cluster architecture sub-traits. A set of 14 genes with consistent expression differences between loosely and compactly clustered clones—independent from season and location—was newly identified. These genes have annotations related to cellular growth, cell division and auxin metabolism and include two more transcription factor genes, PRE6 and SEP1-like. The differential expression of VvGRF4 in relation to loose clusters was exclusively found in ‘Pinot Noir’ clones. Gene expression studies were further broadened to phenotypically contrasting F1 individuals of an interspecific cross and OIV reference varieties of loose cluster architecture. This investigation confirmed PRE6 and six growth-related genes to show differential expression related to cluster architecture over genetically divergent backgrounds.
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Stefanini, M., F. Iacono, L. De Micheli, and D. Porro. "ADAPTABILITY OF PINOT NOIR CLONES TO DIFFERENT ALTITUDES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 388 (April 1995): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1995.388.10.
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Casutt, Monica, and Peter Dürr. "Perception of alcohol in a Pinot Noir wine." Food Quality and Preference 4, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-3293(93)90366-e.
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Lamboy, Warren F., Christopher A. Alpha, and David V. Peterson. "Unknown Cultivars of Cold-hardy Grape Can Be Successfully Identified by Their Simples Sequence Repeat (SSR) Fingerprints." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 516d—517. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.516d.
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Simple sequence repeat DNA fragments (SSRs) have been suggested as the method of choice for DNA fingerprinting of grape cultivars. Nevertheless, the use of SSRs as a practical fingerprinting method is not without its pitfalls. For example, when the polymerase chain reaction is used to amplify SSR sequences, potentially confusing “stutter” bands may occur, or there may be non-template directed addition of an “A” to the end of synthesized fragments, or other artifactual amplification products may be produced. Since we would like to fingerprint our entire cold-hardy grape collection of ≈1300 cultivars, we decided to conduct a blind test to determine if SSR fingerprinting actually would be practical in our circumstances. First, SSR fingerprints were established for 45 commercially important cool-climate grape cultivars, the known standards. Then, SSR fingerprints were produced for 44 “unknown” cultivars grown in the Finger Lakes Region of New York. The identities of these were known only to the third author. To independently identity these “unknowns,” their fingerprints were compared to those of the known standards. By this means, 42 of the 44 “unknowns” were immediately correctly identified. The identity of one of the two remaining unknowns was truly not known to the vineyard owner; it was identified as Cabernet Franc, a grape commonly grown in the region. The final “unknown” was a plant of Pinot Blanc, whose fingerprint matched those of both the known and the unknown Pinot Gris and Pinot Noir plants, but did not match that of the Pinot Blanc plants used as standards. This was surprising, since all three Pinot's varieties are simply fruit color mutants of the same genotype. Further investigation revealed that the known plants of “Pinot Blanc” had been misidentified, and actually were the cultivar Melon. Thus, identification of the “unknown” Pinot Blanc as Pinot Noir or Pinot Gris was correct, as were the identifications of the 43 other `unknowns.” This study confirmed that SSR fingerprinting is a practical method for identifying cool-climate grape cultivars.
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André, Marie, Soizic Lacampagne, Audrey Barsacq, Etienne Gontier, Melina Petrel, Laurence Mercier, Diane Courot, and Laurence Gény-Denis. "Physical, Anatomical, and Biochemical Composition of Skins Cell Walls from Two Grapevine Cultivars (Vitis vinifera) of Champagne Region Related to Their Susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea during Ripening." Horticulturae 7, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100413.
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This work investigated the structural, biochemical, and molecular characteristics of grape skin cell wall during ripening, related to susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. The comparative study between the two main grape cultivars in Champagne region, Pinot noir and Chardonnay, quantified: (1) the maturity and physical profile of grape skin; (2) the morphological characteristics; (3) soluble pectic polysaccharides located in grape skin cell walls; and (4) the gene expression of the two main degrading enzymes (VvPME1 and VvPG1) and PME activity. During the maturation period, the grape skins of the two cultivars appear different in their structure and composition. Chardonnay is characterized by higher relative humidity (RH) and level of VvPG1 expression, lower disease incidence and penetrometry values, and thicker cell walls than Pinot noir skins. Thus, the cell wall composition is sufficiently different between grape varieties from the same area to allow their discrimination and could be used to better manage the harvest date.
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Velicevici, Giancarla, Emilian Madoşă, Adriana Ciulca, Sorin Ciulca, Mihaela Mălăescu, Eleonora Nistor, and Carmen Beinsan. "RESEARCH ON THE VARIABILITY OF YIELD COMPONENTS IN SOME GRAPEVINE VARIETIES FOR RED WINES." Current Trends in Natural Sciences 10, no. 19 (July 31, 2021): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2021.v10i19.039.
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Research was conducted during two growing seasons (2017-2018) in Miniş-Măderat vineyard. The study aimed to evaluate the variability of several red wine grape varieties in order to highlight their main qualitative and quantitative parameters. In the research were involved the morphological parameters: the number of bunches on the vine, the bunch weight, the number of berries in the bunch and the grape yield on the vine. The highest bunches number /vine registered Merlot variety (30.24), while Burgund variety recorded the lowest values (17.76). Burgund variety recorded the highest bunch average weight (119.57 g) while Pinot Noir recorded the lowest value (87.18 g).Merlot variety recorded the highest number of berries/bunch,(111.36) and the lower value was recorded by the Pinot Noir ( 82.36).The Merlot variety achieved a significantly higher production than the other varieties during both growing seasons (3600.87g). The conditions of 2018 growing season had a very significant positive influence on the grape yield/ vine.
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Mlček, Jiří, Anna Adámková, Soňa Škrovánková, Martin Adámek, and Monika Ontrášová. "Comparison of antioxidant activity, content of polyphenols and flavonoids in liturgical and common wines." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1030.
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This article deals with the comparison of biologically active substances (antioxidant capacity, content of polyphenols and flavonoids) in samples of common and liturgical wines. For determination were chosen these varieties Pinot Noir, Red Traminer and Chardonnay. The total content of polyphenols and flavonoids were found by visible diode array spectrophotometer. For determination of total antioxidant capacity was used the DPPH test. Results of this paper did not prove a general difference between liturgical and common wines, although between individual samples a statistically significant difference was found. Furthermore, the results show considerably higher values of biologically active substances in red wines Pinot Noir against white wine Red Traminer and Chardonnay – the total antioxidant capacity was considerably in excess of values up to 30 times, the total content of polyphenols up to 50 times and the total content of flavonoids up to 50 times. From the content of biologically active substances point of view, the red wine is recommended for human health.
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Mawdsley, Paul, Jean Dodson Peterson, and L. Casassa. "Agronomical and Chemical Effects of the Timing of Cluster Thinning on Pinot Noir (Clone 115) Grapes and Wines." Fermentation 4, no. 3 (July 31, 2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4030060.
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A two-year study was performed to evaluate the effects of the timing of cluster thinning on Pinot noir grapes and wines in the central coast of California. Vines were thinned to one cluster per shoot at three selected time-points during the growing season, and fruit was harvested and made into wine. No consistent effect of cluster thinning was found in wine phenolic profile or color across a cool (2016) and a warm (2017) growing season. The growing season had a more significant effect than the cluster thinning treatment for most parameters measured. There was no detectable overall sensory difference between the non-thinned control wines and any of the thinned treatment wines. Based on current results, Pinot noir vineyards on the central coast of California can support crop loads that result in Ravaz Index values from 3 to 6 without concern for impacting ripening potential or negatively affecting fruit composition.
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Blank, Magali, Sabrina Samer, and Manfred Stoll. "Grapevine rootstock genotypes influences berry and wine phenolic composition (<i>Vitis vinifera </i> L. cv. Pinot noir)." OENO One 56, no. 1 (February 7, 2022): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.1.4459.
Full textAbstract:
Grapevine rootstocks can affect the nitrogen (N) status of the grafted plant due to discrepancies in their nutrient uptake and their efficiency in the allocation of assimilates. When N becomes a limiting factor, the production of phenolic compounds in grapes is enhanced as a result of a down-regulation of the flavonoid production pathway. However, it is still not fully understood if the impact of rootstocks on fruit and wine composition is mediated by their effect on the vegetative growth and N status of the scion. The main objective of the study was to test if rootstock influence on Pinot noir berry and wine phenolic composition could be related to the N status of the scion. An investigation was carried out on Pinot noir (Vitis vinifera L.) vines grafted onto six rootstocks over three vintages (2012–2014). A micro-scale fermentation technique was used to produce wines from each field replicate. Scions grafted onto SO4, a high vigour rootstock, were characterised by a 15 % higher tannin concentration in berry seed and skin compared to those grafted onto the low vigour Riparia Gloire de Montpellier, while final tannin concentration in wines depended on the rootstock. Anthocyanin concentration was higher in berries of Pinot noir grafted onto R110 compared to 125AA, which was also reflected in the wines. A Multiple Linear Regression analysis suggested that rootstock influence on berry anthocyanins was linked to the N status of scion leaves (higher Leaf NBI_R). Understanding the interaction between the N uptake efficiency of rootstocks and scion berry/wine phenolic composition will help improve the selection of suitable rootstocks that match the desired wine profile.
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Brooks, Larry, Leo McCloskey, Doug Mckesson, and Marshall Sylvan. "Adams-Harbertson Protein Precipitation-Based Wine Tannin Method Found Invalid." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 91, no. 5 (September 1, 2008): 1090–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/91.5.1090.
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Abstract The poor precision of the Adams-Harbertson wine tannin assay which was proposed for commercial winemaking, thereby creating the real possibility of quality control problems, is documented. The method is a version of the Hagerman and Butler protein precipitation-based tannin method. An extensive invalidation of the assay results with luxury wine data shows that the assay cannot distinguish bottled wine with reasonable accuracy. Five laboratories used Adams-Harbertson to assay 9 replicates each, of 3 bottled wines (n 135) found in California supermarkets, with tannin concentrations of nominally 500 and 1000 ppm by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Reliability exceeded the 5 industry requirement by nominally 5 times (z-score based on 5 distribution). Coefficient of variation was 27, making the standard deviation range 54 for Pinot Noir, 34 for Merlot, and 44 for Cabernet Sauvignon. Validity exceeded the 100 requirement. Intralaboratory validity recovery was 5563. Interwinery validity was 71178 of the mean for Pinot Noir, 81144 for Merlot, and 83164 for Cabernet Sauvignon. Range as a function of the mean was 89 for Pinot Noir, 55 for Merlot, and 67 for Cabernet Sauvignon. Expect intermethod validity to be nominally 50, i.e., percent recovery to HPLC. These statistically significant errors were predicted by the literature. First-order error is related to the tannin-protein equilibrium constant (Ka), as suggested by the original author, Hagerman, and the protein equivalence point error as suggested by Silber. This does not obviate second-order errors for tannin-protein analytical chemistry. Winemakers using the measurements risk making wines that are relatively more tannic than the measurements report.
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Хафизова, А. А., and Е. Сартори. "New resistant grape varieties ‘Pinot Iskra’, ‘Kersus’, ‘Pinot Kors’, ‘Volturnis’." Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, no. 1(119) (March 24, 2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2022.53.62.003.
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С 2006 года Виваи Кооперативи Раушедо начали плодотворное сотрудничество с Университетом Удине и Институтом Прикладной Геномики с целью обеспечить виноградарей новыми сортами винограда, устойчивыми к самым опасным грибным заболеваниям. В 2020 году в Национальном реестре сортов Италии были зарегистрированы 4 новых технических сорта винограда, полученных в результате скрещиваний сортов Пино блан и Пино нуар с донорами устойчивости. Исследования показали, что новые сорта Пино Искра, Керсус, Пино Корс и Волтурнис обладают превосходными хозяйственно-ценными характеристиками, а вина из этих сортов сопоставимы или превышают качество родительских сортов. In 2006 the Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo started a fruitful collaboration with the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Genomics with the aim of providing vine-growers with new wine grape varieties resistant to the most dangerous fungal diseases. In 2020 four new resistant wine grape varieties were registered in the Italian National Register of Varieties, resulting from crosses between ‘Pinot Blanc’ and ‘Pinot Noir’ with resistance donors. The studies show that new varieties ‘Pinot Iskra’, ‘Kersus’, ‘Pinot Kors’ and ‘Volturnis’ have excellent economically valuable characteristics, and their wine quality is comparable to or exceeding the quality of parental varieties.
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Hocquigny, S., F. Pelsy, V. Dumas, S. Kindt, M.-C. Heloir, and D. Merdinoglu. "Diversification within grapevine cultivars goes through chimeric states." Genome 47, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-006.
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Vitis vinifera 'Pinot' clones were analysed at 50 microsatellite loci to assess intravarietal genetic diversity. When analysing leaf tissue DNAs, polymorphism mainly resulted from the appearance of a third allele when two were expected for heterozygous loci in a diploid species. The sequencing of the three microsatellite alleles at two loci has confirmed their simultaneous presence in the leaf tissues. A hypothesis explaining the triallelic profiles at a locus is the presence of a periclinal chimera meristem structure, in which genetically different cell layers coexist. The periclinal chimeric state of two Vitis vinifera 'Pinot gris' clones was confirmed by splitting and analysing the genotypes resulting from L1 and L2 cell layers in progeny derived from self-fertilization, in root tissues, and in plants regenerated from somatic embryogenesis. Prevalence of chimerism in polymorphic clones observed in a collection of 145 accessions belonging to 'Pinot gris', 'Pinot noir', Pinot blanc', 'Pinot meunier', and 'Pinot moure' cultivars was demonstrated. The accumulation of somatic mutations and cell layer rearrangements allowed us to deduce the relationships between the various genotypes and to open a way for understanding the diversification process and the phylogeny in the 'Pinot' group.Key words: microsatellite, diversity, somatic mutation, chimerism, Vitis vinifera L., 'Pinot'.