Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pink architecture'

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-61).
At first glance, the city of Worcester is not unique. Like so many other New England cities, the traces of its industrial past are visible at every turn: from the early high-rise buildings in the downtown area, to the canals which run through the city, to the seemingly endless supply of bulky brick factories and the worker housing which surrounds them. Upon further investigation, however, Worcester, as with all places, is revealed to be filled with very specific, and indeed unique, histories and memories. Regrettably, in Worcester and so many of these other industrial cities, while many physical remnants remain, the spirit and energy they once provided have disappeared, much like the industries themselves. This disappearance has created a void in the cultural fabric of the area, leveling our experiences within cities and flattening the distinctions between them. Within Worcester, the neighborhood of Main south is indicative of this shift. Home to both universities and corset makers, for decades MainSouth held a singular position in Worcester's civic landscape - a place where higher education and the working classes mixed. After the loss of industry, however, the neighborhood disintegrated and any previous coherence disappeared. By utilizing forces already at work in the site, this thesis will attempt to promote a new understanding of Main south, one that re-establishes the neighborhood's identity as a place where different sectors of society can mix. Working with both existing building typologies and existing programmatic uses, a restructuring of portions of Main Street will be proposed as a new focal point for communal activity in the neighborhood.
by Matthew Joseph Simitis.
M.Arch.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-70).
A high resolution reconfigurable mold has been sought after for over 150 years. An ideal reconfigurable mold would be capable of producing detailed surfaces for use in molding and be capable of fast surface reconfiguration. Such a device would combine the fast speed and repeatability of formative processes, like injection molding, with the flexibility of additive processes, like 3D printing. An affordable, high resolution, reconfigurable mold could be a practical tool for a lean, short-run shop or factory, serving as a resin mold, fixturing surface or concrete formwork; to name only a few possible applications. Resembling the common pin art toy, a discrete element pin bed has often been proposed as a design for a reconfigurable mold. Conventional actuation strategies are often cumbersome and expensive, due to the quadratic increase in number of pin elements with increasing surface resolution. Very few designs exist that are capable of producing a reconfigurable pin array at sufficiently high resolution to compete with the cost of making a fixed geometry mold. A practical pin tool, an inexpensive but high resolution molding tool, could be an asset to shops and small business everywhere, but nothing like this currently exists. This thesis presents a concise design strategy, backed up by analytical arguments and empirical evidence which can used to construct an affordable, high resolution reconfigurable pin tool. We address the challenge of quadratic scaling by edge-addressing simple, nonlinear mechanisms to actuate each pin. Edge addressing, along rows and columns of pins, reduces the number of control inputs to a small, linearly increasing value. Nonlinear mechanisms at each discrete pin site allow for a predictable, localized expression of the edge addressed inputs. Two embodiments of this design strategy are proposed and tested. First, a diode/resistive heater array allows for electrical edge addressing and control of a fusible alloy brake to grip or release targeted, sliding pins. Second, an array of screws is edge addressed by mechanical oscillations to generate nonlinear tangential forces in targeted screws, resulting in controllable screw translations. We conclude by summarizing our results and discuss directions for future work.
by Benjamin J. Peters.
S.M.

Thèse (D.Sc.Env.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2007.
La p. de t. porte en outre: Thèse présentée à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi et l'Université du Québec à Montréal comme exigence partielle du doctorat en sciences de l'environnement. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. 140-141. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

This dissertation focuses on basic documentation within an idiographic circumstance. The documenting object is dwelling courtyards in Ancient City of Ping Yao (ACPY). It explores the former similar documentation efforts and introduces the author’s own proposed documentation methodology, and follows up the later application of the methodology, and finally assesses itself. This process provided a meaningful reference sample to other practical documentation work. To better introduce the documentation methodology, the dissertation also talks about Ping Yao dwelling courtyards in detail. If the reader is interested in local residential architectures, this dissertation will be helpful. Besides referring significance of documentation method exploring, the documentation also involves deeply into ACPY’s conservation affairs, which is mainly concluded in appendix. To introduce the factors influencing this event of conservation career, this dissertation can be a record to ACPY’s conservation development in the transferring times, which can lead people who are interested to have a better understanding what is going on at the implementation level.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

The project is an investigation of the development of architectural space through drawing. The aim is to arrive at a design through the use of a graphic novel. The building has three programmes that augment the current conditions of the context. A motorcycle workshop and showroom; a boxing academy, and short term accommodation [apartments]. If fiction is really an invented reality, then protagonists are interpretations of projected contexts. The use of a comic offers a subjective perspective of design, as well as the ability to explore spaces where architecture is a backdrop. This is similar to the use of architecture in film. Parallel to the progression of the storyline, the process of illustrating the scenes forms the platform for the development of the architectural design.
Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted

Prominin-1 is a lipid raft–associated, cholesterol-binding membrane glycoprotein selectively associated with plasma membrane protrusions and extracellular vesicles derived therefrom. Despite its worldwide use for stem cell isolation and its clinical importance in cancer-initiating cells and photoreceptor morphogenesis the function of prominin-1 remains elusive. This prompted me to investigate its role in the architecture and dynamics of microvilli and primary cilia at the apical plasma membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Therefore, stably transfected cell lines were established expressing human prominin-1 splice variant 1 or 2. Upon the overexpression of prominin-1 the number of individual microvilli and clusters of them increased significantly. I also noticed alterations in their architecture, i.e. branching microvilli. Fascinatingly, two point mutations (Pro37→Ala and Tyr41→Ser) in the ganglioside GM1-binding motif of prominin-1 increased the number of branched microvilli and generated irregular ones with knob-like structures at their tip. Additionally, the release of prominin-1+ vesicles was impaired. Interestingly, both phenotypes were suppressed by the inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) or the Arp2/3 complex. Impaired interaction of prominin-1 with the PI3K through the introduction of an additional mutation (Tyr828→Phe) in its PI3K-binding site also reduced the amount of structurally altered microvilli. Thus, the interaction of prominin-1 with the PI3K may drive the conversion of the docking phospholipid phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate into phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate resulting in the uncoupling of the microvillar membrane from the underlying actin filaments thereby creating irregular/knob-like microvilli. Simultaneously, the phospholipid conversion might modulate the activity of regulators and/or activators of the Arp2/3 complex leading to the branching of microvilli. The overexpression of human prominin-1 also increased the length of primary cilia. Remarkably, a mutation in the histone deacetylase 6-binding site that mimics acetylation produces shorter cilia in cells expressing human prominin-1.s2. Additionally, it stimulates membrane vesicle release and dome formation. Above these striking observations, I observed branching cilia and cilia with a pearling shape. Collectively, the data suggest that a complex interplay of prominin-1 with its lipid and protein interaction partners regulates the architecture and dynamics of cellular protrusions. Finally, a growing number of studies use canine prominin-1 as an antigenic marker despite the absence of specific antibodies. Studies investigating its expression in dog tissues or cells derived therefrom rely on antibodies directed against its human and murine orthologs. To determine its cross-species immunoreactivity I cloned canine prominin-1 and overexpressed it as a green fluorescent protein fusion protein in MDCK cells. Here, I show that the genomic structure of the canine prom1 gene is similar to that of human and mouse. Canine prominin-1 shows the common characteristics of the prominin-1 family but the primary structure is poorly conserved. Like human and mouse protein, it is targeted to the apical membrane of MDCK cells and specifically enriched in microvilli and primary cilia. Immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and immunoblotting techniques revealed that none of the applied antibodies against human or mouse prominin-1 recognizes the canine protein.

Les tempêtes sont responsables de la moitié des dégâts dans les forêts européennes. Lemassif landais a été touché par deux tempêtes. L’ancrage racinaire est une composante majeure de la stabilité des arbres. L'ancrage du pin adulte est dépendant du développement des racines au stade jeune puisqu’elles ne fourchent pas spontanément et ne possèdent pas d’axes à développement retardé. Notre but était de mettre en relation architecture racinaire, stabilité et itinéraire sylvicole. Nous avons mesuré et analysé de façon innovante l'architecture racinaire d'arbres âgés de 3 à 5 ans et de 13 ans ayant subi une tempête. Le pivot des arbres de 13 ans ne représente que 12% de la biomasse racinaire mais reste le composant majeur de la stabilité. Un ancrage efficace est assuré par un pivot vertical unique, petit et large ou long et fin, par le volume des racines profondes et par la rigidité des racines traçantes. Le maintien du tronc est uniquement lié à la rigidité de la partie centrale du système racinaire. La fonction d’haubanage des racines traçantes est faible. La taille du plus grand secteur sans racine traçante auvent et sous le vent tout comme une microtopographie importante au vent n’interviennent pas dans la stabilité. Au stade jeune, les arbres plantés présentent de nombreuses déformations des racines traçantes,déformations qui les redistribuent au hasard tout autour de la souche avant d’être rapidement incluses par la souche en croissance. Le développement du pivot est en général correct. Les différents types de labour n’impactent pas l’architecture racinaire. Les racines traçantes suivent la surface du sol et peuvent être coupées lors des entretiens de la strate basse
Storms account for half of the damages in European forests; the Landes forest has beenheavily damaged by two major storms. Root anchorage is a major element in tree stability. The root anchorage of mature pine is strongly linked with the root development in seedlings as this species donot spontaneously fork and do not grow delayed branches. The aim of our research was to link rootarchitecture, stability and stand management practices. We measured and analyzed in an innovative way the root architecture of 3-5-year-old trees as well as 13-year-old trees from stands damaged by astorm.The 13-year-old trees, taproot only represented 12% of root biomass but still remained the maincomponent of stability. An efficient anchorage was provided by a unique vertical taproot, short andlarge or long and thin, together with a larger deep root volume. Windward shallow roots stiffness alsocontributed to stability. Stem leaning was solely prevented by the stiffness of the central part of theroot system. The guying of shallow roots did not contribute to stability. The size of the largest anglebetween shallow roots windward and leeward was not related to stem leaning. Similarly, a largerfurrow leeward did not weaken tree stability.Planted seedling show large deformations of their shallow lateral roots, randomly distributed around the stump before being later included in the growing stump. The taproot growth was generally correct. Root architecture of trees after strip ploughing was not different from those of full ploughing. Theshallow roots follow the soil surface and can be cut during mechanical weed control

The goal of this project was to determine the genetic architecture of water-use efficiency (WUE) for foxtail pine, which included genomic loci, and effect sizes of this trait. Foxtail pine is a subalpine endemic conifer that inhabits two distinct regional populations separated by 500 km in the mountains of California. In order to achieve this goal, a robust linkage map containing thousands of genetic markers was created using four megagametophyte arrays ranging in size from approximately 70 to 95 megagametophytes. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) discovered for WUE were mapped along the linkage map using linear mixed models and five half-sibling families grown in a common garden. Effect sizes of these QTL were tested for differences between the two regional populations of foxtail pine.

Includes bibliographical references.
I am a mountaineer. I hike, I climb, I camp (mostly without a tent, unless it snows of course). It has been a serious hobby since I was a Boy Scout at the age of fourteen. At the beginning of the year, I saw an opportunity to add a personal touch through experience and interest in order to better design my project-to-be. Something that I have noticed about myself throughout my years of studying is that I am a very image or visual orientated person and so for my participation in the studio design exercises, I sought images that could have provided me with some direction towards an architectural concept. The siting of my project came about while I was riding my motorbike on Rhodes Drive on my way to Camps Bay for sundowners. As I rode past the parking entrance, I did not realize that I passed Cecilia Forest, a place that I was familiar with and yet, as it turns out, not any more. After establishing my site, I explored its history and present condition, which turned out to be quite extensive, hence my initial interest. At this point I very much wanted to arrive at a decision concerning a programme that would be suitable with regards to everything I had researched as well as my own personal drive intents. There were earlier attempts to design a public bathhouse and educational facilities, but the final decision came about after a completed a rather long and grueling trek across the Drakensberg for nearly two weeks, hiking. Hiking has always been a major interest of mine that originated from my youth as a Scout. I consider myself relatively experienced in all aspects of the activity and physical conditions, as far as South Africa is concerned, but this led me to question as to why I had not fully explored the Cape Peninsula from a hiking perspective. This further led to me linking Cecilia Forest to a macro / urban scheme as well as initiating a relative programmatic response through my building.Timber has fascinated me as a structural element because I have yet to work with it at that level. The use of timber was an obvious choice to better integrate the actual site through the physical and symbolic as well as a sustainable approach. The end result is a building suited for mountaineers and the general public to inhabit the forest at various hours and through various uses. The size and bulk will be controlled by what was built there previously as well as what is needed to accommodate a reasonable capacity of people.

Kandidatprojekt i Arkitektur 15 hp. Skolan är placerad på en plats kallad Mälarängen söder om Stockholm. Tomten ligger mellan områdena Mälarängen, Bredäng och Fruängen och har ett stort naturområde aldelles utanför tomten. Själva tomten har en höjskillnad på 7 meter och har en orörd skolgsdel med tallträd, orörd  mossa och en höjd, resten av tomten är berarbetad med asfalt och gräs. Mitt fokus i projektet är att bevara den vilda naturen som finns på platsen och genom arkitektur framhäva den. Jag vill även att naturen ska vara närvarande inne i byggnaderna och att gränsen mellan inne och ute ska suddas ut. Därför har har skolan stora fönsterinsläpp med utblick över natur. Längs huset går också ett trädäck där man har möjlighet att flytta ut undervisningen utomhus om man så vill. Tomten består utav olika uterum som byggnaderna ramar in; dammen, bäcken, klippan och skogen som har olika karraktärer. Tanken i skolan är att man ska kunna röra sig mellan dessa olika rum och byggnader.
Candidate Project in Architecture 15 hp. The school is located in a location called Mälarängen south of Stockholm. The plot lies between the Mälarängen, Bredäng and Fruängen areas and has a large natural area of ​​aldelles outside the plot. The plot itself has a height difference of 7 meters and has an untouched part with pine trees, untouched moss and a height, the rest of the plot is prepared with asphalt and grass. My focus in the project is to preserve the wild nature that exists on the site and highlight it through architecture. I also want the nature to be present inside the buildings and that the boundary between inside and out is to be blurred. Therefore, the school has a large window lash with a view of nature. Along the house there is also a wooden deck where you can move the outdoor teaching if you wish. The plot consists of different outdoor spaces as the buildings enter; the pond, the pelvis, the cliff and the forest that have different carecteristics. The idea of the school is that you can move between these different rooms and buildings.

Public land agencies are mandated to incorporate Ecosystem Management practices into forest planning and management. The human dimensions of Ecosystem Management, including recreation and amenity uses of forest lands constitute a critical component associated with management decisions. Recently, research has extended the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) concept of experience based management, to one of Benefits Based Management (BBM). This Research presents results of a study on the Dixie National Forest to examine and test some components of the BBM concept as a means of improving recreation planning and management. This study utilized an on-site survey targeted to capture visitors knowledge about beneficial outcomes: expectations, desirability, acquisition and maintenance. Results of this study reveal that visitors could articulate these types of beneficial outcomes; indicating this type of research can assist in formulating design and management strategies for forest lands through the objectives incorporated in the human dimension of Ecosystem Management.

La these comprend trois parties. Dans la premiere, sont decrites les composantes morphogenetiques de la croissance en hauteur du pin maritime. La hauteur totale d'un arbre est subdivisee en accroissements annuels, chaque accroissement etant lui-meme la resultante de l'initiation et de l'elongation des entre-nuds. Dans une deuxieme partie, les parametres genetiques reliant les differentes composantes au caractere resultante sont estimes. L'initiation des entre-nuds apparait comme la composante jouissant de la contribution la plus importante a la variabilite des accroissements annuels. Cependant, l'heritabilite decroit avec le niveau de decomposition de la pousse annuelle. La troisieme partie concerne la recherche de predicteurs precoces de la croissance. Des resultats experimentaux et theoriques montrent que la hauteur totale en fin de rotation peut etre predite a partir de la hauteur totale mesuree apres 12 ans

Evaluer l'effet du climat sur la croissance des arbres forestiers, et notamment leur capacité de production de biomasse en situation de contrainte hydrique, passe par la quantification du niveau de plasticité phénotypique des individus et de la diversité génétique des populations au sein de l'espèce étudiée. Le pin maritime, plante pérenne d'intérêt économique majeur en Aquitaine, largement étudiée au niveau génétique et écophysiologique, est un excellent modèle biologique pour mener à bien ce type d'étude. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons étudié la variabilité phénotypique de nombreux caractères liés à la croissance du pin maritime au jeune âge, en fonction de contraintes abiotiques essentiellement liées à la disponibilité en eau. Nous avons par ailleurs documenté l'architecture génétique de ces traits en termes de nombre, position sur une carte génétique et effet des gènes majeurs (QTL) qui contrôlent une partie de cette variabilité phénotypique.Dans le cadre de travaux de cette thèse, nous avons utilisé deux dispositifs expérimentaux: l'un composé de trois familles F1 issues de croisements contrôlés de parents d'origines géographiques contrastées (Corse, Landes et Maroc), l'autre d'une famille F2 issue de l'autofécondation d'un hybride Corse x Landes. Le premier essai comprenait 1500 individus semés en 2007 sur lesquels la hauteur et le diamètre ont été mesurés annuellement de 2010 à 2014. Nous avons également noté l'évolution de la phénologie du débourrement apical pendant deux années consécutives (2012 et 2013). Enfin, la dynamique de la croissance radiale de 239 génotypes (répartis sur deux des trois familles) a été suivie en continu pendant trois années (2011-2013) grâce à un dispositif unique de capteurs de déplacement continu (microdendromètres). Le second essai comprenait 500 arbres semés en 1998 et dont le carottage au niveau du tronc début 2011 a permis d’établir le profil microdensitométrique sur 7 années consécutives (2004-2010). En parallèle, le génotypage des descendants des 4 croisements a été réalisé grâce à l'aide de biopuces à ADN, ce qui a permis de construire des cartes génétiques. L'analyse conjointe de l'information phénotypique et génotypique a permis d'identifier des QTL pour l'ensemble des caractères et d'étudier leur stabilité en fonction des conditions environnementales et du fond génétique.Cette étude a montré que le débourrement est variable en années en fonction des contraintes de températures et du fond génétique. Tout comme la croissance primaire et secondaire, le débourrement est contrôlé par de nombreux QTL à effets modérés qui varient en fonction de l’environnement climatique et du fond génétique. Le suivi de la dynamique saisonnière de la formation du bois a également montré une interaction QTL x environnement révélant que la densité du bois est régulée par différents gènes ou le même jeu de gènes régulé de façon différentielle en fonction du climat. Enfin, La dernière partie de cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence, pour la première fois, la variabilité intra-spécifique des fluctuations journalières du tronc et son interaction avec des variables environnementales. [...]
Evaluating the impact of climate change on current plantations supposes the evaluation of their phenotypic plasticity and their genotypic diversity within the species, under abiotic pressure. Maritime pine is a perennial species of major economical interest in the french Aquitaine region. Wildly studied genetically and ecophysiologically, maritime pine is a very good biological model to see that type of study to the end. In this thesis, we intend to study various traits related to maritime pine growth under a biotic constraints, according to the following approaches: (1) evalutation of the phenotypic variability and (2)dissection of the genetic architecture of the traits (number, location and effects of QTLs). The comparisonbetween envrionmental and phenotypic data will allow us to appreciate the phenotypic pasticity of individuals. Afterwards, studying the genetic architecture of these traits and its variability according to the genetic background of individuals and environmental conditions will allow us to assess the stability ofdetected QTLs.We used 4 progenies of maritime pines: 3 controlled crosses of parents originated from contrasted ecotypes (Corsica, Landes and Morocco) and 1 controlled cross from a second generation of self-pollination (F2). Micro-cores were extracted from the individuals of the F2 population andmicrodensity profiles were established trough 7 consecutive years. Total height and diameter of eachindividual were measured once a year on the 3 others crosses, from 2010 to 2014. Dynamics of apical budburst was also followed on the same individuals in 2012 and 2013. Finally, dynamics of radial growth were monitored on a sub-sample of 239 individuals (spread in 2 of the 3 controlled crosses) during 3 yearsthanks to a unique device of microdendrometers.At the same time, all individuals (form the 4 crosses) were genotyped with several DNA bioarraysof molecular markers, allowing the building of genetic maps. The confrontation of phenotypic and genotypic data enabled to identify genome are as involved in the genetic architecture behind the traitsand to study their stability according to environmental conditions and the genetic background of individuals.This study showed that bud burst varies from year to year, depending on the conditions oftemperature and of the genetic background of individuals. Same way as growth, bud burst is controlled bymany QTLs of moderate effect, varying according to climatic conditions and the genetic background of individuals. The monitoring of seasonal dynamics of wood formation also showed a QTL x environment interaction revealing that wood density is regulated by different genes or the same set of genes,differentially regulated in response to the climate. The last part of the study puts forwards, for the firsttime, the variability of radius daily fluctuations within a full-sib family and its interaction with environmental variables. [...]

Plus de la moitié des pertes de bois dans les forêts européennes sont dues aux tempêtes. Une connaissance des mécanismes impliqués dans la stabilité mécanique des arbres est alors capitale. L’ancrage de l’arbre dans le sol constitue l’une des composantes principales du maintien mécanique de l’arbre. Il est principalement déterminé par l’architecture du système racinaire et son interaction mécanique avec le sol. Au cours de son développement, l’arbre modifie ses dimensions et se complexifie. Plus particulièrement, le système racinaire semble s’acclimater (ex : croissance en diamètre plus importante) aux déformations engendrées par le vent. L’ensemble de ces modifications conduit à une évolution des mécanismes à l’origine de l’ancrage au cours du développement de l’arbre. L’étude expérimentale de cette fonction est compliquée car les racines sont difficilement mesurables en continu dans le sol. Nous avons alors mis au point une approche numérique pour décrire la croissance du système racinaire et la distribution des déformations dues au vent. Une grande base de données structurée en chronoséquence de systèmes racinaires numérisés (Pinus pinaster) a été mobilisée. Comme l’étude de la structure et des fonctions des racines est plus efficiente quand la différentiation entre racines est prise en compte, nous avons d’abord formalisé les types racinaires du système racinaire du pin maritime à partir d’une technique de classification (« k-means clustering ») réalisée avec quatre variables. La classification des racines latérales du pin maritime nous a permis d’identifier 5 types racinaires au cours du développement du pin maritime. Ce regroupement explique 70% de la variabilité de notre base de données. Chaque système racinaire est caractérisé par trois grosses racines horizontales émises par la souche. Les racines montrent une forte différentiation pour leur tropisme, avec une direction de croissance soit horizontale soit verticale. La structure de la partie centrale du système racinaire est pratiquement complète dès l'âge de 4 ans. Sur la base des types racinaires identifiés, nous avons calibré un modèle architectural (RootTyp ; Pagès et al. 2004) pour le pin maritime. Treize paramètres pour chaque type racinaire ont été estimés par l’intermédiaire de la base de données, d’informations issues de la littérature et d’une procédure d'optimisation. Une modélisation réaliste du système racinaire jusqu'à 50 ans n’a pu être obtenue qu'en implémentant au modèle RootTyp de nouveaux processus biologiques : la diminution de la ramification avec la croissance de la racine et la diminution de la vigueur des racines avec l'ordre de ramification. Malgré ces améliorations, les systèmes racinaires de la base de données présentent des diamètres plus importants à proximité de la souche par rapport aux systèmes racinaires simulés. Ce biais systématique est principalement attribué à l’acclimatation des racines au vent dominant. Les altérations de croissance dues aux contraintes pédologiques ont également été implémentées grâce à l’amélioration du module de sol du modèle architectural.Enfin, pour comprendre les mécanismes à l’origine de l’acclimatation des racines nous avons combiné plusieurs modèles pour prédire la distribution spatiale des déformations dans des maquettes simplifiées de systèmes racinaires à 4, 6 et 13 ans, pour trois régimes de vent spécifiques à la région étudiée. D’après les simulations, les déformations des racines sous l'effet du vent diminuent avec l’âge, en raison de l’augmentation de la rigidité des racines. Cela suggère une plus forte réponse thigmomorphogénétique aux stades jeunes. Les modifications structurelles et anatomiques du système racinaire par acclimatation au vent s’expliquent principalement par les distributions des déformations et des contraintes dans les racines
Storms cause more than 50% of the timber loss in European forests. However, forest tree anchorage mechanisms throughout their lifespan are not fully understood, especially the strong acclimation of root systems to common winds. This lack of knowledge is mainly due to technical difficulties: neither the root structure nor the mechanical contribution of the roots could be characterized continually. Thus we set up a numerical approach to model the development of the root system and to describe the strains resulting from common winds. This generic approach has been developed using Pinus pinaster grown in sandy soils as model species.Seven datasets of excavated root systems from 0 to 50 years were employed. The assessment of root structure and functions is more powerful if the differentiation of root system in several root types is considered. We first proposed an automatic classification of roots with the k-means clustering algorithm. Four root traits were chosen as classifiers, including three geometric architectural traits, which can be precisely assessed whatever the tree/root age. Clustering yielded similar five groups of laterals roots at all ages, explaining 70% of the variability. The three largest lateral roots per tree were all horizontal roots branching from stump and the other lateral roots show a large differentiation for tropism: nearly all the roots were horizontal or vertical roots. The framework of the central part of the root system can be almost completed in 4-year-old trees (3.5 cm collar diameter). We then calibrated the existing RootTyp (Pagès et al. 2004) architectural model for P. pinaster for each of the root types defined by the cluster analysis. We used the database combined with a literature review and an optimization method to get accurate values for 13 parameters by root types. We devoted effort to validate our model calibration. In order to model architecture of the root system, damping properties had to be implemented to yield realistic outputs up to the mature stage. Branching varied as a function of distance from the root base, and growth capacity decreased with branching order. Nevertheless, the root diameters of simulated root systems were generally underestimated. This was certainly due to root growth plasticity to the prevailing wind, an acclimation facet not taken into account at this calibration step. Growth alterations due to a cemented horizon were reproduced using the new calibrated soil module. Then, the wind acclimation of roots was numerically investigated by examining the root mechanical stimuli due to wind. A chain of biomechanical models was used to predict the spatial distribution of stress and strain in simplified root systems at 4, 6 and 13-year-old as a result of three levels of usual winds. According to simulations, the strain amplitude decreased with tree growth due to the increasing root system stiffness. This suggests larger thigmomorphogenetic responses at young stages. The modifications of the structural and wood root properties related to wind acclimation were largely explained by the stress and strain distribution in the root system

Radio frequency (RF) and microwave switches are widely used in several different applications including radar, measurement systems, telecommunications, and other areas. An RF switch can control a radar’s transmit vs. receive mode, select the operating band, or direct an RF signal to different paths. In this study, a single pole eight throw (SP8T) switch using only Surface Mount (SMT) components is designed and simulated in Keysight’s Advanced Design System (ADS). Single pole eight throw is defined as one input and eight possible outputs. A star network configuration with series-shunt PIN diode switches is used to create the 8-way RF switch. There are other commercially available SP8T switches from MACOM, Skyworks, Analog Devices, and other vendors that operate around this bandwidth. However, this design uses SMT components and series-shunt diode configurations to create a device in the GHz range and power handling in the high 20 to 30 dBm range. This study modeled components in ADS, including the PIN diodes and the bias tees. The project also analyzed multiple layouts, finalizing the optimal design to meet specifications. The insertion loss, bandwidth, isolation, return loss, power handling, and switching speed are analyzed in the final design. Key specifications for this design are determined by comparing to other commercially available SP4T and SP8T switches from MACOM, Skyworks, Analog Devices, and other vendors, as well as developing an operational switch over the 2-18 GHz bandwidth. Additional specifications include limiting insertion loss to 2.0 dB maximum and maximizing isolation to 30 dB minimum. Switching speed and power handling specifications are also set to 20 ns and 23 dBm, respectively. Future projects will work on design fabrication and improvements to the manufactured switch.

L'architecture des plantes est le résultat combiné des développements des structures topologique et géométrique qui interviennent dans l'acquisition de la biomasse et sa répartition sous l'influence des processus physiologiques. Pourtant cet aspect a été longtemps négligé dans la communauté des modèles dynamiques. Récemment les modèles structures fonction se sont montrés pertinents pour prendre en compte des questions comme les interactions plantes environnement (l'interception de la lumière), les interactions entre croissance et développement (répartition de la biomasse) en se plaçant au niveau de l'organe. Cependant les couts en calcul de la simulation numérique de ces processus rendent les applications impraticables en agriculture. Cette thèse vise a combiner le modèle structure fonction Greenlab avec d'une part un modèle de culture et d'autre part un modèle forestier basés sur le peuplement afin d'y introduire le concept d'architecture des plantes. Le modèle de culture Pilote fournit des prédictions de récoltes basés sur les paramètres de l'environnement (radiation, précipitations) et l'indice foliaire et l'indice de récolte. Une étude sur Maïs conjointe entre Pilote et GreenLab a permis d'expliciter en détail les paramètres de la production. Les indices foliaires et de récolte dépendent directement des paramètres sources puits, et la variabilité individuelle entre plantes est explicitée directement par les variations des retards a la germination et celles des surfaces disponibles par plantes (compétition spatiale). Tous ces paramétrés peuvent être calibré par méthodes inverses. Ainsi la jonction des deux types de modèles est réalisée au niveau du passage de la plante au peuplement.Une autre étude conjointe a été effectuée avec le modèle forestier empirique PNN qui modélise la croissance des peuplements forestiers de Pins noirs. A partir des données statistiques classiques sur les mesures de troncs et de houppiers, combinées avec les connaissances architecturales du Pin issues d'AMAP, GreenLab peut restituer l'architecture de l'arbre et visualiser des scenarios de sylviculture incorporant des élagages. Le procédé va jusqu'à l'obtention d'images de synthèse réalistes des peuplements. En conséquence il semble efficace de coupler les modèles de cultures et les modèles forestiers qui intègrent les connaissances écophysiologiques au niveau peuplement avec les modèles structures fonctions qui intègrent ces connaissances au niveau de l'architecture de la plante. Le modèle GreenLab par ses affinités avec ces deux types de modèles et ses performances en calcul, permet d'apporter un complément d'information essentiel sur la description du fonctionnement d'un peuplement tant du point de vue développement, que du point de vue des relations sources puits dans la plante. Enfin le modèle couplé a une plateforme comme Xplo (AMAP) permet en plus une simulation réaliste 3D du peuplement végétal aux divers stades de la croissance
Plant architecture implies the development of both topological and geometrical structure over time, which determines resource acquisition, in the meantime interacts with physiological processes. However it has long been overlooked in traditional community dynamics models. Based on plant architecture, functional-structural plant models (FSPM) have showed their particular capability in addressing questions like interactions between plant and environment (e.g. light interception), between structure development and growth (e.g. carbon allocation), as they take into account morphogenesis with organ-level explicit descriptions. Anyway, high demand of time and memory for simulation and inverse calculation prevents FSPM from further agricultural or sylvicultural practice. This thesis attempts the combination of a mathematic FSPM GreenLab and a crop model or an empirical forest model (EFM) to introduce individual-based architectural support for community growth study. In the case of maize, disagreement from stand level (by crop model PILOTE) and individual level (by GreenLab) growth simulations implies different emergence time of individuals, which is used to quantify the distribution. By supposing that theoretical projective area (Sp) is determined by the growth situation and the final size of individual architecture, the variance of Sp is reversely computed with the variance of organ compartment measurements to characterize individual variability. In the case of Black pine, architecture dynamics built in GreenLab according to Rauh's model (architecture model for pine tree) are adapted to the simulation of an EFM PNN. As a consequence, thinning scenarios are well incorporated in the final stand visualization. From these preliminary applications, following conclusions can be drawn: (i) FSPM is able to provide individual performances (i.e. organ development and expansion) inside an area of crop field for crop models. (ii) The crop model may regulate the combined form of individuals from integral level. Both aspects are significant to deepen understanding of stand growth. (iii) Architecture conceptions integrated in FSPM may be adapted to EFM simulations for a data-driven visualization. (iv) EFM can guarantee ecological/sylvicultural function for 3D stand visualization. To take into consideration biomass processes, additional observations are needed. As models are independent in combinations, the same methods can be extended to linkage with other stand models

Les tempêtes hivernales causent des pertes en bois qui s’élèvent à 50% du volume des dégâts dans les forêts européennes. Les phénomènes de déracinement des arbres (chablis) sont les plus fréquents or ils sont encore mal compris. Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre le processus de déracinement de l’arbre et à identifier les traits structuraux et matériels (racines, sol) ayant un effet du premier ordre sur l’ancrage racinaire dans le cas du Pinus pinaster. Un modèle d’éléments finis a été développé et permis de simuler et suivre la chronologie des ruptures successives au cours du déracinement. Un seuil de rupture globale de l’ancrage est ainsi défini comme une résultante de l’architecture et de la résistance des matériaux en jeu (racines, sol). Cela devrait permettre à terme d’améliorer les modèles de risque au vent qui actuellement n’incluent pas de relation mécaniste pour le chablis. Dans la même logique, nous nous sommes appuyés sur les données expérimentales pour construire une architecture simplifiée du système racinaire du P. pinaster. L’importance des différentes composantes sur le mécanisme d’ancrage a été étudiée et le rôle essentiel joué par le pivot et les racines traçantes montré. Ce résultat confirme de nombreuses études expérimentales et théoriques et pour la première fois permet de quantifier ces effets. Le nombre de paramètres pertinents pourra ainsi être réduit pour exprimer l’ancrage. Cela ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour simplifier l’utilisation du modèle pour l’appliquer à d’autres espèces, d’autres conditions de sol et différentes pratiques sylvicoles
Winter storms cause 50% of wood damage by volume to European forests. Tree uprooting isthe most frequent phenomenon during storms ; however the mechanism is not well understood.This thesis aims to better understand the tree uprooting process and to identify both rootstructural features and material properties which have first-order effects on tree anchoragestrength for the case ofPinus pinaster. A Finite Element Model has been developed and allowedsimulating and tracking the sequential root breakage during the course of tree overturning. Anoverall tree anchorage strength is thus defined as the resultant of contribution of root systemarchitecture and material strength (roots, soil). This would allow improving the risk modelswhich currently don’t include any mechanistic relationships to describe tree uprooting. In thesame spirit, we have relied on root architectural data to build a simplified root system patternwith features ofP. pinaster. Importance of different root components has been studied andthe essential role of the taproot and shallow roots demonstrated. This result has confirmednumerous experimental and theoretical studies and for the first time quantified these impacts.Therefore the number of relevant parameters can be reduced to express overall root anchorage.This opens new prospects to simplify the model in order to apply to other species under othersoil conditions and considering different silvicultural practices

The productivity of agricultural and forest ecosystems in regions at higher latitudes is to a large extent governed by low temperature and moisture conditions. Environmental conditions are acting both above- and below-ground and regulating carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration. However, the understanding of various feedbacks between vegetation and environmental conditions is still unclear. In this thesis, two studies were conducted to understand the physical and biological processes. In the first study, the aim was to simulate soil temperature and moisture dynamics in the bare soil with seasonal frost conditions in China. In the second study, the aims were to model seasonal courses of carbon and evapotranspiration and to examine the responses of photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration on environmental conditions in a boreal Scots pine ecosystem in Finland. In both studies the CoupModel was applied to simulate the dynamic responses of the systems. Both sites represented investigations from which a high number of measurements were available. To understand to what extent the data could be used to increase the understanding of the systems, the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) was applied. The GLUE method was useful to reduce basic uncertainties with respect to parameter ranges, model structures and measurements. The strong interactions between soil temperature and moisture processes have indicated by a few behavioral models obtained when constrained by combined temperature and moisture criteria. Model performance on sensible and latent heat fluxes and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) also indicated the coupled processes within the system. Seasonal and diurnal courses were reproduced successfully with reduced parameter ranges. However, uncertainties on what is the most general regulation for transpiration and NEE are still unclear and need further systematic investigations.
QC 20101206

碩士
大同大學
資訊工程學系(所)
98
With the growing multimedia of codec types, the huge amount of produced computing can’t be handled by a single processor now. Therefore, we hope that the programs which include many computations can be processed by multiprocessors. In addition, the core operation in embedded system platform also gradually becomes multiprocessor from a single processor. For the development of embedded systems and the demanding of mobile computing devices, users of handheld mobile devices are increasing the functional requirements. As for the physical limitations, to enhance the core clock for designing processors has been stuck. In order to provide both high performance and low power consumption, multi-core platform has become an inevitable trend. To improve computing performance while increasing the core number, memory access speed has become a performance bottleneck in the next design topic. Traditional usage of exclusive access memory component approach will result in competition for resources and to reduce overall system performance. This paper proposed Ping-Pong memory architecture for multi-core systems. Using the characteristic of Ping-Pong; “one buffer read and one buffer write,” to increase system memory access performance, thus reduce processor’s waiting time for the memory access.

Atmosphere carries multi-faceted meaning when considered in the context of spatial design. In an architectural sense, we may speak of atmosphere as a spatial quality or in the way the built or natural environment is capable of moving us emotionally. Yet, when considered in a scientific register, atmosphere may be described as a complex of observable and measurable energies, which give air substance, behavior and force. The practice of landscape architecture entails a heightened awareness of exposure, namely the exposure to meteorological processes that in turn shape much of our perceptual and haptic experience of the ‘outside’ world. The intent of this practicum will be to draw attention to the importance of both designations of atmosphere, particularly within the discipline of landscape architecture, and set within the context of phenomenology. The context of this work begins at the scale of the circumpolar boreal forest and examines a particular biological and chemical phenomenon that occurs between the atmosphere and the boreal forest biome. The scale of focus will be drawn to a site at the southern transition zone between the boreal forest and St. Lawrence mixed forest within the Temagami region of northeast Ontario, Canada. Here, the phenomenon in question is quite palpable.
May 2017

Precision op amps are widely used in instrumentation, automotive, and industrial applications. This thesis presents the design and characterization of a low-power precision operational amplifier that uses “ping-pong” autozero architecture for automatic offset correction. The op amp is designed for extreme environment applications, operating across a wide temperature range (minus 180 degree Celsius to plus 120 degree Celsius) with low offset, low drift and low power consumption. This design has been fabricated in a SiGe BiCMOS 0.5-micron process and the measured results demonstrate that the op amp is fully functional and achieves less than 40 microvolt input-referred offset voltage with 0.1 microvolt per degree offset voltage drift and 1 microwatt power consumption.

The amorphous silicon photo-sensor studied in this thesis, is a double pin structure (p(a-SiC:H)-i’(a-SiC:H)-n(a-SiC:H)-p(a-SiC:H)-i(a-Si:H)-n(a-Si:H)) sandwiched between two transparent contacts deposited over transparent glass thus with the possibility of illumination on both sides, responding to wave-lengths from the ultra-violet, visible to the near infrared range. The frontal il-lumination surface, glass side, is used for light signal inputs. Both surfaces are used for optical bias, which changes the dynamic characteristics of the photo-sensor resulting in different outputs for the same input. Experimental studies were made with the photo-sensor to evaluate its applicability in multiplexing and demultiplexing several data communication channels. The digital light sig-nal was defined to implement simple logical operations like the NOT, AND, OR, and complex like the XOR, MAJ, full-adder and memory effect. A pro-grammable pattern emission system was built and also those for the validation and recovery of the obtained signals. This photo-sensor has applications in op-tical communications with several wavelengths, as a wavelength detector and to execute directly logical operations over digital light input signals.

碩士
中原大學
建築學系
88
Abstract During the Japanese Governance of Taiwan, a Modern European and American City Plan influence was brought to Taiwan. This not only changed Taiwan’s Chinese traditional Walled City style and community structure, but also established the foundation of Ping-Tung city’s construction and infrastructure today. This research analyses the results Japanese colonial government city policies and strategies, from the early policies of hygiene requirements implemented as the “Central City Improvement”, to the later stages of the “City Plan” environment improvements. This analysis investigates the different periods of Ping-Tung city development, and investigates the Ping-Tung Plain in the period after Japanese colonial industrialisation. Factors such as the modern Sugar industry, Railway transport construction and Military establishment, assisted in increasing the momentum of development of the city. This research, is divided into three main development periods of Ping-Tung city and architecture, each stage and development factors as described below: 1.The early developing period prior to 1913: Under governance of Holland, the Ming and Ching Dynasty, Ping-Tung city had a traditional style of agriculture society and community structure. But after Japanese government of Taiwan, the subsequence development of the modern Sugar industry and regional administrative centre’s which established the driving force of the city development. 2.The advanced development period from 1913 to 1937: During this period, the City Plan was implemented and combined with the relevant industries development, this period of Japanese governance was the peak of development in Ping-Tung city and architecture. This development became the city centre outline of today. 3.The Construction period from 1937 to 1945: After the Ping-Tung city implementation of the City Plan, soon announced the location of each public facilities, but due to the influence of the war mobilization, the city development mainly focused on the advantage of the transport development for the military movement. Other public facilities were not implemented by the Kuomintang Government until after the war, which has formed the foundation of Ping-Tung City facilities today. Today the change of several factors have resulted in the slowing Ping-Tung city development. However the low intensity of development the city, and already developed industries such as Sugar and Brewery factories with large heritages of land, can from the ecological city point of view enable further progress and city development, which would become the future Ping-Tung city development direction. Keywords: the Japanese occupation era ,City, Architecture, Akauw, Ping-Tung.

Tese de mestrado, Biologia da Conservação, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2019
The Lusitanian pine vole (Microtus lusitanicus, Gerbe 1879) is a fossorial rodent known for its ability to build complex underground burrows system on which it lives. These burrows are usually several meters long, having multiple entrances, nests and food storages. Previous work indicates a single burrow system is shared by many individuals and may include more than one breeding pair. Recent work suggests the occurrence of alloparenting, as well as the formation of a strong pair bond between the breeding pair, thus strengthening the possibility of this species having a monogamous mating system and a complex social structure. In the present study, an underground burrow system of M. lusitanicus, located in a semi-natural habitat (pasture field) in Sintra, was exposed and its structure mapped using a differential GPS system (DGPS). Additionally, the social structure of M. lusitanicus colonies from two distinct geographic locations (Sintra and Caldas da Rainha) was studied through microsatellite analysis. The exposed burrow system was considerably large, reaching a total of 606.35 m in tunnel length, having a mean depth of 11.16±9.47 cm and reaching up to 52.8 cm in depth. A high number of openings (N=334) was found, however, only a single food chamber and no nests were detected. The low number of food chambers and nests can probably be explained by two main factors: (1) high food availability above-ground decreasing the need to storage food - the colony was located in a pasture field; (2) the burrow system was not completely exposed, and some of its deepest zones, where nests and food chambers are usually found, may have remained undug. This systems’ fractal dimension and lacunarity (FD and λ, 1.2678 and 0.7414, respectively) suggest a complex underground system with moderate heterogeneity, similar to that found in other fossorial and subterranean rodents. The analysis of 10-12 microsatellite loci, in a total of 156 specimens of M. lusitanicus, allowed the identification of two family groups in Tapada do Mouco (distributed among 4 genetic clusters) and three family groups in Caldas da Rainha (5 genetic clusters). Mean family size is 15.2 (one of the families is smaller) which supports the observation of large family groups. With a single exception, all breeding pairs found exhibited a monogamous behavior, breeding with the same partner for successive generations and producing several litters. The only case of extra-pair mating occurred between a female and two males (polyandry), although this could have been due to external factors (severe disturbance of the colony’s site). Despite close family members were found to share the same burrow system, no cases of inbreeding were detected. These findings, alongside with the sexual monomorphism observed, further support the hypothesis that the Lusitanian pine vole has a monogamous mating system and a complex social organization.
O rato-cego (Microtus lusitanicus, Gerbe 1879) é um roedor fossador conhecido pela sua capacidade de construir um complexo sistema de túneis subterrâneos no qual habita. Estes sistemas podem ter vários metros de comprimento, com várias entradas, ninhos e despensas. Estudos anteriores indicam que um único sistema de túneis pode ser partilhado por vários indivíduos formando pequenos grupos familiares, podendo incluir mais de um par reprodutor. Trabalhos recentes sugerem a ocorrência de cuidados aloparentais, bem como a formação de um forte vínculo entre o par reprodutor, reforçando a possibilidade desta espécie ter um sistema de acasalamento monogâmico e uma estrutura social complexa. No presente trabalho estudou-se a estrutura sistema de galerias subterrâneas de M. lusitanicus. O sistema subterrâneo, localizado num habitat semi-natural (campo de pastagem) em Sintra, foi exposto e a sua estrutura mapeada usando um sistema de GPS diferencial (DGPS). Adicionalmente, recorrendo à análise de 12 microssatélites, foi estudada a estrutura social e de parentesco da mesma. Para a recolha de amostras de tecido para análise de DNA, foram colocadas um total de 120 armadilhas de toupeira modificadas distribuídas pelo local de amostragem em Sintra (Tapada do Mouco), onde foram capturados 56 indivíduos. Com o mesmo objetivo, a 200 metros deste ponto, foram colocadas 40 armadilhas e capturados 12 indivíduos para comparação. Paralelamente, foram igualmente analisadas amostras de 88 espécimes provenientes de uma colónia de M. lusitanicus, resultado de um estudo anterior (2002-2003) num pomar de maçãs nas Caldas da Rainha. O sistema de túneis exposto apresentou dimensões consideráveis, atingindo um total de 606.35 m de comprimento e uma profundidade média de 11.16±9.47 cm, atingindo um máximo de 52.8 cm de profundidade. Foi registado um número elevado de aberturas (N=334), no entanto, apenas foi encontrada uma única despensa mas nenhum ninho foi descoberto. O baixo número de despensas e a ausência de ninhos encontrados pode provavelmente ser explicado por dois fatores principais: (1) alta disponibilidade de alimentos à superfície, diminuindo a necessidade de armazenamento dos mesmos, pois a colónia estava localizada num campo de pastagem, com elevada disponibilidade alimentar; (2) o sistema de escavação não foi completamente exposto e algumas das suas zonas mais profundas, onde geralmente são encontrados ninhos e despensas, podem não ter sido encontradas. Os índices de linearidade, circularidade e convolução (1.5193, 0.4332 e 14.3714, respectivamente) indicam um sistema de túneis linear e moderamente convolscente. A dimensão fractal e a lacunaridade deste sistema (FD e λ, 1,2678 e 0,7414, respectivamente), suportando os valores anteriores, sugerem um sistema subterrâneo complexo com heterogeneidade moderada, semelhante ao encontrado noutros outros roedores fossadores e subterrâneos. A análise de 10 a 12 microssatélites, num total de 156 espécimes de M. lusitanicus, permitiu a identificação de dois grupos familiares na Tapada do Mouco (distribuídos em 4 clusters genéticos) e três grupos familiares em Caldas da Rainha (5 clusters genéticos). O tamanho médio da família foi de 15,2 indivíduos (sendo que uma das famílias era consideravelmente menor), estando de acordo com o anteriormente observado (organização dos indivíduos em grandes grupos familiares). Com uma única exceção, todos os pares reprodutores encontrados exibiram um comportamento monogâmico, reproduzindo-se com o mesmo parceiro, inclusivamente, num dos casos, por gerações sucessivas e produzindo várias ninhadas. O único caso de acasalamento extra-par ocorreu entre uma fêmea e dois machos (poliandria), embora isso possa também ter sido devido a fatores externos (alta perturbação no local da colónia). Apesar de familiares próximos partilharem o mesmo sistema de túneis, não foi detectado qualquer caso de consanguinidade, com reprodução entre irmãos ou parentes próximos. Este dado é reforçado por baixos valores de consanguinidade a nível de ambas as populações analisadas. Estes resultados, juntamente com o monomorfismo sexual observado, sustentam e reforçam a hipótese de que o rato-cego tem um sistema de acasalamento monogâmico e uma organização social complexa.

Prominin-1 is a lipid raft–associated, cholesterol-binding membrane glycoprotein selectively associated with plasma membrane protrusions and extracellular vesicles derived therefrom. Despite its worldwide use for stem cell isolation and its clinical importance in cancer-initiating cells and photoreceptor morphogenesis the function of prominin-1 remains elusive. This prompted me to investigate its role in the architecture and dynamics of microvilli and primary cilia at the apical plasma membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Therefore, stably transfected cell lines were established expressing human prominin-1 splice variant 1 or 2. Upon the overexpression of prominin-1 the number of individual microvilli and clusters of them increased significantly. I also noticed alterations in their architecture, i.e. branching microvilli. Fascinatingly, two point mutations (Pro37→Ala and Tyr41→Ser) in the ganglioside GM1-binding motif of prominin-1 increased the number of branched microvilli and generated irregular ones with knob-like structures at their tip. Additionally, the release of prominin-1+ vesicles was impaired. Interestingly, both phenotypes were suppressed by the inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) or the Arp2/3 complex. Impaired interaction of prominin-1 with the PI3K through the introduction of an additional mutation (Tyr828→Phe) in its PI3K-binding site also reduced the amount of structurally altered microvilli. Thus, the interaction of prominin-1 with the PI3K may drive the conversion of the docking phospholipid phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate into phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate resulting in the uncoupling of the microvillar membrane from the underlying actin filaments thereby creating irregular/knob-like microvilli. Simultaneously, the phospholipid conversion might modulate the activity of regulators and/or activators of the Arp2/3 complex leading to the branching of microvilli. The overexpression of human prominin-1 also increased the length of primary cilia. Remarkably, a mutation in the histone deacetylase 6-binding site that mimics acetylation produces shorter cilia in cells expressing human prominin-1.s2. Additionally, it stimulates membrane vesicle release and dome formation. Above these striking observations, I observed branching cilia and cilia with a pearling shape. Collectively, the data suggest that a complex interplay of prominin-1 with its lipid and protein interaction partners regulates the architecture and dynamics of cellular protrusions. Finally, a growing number of studies use canine prominin-1 as an antigenic marker despite the absence of specific antibodies. Studies investigating its expression in dog tissues or cells derived therefrom rely on antibodies directed against its human and murine orthologs. To determine its cross-species immunoreactivity I cloned canine prominin-1 and overexpressed it as a green fluorescent protein fusion protein in MDCK cells. Here, I show that the genomic structure of the canine prom1 gene is similar to that of human and mouse. Canine prominin-1 shows the common characteristics of the prominin-1 family but the primary structure is poorly conserved. Like human and mouse protein, it is targeted to the apical membrane of MDCK cells and specifically enriched in microvilli and primary cilia. Immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and immunoblotting techniques revealed that none of the applied antibodies against human or mouse prominin-1 recognizes the canine protein.

While FPGA interconnect networks were originally designed to connect logic block output pins to input pins, FPGA users and architects sometimes become motivated to create connections between pins and specific wires in the interconnect. These pin-to-wire connections are motivated by both a desire to employ routing-by-abutment, in modular, pre-laid out systems, and to make direct use of resources in the fabric itself. The goal of this work is to measure the difficulty of forming such pin-to-wire connections. We show that compared to a flat placement of the complete system, the routed wirelength and critical path delay increase by 6% and 15% respectively, and the router effort increases 3.5 times. We show that while pin-to-wire connections impose increased stress on the router, they can be used under some circumstances. We also measure the impact of increasing routing architecture flexibility on these results, and propose a low-cost enhancement to improve pin-to-wire routing.

Au Québec, la zone de la forêt boréale, qui se distingue par de grandes superficies de peuplements de conifères, se caractérise par un aménagement forestier important. Parmi les quatre espèces de pins qui se retrouvent naturellement au Québec, le pin gris {Pinus banksiana Lamb.) présente la plus importante valeur économique en raison de son abondance et de sa distribution sur un vaste territoire. La régénération naturelle du pin gris est assurée par une banque de graine aérienne, enfermée dans des cônes sérotineux qui s'ouvrent lors du passage d'un feu de forêt. Après une coupe forestière, la régénération préétablie est insuffisante dans la majorité des peuplements, ce qui implique un recours accru à la plantation pour assurer le renouvellement des pinèdes exploitées. Les plants utilisés sont produits dans des récipients à paroi rigide qui induisent des déformations importantes du système racinaire et qui affectent plus de 95% des plants de pins gris. D'un autre côté, jusqu'à 30% des individus plantés arborent une tige sinueuse qui réduit la qualité du bois. Les études comparatives entre des peuplements dont l'origine diffère restent rares pour le pin gris, rendant difficile la compréhension globale des déformations racinaires et de la sinuosité des tiges sur le développement des arbres. Enfin, les études qui portent sur l'impact de la plantation considèrent le plus souvent la performance des plants (volume, accroissement annuel) et elles tiennent rarement compte de la qualité du bois. Pour les racines, lorsqu'elles sont étudiées, les observations portent surtout sur l'allocation de la biomasse et les ratios entre les structures aériennes et souterraines. L'objectif de cette recherche consiste à caractériser la croissance et le développement des structures aériennes et souterraines des pins gris, par une approche novatrice, à savoir l'architecture des plantes. Cette méthode est rarement utilisée au Québec, et le pin gris n'a fait l'objet d'aucune étude portant sur son architecture. Il s'agit d'une approche multi échelle qui prend en considération l'ensemble des structures d'un arbre, dont elle décrit leur nature et leur organisation relative dans l'arbre. Les objectifs secondaires sont: 1 ) de caractériser l'architecture de l'axe principal (la tige) du pin gris; 2) de comparer les variables utilisées pour l'analyse architecturale entre des pins gris naturels et plantés et présentant une tige droite ou sinueuse; 3) de déterminer le développement architectural, spatial et temporel des racines de pins gris plantés et naturels; 4) de caractériser comment les systèmes aériens et souterrains des pins gris s'harmonisent dans le temps et l'espace, en fonction de l'origine des peuplements. L'étude porte sur deux sites du domaine de la pessière à mousse de l'Ouest, dans la zone de la forêt boréale québécoise. La plantation date de 1987 et les individus étaient âgés de 15 ans. Le peuplement naturel s'est établi après un feu de 1983 et l'âge des arbres variait de 13 à 16 ans. Les sites ont été retenus pour minimiser les variations dues à l'âge, au climat et au sol. La tige, les branches et les racines de 40 pins gris ont été récoltées. Sur chaque site, dix individus présentaient une tige droite et dix autres, une tige sinueuse. La variabilité de la forme des tiges et la densité des peuplements ont été caractérisées. Les structures aériennes sont divisées en quatre échelles d'observation: l'arbre, les axes (tige et branches), les pousses annuelles et les unités de croissance. Les structures souterraines se divisent en trois échelles: le système racinaire, les axes et les segments. Les variables analysées diffèrent selon les structures et les échelles d'observation considérées, mais elles concernent l'une ou l'autre des données suivantes: le nombre, la longueur, le diamètre, la biomasse photosynthétique, le volume, l'évolution temporelle ou la répartition spatiale. Les pins sinueux sont moins fréquents sur le site naturel, ils se trouvent sous forte compétition (opprimés) et vont éventuellement être éliminés du peuplement avec son vieillissement. En plantation, le nombre élevé de tiges sinueuses (62%) est associé à l'origine du site. Ces tiges présentent une qualité du bois réduite et la croissance des arbres en est affectée. Le caractère polycyclique des pousses annuelles apparaît avec un retard de 3 ans sur les tiges sinueuses par rapport aux tiges droites du même site. La quantité de biomasse disponible pour la photosynthèse s'acquiert donc avec un certain retard pour les tiges sinueuses, du moins en milieu naturel, car en plantation la biomasse reste comparable entre les deux formes de tiges. L'utilisation de l'énergie pour développer du bois de compression pourrait expliquer en partie la taille réduite des arbres sinueux. Au niveau des systèmes racinaires, après 15 ans de croissance, les pins gris plantés ne présentent pas de racine pivotante et les racines principales sont initiées à 97% dans les 20 premiers cm de sol. À l'opposé, en milieu naturel, tous les individus présentent un pivot, et 30% des racines principales sont initiées à plus de 20 cm de profondeur. De plus, 50% de la longueur des racines des arbres plantés se concentre sur une superficie correspondant au tiers de la surface du sol, secteur qui concorde avec la position du sillon. En milieu naturel, les racines se répartissent régulièrement tout autour des tiges. Dans la couronne des pins gris naturels, la longueur des branches est maximale dans un secteur opposé aux racines, alors qu'en plantation, les branches présentent une longueur maximale dans la même direction que les racines. Ainsi, en milieu naturel, lorsque les facteurs externes (vent, neige) agitent la couronne, les arbres auraient tendance à osciller moins que les pins plantés. Ces derniers offrent un moins bon support perpendiculairement au sillon, alors que la couronne présente la plus forte emprise aux facteurs externes dans cette direction. À ces éléments spatiaux s'ajoutent le fait que la croissance annuelle en longueur des racines latérales des arbres plantés montre un retard de cinq ans par rapport au milieu naturel, bien que la tige se développe normalement pendant cette période. Ainsi, en plantation, le développement rapide de la tige ne s'appuie pas sur un système racinaire étendu pour la période de 1 à 5 ans après la germination. Tous ces facteurs augmentent les risques de sinuosité des tiges plantées, cette sinuosité pouvant être induite, entre autre, par le vent ou la neige. L'impact de ces deux facteurs sur les arbres risque de prendre d'autant plus d'importance avec le temps, en raison de l'augmentation de la taille de la couronne (jusqu'à un certain point) avec le vieillissement des arbres. L'effet des facteurs externes se trouve encore augmenté si la stabilité de l'arbre n'est pas assurée dans toutes les directions, comme c'est le cas en plantation. La conséquence ultime d'un système racinaire déformé consiste au renversement des tiges, à laquelle s'ajoute la diminution permanente de la qualité induite par la sinuosité chez les arbres juvéniles. De plus, la densité des plantations favorise un accès plus grand à la lumière, ce qui conduit à une augmentation du nombre et du diamètre des n?uds présents sur les tiges. Hors, ces derniers diminuent la qualité du bois, tout comme la sinuosité. D'un autre côté, la faible densité des plantations favorise une croissance plus rapide des arbres. La recherche d'un équilibre entre gain en croissance et qualité du bois serait appropriée pour cette espèce, d'autant plus qu'elle est reconnue pour avoir un haut potentiel d'héritabilité des caractères génétiques. Parmi les critères qui expriment un potentiel intéressant, le polycyclisme des tiges est sans doute le prochain à prendre en compte. En effet, l'accroissement du nombre de cycles formés par année agit directement sur le gain en longueur des tiges, donc sur le volume de bois produit. Par contre, tous les cycles n'apportent pas un gain valable: certaines UC sont très courtes, bien qu'elles induisent une augmentation du nombre de branches, ce qui diminue la qualité totale du bois. Afin de produire du bois de bonne qualité, particulièrement au niveau mécanique, et en quantité suffisante pour répondre à la demande, il est nécessaire d'améliorer les techniques de production des plants et de déterminer les méthodes de préparation du sol qui présentent le moins d'incidence sur les racines, afin de diminuer les risques liés à la plantation. La réduction du temps requis pour la production des plants, l'utilisation des récipients différents de ceux employés traditionnellement, l'absence de sillons ou un scarifiage à double passage, la variation de la densité des peuplements font partis des critères qui méritent d'être analysés quant à leurs impacts sur le développement des tiges et des racines des pins gris. Mots clés: Pinus banksiana; pin gris; architecture; sinuosité; racine; croissance; évolution spatiale; évolution temporelle; ratio aérien / souterrain; plantation; régénération naturelle; qualité du bois; branches; polycyclisme.

Northeastern British Columbia was occupied by the Cordilleran (CIS) and the Laurentide (LIS) ice sheets, however, the timing and extent remains contentious. The late Quaternary and Holocene history of this area is examined by exploring geomorphic, stratigraphic, geochemical and geochronologic components of glacial, deglacial, paraglacial and non-glacial landsystems. New tools, such as GIS, LiDAR, and new geochronologic methods, such as optical dating are used to understand the Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the region. Bedrock topography represents the base of the Quaternary section and modelling shows that paleovalleys, common in this region, host extensive Neogene sedimentary records. Stratigraphies from the Murray and Pine valleys indicate glaciation prior to the Mid-Wisconsinan (MIS 3) and during the Late Wiconsinan (MIS 2). Glacial landforms record Late Wisconsinan ice-sheet coalescence and reflect the complex interaction of the LIS and CIS margins. During deglaciation, the LIS and CIS separated and glacial Lake Peace (GLP) formed. Shoreline features enable reconstruction of lake and ice configurations. Four phases of GLP are preserved. Optical ages from Phase II indicate GLP occupied the area some time between ca. 16 – 14 ka yrs ago. The apparent tilt on the shorelines provides a measure of isostatic adjustments and suggests asynchronous retreat of first the LIS, then the CIS. The transition from paraglacial to boreal conditions was driven by climate change and is recorded by vegetation sucession and cessation of paraglacial processes. Optical ages from stabilized dunes and radiocarbon ages from organics date the transition between 12 – 11.5 ka yrs ago with full boreal conditions established by 10 ka yrs ago. The Holocene is dominated by erosional processes, however some systems are aggrading. A case study on a floodplain demonstrates that resistivity (Ohmmapper) surveys provide a grain-size proxy to suppliant GPR studies, which is essential for geophysical fluvial architectural analysis. In the study, the discrepancy between planform style (classic meander model) and subsurface geophysical surveys (indicative of vertical accretion associated with braided and wandering fluvial styles) reiterates cautions that planform may not always be a functions of depositional process and one may not be used to predict the other.
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