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Academic literature on the topic 'PINNs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "PINNs"

1

D’Ambrosio, Andrea, Enrico Schiassi, Fabio Curti, and Roberto Furfaro. "Pontryagin Neural Networks with Functional Interpolation for Optimal Intercept Problems." Mathematics 9, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9090996.

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In this work, we introduce Pontryagin Neural Networks (PoNNs) and employ them to learn the optimal control actions for unconstrained and constrained optimal intercept problems. PoNNs represent a particular family of Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) specifically designed for tackling optimal control problems via the Pontryagin Minimum Principle (PMP) application (e.g., indirect method). The PMP provides first-order necessary optimality conditions, which result in a Two-Point Boundary Value Problem (TPBVP). More precisely, PoNNs learn the optimal control actions from the unknown solutions of the arising TPBVP, modeling them with Neural Networks (NNs). The characteristic feature of PoNNs is the use of PINNs combined with a functional interpolation technique, named the Theory of Functional Connections (TFC), which forms the so-called PINN-TFC based frameworks. According to these frameworks, the unknown solutions are modeled via the TFC’s constrained expressions using NNs as free functions. The results show that PoNNs can be successfully applied to learn optimal controls for the class of optimal intercept problems considered in this paper.

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Duñabeitia, Miren K., Susana Hormilla, Isabel Salcedo, and Jose I. Peña. "Ectomycorrhizae synthesized between Pinus radiata and eight fungi associated with Pinns spp." Mycologia 88, no. 6 (November 1996): 897–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1996.12026730.

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Schiassi, Enrico, Mario De Florio, Andrea D’Ambrosio, Daniele Mortari, and Roberto Furfaro. "Physics-Informed Neural Networks and Functional Interpolation for Data-Driven Parameters Discovery of Epidemiological Compartmental Models." Mathematics 9, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9172069.

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In this work, we apply a novel and accurate Physics-Informed Neural Network Theory of Functional Connections (PINN-TFC) based framework, called Extreme Theory of Functional Connections (X-TFC), for data-physics-driven parameters’ discovery of problems modeled via Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). The proposed method merges the standard PINNs with a functional interpolation technique named Theory of Functional Connections (TFC). In particular, this work focuses on the capability of X-TFC in solving inverse problems to estimate the parameters governing the epidemiological compartmental models via a deterministic approach. The epidemiological compartmental models treated in this work are Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR), Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR), and Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered-Susceptible (SEIRS). The results show the low computational times, the high accuracy, and effectiveness of the X-TFC method in performing data-driven parameters’ discovery systems modeled via parametric ODEs using unperturbed and perturbed data.

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Wang, Tianyi, and Xuebin Chi. "The PINNs method discovery to the solution of coupled Wave- Klein-Gordon equations." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1754, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1754/1/012228.

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Song, Chao, Tariq Alkhalifah, and Umair Bin Waheed. "Solving the frequency-domain acoustic VTI wave equation using physics-informed neural networks." Geophysical Journal International 225, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 846–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab010.

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SUMMARY Frequency-domain wavefield solutions corresponding to the anisotropic acoustic wave equation can be used to describe the anisotropic nature of the Earth. To solve a frequency-domain wave equation, we often need to invert the impedance matrix. This results in a dramatic increase in computational cost as the model size increases. It is even a bigger challenge for anisotropic media, where the impedance matrix is far more complex. In addition, the conventional finite-difference method produces numerical dispersion artefacts in solving acoustic wave equations for anisotropic media. To address these issues, we use the emerging paradigm of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to obtain wavefield solutions for an acoustic wave equation for transversely isotropic (TI) media with a vertical axis of symmetry (VTI). PINNs utilize the concept of automatic differentiation to calculate their partial derivatives, which are free of numerical dispersion artefacts. Thus, we use the wave equation as a loss function to train a neural network to provide functional solutions to the acoustic VTI form of the wave equation. Instead of predicting the pressure wavefields directly, we solve for the scattered pressure wavefields to avoid dealing with the point-source singularity. We use the spatial coordinates as input data to the network, which outputs the real and imaginary parts of the scattered wavefields and auxiliary function. After training a deep neural network, we can evaluate the wavefield at any point in space almost instantly using this trained neural network without calculating the impedance matrix inverse. We demonstrate these features on a simple 2-D anomaly model and a 2-D layered model. Additional tests on a modified 3-D Overthrust model and a 2-D model with irregular topography further validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Yang, Liu, Xuhui Meng, and George Em Karniadakis. "B-PINNs: Bayesian physics-informed neural networks for forward and inverse PDE problems with noisy data." Journal of Computational Physics 425 (January 2021): 109913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2020.109913.

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Różycki, H., and E. Strzelczyk. "Free amino acids production by actinomycetes, isolated from soil, rhizosphere, and mycorrhizosphere of pine (Pinns sylvestris L.)." Zentralblatt für Mikrobiologie 141, no. 6 (1986): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0232-4393(86)80032-4.

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Różycki, H., and E. Strzelczyk. "Synthesis of free amino acids by bacteria isolated from soil, rhizosphere, and mycorrhizosphere of pine (Pinns sylvestris L.)." Zentralblatt für Mikrobiologie 140, no. 1 (1985): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0232-4393(85)80025-1.

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Ots, Katri, and Jtiri Rauk. "Influence of Climatic Factors on Annual Rings of Conifers." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 54, no. 7-8 (August 1, 1999): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1999-7-811.

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Abstract Relationships of the width of annual rings of 75-85-year old Pinns sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst, with average monthly temperature, amount of precipitation and a complex climatic indicator developed on their basis was studied against the background of pollution load in the zone influenced by a cement plant and in a control area. Multiple regression analysis (equations with two and three independent variables) showed a significant correlation between precipitation and temperatures with increment, especially for pine: however, the prediction capability of the models is modest, describing usually 35-40% of the variation in radial increment. The calculations suggest that precipitation amounts are more important and temperature parameters less important and can be replaced by one another in the models. A direct correlation with the pollution load can be observed: at probability (P) near zero the coefficients for precipitation were the highest (0.45-0.51) in the area strongly affected by the cement plant and the lowest (0.31 -0.35) in the weakly affected and control areas. In case of spruce shortage of air humidity during summer months was important for increment, especially so in the heavily polluted area.

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Joyner, Karen L., Xiao-Ru Wang, J. Spencer Johnston, H. James Price, and Claire G. Williams. "DNA content for Asian pines parallels New World relatives." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-151.

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This hypothesis is based on an observed correlation between DNA content and thermal regime for fish, zooplankton, salamanders, and some flowering plants. The Asian pine results provided no support for the latitudinal hypothesis; Asian tropical pine species did not have smaller genomes than their temperate or boreal relatives. DNA content of haploid megagametophyte tissue varied from 21.85 pg/C for hard pine Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. to 29.59 pg/C for soft pine Pinus bungeana Zucc. Pinus merkusii Jung. & De Vriese (29.63 pg/C) was the exceptional hard pine, with a genome size larger than many soft pines. The mean DNA content of Asian soft pines exceeded Asian hard pines (Δ 3.22 pg/C), a parallel to the previously reported trends for New World pines. No continental effect was detected. Based on 46 pines species sampled in centers of species diversity in Asian and the New World, soft pines had mean DNA content which exceeded hard pines by 4.97 pg/C.Key words: gymnosperms, conifers, laser flow cytometry, megagametophytes, C values, phylogeny.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PINNs"

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Gear, Annabel Jane. "Holocene vegetation history and the palaeoecology of Pinns sylvestris in north Scotland." Thesis, Durham University, 1989. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1020/.

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Cedergren, Linnéa. "Physics-informed Neural Networks for Biopharma Applications." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185423.

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Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are hybrid models that incorporate differential equations into the training of neural networks, with the aim of bringing the best of both worlds. This project used a mathematical model describing a Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR), to test two possible applications of PINNs. The first type of PINN was trained to predict an unknown reaction rate law, based only on the differential equation and a time series of the reactor state. The resulting model was used inside a multi-step solver to simulate the system state over time. The results showed that the PINN could accurately model the behaviour of the missing physics also for new initial conditions. However, the model suffered from extrapolation error when tested on a larger reactor, with a much lower reaction rate. Comparisons between using a numerical derivative or automatic differentiation in the loss equation, indicated that the latter had a higher robustness to noise. Thus, it is likely the best choice for real applications. A second type of PINN was trained to forecast the system state one-step-ahead based on previous states and other known model parameters. An ordinary feed-forward neural network with an equal architecture was used as baseline. The second type of PINN did not outperform the baseline network. Further studies are needed to conclude if or when physics-informed loss should be used in autoregressive applications.

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Santini, Filippo. "Towards the characterisation of adaptive syndromes of Mediterranean pines: insights through innovative tree phenotyping techniques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668898.

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En aquesta tesi, es van estudiar patrons de variació genètica intraespecífica en caracters funcionals de Pinus halepensis Mill., Pinus nigra Arnold i Pinus sylvestris L. Un conjunt de tècniques de fenotipat ben establertes van ser combinades amb dades de teledetecció obtingudes amb un dron (unmanned aerial vehicle, UAV). Les imatges d’UAV van indicar una diferenciació genètica en estratègies adaptatives de P. halepensis, determinada per la variació en la disponibilitat d'aigua dins la distribució geogràfica de l’espècie. En P. nigra, la diferenciació genètica va ser determinada per les temperatures mínimes anuals. D'altra banda, la disponibilitat d'aigua va tenir una importància marginal com a determinant de la variació intraespecífica en aquesta espècie. Així mateix es va detectar una escassa diferenciació genètica en P. sylvestris en trets relacionats amb l'ús d'aigua. No obstant això, aquesta espècie va presentar una considerable variació plàstica en l'eficiència de l'ús de l'aigua. La informació proporcionada per aquesta tesi és crucial per comprendre la dinàmica futura d'aquestes espècies i emfatitza la vulnerabilitat de P. nigra i P. sylvestris en el context del canvi climàtic A més, els resultats d'aquesta tesi subratllen l'ús d'imatges derivades d'UAVs com potencials eines de fenotipat massiu en espècies forestals.
En esta tesis, se estudió la variación genética intraespecífica de rasgos funcionales de Pinus halepensis Mill., Pinus nigra Arnold y Pinus sylvestris L., combinando técnicas de fenotipado bien establecidas con datos de teledetección obtenidos un dron (unmanned aerial vehicle, UAV). Las imágenes de UAV revelaron una diferenciación genética en estrategias adaptativas de P. halepensis, determinada por la existencia de poblaciones adaptadas a la sequía. En P. nigra, la diferenciación genética fue determinada por las temperaturas mínimas anuales. Por otro lado, la disponibilidad de agua tuvo una importancia marginal como determinante de la variación intraespecifica en esta especie. Asimismo se detectó una escasa diferenciación genética en P. sylvestris en rasgos relacionados con el uso de agua. Sin embargo, esta especie presentó una considerable variación plástica en la eficiencia del uso del agua. La información proporcionada por esta tesis es crucial para comprender la dinámica futura de estas especies y enfatiza la vulnerabilidad de P. nigra y P. sylvestris en el contexto del cambio climático Además, los resultados de esta tesis subrayan el uso de imágenes derivadas de UAVs como potenciales herramientas de fenotipado masivo en especies forestales.
This thesis studied the intra-specific genetic variation in functional traits of Pinus halepensis Mill., Pinus nigra Arnold and Pinus sylvestris L. by combining well-established phenotyping techniques with remote sensing data obtained with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). UAV-imagery revealed a genetic divergence in adaptive strategies in P. halepensis, related to the presence of drought-adapted populations. In P. nigra, genetic variation was related to winter temperatures, while water availability had a weak role as driver of intra-specific divergence. Similarly, a weak genetic differentiation emerged in P. sylvestris in water-related traits, although this species showed high plastic variation in water use efficiency. The information provided by this thesis is crucial to understand the future dynamics of these pines, highlighting the vulnerability of P. nigra and P. sylvestris in the context of climate change. In addition, this thesis provided a strong support for the use of UAV-derived imagery as phenotyping tool in forest species.

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Kuo, Eva Grotkopp. "Genome size evolution, seedling relative growth rate, and invasiveness in pines (Pinus) /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Rautio, Pasi. "Nutrient alterations in Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) under sulphur and heavy metal pollution /." Oulu : Oulun Yliopisto, 2000. http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514257839.

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Lara, S. F. "Taxonomy and genetic variation of pinyon pines (Pinus subsection Cemroides) in the northeast of Mexico." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.653683.

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The group Pinus subsection Cembroides belongs to section Parrya which, together with section Strobus, forms subgenus Strobus, the haploxylon or “soft pines”. There are 14 taxa recognized for Mexico. Eight (Pinus catarinae, P. cembroides, P. culminicola, P. johannis, P. nelsonii, P. pinceana, P. remota and P. cembroides var. bicolor) occur in the Northeast. Two of these species, P. nelsonii and P. pinceana are highly localized and are clearly defined taxonomically on the basis of cone morphology, whereas the other species are often very difficult to delimit. The aim of this thesis is to use a variety of DNA based techniques to study whether the current taxonomy of the group is correct and to analyse the genetic structure of the species and populations. PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis give some evidence for the separation of P. nelsonii and P. pinceana from the other species of pinyon pines, placing them in a different subsection. This distinction was initially based on morphological characters and is now corroborated by chloroplast DNA analysis. There is insufficient variation in the chloroplast genome to elucidate the relationships among the remaining species, suggesting that they have evolved only recently or that they are not distinct taxa. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPD) have been used to investigate the relationship in the 6 remaining taxa. RAPD analysis suggests that P. catarinae is synonymous with P. remota, and that P. johannis should now be treated as P cembroides var. bicolor. Within taxa genetic variation is high and differentiation among populations is low. This suggests that even though species have restricted and isolated distributions gene flow among populations has been sufficient to prevent a dramatic loss of genetic variation.

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Favela, Lara Susana. "Taxonomy and genetic variation of pinyon pines (Pinus subsection Cembroides) in the northeast of Mexico." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14830.

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Clavijo, Érika Manuela Asteria 1986. "Avaliação in vitro da resistência à fratura de raízes dentais fragilizadas reabilitadas com núcleos de preenchimento associados a pinos de fibra de vidro." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290471.

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Orientador: Caio Cezar Randi Ferraz
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T04:14:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clavijo_ErikaManuelaAsteria_M.pdf: 12544846 bytes, checksum: e5ccc90481f71cac564a4038b3f3cc5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Este trabalho avaliou in vitro a resistência à fratura de raízes de incisivos bovinos com 3 espessuras de dentina, nas quais, foram cimentados pinos de fibra de vidro com e sem reembasamento com resina composta. 180 raízes bovinas foram padronizadas em 14 mm. Os espécimes foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com a espessura da parede dentinária: Grupo1 (G1) = 1 milímetro de espessura (n=60); Grupo 2 (G2): 2 milímetros de espessura (n=60) e Grupo Controle (G3)= raízes sem fragilização (n=60). Os 4 mm apicais dos canais radiculares foram selados com Coltosol® e as raízes foram inseridas em um material de moldagem a base de poliéter e resina acrílica para simulação ligamento periodontal. Em seguida, cada grupo foi subdividido em 2 sub-grupos (n=30): raízes que receberam cimentação de pino de fibra de vidro somente (P) e raízes que receberam cimentação com pino reembasado com resina composta (PR). O cimento Relyx ARC ® foi utilizado para cimentação dos retentores intrarradiculares. Os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos ao teste de resistência à fratura em máquina de ensaio com aplicação de carga em ângulo de 135º com o longo eixo do espécime por lingual (n= 90) e por vestibular (n=90). Os valores foram registrados em Newtons (N) submetidos à Análise de variância e teste de Tukey. As fraturas foram avaliadas em microscópio clínico e classificadas quanto à possibilidade de reabilitação pós-fratura em favoráveis e desfavoráveis. O dado obtido deste estudo mostrou não haver diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos avaliados (p>0,05) com relação ao teste de resistência a fratura com forças aplicadas por vestibular. Por lingual, o grupo G1PR apresentou diferença estatística quando comparado aos grupos G2P e G3P (p<0,05). No teste por vestibular, os espécimes do grupo PR que tiveram fratura radicular, tiveram a incidência de fraturas favoráveis em G1: 87,5%, G2: 80% e G3: 83,3%. Por Lingual, o grupo G3PR apresentou fraturas apenas nos núcleos de preenchimento, não havendo fraturas em raiz. O G1PR e o G1P apresentaram 80% dos espécimes com fraturas radiculares, das quais 91,67% e 66,67% foram classificadas como favoráveis. As diferentes espessuras de dentina não interferiram na resistência à fratura, sugerindo que dentes com paredes fragilizadas são passíveis de serem restaurados. No ensaio realizado por Lingual G1PR apresentou maior resistência a fratura. A maioria das fraturas radiculares, ocorridas nas raízes restauradas com pinos de fibra de vidro e núcleos de preenchimento em resina composta, foram consideradas favoráveis
Abstract: The aim of this is study was to evaluate in vitro fracture strength of weakened roots with 3 thicknesses of dentin, in which were cemented fiberglass posts and anatomic fiber posts (fiberglass post with composite resin). 180 freshly extracted bovine incisors were used. The crowns and apices of were sectioned to create the samples with 14 mm of root. The samples were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (G1) = dentin walls with 1 mm thickness (n = 60), Group 2 (G2): dentin walls with 2 mm thickness (n = 60) and Control Group (G3) = roots without weakening (n = 60). 4mm apical root canal was sealed with Coltosol ®, and the samples were inserted into artificial periodontal ligament with an impression material and acrylic resin. Then, each group was divided into two subgroups (n = 30) that received roots luting of glass fiber post only (P) and roots receiving cementing anatomic fiber post (PR). The cement Relyx ARC ® was used for cementation of intracanal retainers. The samples were tested for fracture strength in a universal testing machine with load application angle of 135 degrees with the long axis of the specimen by palate (n = 90) and vestibular (n = 90). The values were recorded in Newtons (N) and statistically analyzed by ANOVA. The fractures were evaluated in clinical microscope and classified after fracture as favorable and unfavorable. Results from this study showed no statistically significant difference among the groups (p > 0.05) to the fracture strength test with forces applied by vestibular. On the lingual face there was statistically significant difference between groups G1PR and G1P when compared to CPR (p< 0.05). On the vestibular face the specimens restored with anatomic post that had root fracture from groups G1, G2 and G3 had the incidence of favorable fractures in 87.5%, 80% and 83.3% of the cases. By lingual the CPR group had fractures only in filling cores, with no root fractures. The G1PR and G1P showed 80% of specimens with root fractures, of which 91.67% and 66.67% were classified as favorable. The different thicknesses of dentin did not affect the fracture strength, suggesting that teeth with weakened walls are easily restorable. By Lingual. The anatomic post showed higher resistance to fracture. Most root fractures, when occur in teeth restored with fiberglass posts are considered favorable
Mestrado
Endodontia
Mestra em Clínica Odontológica

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Rautio, P. (Pasi). "Nutrient alterations in Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) under sulphur and heavy metal pollution." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2000. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514257839.

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Abstract In this study, mineral nutrition and its relation to the vigour of Scots pines growing under the influence of sulphur, copper and nickel stress were investigated. This was done by analysing the nutrient status and needle damage of pines along a pollution transect extending from the proximity of a large S, Cu and Ni emitters on the Kola Peninsula to a background area in Finnish Lapland. Additionally, pine seedlings were exposed to Cu and Ni stress in order to gain more detailed information about the mechanisms behind metal stress. The total sulphur concentrations of the youngest needles in the vicinity of the largest point source were about double compared to those in the reference area (< 800 mg in kg of dry needles vs. > 1900 mg kg-1). In the case of Cu and Ni, this difference was close to 100-fold (from 2-3 mg kg-1 to over 250 mg kg-1). While the elevated sulphur concentrations were not attributable to particle deposition, the particles on needle surfaces raised the total concentrations of Cu and Ni occasionally over 1.5-fold compared to the inside concentrations. The Mn and Zn concentrations showed a decreasing trend, whereas K and P slightly increased towards the Monchegorsk smelters. Enhanced needle senescence and tip necrosis were related to high total foliar levels of Cu, Ni and S and low levels of Zn and Mn. Stomatal chlorosis and other discolourations showed a distinct relation to high SO2 levels in the air and also to high foliar concentrations of Ca, Fe, Si and Cl. Particles deposited on needle surfaces did not cause directly visible injuries in pines. In seedlings, Cu and Ni were enriched in roots: the Ni concentration was up to 16-fold and the Cu concentration 6-fold compared to that added into the soil. While Cu was mostly retained in roots, Ni had much easier access to foliage. The effect of metal stress on other nutrients varied between nutrients, plant parts and metals added. Soil analyses from both the field study and the seedling experiment gave mostly a weak estimation about the plant availability of nutrients. Foliar nutrients remained above the deficiency limits in all studies and were hence not the primary cause for the decrease of pine vigour and the consequent growth retardation and forest decline.

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Wells, Karen E. "Development of a Laboratory Protocol for the Micropropagation of Monterey Pines (Pinus Radiata), Año Nuevo Stand." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/76.

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Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), a native tree to California and two Mexican islands, is important both ecologically and economically. Outside native stands, Monterey pines are grown for landscaping in California and on plantations around the world. Pitch canker, a disease caused by the fungus Gibberella circinata Nirenberg & O’Donnell (Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg and O'Donnell) is threatening the survival of Monterey pines. The disease currently affects Monterey pines in many parts of the world including the native stands. No effective chemical or biological control is available but some Monterey pines show resistance to the disease. The purpose of this project was to develop a working protocol for producing genetic clones of the resistant pines through micropropagation. These genetic clones will be used for outplanting in places outside the native stands for ornamental and plantation purposes. This project analyzes the results of ten trials with varied parameters and bases the final protocol on the parameters used in the trial that induces the growth of new shoots. The final protocol developed in this project describes, step-by-step, the media preparation for the initiation, plant material collection, surface sterilization of plant material, plating in media and initiation of shoots on explants. The protocol calls for collecting shoot tips with hardened buds that have not yet elongated, then washing the shoot tips in sterile water with Tween 20 for 15 minutes. The shoots tips are then surface sterilized in a 50% bleach solution for 20 minutes. The explants are broken into disks (to minimize damage to the cells) by inserting the tip of a scalpel and tilting it slightly. The initiation media shown to induce growth consists of ½ strength LePoivre basal salt mixture, 5mg/L benzylaminopurine, 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar and is adjusted to a pH of 5.7, then autoclaved for 20 minutes. The explants are inserted into solidified media and incubated in a growth chamber programmed for 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark with temperatures of 27ºC and 22ºC and light irradiance of 80µEm-2s-1. After 1 month the protocol calls for transferring the growing shoots to elongation media with full LP basal salts and transferring every month. When the number of desired shoots has been reached the forthcoming protocol for rooting can be followed.

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Books on the topic "PINNs"

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Roots, Hilary. Ile des pins ... un Eden austral = Isle of pines ... an austral Eden. Noumea [New Caledonia]: Editions Solaris, 1999.

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Todd, Christine. Pins. [New York]: Red Anemone Books, 2010.

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Whispering Pines. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1994.

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Silvano, Agostini, and Buonocore Marco, eds. Pinna Vestinorum. Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2010.

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Sutiara, Nia. Pondok pinus. Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia, 2003.

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Border pinks. Portland, Or: Timber Press, 1994.

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Dean, Will. Dark pines. London: Point Blank, 2018.

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Dunbar, Robert. The pines. New York: Leisure, 2008.

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Felton, Joanna. Bending pines. Anstey: Thorpe, 1990.

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Ginta, Gerharde-Upeniece, and Valsts Mākslas muzejs (Latvia), eds. Rūdolfs Pinnis. [Rīga]: Valsts Mākslas muzejs, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "PINNs"

1

Humphrey, Brian E. "Pinus (Pinaceae) – Pines." In The Bench Grafter’s Handbook, 431–38. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315171463-46.

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Chambel, Maria Regina, Jose Climent, Christian Pichot, and Fulvio Ducci. "Mediterranean Pines (Pinus halepensis Mill. and brutia Ten.)." In Forest Tree Breeding in Europe, 229–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6146-9_5.

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Plomion, C., D. Chagné, D. Pot, S. Kumar, P. L. Wilcox, R. D. Burdon, D. Prat, et al. "Pines." In Forest Trees, 29–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34541-1_2.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Pinna." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 915. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14504.

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Wang, Hua, Zhiyun Ouyang, Weiping Chen, Xiaoke Wang, and Hua Zheng. "Transpiration Characteristics of Chinese Pines (Pinus tabulaeformis) in an Urban Environment." In Ecological Research Monographs, 57–71. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54819-5_4.

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Ilankovan, Velupillai, Madan Ethunandan, and Tian Ee Seah. "Auricle/Pinna." In Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction, 187–216. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08479-4_9.

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Lim, T. K. "Pinus koraiensis." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants, 297–303. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_38.

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Lim, T. K. "Pinus pinea." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants, 304–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_39.

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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Pinus spp." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 1865. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_1047.

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Cope, David. "Pines Point." In On the Bridge, 8. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4830-9_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "PINNs"

1

Cai, Shengze, Zhicheng Wang, Chryssostomos Chryssostomidis, and George Em Karniadakis. "Heat Transfer Prediction With Unknown Thermal Boundary Conditions Using Physics-Informed Neural Networks." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20159.

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Abstract Simulating convective heat transfer using traditional numerical methods requires explicit definition of thermal boundary conditions on all boundaries of the domain, which is almost impossible to fulfill in real applications. Here, we address this ill-posed problem using machine learning techniques by assuming that we have some extra measurements of the temperature at a few locations in the domain, not necessarily located on the boundaries with the unknown thermal boundary condition. In particular, we employ physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to represent the velocity and temperature fields while simultaneously enforce the Navier-Stokes and energy equations at random points in the domain. In PINNs, all differential operators are computed using automatic differentiation, hence avoiding discretization in either space or time. The loss function is composed of multiple terms, including the mismatch in the velocity and temperature data, the boundary and initial conditions, as well as the residuals of the Navier-Stokes and energy equations. Here, we develop a data-driven strategy based on PINNs to infer the temperature field in the prototypical problem of convective heat transfer in flow past a cylinder. We assume that we have just a couple of temperature measurements on the cylinder surface and a couple more temperature measurements in the wake region, but the thermal boundary condition on the cylinder surface is totally unknown. Upon training the PINN, we can discover the unknown boundary condition while simultaneously infer the temperature field everywhere in the domain with less than 5% error in the Nusselt number prediction. In order to assess the performance of PINN, we carried out a high fidelity simulation of the same heat transfer problem (with known thermal boundary conditions) by using the high-order spectral/hp-element method (SEM), and quantitatively evaluated the accuracy of PINN’s prediction with respect to SEM. We also propose a method to adaptively select the location of sensors in order to minimize the number of required temperature measurements while increasing the accuracy of the inference in heat transfer.

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Fuchi, Kazuko W., Eric M. Wolf, David S. Makhija, Nathan A. Wukie, Christopher R. Schrock, and Philip S. Beran. "Investigation of Analysis and Gradient-Based Design Optimization Using Neural Networks." In ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2020-2241.

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Abstract Design optimization of adaptive systems requires a robust analysis method that can accommodate various changes in design and boundary conditions. In this work, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are used to approximate solutions to differential equations across a range of problem parameter values. This mesh-free method simply requires residual evaluation at sampling points within the analysis domain and along boundaries, and the training process does not require any reference problem to be solved through conventional solution methods. The trained model can be used to predict the solution field, conduct parameter space analysis and design optimization. Using automatic differentiation, the design objective and their derivatives can be computed as a post process for a gradient-based design optimization. The method is demonstrated in a 1D heat transfer problem governed by the steady-state heat equation. Use of the PINN model for design optimization is illustrated in a problem of finding a material transition location to minimize temperature at a specified location. The PINN model that does not include problem parameters as input can be trained to within 0.05% error. PINN models that involve problem parameters as inputs are more difficult to train, especially when the input-to-output relationship is complex.

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Brun, Sophie. "Pings." In ACM SIGGRAPH 98 Electronic art and animation catalog. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/281388.281969.

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Bungale, Prashanth P., and Chi-Keung Luk. "PinOS." In the 3rd international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1254810.1254830.

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Erdyneeva, S. A., V. G. Shiretorova, and L. D. Radnaeva. "CONTENT OF PHENOL COMPOUNDS OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS, PINUS SIBIRICA, PINUS PUMILA POLLEN." In 90 лет - от растения до лекарственного препарата: достижения и перспективы. Москва: Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт лекарственных и ароматических растений", 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52101/9785870191003_2021_335.

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Shirota, Kenichiro, Roshan Lalintha Peiris, and Kouta Minamizawa. "Altered pinna." In UbiComp '19: The 2019 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3341163.3347725.

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Kirton, Travis, Hideaki Ogawa, Christa Sommerer, and Laurent Mignonneau. "PINS." In Proceeding of the 16th ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1459359.1459531.

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Lv, Chengqun, and Baoling Huang. "Stem Tissue Culture of Pinus elliottii × Pinus caribaea." In 2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology (iCBEB). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbeb.2012.366.

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Oset, E., M. J. Vicente Vacas, and C. García Recio. "Pions in Nuclei." In International Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814538619.

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Fuhrer, Andreas. "Photoproduction of neutral pions." In 6th International Workshop on Chiral Dynamics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.086.0054.

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Reports on the topic "PINNs"

1

E.H. Seabury. PINS-3X Operations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1111014.

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E.H. Seabury. PINS Variance study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1107265.

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Robertson, Marvin D. Ported-Coax Interior Sensor (PINTS). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada198248.

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A.J. Caffrey. PINS Spectrum Identification Guide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1070121.

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Arno, Stephen F., and Raymond J. Hoff. Silvics of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/int-gtr-253.

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Pettit, Chris, and D. Wilson. A physics-informed neural network for sound propagation in the atmospheric boundary layer. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41034.

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We describe what we believe is the first effort to develop a physics-informed neural network (PINN) to predict sound propagation through the atmospheric boundary layer. PINN is a recent innovation in the application of deep learning to simulate physics. The motivation is to combine the strengths of data-driven models and physics models, thereby producing a regularized surrogate model using less data than a purely data-driven model. In a PINN, the data-driven loss function is augmented with penalty terms for deviations from the underlying physics, e.g., a governing equation or a boundary condition. Training data are obtained from Crank-Nicholson solutions of the parabolic equation with homogeneous ground impedance and Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for the effective sound speed in the moving atmosphere. Training data are random samples from an ensemble of solutions for combinations of parameters governing the impedance and the effective sound speed. PINN output is processed to produce realizations of transmission loss that look much like the Crank-Nicholson solutions. We describe the framework for implementing PINN for outdoor sound, and we outline practical matters related to network architecture, the size of the training set, the physics-informed loss function, and challenge of managing the spatial complexity of the complex pressure.

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Echt, Craig, and Sedley Josserand. DNA fingerprinting sets for four southern pines. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-rn-24.

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Echt, Craig, and Sedley Josserand. DNA fingerprinting sets for four southern pines. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-rn-24.

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Hughes, T. H. FPIN2 analysis of metal fueled pins. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/712138.

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Smith, Richard. Xylem monoterpenes of pines: distribution, variation, genetics, function. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-177.

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