Journal articles: 'Pimelea'

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Foster, Charles S. P., David J. Cantrill, Elizabeth A. James, Anna E. Syme, Rebecca Jordan, Rachel Douglas, Simon Y. W. Ho, and Murray J. Henwood. "Molecular phylogenetics provides new insights into the systematics of Pimelea and Thecanthes (Thymelaeaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 29, no. 3 (2016): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16013.

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Pimelea Banks & Sol. ex Gaertn. is a genus of flowering plants comprising an estimated 90 species in Australia and ~35 species in New Zealand. The genus is economically important, with the inflorescences of some species having floricultural applications, and the presence of toxic compounds in several species proving poisonous to livestock. Pimelea grows in a variety of habitats ranging from arid to alpine, suggesting a complicated biogeographic history. The relationships within Pimelea remain largely uncertain, despite previous attempts at clarification using molecular phylogenetics. However, it is clear that Pimelea is closely related to Thecanthes Wikstr., with the two genera comprising the subtribe Pimeleinae. We used Bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses of four plastid markers (matK, rbcL, rps16, trnL–F) and one nuclear ribosomal marker (ITS) to examine the evolutionary relationships within Pimeleinae. We found strong support for the monophyly of Pimeleinae but, similar to previous studies, Pimelea was paraphyletic with respect to Thecanthes. Our results also indicated that P. longiflora R.Br. subsp. longiflora and P. longiflora subsp. eyrei (F.Muell.) Rye are best considered as distinct species. Therefore, we reduce Thecanthes to synonymy with Pimelea, making the necessary new combination Pimelea filifolia (Rye) C.S.P.Foster et M.J.Henwood (previously Thecanthes filifolia Rye), and also reinstate Pimelea eyrei F.Muell.

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Motsi, M. Cynthia, Annah N. Moteetee, Angela J. Beaumont, Barbara L. Rye, Martyn P. Powell, Vincent Savolainen, and Michelle van der Bank. "A phylogenetic study of Pimelea and Thecanthes (Thymelaeaceae): evidence from plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data." Australian Systematic Botany 23, no. 4 (2010): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb09002.

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A comprehensive molecular study, using sequence data from nuclear ITS rDNA and plastid rbcL and matK exons, rps16 intron, and the trnL-F intronic and intergenic spacer, was used to assess the taxonomic status of Thecanthes Wikstr., and to evaluate the relationships within Pimelea Banks & Sol. ex Gaertn. and Thecanthes (Thymelaeaceae). Both genera are Australasian and they constitute the subtribe Pimeleinae, which is characterised by a reduction to two stamens. Previous studies indicated a close relationship among Pimelea, Thecanthes and Gnidia L. species from tropical Africa. We conclude that Pimelea and Thecanthes form a strongly supported clade, with Thecanthes possibly included within Pimelea, although we await further data before formally proposing a series of new taxonomic combinations.

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Gauthier, Emilie, Diane Ouwerkerk, Bronwyn Laycock, and Mary Fletcher. "Biopolymer Composites for Slow Release to Manage Pimelea Poisoning in Cattle." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036097.

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Cattle grazing the pastures of inland Australia can be poisoned by ingestion of certain native Pimelea plant species, particularly Pimelea trichostachya and Pimelea simplex. The Pimelea toxin, simplexin, causes often fatal restriction of the pulmonary venules, with resultant heart impacts and characteristic fluid accumulation (oedema) of the jaw and brisket regions. In certain years heavy livestock losses can occur. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or antidote for Pimelea poisoning and the only management strategy is to reduce contact between toxic plants and susceptible stock, for beef producers to avoid potentially devastating poisoning events. Nevertheless, previous research has demonstrated that prolonged low dose feeding diminished the effect in animals. It was postulated that the animal exposed to prolonged low doses developed a mechanism for detoxifying simplexin, possibly through adaptation of the rumen microbial environment. The present study seeks to investigate the use of a biopolymer/toxin composite to foster toxin-degrading microbe populations. The objectives are to manufacture biopolymer composites based on biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and/or polycaprolactone (PCL), as toxin slow-release systems for the rumen that would have broad utility across a range of plant toxins and other beneficial rumen compounds. The poster covers the manufacturing, characterisation and performance of the biopolymers in a simulated rumen environment. Preliminary results of different biopolymers/composites containing Pimelea material and toxin extracts in an in vitro simulated rumen environment for up to 30 days are presented. It was found that the release rate could be tailored by choosing the right type of biopolymer.

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STORIE, G. J., R. A. McKENZIE, and J. L. NORMAN. "Pimelea neo-anglicapoisoning of cattle." Australian Veterinary Journal 63, no. 7 (July 1986): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1986.tb03009.x.

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Gordon, Russell J., Natasha L. Hungerford, Bronwyn Laycock, and Mary T. Fletcher. "A review on Pimelea poisoning of livestock." Toxicon 186 (October 2020): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.023.

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Silcock, R. G., M. B. Mann, S. Chow, and J. S. Vitelli. "Herbicides to control poisonous Pimelea species (Thymelaeaceae)." Crop Protection 31, no. 1 (January 2012): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.09.013.

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Yuan, Gauthier, Hungerford, Ouwerkerk, Fletcher, and Laycock. "Modelling the Controlled Release of Toxins in a Rumen Environment." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036089.

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Pimelea poisoning in grazing cattle, also known as St George or Marree Disease, has been a long-time pestilence for the pastoral industry throughout arid regions of inland Australia. The causative species Pimelea (Thymelaeaceae), native to Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia, have been confirmed, with the secondary metabolite simplexin, a daphnane orthoester, being extracted and identified as the principal toxin. Despite the lack of effective prevention or treatment for Pimelea poisoning, naïve calves have previously been demonstrated to develop detoxification capability following prolonged low-dose simplexin intake. A variety of composites are being fabricated by encapsulating Pimelea plant material or a crude extract in biodegradable and biocompatible polyesters, aiming to develop a sustained toxin release mechanism. Studies on screening potential rumen microflora able to decompose simplexin during rumen-fluid fermentation are being conducted simultaneously. In this project, a quantification method for simplexin within these biocomposites was developed and validated utilising solid-phase extraction combined with UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS/MS. Reliable simplexin measurement in matrices will allow investigations into the material composition, geometry and rumen microorganism’s effects on the controlled release kinetics of simplexin in vitro. The degradation patterns of toxin delivery systems when exposed to simulated rumen environments will also be thoroughly assessed on both microscopic and chemical scales. Mathematical models of the underlying mass transport mechanisms will ultimately be established through approaches ranging from simple empirical correlations to stochastic simulations, which hold the potential to facilitate future design, optimisation, and prediction of other intra-ruminal devices based on biodegradable polymers.

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King, RW, JS Pate, and J. Johnston. "Ecotyptic Differences in the Flowering of Pimelea ferruginea (Thymelaeaceae) in Response to Cool Temperatures." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 1 (1996): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960047.

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Pimelea ferruginea Labill., a spring-flowering woody perennial from Western Australia, is distributed coastally from Albany (latitude 35° 11̸2S) to just below Geraldton (latitude 29° 07̸2S). Clones developed from cuttings, taken from single plants of Pimelea ferruginea at sites covering the range of its distribution, were grown vegetatively for up to 6 months in a naturally lit glasshouse and then transferred to a range of temperatures for induction of flowering. Selections from cooler, southerly sites (33-3.5°S latitude) flowered with a low temperature optimum (12-15°C average) but remained vegetative at a 3°C higher temperature (18°C). By contrast, northerly selections (29-30°S latitude) tolerated 3-5°C warmer conditions for their flowering. Daylength effects were of minor importance relative to the response to cool temperature with short (10 h) days being marginally more favourable than long days (16 h). In the wild, Pimelea ferruginea flowers in spring (September-October) after experiencing winter temperatures comparable to those effective in controlled environments. To define field flowering response, at the beginning of winter, vegetative six-month-old plants of the various selections were transferred to a southerly, intermediate or northerly field nursery site in Western Australia. The differences in flowering response across sites and selections broadly matched the temperatures needed for flowering of the selections in controlled environments. These physiological differences in regulation of flowering indicate ecotypic adaptation to temperature over the latitudinal range of distribution of this species of Pimelea. The field transfer experiments highlight the overriding inductive effect of cool winter temperatures in determining flowering time. Furthermore, any rise of 2-4°C in winter temperature due to global warming could have serious consequences for floral initiation and for survival of P. ferruginea.

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Silcock, Richard G., and Michael B. Mann. "Germinating the seeds of three species of Pimelea sect. Epallage (Thymelaeaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 1 (2014): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13297.

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Pimelea trichostachya Lindl., P. simplex F.Muell. and P. elongata Threlfall frequently cause pimelea poisoning of cattle. Fresh seeds of these species, belonging to sect. Epallage (Endl.) Benth. of Pimelea Gaertn. (Thymelaeaceae) are strongly dormant for years when in laboratory storage. Common methods of stimulating germination, such as scarification, dry heat and cold stratification, did not remove much of the dormancy. ‘Smoke water’ stimulated some germination but its effect was unpredictable and many seedlings then grew aberrantly. Exposure of imbibed seeds to gibberellic acid greatly and reliably improved the germination of all three species. However, the manner of application and the concentration of gibberellic acid used had to be appropriate or many young seedlings grew abnormally or died suddenly, limiting successful plant establishment rates. The dormancy type involved is non-deep Type 2 physiological. Ten days of good moisture, in addition to gibberellic acid exposure, is required before appreciable laboratory germination occurs at optimal temperatures. Thus, the mechanism by which gibberellic acid stimulates good germination does not appear to be the same as that which primes seeds for the rapid and prolific germination often seen under natural conditions in arid Australia. Seeds of P. simplex subsp. continua (J.M.Black) Threlfall proved most difficult to germinate and those of P. elongata the easiest.

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10

Wilson, S.-J., JD Taylor, JA Gibson, and RA Mckenzie. "Pimelea trichostachya poisoning (St George disease) in horses." Australian Veterinary Journal 85, no. 5 (May 2007): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00126.x.

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11

Gordon, Hungerford, Laycock, Ouwerkerk, and Fletcher. "Adsorbents for the Sequestration of the Pimelea Toxin, Simplexin." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036090.

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Pimelea poisoning affects cattle grazing arid rangelands of Australia, has no known remedy and significant outbreaks can cost the industry $50 million per annum. Poisoning is attributable to consumption of native Pimelea plants containing the toxin simplexin. Charcoal, bentonite and other adsorbents are currently used by the livestock industry to mitigate the effects of mycotoxins. The efficacy of such adsorbents to mitigate Pimelea poisoning warrants investigation. Through a series of in vitro experiments, different adsorbents were evaluated for their effectiveness to bind simplexin using a simple single concentration, dispersive adsorbent rapid screening method. Initial experiments were conducted in a rumen fluid based medium, with increasing quantities of each adsorbent: sodium bentonite (Trufeed®, Sibelco Australia), biochar (Nutralick®Australia) and Elitox® (Impextraco, Belgium). Data showed the unbound concentration of simplexin decreased with increasing quantities of each adsorbent tested. Sodium bentonite performed best, removing ~95% simplexin at 12 mg/mL. A second experiment using a single amount of adsorbent included two additional adsorbents: calcium bentonite (Bentonite Resources, Australia) and a synthetic adsorbent (Waters, USA). The concentration of simplexin remaining in the solution after 1 h, the amount able to be desorbed off the adsorbent-toxin matrix with replacement fresh fluid, and the amount remaining bound to the adsorbent were measured. All samples containing an adsorbent were statistically different compared to the blank (p < 0.05), indicating some binding activity. Future work will explore the binding mechanisms and behaviour of the toxin-adsorbent complex in the lower gastrointestinal tract.

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12

Motsi, M. C., B. Rye, and M. Van der Bank. "Molecular phylogenetics of the genera Pimelea and Thecanthes (Thymelaeaceae)." South African Journal of Botany 74, no. 2 (April 2008): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.083.

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13

Tyler, Margaret I., and Merlin E. H. Howden. "Antineoplastic and Piscicidal 1-Alkyldaphnane Orthoesters from Pimelea Species." Journal of Natural Products 48, no. 3 (May 1985): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50039a012.

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14

Slater, AT, PR Franz, and WK Thompson. "The Effect of Photoperiod, Temperature and Photon Flux Density on Flowering in Pimelea ciliata." Australian Journal of Botany 42, no. 5 (1994): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9940575.

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A range of photoperiods were investigated to determine their effect on newer induction in Pimelea ciliata. Temperatures and photon flux densities were also investigated to determine their effect on modifying the response to photoperiod. Pimelea ciliata developed flowers on all plants after exposure to at least 4 weeks of an 8 h photo- and thermoperiod at a high photon flux density. As the time under the 8 h photo- and thermoperiod increased, the total number of flowers produced and the percentage of buds which were floral on each flowering plant increased. Plants gown under a 16 or 10 h photoperiod for up to 8 weeks did not produce any flowers. Under a 12 h photoperiod, only two plants out of 36 flowered, and they produced a low number of flowers. Under the conditions tested, temperature had no apparent effect on the number of plants which flowered or the number of flowers on each flowering plant. However, a vernalisation response may be increasing the rate of flowering. The flowering response was reduced when plants were grown under a low photon flux density. Few plants produced flowers, and the percentage of shoots that were floral was also reduced under low light.

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Mueck, By Stephen G. "Translocation of Plains Rice-flower (Pimelea spinescens ssp. spinescens), Laverton, Victoria." Ecological Management and Restoration 1, no. 2 (August 2000): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-8903.2000.00032.x.

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Seaton, K. A., and J. A. Plummer. "Observations on environmental control of flowering of Qualup bell (Pimelea physodes)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 8 (2004): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02126.

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The attractive Western Australian native cut flower, Pimelea physodes (Qualup bell), was grown in a cooler climate at Mt Barker and a warmer climate at Medina. Buds appeared much earlier (7 weeks) at Mt Barker and flower opening was earlier but the time between these events was greater (i.e. the duration of flower development was 1.7 times longer) at Mt Barker compared with Medina. Temperatures at Mt Barker were lower than at Medina, but at both latitudes the temperature averaged over the 2 weeks up to when buds appeared was similar (i.e. about 20/10°C day/night). During bud appearance daylength was 10 h or less at both sites. Plants at Mt Barker produced fewer flowering stems but more stems per plant compared with Medina. Since there were more stems and a longer development period for the plants at Mt Barker, the total number of flowers per plant was 3.7 times higher than those at the Medina site. Longer flower development did not affect flower size at Mt Barker with flower size remaining the same at both latitudes. Flower opening occurred at a similar rate at both latitudes and could be described by a linear function with about 3% change in opening per day. Bud appearance and flowering was promoted by a short-term pulse of cooling (10/15°C day/night) followed by warmer conditions (day/night temperature range; 20/11°C to 17/7°C over 5 weeks), with a longer cool pulse giving earlier bud appearance but not affecting flower appearance. Under cold pulse treatment flowers opened more rapidly giving a fuller flower display. A 2-week cold pulse resulted in an increase in flower production while a longer 4-week pulse reduced flower production. The impact on floral display is discussed. Results from trials indicated that by choosing sites with different temperature conditions such as at different latitudes or altitudes or subjecting plants to a cold pulse it should be possible to spread the flowering time of P. physodes.

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King, RW, IA Dawson, and SS Speer. "Control of Growth and Flowering in Two Western Australian Species of Pimelea." Australian Journal of Botany 40, no. 3 (1992): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920377.

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Pimelea ferruginea and P. rosea both show an obligate requirement for exposure to mean temperatures below 15°C for more than 5 weeks for induction of flowering. Subsequently, floral primordia develop slowly in these cool conditions or rapidly if the average temperature is raised to 21°C. Plants held at 21°C or warmer remained vegetative for over 1 year. P. rosea was found to be daylength neutral, whereas flowering of P. ferruginea was enhanced, slightly, by a short day photoperiod of 10 h. Plant height was greater for both species in long days. Benzylaminopurine (BA) was effective for increasing branching. Gibberellin A3 (GA3) and paclobutrazol were effective in controlling plant height in P. ferruginea. Flower life was not altered by application of silver thiosulfate and BA, and was greatest when plants were grown in high photosynthetic photon flux density and at lower temperatures (15/ 10°C v. 24/19°C).

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Jordan, R., E. A. James, G. K. Brown, and A. L. Brown. "Isolation of microsatellites using 454-sequencing for the grassland shrub Pimelea spinescens (Thymelaeaceae)." Conservation Genetics Resources 4, no. 4 (July 21, 2012): 1085–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-012-9723-5.

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Silcock, R. G. "Effective storage of highly germinable seeds of poisonous Pimelea species for future research." Seed Science and Technology 45, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 428–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2017.45.2.09.

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Wan, Justin S. H., Keith L. McDougall, and Edward C. Y. Liew. "The susceptibility of seven threatened species to Phytophthora gregata and the aetiology of the disease caused by it." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 8 (2020): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt20062.

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Collar rot associated with the pathogen Phytophthora gregata T. Jung, M.J.C.Stukely & T.Burgess was recently observed on a subalpine wetland shrub, Pimelea bracteata Threlfall, in Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales. The symptomatic collars of infected plants in the field may mean that P. gregata infects via the collar rather than through roots, as many other Phytophthora species do. In the glasshouse, we tested the susceptibility of seven threatened wetland species to P. gregata. Flooding and stem wound inoculations were applied as treatments. Based on symptoms and reisolations, we found that Boronia deanei ssp. acutifolia Duretto, Correa baeuerlenii F.Muell, Pultenaea parrisiae J.D.Briggs & Crisp and Pimelea bracteata were susceptible to P. gregata. These species were infected following both flood and stem inoculation, and all but C. baeuerlenii displayed very poor health under both treatments; stem wound inoculated C. baeuerlenii plants tended to be less affected than root inoculated plants. The pathogen could not be reisolated from the roots and collars of inoculated plants of Callistemon purpurascens S.M.Douglas & S.David, Grevillea acanthifolia ssp. paludosa Makinson & Albr., and Pultenaea aristata Sieber ex DC. This is the first test of the susceptibility of eastern Australian native plants to P. gregata and the first to investigate the aetiology of the disease caused by this emerging threat. Given the growing body of evidence of the effects of a range of Phytophthora species on native plants, we suggest that the Key Threatening Process listing be broadened to include all destructive Phytophthora species.

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Reeves, Roger D., W. Scott Laidlaw, Augustine Doronila, Alan J. M. Baker, and (the late) George N. Batianoff. "Erratic hyperaccumulation of nickel, with particular reference to the Queensland serpentine endemic Pimelea leptospermoides." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 2 (2015): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14195.

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Many hyperaccumulators of nickel (Ni) are endemic to ultramafic soils and always show very high Ni concentrations. Others occur on a variety of substrates but accumulate high Ni from the ultramafic ones. Pimelea leptospermoides is unusual in being an ultramafic endemic that shows a very wide range of Ni concentrations. The present work sought to establish the factors governing the wide variation in Ni uptake by P. leptospermoides, and aimed to investigate the likelihood of this variation originating from plant differences or soil differences. Multiple paired plant and soil samples were taken over the geographic range of occurrence of P. leptospermoides. Plant and soil metal concentrations and soil pH were measured. No evidence was found to suggest that the plants belong to populations with inherent ‘high-Ni’ and ‘low-Ni’ accumulation capability. Instead, the soil pH (covering a range from 6.0 to 8.3) and the total soil Ni concentrations of the ultramafic soils were found to be the major influences on the level of Ni accumulation. The wide variation observed in Ni accumulation by P. leptospermoides from ultramafic soils can be explained by a combination of variations in soil pH and total soil Ni concentrations.

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Turnbull, Tarryn L., Alexandra M. Barlow, and Mark A. Adams. "Photosynthetic benefits of ultraviolet-A to Pimelea ligustrina, a woody shrub of sub-alpine Australia." Oecologia 173, no. 2 (March 27, 2013): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2640-9.

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Foster, Charles S. P., Murray J. Henwood, and Simon Y. W. Ho. "Plastome sequences and exploration of tree-space help to resolve the phylogeny of riceflowers (Thymelaeaceae: Pimelea)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127 (October 2018): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.018.

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Offord, Catherine A., and Joanne L. Tyler. "In vitro propagation of Pimelea spicata R.Br (Thymelaeaceae), an endangered species of the Sydney region, Australia." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 98, no. 1 (April 21, 2009): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-009-9534-x.

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Copeland, Lachlan, and Ian Telford. "Pimelea cremnophila (Thymelaeaceae), a new species from the New England Tablelands escarpment of northern New South Wales." Telopea 11, no. 2 (April 27, 2006): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea20065712.

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Chow, Sharon, Mary T. Fletcher, and Ross A. Mckenzie. "Correction to Analysis of Daphnane Orthoesters in Poisonous Australian Pimelea Species by Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, no. 14 (July 28, 2010): 8470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf1025778.

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Foo, C. L., K. C. Harrington, and M. B. MacKay. "Weed suppression by twelve ornamental ground cover species." New Zealand Plant Protection 64 (January 8, 2011): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2011.64.6014.

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Twelve ornamental ground cover species were planted then monitored for 2 years to assess their relative usefulness for controlling weeds Persicaria capitatum established quickly and covered the plots but it was unsuitable for keeping weeds controlled because it died back each winter from frost damage Acaena inermis and Muehlenbeckia axillaris also completely covered the plots within 12 months and they effectively prevented weeds from establishing during a 5month assessment period in the second year Many of the other planted species also suppressed weeds well and those that decreased the ratio of red to far red light intercepted by the soil underneath them best gave better weed control Other ground covers that suppressed weeds well included Ajuga reptans Coprosma acerosa Grevillea lanigera Juniperus procumbens Pimelea prostrata Sedum mexicanum and Veronica peduncularis Some species such as S mexicanum and P prostrata shaded the soil less well at certain times each year

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James, E. A., and R. Jordan. "Limited structure and widespread diversity suggest potential buffers to genetic erosion in a threatened grassland shrub Pimelea spinescens (Thymelaeaceae)." Conservation Genetics 15, no. 2 (October 13, 2013): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0539-y.

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Merrett, Merilyn F. "Sex ratios, fruit set and size-class structure in the threatened, gynodioecious, sand-dune species Pimelea arenaria (Thymelaeaceae) from New Zealand." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 5 (2007): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06017.

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Pimelea arenaria sens. str. Cunn. is one of a small suite of native species that occur exclusively on unconsolidated sand dunes and in dune hollows of the North Island and Chatham Islands of New Zealand. It has become extinct at several beaches, and is currently listed in the Gradual Decline category of threatened plants. Eighteen populations of P. arenaria from throughout the North Island of New Zealand were investigated to determine sex ratios, fruit set and population size-class structures. Sex ratios were variable among the 18 study populations; the proportion of females was higher in populations in the northern half of the North Island (15.9–45.5%) than in populations from Kawhia southwards (0–12.7%). Females were absent from three south-western coastal populations. Although fruit set was relatively high, averaging 47% for female and 68% for hermaphroditic plants, recruitment failure was evident at most of the 18 sites surveyed. There was no evidence that sex ratios or fruit set were factors contributing to recruitment failure. Although most of the populations surveyed are not under immediate threat, lack of recruitment could affect population persistence in the long term.

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Willis, Anthony J., Rachel McKay, John A. Vranjic, Marion J. Kilby, and Richard H. Groves. "Comparative seed ecology of the endangered shrub,Pimelea spicataand a threatening weed, Bridal Creeper: Smoke, heat and other fire-related germination cues." Ecological Management & Restoration 4, no. 1 (April 2003): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-8903.2003.00131.x.

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Reiter, Noushka, Gretna Weste, and David Guest. "The risk of extinction resulting from disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi to endangered, vulnerable or rare plant species endemic to the Grampians, Western Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 3 (2004): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03130.

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Seven rare, vulnerable or endangered plant species endemic to the Grampians Ranges (Gariwerd) in Victoria were tested for their susceptibility to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Existing habitats were checked for infestations of P. cinnamomi. Plants were grown from cuttings collected either from nurseries or from the Grampians National Park. Symptoms on inoculated plants and measurements of shoot growth and vigour were recorded weekly. Dry biomass was recorded at the end of the experiment and the pathogen was re-isolated from inoculated plants to confirm disease aetiology. Results from pot trials were correlated with the results from extensive field surveys for each species in its habitat to assess the risk posed by P. cinnamomi to each species' existence in the wild.The pot trials and field observations revealed that the risk of extinction from infection caused by P. cinnamomi was high for Pimelea pagophila and Pultenaea subalpina (both highly susceptible and inhabiting infested sites) as well as for Asterolasia phebalioides seedlings and Borya mirabilis (both moderately susceptible and inhabiting infested sites). The risk from P. cinnamomi was medium for Sphaerolobium acanthos (susceptible) and low for Grevillea microstegia (slightly susceptible). Hibbertia humifusa subsp. humifusa (field resistant) was not at risk. Measures to protect the susceptible species have been investigated and are discussed.

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Matarczyk, Julie A., Anthony J. Willis, John A. Vranjic, and Julian E. Ash. "Herbicides, weeds and endangered species: management of bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata) with glyphosate and impacts on the endangered shrub, Pimelea spicata." Biological Conservation 108, no. 2 (December 2002): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00062-9.

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D. Lunt, Ian. "Variation in flower production of nine grassland species with time since fire, and implications for grassland management and restoration." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 4 (1994): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940359.

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The impact of time since fire on flower production was examined in a temperate Themeda triandra grassland in Gippsland, Victoria. Flower production by nine species (Arthropodium strictum, Bulbine bulbosa, Burchardia umbellata, Chrysocephalum apiculatum, Craspedia variabilis, Diuris punctata, Helichrysum scorpioides, Leptorhynchos squamatus and Pimelea humilis) was compared between areas burnt six months and two years previously. Thick grass in the area burnt two years previously inhibited flowering by most species. All species except C. apiculatum and D. punctata flowered most abundantly in the area burnt six months earlier, and flower production by B. bulbosa, A. strictum and C. variabilis was largely restricted to that area. There were over 100 times as many flowering plants of B. bulbosa in the most recently burnt area. C. apiculatum produced similar quantities of flowers in both zones, but D. punctata countered the general pattern for greater flower production in the most recently burnt area by flowering most abundantly in the area burnt two years previously. Some of the species studied form transient seed banks, so maximum recruitment may be attained by burning sites the year immediately after a season of high flower production, rather than delaying burning until later years, when little flowering occurs and few seeds are present for recruitment. Annual autumn burning could eliminate the threatened orchid, D. punctata.

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Yuan, Yue, Natasha L. Hungerford, Emilie Gauthier, Diane Ouwerkerk, Ken W. L. Yong, Mary T. Fletcher, and Bronwyn Laycock. "Extraction and determination of the Pimelea toxin simplexin in complex plant-polymer biocomposites using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 413, no. 20 (June 29, 2021): 5121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03475-5.

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Newell, Chris, Digby J. Growns, and Jen A. McComb. "A novel in vitro rooting method employing an aerobic medium." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 1 (2005): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04061.

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The beneficial influence of an aerobic propagation medium for in vitro cultures during the rooting phase was found for 28 Australian species and genotypes from the families Liliaceae, Haemodoraceae, Myrtaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Proteaceae, Goodeniaceae and Rutaceae. Microcuttings from established shoot cultures were pulsed for 7 days in the dark on a high-auxin (40 µM indole-3-butyric acid, IBA), agar-solidified medium. The microcuttings were then transferred either to an agar-solidified medium without plant-growth regulators (M1) or a sterile propagation mix. The protocol utilising propagation mix used is referred to as IVS (in vitro soil-less medium). The pulsed cuttings in agar or IVS were placed in the culture room under standard light and temperature regimes and allowed to root. When compared over two harvest times, the use of IVS as a rooting medium gave consistent improvements over the use of M1 medium for percentage rooting, average total root length and root number per microcutting. In total, 27 of the 28 species tested rooted in IVS medium at equal or better rates than in M1. In three cases, Actinodium cunninghamii, one of the genotypes of Pimelea physodes and one of the genotypes of Eriostemon australasis shoots did not root in M1 but showed good root development in IVS medium. With few exceptions, average root length and root number in microcuttings rooted in IVS were superior to the lengths and numbers recorded in agar medium. The materials handing advantages and the application of IVS are discussed.

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Newell, Chris, Jen A. McComb, and Digby J. Growns. "Corrigendum to: A novel in vitro rooting method employing an aerobic medium." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 3 (2005): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04061_co.

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The beneficial influence of an aerobic propagation medium for in vitro cultures during the rooting phase was found for 28 Australian species and genotypes from the families Liliaceae, Haemodoraceae, Myrtaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Proteaceae, Goodeniaceae and Rutaceae. Microcuttings from established shoot cultures were pulsed for 7 days in the dark on a high-auxin (40 µM indole-3-butyric acid, IBA), agar-solidified medium. The microcuttings were then transferred either to an agar-solidified medium without plant-growth regulators (M1) or a sterile propagation mix. The protocol utilising propagation mix used is referred to as IVS (in vitro soil-less medium). The pulsed cuttings in agar or IVS were placed in the culture room under standard light and temperature regimes and allowed to root. When compared over two harvest times, the use of IVS as a rooting medium gave consistent improvements over the use of M1 medium for percentage rooting, average total root length and root number per microcutting. In total, 27 of the 28 species tested rooted in IVS medium at equal or better rates than in M1. In three cases, Actinodium cunninghamii, one of the genotypes of Pimelea physodes and one of the genotypes of Eriostemon australasis shoots did not root in M1 but showed good root development in IVS medium. With few exceptions, average root length and root number in microcuttings rooted in IVS were superior to the lengths and numbers recorded in agar medium. The materials handing advantages and the application of IVS are discussed.

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Jarrad, Frith C., Carl-Henrik Wahren, Richard J. Williams, and Mark A. Burgman. "Subalpine plants show short-term positive growth responses to experimental warming and fire." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 6 (2009): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09050.

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Climate warming has the potential to directly affect plant growth rates by accelerating plant processes, and through intermediate affects associated with increased length of the growing season and changes to soil processes. Alpine and subalpine ecosystems may be particularly vulnerable to climate warming because species are adapted to a cold environment and have limited upslope refugia in Australia. In the present study, the vegetative growth of seven subalpine open-heath species was examined in response to 3 years of warming and a wildfire. The warming experiment was established in late 2003 on the Bogong High Plains, Australia, using the protocols of the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX). During the growing seasons (snow-free periods) in 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 leaves and stems were monitored on common or widespread species from each of the major vascular plant growth forms. Plants were monitored inside and outside passively warmed open-topped chambers, at sites that were burnt in early 2003 and sites that escaped fire. In the short-term, warming had significant positive relationships with relative growth rates of three species, including Celmisia pugioniformis (forb; P = 0.09), Carex breviculmis (graminoid; P = 0.004) and Asterolasia trymalioides (shrub; P = 0.02). Burning had significant positive effects (P < 0.05) on the relative growth rates of two of these species, C. pugioniformis and C. breviculmis, as well as for Plantago euryphylla, Poa hiemata and Pimelea alpina. For P. euryphylla and P. alpina, the interaction of warming and burning showed significant relationships with relative growth rates, a negative relationship in P. euryphylla (P = 0.03) and a positive relationship in P. alpina (P = 0.07). Year and season were also found to affect the relative growth rates of most species (P < 0.05). These findings agree with previous northern hemisphere ITEX and other warming experiment results; that is, warming has a positive effect on species’ growth responses. In the present study, it is likely that continued climate warming may result in positive growth responses in other subalpine species across growth forms. Our findings emphasise the value of examining multiple species in climate-change studies.

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Pimenta, Jéssica Maia Alves, Afrânio José Soriano Soares, and Mineia Moimáz. "Unidades de Conservação por meio da compensação de reserva legal: avaliação na Serra de Maracaju - MS." Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 10, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/jbb.uft.cemaf.v10n2.pimenta.

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Uma das estratégias adotadas para preservar a biodiversidade em compatibilidade com o desenvolvi-mento das atividades humanas tem sido a criação de Unidades de Conservação. No entanto, algumas Unidades de Conservação são criadas sem previsão orçamentária para executar as desapropriações necessárias e sem que haja um processo de implantação efetivo desses espaços, desenvolvendo assim diversos conflitos fundiários. Neste sentido, uma importante fonte de recursos para a regularização fundiária das Unidades de Conservação tem sido a Compensação de Reserva Legal prevista no Códi-go Florestal, instrumento que possui grande potencial para ser utilizado na criação de áreas protegidas. Dado este contexto, priorizando-se que a região possui relevante importância por suas características ambientais, a pesquisa teve como objetivo propor áreas potenciais para a criação de Unidades Conser-vação na Serra de Maracaju em Nioaque-MS por meio da Compensação de Reserva Legal, visando amenizar situações conflituosas na criação das Áreas protegidas. A metodologia empregada na pes-quisa teve como base a análise dos dados do Cadastro Ambiental Rural e através dos dados obtidos da utilização de técnicas de geoprocessamento. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que o instru-mento de compensação ambiental aliado ao Cadastro ambiental rural é um potencial gerador de benefí-cios socioambientais e econômicos. Sendo assim, foram propostas duas Unidades de Conservação no munícipio de Nioaque-MS.

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Oliveira, António de. "Belisário Pimenta: historiador." Revista Portuguesa de História, no. 35 (2001): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0870-4147_35_1.

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Lv, Zhen-cheng, Kang Chen, You-wei Zeng, and Yong-hong Peng. "Nutritional composition of Canarium pimela L. kernels." Food Chemistry 125, no. 2 (March 2011): 692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.067.

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FERRER, JULIO, and KEVIN HOLSTON. "Identities of Tenebrio Linnaeus types at Uppsala, and the resulting changes in old darkling beetle names (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)." Zootaxa 2308, no. 1 (December 10, 2009): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2308.1.2.

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In this paper, five names used for darkling beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the Linnaeus collection at the Museum of Zoology, Uppsala University (UUMZ) are evaluated based on specimen examinations, modern species concepts, and review of the original species diagnoses. The types are of species described in Systema Naturae (Tenebrio caraboides L., 1758, Tenebrio gibbus L., 1760, Tenebrio gigas L., 1767, and Tenebrio muricatus L., 1758) and Museum Ludovicae Ulrica (Tenebrio spinosus L., 1764). Tenebrio caraboides L., 1758, refers to a composite type series consisting of two UUMZ paralectotypes, identified herein as Pachychila hispanica Solier, 1835, and gaditana Rosenhauer, 1856, and the lectotype in the Linnean Collection, Natural History Museum, London (BMNH), for the ground beetle Cychrus caraboides (L. 1758). The three specimens in the De Geer Collection, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (NHRS), under Tenebrio gibbus L., 1760, are determined as Psammodes gibbus (L., 1760), comb. nov.; this includes the “lost” type of Linnaeus, whereas the UUMZ Linnaeus specimen is not a type and identified as an undetermined species of Amnodeis Miller, 1858, similar to A. giganteus Reiche & Saulcy, 1857. The type of Tenebrio spinosus L., 1764, represents an Egyptian species, Akis spinosus (L., 1764), which has often been misidentified as Akis trilineata Herbst, 1799, a West Mediterranean species. The holotype of Tenebrio muricatus L., 1758, is Adesmia muricatus (L., 1758), comb. nov., a species appearing in recent publications as Adesmia austera Baudi di Selve, 1881, syn. nov. Two Linnean specimens preserved with the UUMZ types under the unpublished names “Tenebrio impressus” and “Tenebrio variolosus” are an undetermined species of Erodius Fabr., 1775, and Pimelia fornicata Herbst, 1799, respectively. Psammodes gibbus (L., 1760), comb. nov., is the valid name for Psammodes striatus (Fabr., 1775), syn. nov., a South African species. Pimelia gibba Fabr., 1787, and Tenebrio gibbus Pallas, 1781, are synonyms, making the current combination and attribution for this species name Moluris gibbus (Pallas, 1781). Pimelia simplex Solier, 1836, is restored as valid, resulting in changes for three subspecies names: Pimelia simplex simplex Solier, 1836, stat. rest., Pimelia simplex oasis Koch, 1941, comb. nov., and Pimelia simplex substriata Koch, 1941, comb. nov. Two new synonyms are recognized for Centorus elongatus (Herbst 1797): Calcar variabilis Gebien, 1906, syn. nov. (an unavailable subsequent usage of Tenebrio variolosus Fabr., 1801), and Tenebrio variolosus Fabr., 1801, syn. nov.

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Oliveira, Francisco A., José F. Medeiros, Paulo Sérgio F. Linhares, Rita C. Alves, Arthur MA Medeiros, and Mychelle KT Oliveira. "Produção de mudas de pimenta fertirrigadas com diferentes soluções nutritivas." Horticultura Brasileira 32, no. 4 (December 2014): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620140000400014.

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A produção de mudas é uma das etapas mais importantes na produção de hortaliças, principalmente de hortaliças fruto. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a produção de mudas de pimenta fertirrigadas com diferentes soluções nutritivas, em substrato de fibra de coco. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x8, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator foi composto por quatro soluções nutritivas (0, 50, 75 e 100%) aplicadas via fertirrigação, e o segundo fator foi composto por oito cultivares de pimentas (C1: pimenta Vulcão, C2: pimenta Malagueta, C3: pimenta Tekila, C4: pimenta Ouro, C5: pimenta Doce Comprida, C6: pimenta Cayenne Dedo-de-moça, C7: pimenta Salar e C8: pimenta de cheiro Luna). As mudas foram avaliadas quanto aos parâmetros de desenvolvimento: número de folhas, área foliar, diâmetro do colo, comprimento da raiz principal, altura de plântula e massa seca total. Todas as variáveis foram afetadas pelas concentrações iônicas das soluções nutritivas em todas as cultivares. A concentração de nutrientes na solução de fertirrigação deve ser determinada de acordo com cada cultivar. Para a produção de mudas em sistema floating recomenda-se solução nutritiva com concentração variando de 50-90% para as cultivares C1, C2, C3, C4 e C7; e de 70-90% para as cultivares C5, C6 e C8.

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Evangelista, Lúcia Liberato. "Zombo by Alberto Pimenta." Portuguese Studies 36, no. 2 (2020): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/port.2020.0036.

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Blat, Sally Ferreira, Cyro Paulino da Costa, Roland Vencovsky, and Fernando Cesar Sala. "Hot pepper (Capsicum chinense, Jacq.) inheritance of reaction to powdery mildew." Scientia Agricola 63, no. 5 (October 2006): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162006000500008.

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The pepper species C. chinense has been considered one of the most important resistance sources to powdery mildew Capsicum spp. However, the inheritance in this species was unknown. The purpose of this work was to study its reaction inheritance. Two powdery mildew resistant parents, 'Pimenta Cheiro' 1 and PI 152225 and two moderately susceptible ones, 'Pimenta Doce' IH-1761 and 'Pimenta Índio', were used to obtain three F1 and their respective F2 generations: 'Pimenta Doce' IH-1761 ´ 'Pimenta Cheiro' 1, 'Pimenta Índio' ´ PI 152225 and 'Pimenta Doce' IH-1761 ´ PI 152225. The powdery mildew epidemy was natural using inoculum from a highly-sporulating susceptible pepper host. Powdery mildew host reaction evaluations were carried out during the fruiting stage using a rating system based on disease severity scales varying from 1 (resistant) to 5 (highly susceptible). The experimental design was completely randomized. The following genetic parameters were estimated: gene action, heritability coefficient and expected selection gain in the F3 generation. The transgressive segregation in F2 indicated oligogenic inheritance. Results show the presence of additive, dominant, and epistatic gene action. The dominant and epistatic effects detected in crosses presented negative values, tending towards susceptibility. The heritability and selection gain estimates were moderate, with values of 35.5% and 1.7% for 'Pimenta Doce' IH 1761 ´ 'Pimenta Cheiro' 1, from 50.4% to 3.5% for 'Pimenta Índio' ´ PI 152225, and 49% and 2.7% for the 'Pimenta Doce' IH 1761 ´ PI 152225 crosses, respectively. These gene action results are favorable for breeding programs and exploration of hybrids.

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Pereira, Camila Amaral. "A vida intelectual de um engenheiro: as publicações de demerval pimenta que dialogam com o desenvolvimento econômico do século XX." STUDIES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES REVIEW 4, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 2–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54018/sssrv4n1-001.

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Busca-se compreender o que os escritos de Dermeval José Pimenta refletem o desenvolvimento econômico do Brasil do século XX. Para tal objetivo, propõe-se o estudo da vida intelectual de um engenheiro: as publicações de Demerval Pimenta que dialogam com a temática. Logo a seguir, apresentam-se os problemas do desenvolvimento econômico e o seu diagnóstico por Pimenta. A metodologia da pesquisa foi realizada, a partir de fontes históricas. Entre elas, incluem-se jornais do período, documentos do arquivo público mineiro, de arquivos pessoais, do arquivo permanente da Escola de Minas, da biblioteca pública de Belo Horizonte, bem como os próprios livros de autoria de Pimenta. Em especial, o que fica aqui demonstrado é o diferencial de Pimenta que era um engenheiro, mas que tinha seu ideal de desenvolvimento econômico em sua atuação prática; por meio de reflexão nacionalista e regionalista.

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Rossato, Maurício, Thais R. Santiago, and Carlos Alberto Lopes. "Reaction of Capsicum peppers commercialized in the Federal District to bacterial wilt." Horticultura Brasileira 36, no. 2 (June 2018): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620180204.

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ABSTRACT In Brazil, the bacterial pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and R. pseudosolanacearum cause substantial losses by inducing bacterial wilt on several solanaceous crops; R. pseudosolanacearum is the main species associated with peppers (Capsicum sp.). To verify the bacterial wilt reaction on Capsicum peppers commercialized in the Federal District (DF), fruits of several genotypes within this genus were collected from six different fairs distributed in the satellite cities of Gama, Sobradinho and Guará. Seedlings with four true leaves derived from seeds extracted from such fruits were root inoculated with 108 CFU/mL with a representative isolate of R. pseudosolanacearum (race 1, biovar 3, phylotype I, sequevar 18). The evaluated species were: Capsicum frutescens (‘pimenta-malagueta’), Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum (‘pimenta-dedo-de-moça’) and C. chinense (‘pimenta-de-bode’ red and yellow, ‘pimenta-cumarí-do-Pará’, ‘pimenta-biquinho’, ‘pimenta-habanero’ and ‘pimenta-de-cheiro’). Not all species were found in all six fairs. The reaction to bacterial wilt was variable and species-dependent. From 26 evaluated genotypes, none presented an immune-like response, 10 were considered resistant and 16 susceptible based on wilt incidence (Scott-Knott, 5%). Four Capsicum baccatum accesses were positioned in the resistant group, whereas 14 out of 18 of C. chinense were susceptible. Capsicum frutescens showed variable reactions. These results contribute to indicate cultivation of specific groups of pepper according to the presence of the pathogen in the soil.

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Nogueira, Carlos. "De Nada by Alberto Pimenta." Hispania 97, no. 3 (2014): 534–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpn.2014.0066.

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Paz, O. A. G., and B. M. Farinazo. "CRÂNIO EM SAL E PIMENTA." Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia 57 (2017): S134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbr.2017.07.113.

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Xu, Wei, Wen-xiang Huang, and Hong-yan Chen. "Pimelic acid–urea (1/2)." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 67, no. 7 (June 25, 2011): o1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536811023439.

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Paula, J. A. M., J. B. Reis, L. H. M. Ferreira, A. C. S. Menezes, and J. R. Paula. "Gênero Pimenta: aspectos botânicos, composição química e potencial farmacológico." Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 12, no. 3 (September 2010): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-05722010000300015.

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A família Myrtaceae possui representantes de grande interesse medicinal e o gênero Pimenta é um dos que merecem destaque. A maioria das espécies desse gênero é nativa da América Central, com exceção da Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) L. R. Landrum, nativa nas regiões centro-oeste e sudeste do Brasil. O presente estudo teve como objetivo revisar aspectos botânicos, químicos e farmacológicos descritos na literatura sobre o gênero Pimenta. Os dados foram obtidos de artigos originais e revisões indexadas nas bases Periódicos Capes, ISI Web of Knowledge, Bireme e SciELO. As espécies desse gênero podem ser arbustivas ou arbóreas, possuem pelos unicelulares, folhas usualmente coriáceas, inflorescência em dicásio ou panícula e são distinguidas, principalmente, pela estrutura do ovário. As propriedades farmacológicas são conferidas, principalmente, pelos óleos essenciais que são constituídos, na maioria, por derivados fenilpropanóides, monoterpenos, aldeídos monoterpênicos e alcoóis monoterpênicos. Dentre as propriedades farmacológicas apresentadas por espécies desse gênero destacam-se as anti-hipertensivas, anti-inflamatórias, analgésicas, antimicrobianas e antioxidantes. Das quinze espécies de Pimenta conhecidas, a Pimenta dioica (L.) Merrill e a Pimenta racemosa (Miller) J. Moore são as espécies de maior importância econômica e, por esse motivo são as mais estudadas do ponto de vista químico e farmacológico.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pimelea'

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