Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pink architecture'
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Kayihan, Gogce Ceren. "Genetic architecture of fungal disease traits in loblolly pine." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0015719.
Full textSimitis, Matthew. "Playin' pick-up on Main : refocusing a neighborhood's identity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70457.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 57-61).
At first glance, the city of Worcester is not unique. Like so many other New England cities, the traces of its industrial past are visible at every turn: from the early high-rise buildings in the downtown area, to the canals which run through the city, to the seemingly endless supply of bulky brick factories and the worker housing which surrounds them. Upon further investigation, however, Worcester, as with all places, is revealed to be filled with very specific, and indeed unique, histories and memories. Regrettably, in Worcester and so many of these other industrial cities, while many physical remnants remain, the spirit and energy they once provided have disappeared, much like the industries themselves. This disappearance has created a void in the cultural fabric of the area, leveling our experiences within cities and flattening the distinctions between them. Within Worcester, the neighborhood of Main south is indicative of this shift. Home to both universities and corset makers, for decades MainSouth held a singular position in Worcester's civic landscape - a place where higher education and the working classes mixed. After the loss of industry, however, the neighborhood disintegrated and any previous coherence disappeared. By utilizing forces already at work in the site, this thesis will attempt to promote a new understanding of Main south, one that re-establishes the neighborhood's identity as a place where different sectors of society can mix. Working with both existing building typologies and existing programmatic uses, a restructuring of portions of Main Street will be proposed as a new focal point for communal activity in the neighborhood.
by Matthew Joseph Simitis.
M.Arch.
Peters, Benjamin J. "Practical pin tooling." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100891.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-70).
A high resolution reconfigurable mold has been sought after for over 150 years. An ideal reconfigurable mold would be capable of producing detailed surfaces for use in molding and be capable of fast surface reconfiguration. Such a device would combine the fast speed and repeatability of formative processes, like injection molding, with the flexibility of additive processes, like 3D printing. An affordable, high resolution, reconfigurable mold could be a practical tool for a lean, short-run shop or factory, serving as a resin mold, fixturing surface or concrete formwork; to name only a few possible applications. Resembling the common pin art toy, a discrete element pin bed has often been proposed as a design for a reconfigurable mold. Conventional actuation strategies are often cumbersome and expensive, due to the quadratic increase in number of pin elements with increasing surface resolution. Very few designs exist that are capable of producing a reconfigurable pin array at sufficiently high resolution to compete with the cost of making a fixed geometry mold. A practical pin tool, an inexpensive but high resolution molding tool, could be an asset to shops and small business everywhere, but nothing like this currently exists. This thesis presents a concise design strategy, backed up by analytical arguments and empirical evidence which can used to construct an affordable, high resolution reconfigurable pin tool. We address the challenge of quadratic scaling by edge-addressing simple, nonlinear mechanisms to actuate each pin. Edge addressing, along rows and columns of pins, reduces the number of control inputs to a small, linearly increasing value. Nonlinear mechanisms at each discrete pin site allow for a predictable, localized expression of the edge addressed inputs. Two embodiments of this design strategy are proposed and tested. First, a diode/resistive heater array allows for electrical edge addressing and control of a fusible alloy brake to grip or release targeted, sliding pins. Second, an array of screws is edge addressed by mechanical oscillations to generate nonlinear tangential forces in targeted screws, resulting in controllable screw translations. We conclude by summarizing our results and discuss directions for future work.
by Benjamin J. Peters.
S.M.
Plourde, Annie. "Croissance, développement et architecture des structures aériennes et souterraines de pins gris (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) dans un peuplement naturel et une plantation /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Montréal : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi ; Université du Québec à Montréal, 2007. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textLa p. de t. porte en outre: Thèse présentée à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi et l'Université du Québec à Montréal comme exigence partielle du doctorat en sciences de l'environnement. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. 140-141. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU
Ye, Simao, and 叶思茂. "Basic documentation of Ping Yao dwelling courtyards." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47091101.
Full textpublished_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation
Wolf, Lewis. "Pistons, pins-ups & fisticuff - a graphic narrative exploration of architectural design." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30219.
Full textDissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted
Thamm, Kristina. "The Role of Prominin-1 in the Architecture and Dynamics of Microvilli and Primary Cilia." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-232378.
Full textDanquechin, Dorval Antoine. "Architecture racinaire et stabilité chez le pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait.) au stade jeune." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0045/document.
Full textStorms account for half of the damages in European forests; the Landes forest has beenheavily damaged by two major storms. Root anchorage is a major element in tree stability. The root anchorage of mature pine is strongly linked with the root development in seedlings as this species donot spontaneously fork and do not grow delayed branches. The aim of our research was to link rootarchitecture, stability and stand management practices. We measured and analyzed in an innovative way the root architecture of 3-5-year-old trees as well as 13-year-old trees from stands damaged by astorm.The 13-year-old trees, taproot only represented 12% of root biomass but still remained the maincomponent of stability. An efficient anchorage was provided by a unique vertical taproot, short andlarge or long and thin, together with a larger deep root volume. Windward shallow roots stiffness alsocontributed to stability. Stem leaning was solely prevented by the stiffness of the central part of theroot system. The guying of shallow roots did not contribute to stability. The size of the largest anglebetween shallow roots windward and leeward was not related to stem leaning. Similarly, a largerfurrow leeward did not weaken tree stability.Planted seedling show large deformations of their shallow lateral roots, randomly distributed around the stump before being later included in the growing stump. The taproot growth was generally correct. Root architecture of trees after strip ploughing was not different from those of full ploughing. Theshallow roots follow the soil surface and can be cut during mechanical weed control
Harwood, Douglas E. "The Genetic Architecture of Water-Use Efficiency Within and Between Two Natural Populations of Foxtail Pine." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3781.
Full textMartin, Juan Manual. "Formed by fire : a mountaineering basecamp at the pine plantation in the dystopia of Cecilia Forest." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13159.
Full textI am a mountaineer. I hike, I climb, I camp (mostly without a tent, unless it snows of course). It has been a serious hobby since I was a Boy Scout at the age of fourteen. At the beginning of the year, I saw an opportunity to add a personal touch through experience and interest in order to better design my project-to-be. Something that I have noticed about myself throughout my years of studying is that I am a very image or visual orientated person and so for my participation in the studio design exercises, I sought images that could have provided me with some direction towards an architectural concept. The siting of my project came about while I was riding my motorbike on Rhodes Drive on my way to Camps Bay for sundowners. As I rode past the parking entrance, I did not realize that I passed Cecilia Forest, a place that I was familiar with and yet, as it turns out, not any more. After establishing my site, I explored its history and present condition, which turned out to be quite extensive, hence my initial interest. At this point I very much wanted to arrive at a decision concerning a programme that would be suitable with regards to everything I had researched as well as my own personal drive intents. There were earlier attempts to design a public bathhouse and educational facilities, but the final decision came about after a completed a rather long and grueling trek across the Drakensberg for nearly two weeks, hiking. Hiking has always been a major interest of mine that originated from my youth as a Scout. I consider myself relatively experienced in all aspects of the activity and physical conditions, as far as South Africa is concerned, but this led me to question as to why I had not fully explored the Cape Peninsula from a hiking perspective. This further led to me linking Cecilia Forest to a macro / urban scheme as well as initiating a relative programmatic response through my building.Timber has fascinated me as a structural element because I have yet to work with it at that level. The use of timber was an obvious choice to better integrate the actual site through the physical and symbolic as well as a sustainable approach. The end result is a building suited for mountaineers and the general public to inhabit the forest at various hours and through various uses. The size and bulk will be controlled by what was built there previously as well as what is needed to accommodate a reasonable capacity of people.
Elinder, Anna. "Tallskogens skolan." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230605.
Full textCandidate Project in Architecture 15 hp. The school is located in a location called Mälarängen south of Stockholm. The plot lies between the Mälarängen, Bredäng and Fruängen areas and has a large natural area of aldelles outside the plot. The plot itself has a height difference of 7 meters and has an untouched part with pine trees, untouched moss and a height, the rest of the plot is prepared with asphalt and grass. My focus in the project is to preserve the wild nature that exists on the site and highlight it through architecture. I also want the nature to be present inside the buildings and that the boundary between inside and out is to be blurred. Therefore, the school has a large window lash with a view of nature. Along the house there is also a wooden deck where you can move the outdoor teaching if you wish. The plot consists of different outdoor spaces as the buildings enter; the pond, the pelvis, the cliff and the forest that have different carecteristics. The idea of the school is that you can move between these different rooms and buildings.
Egenberg, Inger Marie. "Tarring maintenance of Norwegian medieval stave churches : characterization of pine tar during kiln-protection, experimental coating procedures and weathering /." Göteborg : Acta universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb409258910.
Full textKaufman, Andrew Jay 1963. "An exploration of perceived benefits of recreation in the Pine Valley District of the Dixie National Forest." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291621.
Full textSchwartz, Erin Stock. "Streaking and Straight Pins: Constructing Masculinity on an Antebellum College Campus." W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539720313.
Full textKremer, Antoine. "Decomposition de la croissance en hauteur du pin maritime (pinus pinaster ait. ) : architecture genetique et application a la selection precoce." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112051.
Full textLagraulet, Hélène. "Plasticité phénotypique et architecture génétique de la croissance et de la densité du bois du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait.)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0085/document.
Full textEvaluating the impact of climate change on current plantations supposes the evaluation of their phenotypic plasticity and their genotypic diversity within the species, under abiotic pressure. Maritime pine is a perennial species of major economical interest in the french Aquitaine region. Wildly studied genetically and ecophysiologically, maritime pine is a very good biological model to see that type of study to the end. In this thesis, we intend to study various traits related to maritime pine growth under a biotic constraints, according to the following approaches: (1) evalutation of the phenotypic variability and (2)dissection of the genetic architecture of the traits (number, location and effects of QTLs). The comparisonbetween envrionmental and phenotypic data will allow us to appreciate the phenotypic pasticity of individuals. Afterwards, studying the genetic architecture of these traits and its variability according to the genetic background of individuals and environmental conditions will allow us to assess the stability ofdetected QTLs.We used 4 progenies of maritime pines: 3 controlled crosses of parents originated from contrasted ecotypes (Corsica, Landes and Morocco) and 1 controlled cross from a second generation of self-pollination (F2). Micro-cores were extracted from the individuals of the F2 population andmicrodensity profiles were established trough 7 consecutive years. Total height and diameter of eachindividual were measured once a year on the 3 others crosses, from 2010 to 2014. Dynamics of apical budburst was also followed on the same individuals in 2012 and 2013. Finally, dynamics of radial growth were monitored on a sub-sample of 239 individuals (spread in 2 of the 3 controlled crosses) during 3 yearsthanks to a unique device of microdendrometers.At the same time, all individuals (form the 4 crosses) were genotyped with several DNA bioarraysof molecular markers, allowing the building of genetic maps. The confrontation of phenotypic and genotypic data enabled to identify genome are as involved in the genetic architecture behind the traitsand to study their stability according to environmental conditions and the genetic background of individuals.This study showed that bud burst varies from year to year, depending on the conditions oftemperature and of the genetic background of individuals. Same way as growth, bud burst is controlled bymany QTLs of moderate effect, varying according to climatic conditions and the genetic background of individuals. The monitoring of seasonal dynamics of wood formation also showed a QTL x environment interaction revealing that wood density is regulated by different genes or the same set of genes,differentially regulated in response to the climate. The last part of the study puts forwards, for the firsttime, the variability of radius daily fluctuations within a full-sib family and its interaction with environmental variables. [...]
Saint, Cast Clément. "Modélisation du développement architectural, de l'acclimatation au vent dominant et de l'ancrage du système racinaire du pin maritime." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0018/document.
Full textStorms cause more than 50% of the timber loss in European forests. However, forest tree anchorage mechanisms throughout their lifespan are not fully understood, especially the strong acclimation of root systems to common winds. This lack of knowledge is mainly due to technical difficulties: neither the root structure nor the mechanical contribution of the roots could be characterized continually. Thus we set up a numerical approach to model the development of the root system and to describe the strains resulting from common winds. This generic approach has been developed using Pinus pinaster grown in sandy soils as model species.Seven datasets of excavated root systems from 0 to 50 years were employed. The assessment of root structure and functions is more powerful if the differentiation of root system in several root types is considered. We first proposed an automatic classification of roots with the k-means clustering algorithm. Four root traits were chosen as classifiers, including three geometric architectural traits, which can be precisely assessed whatever the tree/root age. Clustering yielded similar five groups of laterals roots at all ages, explaining 70% of the variability. The three largest lateral roots per tree were all horizontal roots branching from stump and the other lateral roots show a large differentiation for tropism: nearly all the roots were horizontal or vertical roots. The framework of the central part of the root system can be almost completed in 4-year-old trees (3.5 cm collar diameter). We then calibrated the existing RootTyp (Pagès et al. 2004) architectural model for P. pinaster for each of the root types defined by the cluster analysis. We used the database combined with a literature review and an optimization method to get accurate values for 13 parameters by root types. We devoted effort to validate our model calibration. In order to model architecture of the root system, damping properties had to be implemented to yield realistic outputs up to the mature stage. Branching varied as a function of distance from the root base, and growth capacity decreased with branching order. Nevertheless, the root diameters of simulated root systems were generally underestimated. This was certainly due to root growth plasticity to the prevailing wind, an acclimation facet not taken into account at this calibration step. Growth alterations due to a cemented horizon were reproduced using the new calibrated soil module. Then, the wind acclimation of roots was numerically investigated by examining the root mechanical stimuli due to wind. A chain of biomechanical models was used to predict the spatial distribution of stress and strain in simplified root systems at 4, 6 and 13-year-old as a result of three levels of usual winds. According to simulations, the strain amplitude decreased with tree growth due to the increasing root system stiffness. This suggests larger thigmomorphogenetic responses at young stages. The modifications of the structural and wood root properties related to wind acclimation were largely explained by the stress and strain distribution in the root system
Vigano, Andre De Souza. "Simulation of an SP8T 18 GHz RF Switch Using SMT PIN Diodes." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2259.
Full textFeng, Lu. "Connexion entre modèles dynamiques de communautés végétales et modèles architecture-fonction – cas du modèle GreenLab." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20190/document.
Full textPlant architecture implies the development of both topological and geometrical structure over time, which determines resource acquisition, in the meantime interacts with physiological processes. However it has long been overlooked in traditional community dynamics models. Based on plant architecture, functional-structural plant models (FSPM) have showed their particular capability in addressing questions like interactions between plant and environment (e.g. light interception), between structure development and growth (e.g. carbon allocation), as they take into account morphogenesis with organ-level explicit descriptions. Anyway, high demand of time and memory for simulation and inverse calculation prevents FSPM from further agricultural or sylvicultural practice. This thesis attempts the combination of a mathematic FSPM GreenLab and a crop model or an empirical forest model (EFM) to introduce individual-based architectural support for community growth study. In the case of maize, disagreement from stand level (by crop model PILOTE) and individual level (by GreenLab) growth simulations implies different emergence time of individuals, which is used to quantify the distribution. By supposing that theoretical projective area (Sp) is determined by the growth situation and the final size of individual architecture, the variance of Sp is reversely computed with the variance of organ compartment measurements to characterize individual variability. In the case of Black pine, architecture dynamics built in GreenLab according to Rauh's model (architecture model for pine tree) are adapted to the simulation of an EFM PNN. As a consequence, thinning scenarios are well incorporated in the final stand visualization. From these preliminary applications, following conclusions can be drawn: (i) FSPM is able to provide individual performances (i.e. organ development and expansion) inside an area of crop field for crop models. (ii) The crop model may regulate the combined form of individuals from integral level. Both aspects are significant to deepen understanding of stand growth. (iii) Architecture conceptions integrated in FSPM may be adapted to EFM simulations for a data-driven visualization. (iv) EFM can guarantee ecological/sylvicultural function for 3D stand visualization. To take into consideration biomass processes, additional observations are needed. As models are independent in combinations, the same methods can be extended to linkage with other stand models
Yang, Ming. "Ancrage racinaire des arbres : modélisation et analyses numériques des facteurs clés de la résistance au vent du Pinus pinaster." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0279/document.
Full textWinter storms cause 50% of wood damage by volume to European forests. Tree uprooting isthe most frequent phenomenon during storms ; however the mechanism is not well understood.This thesis aims to better understand the tree uprooting process and to identify both rootstructural features and material properties which have first-order effects on tree anchoragestrength for the case ofPinus pinaster. A Finite Element Model has been developed and allowedsimulating and tracking the sequential root breakage during the course of tree overturning. Anoverall tree anchorage strength is thus defined as the resultant of contribution of root systemarchitecture and material strength (roots, soil). This would allow improving the risk modelswhich currently don’t include any mechanistic relationships to describe tree uprooting. In thesame spirit, we have relied on root architectural data to build a simplified root system patternwith features ofP. pinaster. Importance of different root components has been studied andthe essential role of the taproot and shallow roots demonstrated. This result has confirmednumerous experimental and theoretical studies and for the first time quantified these impacts.Therefore the number of relevant parameters can be reduced to express overall root anchorage.This opens new prospects to simplify the model in order to apply to other species under othersoil conditions and considering different silvicultural practices
Wu, Sihong. "Modeling the Seasonality of Carbon, Evapotranspiration and Heat Processes for Cold Climate Conditions." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Biogeofysik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-26918.
Full textQC 20101206
Chen, Po-Yuan, and 陳柏源. "EMBEDDED DUAL-CORE SYSTEM DESIGN USING PING-PONG ARCHITECTURE." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00709565371571591273.
Full text大同大學
資訊工程學系(所)
98
With the growing multimedia of codec types, the huge amount of produced computing can’t be handled by a single processor now. Therefore, we hope that the programs which include many computations can be processed by multiprocessors. In addition, the core operation in embedded system platform also gradually becomes multiprocessor from a single processor. For the development of embedded systems and the demanding of mobile computing devices, users of handheld mobile devices are increasing the functional requirements. As for the physical limitations, to enhance the core clock for designing processors has been stuck. In order to provide both high performance and low power consumption, multi-core platform has become an inevitable trend. To improve computing performance while increasing the core number, memory access speed has become a performance bottleneck in the next design topic. Traditional usage of exclusive access memory component approach will result in competition for resources and to reduce overall system performance. This paper proposed Ping-Pong memory architecture for multi-core systems. Using the characteristic of Ping-Pong; “one buffer read and one buffer write,” to increase system memory access performance, thus reduce processor’s waiting time for the memory access.
Lysenko, Kaleigh. "The science and affect of atmosphere in landscape architecture." 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/32199.
Full textMay 2017
Xi, Pengfei. "Design of A Low-power Precision Op Amp with Ping-pong Autozero Architecture." 2008. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/499.
Full textSilva, Vitor Manuel Guerra Vaz da. "Reconfigurable photonic logic architecture." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/16555.
Full textTsai, Shi-Chien, and 蔡錫謙. "The Development of City and Architecture in Ping-Tung during the Japanese Governance of Taiwan." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21140733745386104460.
Full text中原大學
建築學系
88
Abstract During the Japanese Governance of Taiwan, a Modern European and American City Plan influence was brought to Taiwan. This not only changed Taiwan’s Chinese traditional Walled City style and community structure, but also established the foundation of Ping-Tung city’s construction and infrastructure today. This research analyses the results Japanese colonial government city policies and strategies, from the early policies of hygiene requirements implemented as the “Central City Improvement”, to the later stages of the “City Plan” environment improvements. This analysis investigates the different periods of Ping-Tung city development, and investigates the Ping-Tung Plain in the period after Japanese colonial industrialisation. Factors such as the modern Sugar industry, Railway transport construction and Military establishment, assisted in increasing the momentum of development of the city. This research, is divided into three main development periods of Ping-Tung city and architecture, each stage and development factors as described below: 1.The early developing period prior to 1913: Under governance of Holland, the Ming and Ching Dynasty, Ping-Tung city had a traditional style of agriculture society and community structure. But after Japanese government of Taiwan, the subsequence development of the modern Sugar industry and regional administrative centre’s which established the driving force of the city development. 2.The advanced development period from 1913 to 1937: During this period, the City Plan was implemented and combined with the relevant industries development, this period of Japanese governance was the peak of development in Ping-Tung city and architecture. This development became the city centre outline of today. 3.The Construction period from 1937 to 1945: After the Ping-Tung city implementation of the City Plan, soon announced the location of each public facilities, but due to the influence of the war mobilization, the city development mainly focused on the advantage of the transport development for the military movement. Other public facilities were not implemented by the Kuomintang Government until after the war, which has formed the foundation of Ping-Tung City facilities today. Today the change of several factors have resulted in the slowing Ping-Tung city development. However the low intensity of development the city, and already developed industries such as Sugar and Brewery factories with large heritages of land, can from the ecological city point of view enable further progress and city development, which would become the future Ping-Tung city development direction. Keywords: the Japanese occupation era ,City, Architecture, Akauw, Ping-Tung.
Resende, João Nuno Ribeiro. "Colony social structure and burrow architecture of the Lusitanian pine vole, Microtus lusitanicus (Gerbe, 1879)." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/41671.
Full textThe Lusitanian pine vole (Microtus lusitanicus, Gerbe 1879) is a fossorial rodent known for its ability to build complex underground burrows system on which it lives. These burrows are usually several meters long, having multiple entrances, nests and food storages. Previous work indicates a single burrow system is shared by many individuals and may include more than one breeding pair. Recent work suggests the occurrence of alloparenting, as well as the formation of a strong pair bond between the breeding pair, thus strengthening the possibility of this species having a monogamous mating system and a complex social structure. In the present study, an underground burrow system of M. lusitanicus, located in a semi-natural habitat (pasture field) in Sintra, was exposed and its structure mapped using a differential GPS system (DGPS). Additionally, the social structure of M. lusitanicus colonies from two distinct geographic locations (Sintra and Caldas da Rainha) was studied through microsatellite analysis. The exposed burrow system was considerably large, reaching a total of 606.35 m in tunnel length, having a mean depth of 11.16±9.47 cm and reaching up to 52.8 cm in depth. A high number of openings (N=334) was found, however, only a single food chamber and no nests were detected. The low number of food chambers and nests can probably be explained by two main factors: (1) high food availability above-ground decreasing the need to storage food - the colony was located in a pasture field; (2) the burrow system was not completely exposed, and some of its deepest zones, where nests and food chambers are usually found, may have remained undug. This systems’ fractal dimension and lacunarity (FD and λ, 1.2678 and 0.7414, respectively) suggest a complex underground system with moderate heterogeneity, similar to that found in other fossorial and subterranean rodents. The analysis of 10-12 microsatellite loci, in a total of 156 specimens of M. lusitanicus, allowed the identification of two family groups in Tapada do Mouco (distributed among 4 genetic clusters) and three family groups in Caldas da Rainha (5 genetic clusters). Mean family size is 15.2 (one of the families is smaller) which supports the observation of large family groups. With a single exception, all breeding pairs found exhibited a monogamous behavior, breeding with the same partner for successive generations and producing several litters. The only case of extra-pair mating occurred between a female and two males (polyandry), although this could have been due to external factors (severe disturbance of the colony’s site). Despite close family members were found to share the same burrow system, no cases of inbreeding were detected. These findings, alongside with the sexual monomorphism observed, further support the hypothesis that the Lusitanian pine vole has a monogamous mating system and a complex social organization.
O rato-cego (Microtus lusitanicus, Gerbe 1879) é um roedor fossador conhecido pela sua capacidade de construir um complexo sistema de túneis subterrâneos no qual habita. Estes sistemas podem ter vários metros de comprimento, com várias entradas, ninhos e despensas. Estudos anteriores indicam que um único sistema de túneis pode ser partilhado por vários indivíduos formando pequenos grupos familiares, podendo incluir mais de um par reprodutor. Trabalhos recentes sugerem a ocorrência de cuidados aloparentais, bem como a formação de um forte vínculo entre o par reprodutor, reforçando a possibilidade desta espécie ter um sistema de acasalamento monogâmico e uma estrutura social complexa. No presente trabalho estudou-se a estrutura sistema de galerias subterrâneas de M. lusitanicus. O sistema subterrâneo, localizado num habitat semi-natural (campo de pastagem) em Sintra, foi exposto e a sua estrutura mapeada usando um sistema de GPS diferencial (DGPS). Adicionalmente, recorrendo à análise de 12 microssatélites, foi estudada a estrutura social e de parentesco da mesma. Para a recolha de amostras de tecido para análise de DNA, foram colocadas um total de 120 armadilhas de toupeira modificadas distribuídas pelo local de amostragem em Sintra (Tapada do Mouco), onde foram capturados 56 indivíduos. Com o mesmo objetivo, a 200 metros deste ponto, foram colocadas 40 armadilhas e capturados 12 indivíduos para comparação. Paralelamente, foram igualmente analisadas amostras de 88 espécimes provenientes de uma colónia de M. lusitanicus, resultado de um estudo anterior (2002-2003) num pomar de maçãs nas Caldas da Rainha. O sistema de túneis exposto apresentou dimensões consideráveis, atingindo um total de 606.35 m de comprimento e uma profundidade média de 11.16±9.47 cm, atingindo um máximo de 52.8 cm de profundidade. Foi registado um número elevado de aberturas (N=334), no entanto, apenas foi encontrada uma única despensa mas nenhum ninho foi descoberto. O baixo número de despensas e a ausência de ninhos encontrados pode provavelmente ser explicado por dois fatores principais: (1) alta disponibilidade de alimentos à superfície, diminuindo a necessidade de armazenamento dos mesmos, pois a colónia estava localizada num campo de pastagem, com elevada disponibilidade alimentar; (2) o sistema de escavação não foi completamente exposto e algumas das suas zonas mais profundas, onde geralmente são encontrados ninhos e despensas, podem não ter sido encontradas. Os índices de linearidade, circularidade e convolução (1.5193, 0.4332 e 14.3714, respectivamente) indicam um sistema de túneis linear e moderamente convolscente. A dimensão fractal e a lacunaridade deste sistema (FD e λ, 1,2678 e 0,7414, respectivamente), suportando os valores anteriores, sugerem um sistema subterrâneo complexo com heterogeneidade moderada, semelhante ao encontrado noutros outros roedores fossadores e subterrâneos. A análise de 10 a 12 microssatélites, num total de 156 espécimes de M. lusitanicus, permitiu a identificação de dois grupos familiares na Tapada do Mouco (distribuídos em 4 clusters genéticos) e três grupos familiares em Caldas da Rainha (5 clusters genéticos). O tamanho médio da família foi de 15,2 indivíduos (sendo que uma das famílias era consideravelmente menor), estando de acordo com o anteriormente observado (organização dos indivíduos em grandes grupos familiares). Com uma única exceção, todos os pares reprodutores encontrados exibiram um comportamento monogâmico, reproduzindo-se com o mesmo parceiro, inclusivamente, num dos casos, por gerações sucessivas e produzindo várias ninhadas. O único caso de acasalamento extra-par ocorreu entre uma fêmea e dois machos (poliandria), embora isso possa também ter sido devido a fatores externos (alta perturbação no local da colónia). Apesar de familiares próximos partilharem o mesmo sistema de túneis, não foi detectado qualquer caso de consanguinidade, com reprodução entre irmãos ou parentes próximos. Este dado é reforçado por baixos valores de consanguinidade a nível de ambas as populações analisadas. Estes resultados, juntamente com o monomorfismo sexual observado, sustentam e reforçam a hipótese de que o rato-cego tem um sistema de acasalamento monogâmico e uma organização social complexa.
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