Journal articles on the topic 'Pilot'
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1
Harkey, Julie Anne Yates. "Age-Related Changes in Selected Status Variables in General Aviation Pilots." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1517, no. 1 (January 1996): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196151700105.
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Nine status variables were analyzed in an attempt to narrow the focus of where, within the active pilot population, to look for some of the factors that may be associated with increase in risk of becoming involved in a general aviation accident. Epidemiological analysis of general aviation pilots indicates that there is a significant rise in the accident rate for pilots after age 39. An analysis was made of changes in the frequency of occurrence of selected status variables between pilots in the 35 to 39 and those in the 40 to 44 age groups who were involved in general aviation accidents in 1992, 1993, and 1994; between pilots in the 35 to 39 and those in the 40 to 44 age groups in the active pilot population; and between accident-involved pilots and those in the active pilot population. Status variables analyzed were Federal Aviation Administration pilot and medical certificates, instrument rating, flight time, pilot occupation and gender, and purpose of the accident flight. The two age groups of accident-involved pilots differed on only one variable. However, examination of the data showed two distinct differences between accident-involved pilots and the active pilot population. The most substantial finding for both age groups was that accident-involved pilots were significantly different from the active pilot population. Second, with the exception of class of FAA medical certificates, accident-involved pilots did not differ significantly with age whereas the active pilot population differed significantly over five status variables.
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Zheng, Yiyuan, Yanyu Lu, Yuwen Jie, Zhiqiang Zhao, and Shan Fu. "Test Pilot and Airline Pilot Differences in Facing Unexpected Events." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.6157.2023.
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BACKGROUND: Unexpected events in flight might decrease the transparency of the flying process and weaken the pilot’s perception of the current state, or even erode manipulating skills. However, during the flight test of a new or modified aircraft, to verify the boundaries of aircraft aerodynamic performance and handling stability, unexpected events may be encountered that need to be handled by the test pilot. Therefore, studying the differences between test pilots and airline pilots could help improve flight safety.METHODS: Two kinds of physiological parameters, eye blink rate and average fixation duration and task-related performance of test pilots and airline pilots, were analyzed in three abnormal scenarios. A total of 16 pilots participated. The study was carried out in an A320 flight simulator.RESULTS: The differences were significant for both test pilots and airline pilots in eye blink rate and average fixation duration. Furthermore, the reaction time of test pilots (Mean = 23.38 s) was significantly shorter than airline pilots (Mean = 42.63 s) in Unreliable Airspeed condition, and the pitch angle deviations between them were significant in both Wind Shear and Unreliable Airspeed condition.DISCUSSION: The uncertainty of environmental change could create more severe pressure and mental workload influence than actual system failure. For airline pilots, compared with test pilots, the importance of practicing manual flight should still be emphasized. Improving reactions to unexpected ambient conditions and unannounced fault status could also contribute to flight safety.Zheng Y, Lu Y, Jie Y, Zhao Z, Fu S. Test pilot and airline pilot differences in facing unexpected events. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(1):18–24.
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Susanti, Susanti, and Yati Nurhayati. "Tingkat Kelelahan Pilot Indonesia dalam Menerbangkan Pesawat Komersial Rute Pendek." WARTA ARDHIA 40, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/wa.v40i4.221.251-266.
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This study attempts to examine the fatigue of pilots who fly the commercial aircraft on short route since they have to make several take-off and landing during their duty time for short route flight. The method of paired t-test was used to measure the condition of the pilots before and after their duty time. In addition, the factors that the pilots most felt in contributing to the level of fatigue were also explored in this study. The results indicate that the pilots experience fatigue when flying short routes in their duty time and the factor that contributes the most to the pilots’ fatigue is the external factor related to their duty as a pilot. Penelitian ini berusaha menggali kelelahan pilot yang menerbangkan pesawat komersial rute pendek, karena pilot yang menerbangkan rute pendek dalam menjalankan flight duty time membutuhkan beberapa kali dalam melakukan take off maupun landing. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode uji t secara berpasangan dengan mengukur kondisi pilot sebelum bertugas dengan kondisi sesudah bertugas, selain itu penelitian ini juga berusaha menggali faktor-faktor terbesar yang dirasakan oleh pilot dalam menyumbang tingkat kelelahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat kelelahan yang dirasakan oleh pilot dalam melaksanakan rute pendek dan faktor terbesar yang menyumbang kelelahan adalah faktor eksternal yang berkaitan dengan tugas mereka sebagai pilot.
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Huang, Xinyu, Yubo Wang, Shiyong Chen, Yan Li, and Yucheng Wu. "Joint User Clustering and Graph Coloring Based Pilot Assignment for Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems." Sensors 23, no. 11 (May 23, 2023): 5014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115014.
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Pilot contamination due to pilot reuse seriously mitigates the performance of the cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. In this paper, we propose a joint pilot assignment scheme that employs user clustering and graph coloring (UC-GC) to reduce pilot contamination. The proposed method consists of two steps: firstly, we utilize AP selection to classify all users; secondly, we assign pilots to users with more severe pilot contamination using the graph coloring algorithm and then assign pilots to the remaining users. The numerical simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms existing pilot assignment schemes and significantly improves throughout with low complexity.
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Wang, Jie. "Policy Pilot to Institutional Demonstration under Progressive Reform - The Case of Shenzhen Special Administrative Region." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 5 (May 25, 2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v7i5.1191.
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Policy pilot is a unique policy experiment and innovation mechanism in China's progressive reform. Since the reform and opening up, China's economic and social development has benefited from the gradual development of policy pilots, and various policy pilots in the form of pilot projects and experimental zones have blossomed all over the country, whether in special economic zones or in the recently promoted pilot free trade zones, policy pilots have been an important way of innovation in local and regional governance. From policy pilot to system demonstration, the Shenzhen Pilot Demonstration Zone has assumed the important role of national strategic reform and leading reform. The launch and construction of the policy pilot to demonstration zone reflects both the governing resilience of the CPC and the governance resilience of the Chinese government, and also shows that the SEZ is a booster of the country's transition from development to governance.
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Ahn, Chi Hoon, and Jang Ryong Lee. "Analysis on Fatigue-causing Factors for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Pilots in the Republic of Korea Army." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 18, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/crisisonomy.2022.18.8.111.
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Pilot fatigue is being dealt with as an important issue in relation to aviation safety. Recently, as unmanned aerial vehicles capable of flying for 24 hours have been delivered to the Korean Army, it is judged that it is time to pay great attention to research on fatigue management of UAV pilots. This study was conducted to confirm whether the major pilot fatigue-inducing factors highlighted by previous research results have the same effect on long-endurance UAV pilots in the Korean Army. As a result of the study, the fatigue of the ROK Army UAV pilots was proportional to the increase in flight duty time, and it was possible to identify that the increased pilot fatigue limits the mission performance when the flight duty time exceeded 8 hours. It was confirmed that the fatigue of the pilot flying at nighttime was higher than that of the pilot who flew during the daytime even when flying the same time. Through this study, we identified the implications of the need for the Korean army to refine the pilot working hours management regulations and raise interest in improving welfare conditions to manage the fatigue of long-endurance UAV pilots.
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Pradeep Kumar, Ambala, and Tadisetty Srinivasulu. "Hybrid optimization-based pilot scheduling for reducing pilot contamination in massive MIMO systems." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 18, no. 04 (June 24, 2020): 2050028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691320500289.
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Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is an emerging technology used in next-generation cellular networks. The major challenge in the massive MIMO system is the pilot contamination. The contamination of the pilot sequences causes inaccurate channel estimation leading to huge errors in the transmissions. This paper proposes an approach for pilot contamination reduction in massive MIMO systems. In order to reduce the pilot contamination, a pilot scheduling algorithm is devised by proposing an optimization algorithm named Elephant-based Spider Monkey Optimization (ESMO) for scheduling the pilots. The proposed ESMO is designed by combining Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) into Spider Monkey Optimization (SMO). The pilot scheduling approach employs proposed ESMO and user degradation for scheduling the pilots. Moreover, the optimal pilot scheduling is carried out using the newly devised fitness function that considers achievable rate using various user grouping parameters, such as utility function, and grouping parameter. Thus, the proposed ESMO-based pilot scheduling and fitness function are responsible for initiating optimal pilot scheduling. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the existing methods, and the proposed ESMO outperformed the existing methods with maximal achievable rate value of 39.257[Formula: see text]bps/Hz, and maximal SINR with value 118.75[Formula: see text]dB, respectively.
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Teletzke, G. F. F., R. C. C. Wattenbarger, and J. R. R. Wilkinson. "Enhanced Oil Recovery Pilot Testing Best Practices." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 13, no. 01 (February 11, 2010): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/118055-pa.
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Summary Enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) implementation is complex, and successful applications need to be tailored to each specific reservoir. Therefore, a systematic staged evaluation and development process is required to screen, evaluate, pilot test, and apply EOR processes for particular applications. Pilot testing can play a key role in this process. Before field testing, pilot objectives need to be clearly defined and well spacing, pattern configuration, and injectant volumes determined. This paper outlines a staged approach to EOR evaluation and focuses specifically on pilot testing best practices. These best practices were derived from ExxonMobil's extensive piloting experience, which includes more than 50 field pilot tests covering the full range of EOR processes. Topics covered include: (1) determining whether a pilot is needed and defining pilot objectives, (2) considerations for successful pilot design, (3) types of pilots and their advantages and disadvantages, (4) tools and techniques for assessment of key reservoir mechanisms, and (5) minimizing uncertainty in pilot interpretation. Key issues that are often addressed by pilots are discussed, including areal sweep and conformance, gravity override, viscous fingering, and loss of mobility control. Also included are aspects of instrumentation and measurements in pilot injection, production, and monitoring wells. Several ExxonMobil piloting examples are used to illustrate the best practices, including a single-well injectivity test, an unconfined pilot with observation wells, a small-scale confined pilot, and a large-scale multipattern pilot.
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Nowadly, Craig D., Rebecca S. Blue, Harry M. Albaugh, Ryan S. Mayes, and Douglas J. Robb. "A Preliminary Study of U.S. Air Force Pilot Perceptions of the Pilot–Flight Surgeon Relationship." Military Medicine 184, no. 11-12 (May 15, 2019): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz088.
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Abstract Introduction Flight surgeons play a vital role in U.S. Air Force aviation operations by ensuring that pilots are medically prepared to meet the demands of military aviation. However, there is natural tension between pilots and flight surgeons. A pilot may be reluctant to share medical information with a flight surgeon who could negatively impact the pilot’s career or flight status. In this preliminary study, we sought to identify pilot-perceived strengths and weaknesses in the relationship between U.S. Air Force aviators and their flight surgeons. Materials and Methods An online survey regarding pilot–flight surgeon confidence and perceived values was distributed electronically to a convenience sample of U.S. Air Force aviators. Participants included U.S. Air Force active duty and Air Reserve Component (Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard) military aviators in addition to U.S. Air Force Academy aviation cadets. Results One hundred and seventy-three aviators participated in the survey. Respondents reported variable comfort in approaching flight surgeons with medical concerns and suggested that they believed other pilots might be withholding medical information from flight surgeons or seeking care from civilian physicians for career protection. Conclusions We sought to examine the pilot–flight surgeon relationship and its impact on daily flying operations. While limited, results suggest that there may be gaps in trust between pilots and their flight surgeons. These findings could present an opportunity to improve the pilot–flight surgeon relationship by identifying factors that contribute to closer pilot–flight surgeon relationships.
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Thatchatham and Peetawan. "An Exploration on Pilots’ and Student Pilots’ Perspectives towards the Gender Bias in Thai Aviation Industry." Proceedings 39, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019039024.
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Since the aviation industry is acknowledged as the male-dominated filed, the existence of female pilots in the cockpit has long been controversial over decades. However, it is revealed by many aviation organizations that the number of women pilots has been growing constantly recently. Several studies have been conducted to explore female pilots’ perspective towards the existing gender bias in the aviation field in the global scale. Meanwhile in Thailand, there is the scarcity of studies on the similar topic, especially perspectives towards the factors and motivations driving female pilot to enter the aviation industry in Thailand. This study purposes to investigate the perspectives of female student pilots, a female pilot and a male pilot towards the negative gender stereotypes in the pilot profession in Thai context. A mixed-method questionnaire was conducted to collect data by having two main approaches: a Likert-scale and close-ended questionnaire and the semi-structured interview from eight participants including six female student pilots (FSP), one female professional pilot (FP) and one male professional pilot (MP). The results yielded from all female participants revealed that gender prejudice still exists in the industry, which resulted in female pilots having to prove themselves and their skills set to be accepted in both the training duration and working period. However, all participants all opine that the aviation industry has recently seen the lesser degree of sexual bias towards female pilots and the positive trend of more female pilots stepping into this male-dominated field.
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Gao, Zhen Xing, Hong Bin Gu, and Zheng Gao. "Design of Probabilistic Pilot Model with Fuzzy Controller for Microburst Escape." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 794–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.794.
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Pilot should control the aircraft manually when encountering low altitude wind shear during takeoff and landing. For wind shear escape and flight safety research, an effective human pilot model together with wind shear and flight dynamics model should be built with high fidelity. A skill-based human pilot model was built which can describe pilots’ characteristics such as experiences, skills, emotions, reaction abilities, etc. A fuzzy controller was designed for lateral and longitudinal escape control in pilot model. Since single pilot could not represent a group of pilots’ control behavior, some of the model parameters were set to be stochastic, then the Monte Carlo method was adopted to obtain a numerical approximation of safety analysis results. With the probabilistic pilot model, escape strategies and safety analysis can be studied by simulation with high fidelity.
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Hoffman, William, Elizabeth Bjerke, and Anthony Tvaryanas. "Breaking the Pilot Healthcare Barrier." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 93, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 649–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.6063.2022.
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INTRODUCTION: It has been proposed that pilots face a perceived barrier to seeking medical care due to what a change in health status might mean to their status as a pilot. While this is often common knowledge to pilots and some physicians, this phenomenon has limited research or characterization in the medical literature. In this commentary, we propose a definition for the barrier pilots face in seeking healthcare in hopes of focusing future research efforts.Hoffman W, Bjerke E, Tvaryanas A. Breaking the pilot healthcare barrier. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(8):649–650.
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Zahoor, Muhammad Irshad, Zheng Dou, Syed Bilal Hussain Shah, Imran Ullah Khan, Sikander Ayub, and Thippa Reddy Gadekallu. "Pilot Decontamination Using Asynchronous Fractional Pilot Scheduling in Massive MIMO Systems." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 6213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216213.
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Due to large spectral efficiency and low power consumption, the Massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) became a promising technology for the 5G system. However, pilot contamination (PC) limits the performance of massive MIMO systems. Therefore, two pilot scheduling schemes (i.e., Fractional Pilot Reuse (FPR) and asynchronous fractional pilot scheduling scheme (AFPS)) are proposed, which significantly mitigated the PC in the uplink time division duplex (TDD) massive MIMO system. In the FPR scheme, all the users are distributed into the central cell and edge cell users depending upon their signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Further, the capacity of central and edge users is derived in terms of sum-rate, and the ideal number of the pilot is calculated which significantly maximized the sum rate. In the proposed AFPS scheme, the users are grouped into central users and edge users depending upon the interference they receive. The central users are assigned the same set of pilots because these users are less affected by interference, while the edge users are assigned the orthogonal pilots because these users are severely affected by interference. Consequently, the pilot overhead is reduced and inter-cell interference (ICI) is minimized. Further, results verify that the proposed schemes outperform the previous proposed traditional schemes, in terms of improved sum rates.
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Susanti, Susanti. "Pengawasan Kesehatan Bagi Pilot Di Indonesia." WARTA ARDHIA 38, no. 2 (June 29, 2012): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/wa.v38i2.194.191-203.
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Pilots in aviation an important role in the safety of passengers while in flight. A case of drug use by a pilot is considerably shocking the aviation world. Drug use by pilots certainly something that can not be tolerated, because pilots are responsibility for the safety of passengers. In an effort to realize comprehensive aviation safety, it required an assessment of health surveillance forms that has been the basis for pilothealth surveillance forms that has been the basis for pilot health appraisal. Analysis were conducted using descriptive method and results show the unavailability of an effective form of health surveillance for pilots due to solely relying on the government’s role as a regulator to secure all aviation safety. It is expected that all parties including the government, privates, society and every flight practitioner will give their support.Pilot dalam dunia penerbangan memegang peranan penting dalam keselamatan para penumpang selama berada dalam pesawat. Terjadinya peristiwa penggunaan salah satu narkoba oleh pilot sangat mengejutkan dunia penerbangan. Penggunaan narkoba oleh pilot tentu bukanlah hal yang dapat ditoleransi, karena tanggung jawab pilot atas keselamatan ratusan penumpang. Dalam upaya mewujudkan keselamatan penerbangan yang menyeluruh, diperlukan pengkajian terhadap pengawasan bentuk kesehatan yang selama ini menjadi dasar bagi penilaian kesehatan pilot. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif dan hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa belum tersedianya bentuk pengawasan kesehatan yang efektif bagi pilot jika hanya mengandalkan peran pemerintah sebagai regulator untuk menjamin seluruh keselamatan penerbangan, diharapkan dukungan dari semua pihak, baik itu pemerintah, swasta, masyarakat serta para pelaku penerbangan itu sendiri.
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Nikitina, A. P., and A. M. Gauck. "ORGANIZATION OF PILOT SERVICE IN FINLAND AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XIX CENTURY." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 6 (72), no. 2 (2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2020-6-2-51-59.
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The article States that the organization of pilots in Finland after its accession to the Russian Empire received a new legal basis, but taking into account the rich experience available. On may 17, 1812, the Imperial regulations «on the establishment of lighthouses and pilots in Finland»were signed. This document is also interesting because it does not fit into the traditional model for Russia – the creation of pilot societies at specific ports. The regulations of 1812 assumed a single pilot organization on the entire territory of the VKF and, at the same time, established the same rights and duties of pilots. It consists of 77 paragraphs, combined into five articles: «The duties of mariners regarding the use of the pilot»; «About the patch as total fees for the school pilots, and lighthouses, and special fees received by the pilot»; «How to charge a pilot money and the amount for the establishment of lighthouses and pilots, with an indication as to conduct of these control registers»; «About the duties of pilots»; «A subject of judicial place and proceedings in cases relating to lighthouses and pilots». This regulation was issued simultaneously with the regulations on official duties and savings in pilotage and on the construction of lighthouses and tanks in Finland, which ended the legal organization of pilots in this country during this period.
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Cullen, Paul, Joan Cahill, and Keith Gaynor. "A Qualitative Study Exploring Well-Being and the Potential Impact of Work-Related Stress Among Commercial Airline Pilots." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 11, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000199.
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Abstract. Increasing evidence suggests that commercial airline pilots can experience physical, mental, and social health difficulties. Qualitative interviews with commercial airline pilots explored the relationship between work-related stress and well-being. Participatory workshops involving pilots were conducted. The methodology of this action-based research involved a blend of person-centered design approaches; specifically, “stakeholder evaluation” and “participatory design.” The findings further support the hypothesis that pilot well-being is being negatively affected by the nature of their work. The biopsychosocial model of the lived experience of a pilot, as presented in this paper, provides a useful structure to examine pilot well-being, and to identify and scope potential coping strategies to self-manage health and well-being issues associated with the job of being a pilot.
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Rohacs, Jozsef, Istvan Jankovics, and Daniel Rohacs. "Less-skilled pilot decision support." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 91, no. 5 (May 13, 2019): 790–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-12-2017-0269.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to overview the systems and their elements developing for supporting the less-skilled pi-lots.Design/methodology/approachSeveral European (like EPATS, SAT-Rdmp, Pplane, Esposa, Clean Sky2) and national projects (NASA SATS, Hungarian SafeFly) develop the personal/small aircraft and personal/small aircraft transportation systems. The projects had analysed the safety aspects, too, and they underlined the aircraft will be controlled by so-called less-skilled pilots (owners, renters), having less experiences. The paper defines the cross-connected controls, introduces the methods of subjective analysis in pilot decision processes, improves the pilot workload model, defines the possible workload management and describes the developing pilot decision support system.FindingsAnalysing the personal/small aircraft safety aspects, a unique and important safety problem induced by less-skilled pilots has been identified. The considerable simplification of the air-craft control system, supporting the pilot subjective decisions and introducing the pilot work-load management, may eliminate this problem.Research limitations/implicationsOnly the system elements have been used in concept validation tests.Practical implicationsThe developing pilot supporting system in its general form has on - board and ground sub-systems, too, except a series of elements integrated into the pilot cockpit environment and control system. Several system elements (sensors, integrated controls, etc.) might be implement now, but the total system need further studies. The subjective decision process needs further development of the methodology and concept validation.Social implicationsThe system may catalyse the society acceptance of the personal aircraft and their safer piloting, applicability.Originality/valueThe paper introduces an original supporting system for less-skilled pilots.
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Drinkwater, Justin L., and Brett R. C. Molesworth. "Pilot see, pilot do: Examining the predictors of pilots’ risk management behaviour." Safety Science 48, no. 10 (December 2010): 1445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.07.001.
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Lindo, Roneil S., John E. Deaton, John H. Cain, and Celine Lang. "Methods of Instrument Training and Effects on Pilots’ Performance With Different Types of Flight Instrument Displays." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 2, no. 2 (January 2012): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000028.
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As computer display technology has evolved, so have the aircraft instrument displays pilots use for aircraft control and navigation. With the aid of two different flight training devices – one configured with steam gauges and the other configured with glass cockpit – this study measured aircraft control and navigation differences between two pilot groups. Pilot Group 1 had earned their instrument rating in aircraft equipped with steam gauges, and Pilot Group 2 had earned their instrument rating in aircraft equipped with glass cockpits. Using displays for which they were not trained, each pilot was tested on aircraft control and navigation precision. The test required that pilots complete basic instrument maneuvers and an instrument landing system approach. Using MANOVA, deviations from assigned values were recorded and statistically compared. Study findings indicated that steam gauge pilots transitioning to glass cockpits perform better than glass cockpit pilots transitioning to steam gauge displays.
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Behforouzi, Mehrdad. "Implementation of Smart Pilotage to Safeguard Pilots from Pilot Ladder Accidents." Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science 60, no. 1 (July 2021): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2021.60.04.
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This study aims to identify and use digital technology to ensure the pilots’ lives’ safety and to avoid unnecessary delays due to vessels staying at quarantine anchorage during pandemics. The primary means for a pilot to board or disembark a ship is by a pilot ladder. Many pilots suffered severe injuries or even lost their life due to accidents involving the failure of pilot ladders. For this research, a questionnaire with five questions about the dangers and its reasons which threaten pilots’ lives, was prepared, and distributed to professionals both in the maritime industry and port operations. Eightynine professionals from the maritime industry answered it. The most common causes affecting pilots’ safety were unsafe rigging and not securing the ladder correctly or the breaking of a defective pilot ladder. In addition, interviews made with three maritime experts about the distance pilotage. This study aims to utilize and implement the digital technology enabling pilots to sit in the port control office or Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) office instead of going onboard a vessel. For assessing our innovation, a berthing and one unberthing scenario were designed and tested in our full mission bridge simulator by an experienced pilot. The results discovered during the debriefing sessions and the feedback from other experienced pilots and captains were satisfying, making us confident and comfortable with the innovation idea
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Kang, Xiao-Fei, Zi-Hui Liu, and Meng Yao. "Deep Learning for Joint Pilot Design and Channel Estimation in MIMO-OFDM Systems." Sensors 22, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 4188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114188.
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In MIMO-OFDM systems, pilot design and estimation algorithm jointly determine the reliability and effectiveness of pilot-based channel estimation methods. In order to improve the channel estimation accuracy with less pilot overhead, a deep learning scheme for joint pilot design and channel estimation is proposed. This new hybrid network structure is named CAGAN, which is composed of a concrete autoencoder (concrete AE) and a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN). We first use concrete AE to find and select the most informative position in the time-frequency grid to achieve pilot optimization design and then input the optimized pilots to cGAN to complete channel estimation. Simulation experiments show that the CAGAN scheme outperforms the traditional LS and MMSE estimation methods with fewer pilots, and has good robustness to environmental noise.
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Nergård, Vegard, Ove Edvard Hatlevik, Monica Martinussen, and Arne Lervåg. "AN AIRMAN'S PERSONAL ATTITUDE: PILOTS’ POINT OF VIEW / PILOTŲ POŽIŪRIS Į ASMENINES PILOTO SAVYBES." Aviation 15, no. 4 (January 13, 2012): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2011.651789.
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The purpose of this study was to examine airline pilots’ own formulation of desirable non-technical skills. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to identify the pilot community's own perception of desirable personal attitudes. Group interviews formed the basis for developing statements. A sample consisting of 174 pilots were questioned on their perception of desirable attitudes. The major finding indicated clusters of attitudes pilots perceived as desirable. The attitudes pilots called attention to were intimately linked to the concept of airmanship. Factor analysis revealed at least four factors in pilots’ conception of desired personal attitudes of an airman: “knowledge”, ‘flying skills’, ‘CRM’, and ‘self-awareness’. Santrauka Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo išanalizuoti oro linijų pilotų suformuluotus reikalingus netechninius gebėjimus. Kiekybiniai ir kokybiniai metodai buvo naudojami tam, kad būtų atskleisti pačių pilotų labiausiai vertinami gebėjimai. Teigiamiems gebėjimams nustatyti buvo apklausti 174 pilotai. Nustačius tam tikras gebėjimų sritis paaiškėjo, kad geriausiai pilotai vertino tuos gebėjimus, kurie yra susiję su skraidymu. Buvo atskleisti keturi labiausiai pilotų vertinami faktoriai: žinios, skraidymo įgūdžiai, CRM ir savikontrolė.
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Lutman-White, Eleanor, Riya Patel, Deborah Lycett, Kelly Hayward, Ruth Sampson, Janani Arulrajah, and Maxine Whelan. "Implementing E-Cigarettes as an Alternate Smoking Cessation Tool during Pregnancy: A Process Evaluation at Two UK Sites." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21030291.
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Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse maternal and foetal health outcomes, with effective smoking cessation support important. E-cigarette use in the general population has increased rapidly in recent years, with their use viewed as an alternate, additional offer to nicotine-replacement therapy and behavioural support. However, their use in pregnancy has limited investigation. This study aimed to understand how two e-cigarette pilots for pregnant women were delivered and implemented. Referrals to the general stop smoking in pregnancy service, as well as pilot enrolment, engagement and outcomes were recorded. Seven professionals involved in pilot 2 design, setup and/or delivery took part in semi-structured interviews informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Transcripts were deductively coded into CFIR. In total, 124 of 296 women accessed at least one visit after being contacted and offered the e-cigarette pilot (Pilot 1: N = 99, Pilot 2: N = 25). In Pilot 2, 13 (of 25) reached 4 weeks, and common reasons for withdrawal by 12 weeks included relapse, loss of contact and no further support wanted. Forty-five (36.3%) validated quits were reported (Pilot 1: 32 of 99 (32.3%); Pilot 2: 13 of 25 (52%)). Facilitators included regular communication and the advisors physically taking e-cigarettes to home visits. Barriers included misalignment between the pilot and the standard treatment offer and availability of the staff resource. Enrolment to both pilots was demonstrated, with greater enrolment in one pilot and notable quit rates among women across both pilots. The perceived role of e-cigarettes for pregnant women varied, and a lack of staff resources explained some challenges. Adaptations may be needed during scale-up, including additional resources and the alignment of the e-cigarette provision to standard treatment.
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Melnarowicz, Wladyslaw. "Military Pilot Training." Journal of KONBiN 44, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2017-0071.
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Abstract The article presents the description of the current systems of training military aircraft pilots. Particular attention has been paid to the trends of change aimed at reducing the cost of purchasing school aircraft and the burden on the entire training and aircraft operation system. Over the past 3 years, the annual Pilot Training Conference in London has dominated the issue of increasing the effectiveness of training pilots of combat aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicle operators. The results of training experiments were presented on this conference, which presented the abandonment of intermediate airplanes training process of military pilots. The results of different researches allowed to state, that on a well-designed school airplane, such as the Pilatus PC-21, one can train both basic and advanced trainings and then train pilots directly to the combat aircraft. Of course, all this training process should be intensively supported by the modern mission simulator of the 5th generation. This allows the thesis to be a future, innovative training system that significantly reduces the training costs of a combat aircraft pilot without affecting the quality of the training.
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Hancock, Katherine. "The Airline Pilot Shortage: A Result of Age Discrimination or Excessive Training Requirements?" Journal of Air Law and Commerce 88, no. 2 (2023): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/jalc.88.2.5.
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In its relatively short history, public air travel has seen its fair share of airline pilot shortages. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the industry was facing yet another. There was virtually no part of the airline industry untouched by the pandemic, and pilot supply was no exception. As an attempt to mitigate profit loss, airlines offered pilots early retirement packages. When air travel returned to pre-pandemic numbers earlier than expected, airlines struggled to fill cockpit seats, which was a major factor in causing the extensive flight cancellations and delays in 2022. Legislators sought to alleviate the issue by raising the federally mandated retirement age. In 2022, a bill was introduced to raise the age to from sixty-five to sixty-seven. The lawmakers behind the bill provided one reason for this change: to relieve the pilot shortage. They blamed the pilot shortage on the demographic; the majority of airline pilots are baby boomers nearing retirement. There are a few issues with this proposal. The first is the discriminatory nature of the law itself. Raising the age by two years is a step in the right direction, but it is just as arbitrary as the Age Sixty-Five Rule. The second issue is the lack of impact it would have on the pilot supply. The two-year increase is not going to achieve the lawmakers’ purpose because it does not incentivize pilots to keep working. The third issue is that the proposal does not confront the larger cause for the pilot shortage: the excessive training requirements for pilots to earn their commercial pilot’s license. This Article first examines the legality of the airline pilot age limit and the court challenges it has overcome. It confronts the superfluousness of the mandatory retirement age, arguing that an age limit is superseded by the regular aircraft simulator trainings and medical examinations airline pilots are required to pass in order to keep flying. This Article then critiques the 1,500 Hour Rule and assesses other causes of the pilot shortage. Finally, it argues that there are other, better ways to bolster the pilot supply in the United States.
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Han, Liyao, Xiangping Zhong, and Yanning Zhang. "Task-Incremental Learning for Drone Pilot Identification Scheme." Sensors 23, no. 13 (June 27, 2023): 5981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23135981.
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With the maturity of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology and the development of Industrial Internet of Things, drones have become an indispensable part of intelligent transportation systems. Due to the absence of an effective identification scheme, most commercial drones suffer from impersonation attacks during their flight procedure. Some pioneering works have already attempted to validate the pilot’s legal status at the beginning and during the flight time. However, the off-the-shelf pilot identification scheme can not adapt to the dynamic pilot membership management due to a lack of extensibility. To address this challenge, we propose an incremental learning-based drone pilot identification scheme to protect drones from impersonation attacks. By utilizing the pilot temporal operational behavioral traits, the proposed identification scheme could validate pilot legal status and dynamically adapt newly registered pilots into a well-constructed identification scheme for dynamic pilot membership management. After systemic experiments, the proposed scheme was capable of achieving the best average identification accuracy with 95.71% on P450 and 94.23% on S500. With the number of registered pilots being increased, the proposed scheme still maintains high identification performance for the newly added and the previously registered pilots. Owing to the minimal system overhead, this identification scheme demonstrates high potential to protect drones from impersonation attacks.
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Cooper, Cindy L., Amy Whitehead, Edward Pottrill, Steven A. Julious, and Stephen J. Walters. "Are pilot trials useful for predicting randomisation and attrition rates in definitive studies: A review of publicly funded trials." Clinical Trials 15, no. 2 (January 23, 2018): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774517752113.
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Background/aims: External pilot trials are recommended for testing the feasibility of main or confirmatory trials. However, there is little evidence that progress in external pilot trials actually predicts randomisation and attrition rates in the main trial. To assess the use of external pilot trials in trial design, we compared randomisation and attrition rates in publicly funded randomised controlled trials with rates in their pilots. Methods: Randomised controlled trials for which there was an external pilot trial were identified from reports published between 2004 and 2013 in the Health Technology Assessment Journal. Data were extracted from published papers, protocols and reports. Bland–Altman plots and descriptive statistics were used to investigate the agreement of randomisation and attrition rates between the full and external pilot trials. Results: Of 561 reports, 41 were randomised controlled trials with pilot trials and 16 met criteria for a pilot trial with sufficient data. Mean attrition and randomisation rates were 21.1% and 50.4%, respectively, in the pilot trials and 16.8% and 65.2% in the main. There was minimal bias in the pilot trial when predicting the main trial attrition and randomisation rate. However, the variation was large: the mean difference in the attrition rate between the pilot and main trial was −4.4% with limits of agreement of −37.1% to 28.2%. Limits of agreement for randomisation rates were −47.8% to 77.5%. Conclusion: Results from external pilot trials to estimate randomisation and attrition rates should be used with caution as comparison of the difference in the rates between pilots and their associated full trial demonstrates high variability. We suggest using internal pilot trials wherever appropriate.
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Lardent, Charles L. "Pilots who crash: Personality constructs underlying accident prone behavior of fighter pilots." Multivariate Experimental Clinical Research Journal 10, no. 1 (1991): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.62704/10057/17759.
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Personality factors have been shown to be related to accident prone behavior, and generic profiles and regression equations have been developed to identify those more likely to experience behaviors associated with accidents events. Using the 16PF, the ultimate purpose of this study is to assess differences between a group of F-4 Phantom fighter pilots who "crashed" (N=47) versus another deemed to be "safe" (N=44). Several subsidiary objectives were established using comparative profiles of four pilot groups: airline, airline/military fighter, general military, and F-4 fighter. The study reveals that: (a) pilot personality in general differs substantially from that of the general population; (b) there are both striking similarities-and dissimilarities between the four pilot groups; (c) there is only minimal consistency or agreement between pilot personality profiles and the prediction equation for generic "freedom from accidents:" the airline pilots show the greatest consistency and the F-4 pilots the least; and (d) most important, five significant personality factor differences discriminate the "safe" from the "crashed" F-4 pilot group. Using set correlation techniques, it is shown that 27% (33% attenuated) of the variance in "crashing" is explained by personality differences and that over 70% of the pilots are correctly classified.
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Barnett, B., A. Stokes, C. D. Wickens, T. Davis, R. Rosenblum, and F. Hyman. "A Componential Analysis of Pilot Decision-Making." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, no. 7 (September 1987): 842–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703100735.
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In an effort to construct and validate an information-processing model of pilot decision-making, a microcomputer-based system, known as MIDIS, has been developed. A parallel effort resulted in the compilation of a cognitive test battery designed to assess individual differences in those cognitive attributes determined to be important in effective decision making. The processing model of pilot judgment is validated to the extent that pilots with strengths in particular cognitive attributes perform well on those decision scenarios determined to impose demands on those same abilities. Forty professional, instructor, and student pilots served as subjects in this validation study. The results reported here represent data from twenty of the highly-experienced instrument-rated pilots. The results indicated that the cognitive test of running memory span provided a valid predictor of the optimality of pilot's judgments. A test of risk assessment predicted pilot confidence and latency in the decision choices. Few of the other tests, including a test of declarative knowledge, provided significant correlations with the three attributes of decision performance for the pilots in the group studied to date.
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Nguyen, Vinh, Doan Thanh Hai, Pham Ngoc Thang, and Nguyen Quoc Binh. "Reduce the effect of the nonlinear distortion in 16-APSK OFDM system by pilot-based automatic phase shift." Journal of Military Science and Technology 95, no. 95 (May 20, 2024): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.95.2024.12-19.
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The paper proposed a method to reduce the effect of nonlinear distortion in 16-APSK OFDM system, which is a pilot-based automatic phase shift at the receiver. Transmitted pilot is inserted during the OFDM modulation process in the transmitter. When the pilot passes through the HPA, information about the nonlinear distortion of the HPA will be carried. In the receiver, the phase angle is rotated automatically based on the phase difference between the received pilots and the transmitted pilots, without depending on the HPA amplifier or system parameters. When the OFDM system uses the APS-pilot method, the nonlinear distortion reduction performance is approximately the same as in the OAPS method, the empirical formula to calculate OAPS, as well as the preset of OAPS manually at the receiver, is not needed.
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Phooko, Dr Paul. "Exploring the status of Pilot Training in the Aviation Industry of South Africa." International Journal of Applied Science and Research 05, no. 04 (2022): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56293/ijasr.2022.5424.
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This research study aims to explore the status of Pilot Training in South Africa's aviation industry. The study is premised on the underlying assumption that the current existing Instructor’s training (Theory and Practical) have a huge impact on the progression of students. The study will diagnose the challenges or gaps in the training sector as experienced by students Pilots who are respondents in the study. Participants of this study were Pilots students across the Republic of South Africa undergoing Private Pilot Licence training and Commercial Pilot Licence training. They all willingly gave consent to participate in the study (n = 211).
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Kao, Yung-An, and Kun-Feng Wu. "A Low-Complexity Channel Estimation Based on a Least-Squares Algorithm in OFDM Systems." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 4258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094258.
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As the channel frequency responses (CFRs) at virtual pilot subcarriers are assumed to be zero, the estimated CFRs will have a leakage effect for discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based channel estimation in OFDM systems. The CFRs at odd pilot subcarriers and even pilot subcarriers are related if the number of maximum channel delay points is smaller than or equal to half the number of pilots (including virtual pilots). According to this correlation, we propose a low-complexity least-squares (LS) method to estimate the CFRs at virtual even and odd pilot subcarriers, respectively. This will solve the problem of the leakage effect in DFT-based channel estimation. The proposed method does not need to know the statistical properties of the channel or insert extra pilots as with some estimation methods. Furthermore, although this method has less computation than the LS method, both have almost the same channel estimation efficiency in simulation. The channel estimation efficiency of our proposed method is still similar to that of the LS method, even if the number of maximum channel delay points is greater than half the number of pilots. Therefore, the proposed low-complexity method is very suitable for equalizer hardware implementation.
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Valenta, Viktor. "Effects of Airline Industry Growth on Pilot Training." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 6, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2018.04.06.
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<p>The rapid airline growth in recent years sparked debates about global pilot shortage. Interest of talented individuals to join the aviation industry may be affected by unstable remuneration and rising cost of training. This article evaluates pilots supply and demand. The cost of initial pilot training is compared between 2007 and 2017. The airline industry growth in the last decade is described and collated with evolution of labor cost and pilots’ pay. Increasing pilot demand puts pressure on efficiency of training. Current training methods are reviewed. A development of new strategies is suggested in order to meet airline industry needs.</p>
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Beringer, Dennis B., Howard C. Harris, and Kurt M. Joseph. "Hearing Thresholds among Pilots and Non-Pilots: Implications for Auditory Warning Design." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 1 (October 1998): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200121.
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Observations in simulator studies suggested that the older segments of the General Aviation pilot population were having difficulty hearing specific auditory warnings in the cockpit. These observations, in combination with data from Tobias (1968a; 1968b; 1972), prompted a reexamination of the hearing capabilities of pilots and non-pilots. In Phase 1, threshold data were collected for 150 non-pilots and 150 pilots using stratified age sampling. The usual higher-frequency decrements attributable to aging and general environmental exposure were found in both samples. Significant differences were found between the non-pilot and pilot samples, with greater threshold shifts between 2 and 6 kHz in evidence among the pilots. In Phase 2, individuals were exposed to simulated aircraft engine noise and asked to detect and identify both conventional and novel auditory warning sounds. Results of both phases are discussed in terms of implications for the design of auditory warnings for General Aviation aircraft.
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Higgins, Thomas J., and Mark H. Chignell. "Cognitive Processes during Instrument Landing." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, no. 11 (September 1987): 1216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703101108.
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Applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the cockpit require a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes of the pilot. This paper describes ongoing research concerned with developing cognitive models of pilot behavior that can support the development of expert systems and machine reasoning within the cockpit. An experiment is reported where the behavior of pilots within a flight simulator is observed. Verbal instructions given by the controlling pilot in a “division of labor” task are used to identify salient features of pilot cognitive models of the task. The results of this experiment are interpreted in terms of their implications for the development of future expert systems within the cockpit. Continued research on the cognitive models used by pilots should permit the development of a knowledge base that will assist display design, training programs, and research on mental workload within the cockpit.
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Chancey, Eric T., and Michael S. Politowicz. "Public Trust and Acceptance for Concepts of Remotely Operated Urban Air Mobility Transportation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 1044–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641251.
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There is building interest within industry and government to enable Urban Air Mobility (i.e., air-taxies). One concept envisions remotely piloted aircraft, yet it is unclear how this will impact public trust and acceptance. Method: Two hundred participants read vignettes describing remotely-piloted UAM operations and then responded to a series of questionnaires. The study employed a one-way between-subjects design manipulating five levels of Pilot-in-Command Distance: Onboard Pilot; Remote Control Pilot; Dedicated Remote Operator; Remote Operator; System Manager. Results: The Remote Control Pilot group indicated they would be less likely than the Onboard Pilot group to use UAM, based on the mediating effect of trust in the automation. The Remote Control Pilot and Remote Operator groups indicated they would be less likely to use UAM than the Onboard Pilot group, based on the mediating effect of trust in the remote pilot/operator. Conclusion: Trust in UAM automation and remote pilots/operators will likely affect public acceptance of UAM.
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Befort, Kendra, David Baltaxe, Camila Proffitt, and David Durbin. "Artificial Swarm Intelligence Technology Enables Better Subjective Rating Judgment in Pilots Compared to Traditional Data Collection Methods." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 2033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621459.
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Ratings provided by Pilots on workload scales and usability surveys can be biased by subjective differences in perception, experience, skill, emotional state, motivation, and estimation of risk/cost that may be associated with performing a task. Personality dynamics can further compound polarization of issues during pilot debriefings. What if these unwanted effects could be filtered out of pilot data collection and we could cost-effectively access a higher-order, collective ‘pilot brain’ made up of a combined pilot intellect, intuition, and experience to provide more accurate insight into workload and usability? Swarm AI technology was used in a high fidelity pilot simulation event and compared against a traditional methodology for collecting workload and usability survey data. Pilot and Subject Matter Expert workload and usability survey ratings were collected during the event and compared to a post-event pilot swarm. The results of the study showed pilots engaging in collective intelligence were found to be more effective at rating workload, and also more aligned with Subject Matter Expert workload ratings. This initial workload testing suggests that Swarm AI technology and techniques have great potential for usability research by activating the collective intelligence of groups, which can exceed that of the individual performing alone. The usability survey sample was limited, therefore further study is recommended to validate the generalizability of this technology to Likert Scale data.
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Saraereh, Omar A., Imran Khan, Byung Moo Lee, and Ashraf Tahat. "Efficient Pilot Decontamination Schemes in 5G Massive MIMO Systems." Electronics 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8010055.
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Massive Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO) is an emerging technology for the 5G wireless communication systems which has the potential to provide high spectral efficient and improved link reliability and accommodate large number of users. Aiming at the problem of pilot contamination in massive MIMO systems, this paper proposes two algorithms to mitigate it. The first algorithm is depending on the idea of Path Loss to perform User Grouping (PLUG) which divide the users into the center and edge user groups depending on different levels of pilot contamination. It assigns the same pilot sequences to the center users which slightly suffer from pilot contamination and assign orthogonal pilot sequences to the edge users which severely suffer from pilot contamination. It is assumed that the number of users at the edge of each cell is the same. Therefore, to overcome such limitations of PLUG algorithm, we propose an improved PLUG (IPLUG) algorithm which provides the decision parameters for user grouping and selects the number of central and edge users in each cell in a dynamic manner. Thus, the algorithm prevents the wrong division of users in good channel conditions being considered as an edge user which causes large pilot overhead, and also identifies the users with worst channel conditions and prevents the wrong division of such users from the center user group. The second algorithm for pilot decontamination utilizes the idea of pseudo-random codes in which orthogonal pilot are assigned to different cells. Such codes are deployed to get a transmission pilot by scrambling the user pilot in the cell. Since the pilot contamination is generated because different cells multiplex the same set of orthogonal pilots and the pseudo-random sequences have good cross-correlation characteristics, this paper uses this feature to improve the orthogonality of pilots between different cells. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can effectively improve channel estimation performance and achievable rate as compared with other schemes.
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Xie, Xudong, and Li Zhang. "Prediction of general aviation pilots in China based on supply and demand." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (December 27, 2022): 696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3834.
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This paper selects the data of civil aviation pilot licenses, flight instructors and general aviation pilot processed by HP Filtering Technology to construct the VAR equation and predict the supply of general aviation pilot in China in the next three years. Compared with the demand predicted by linear regression equation, it is found that in the next three years, the number gap of pilots in China will reach 879, 856 and 1190 respectively. Finally, this paper analyzes the results combined with the reality, and according to the VAR model, gives reasonable suggestions from the two aspects of strengthening the master's qualifications and encouraging civil aviation or military pilots to change jobs.
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Kristinsson, Sigurdur Y., Brynjar Vidarsson, Thorvardur J. Love, Vilhjalmur Rafnsson, Jon Hrafnkelsson, and Pall T. Onundarson. "Economy Class Syndrome: A “Pilot” Study." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 4130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.4130.4130.
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Abstract Introduction: Air travel associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been termed the economy class syndrome (ECS). Risk factors for ECS are divided into i) patient related; age, previous VTE, thrombophilia, malignancy and ii) cabin related; hypoxia, low humidity, dehydration and prolonged sitting. No study to date has looked at the incidence of VTE in healthy frequent flyers. The aim of this study was to see if professional pilots are at increased risk of VTE. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort of 206 pilots working for a single airline operating on medium duration (3–7 hour) international routes from 1991–2000 was studied. Landspitali University Hospital is the only hospital serving Reykjavik, Iceland and its neighboring communities, and it is the sole primary hospital for approximately 130.000 people age 18 and over. Databases of clinical and radiographic diagnoses made at Landspitali University Hospital were searched for codes consistent with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) occurring from 1991 to 2000. A computerized database of pilot personal identification numbers was then record linked to this VTE cohort from Landspitali University Hospital to see if any of the pilots had been diagnosed with VTE. For comparison purposes, a subgroup of the hospital database cohort and the underlying Reykjavik population was defined to match the gender and age characteristics of the pilot group. Expected number of cases with VTE among pilots was then calculated by extrapolating the observed prevalence of VTE among this subgroup to the pilot cohort. Finally, the relative risk of VTE for the pilots was calculated with p-value and 95% confidence interval. Results: Two hundred and six male pilots (median age 37 years, range 26–69) were included in the study. A total of 2263 patients were diagnosed with VTE at the Landspitali during the 10 year period, 931 with DVT and 1509 with PE, of whom 177 had both DVT and PE. There were 46,016 males aged 26 to 69 years living in the service area. Of these, 447 developed VTE. Extrapolating from the observed proportion of males age 26–69 diagnosed with VTE in the greater Reykjavik area, the expected number of VTE in the pilot cohort was found to be two. Of the 206 pilots, none was diagnosed with DVT or PE at Landspitali University Hospital during the study period. The relative risk of VTE in the pilot group was found to be 0, with no applicable lower limit to the 95% confidence interval, an upper limit of 1.83, and a p-value of 0.14. Conclusion: Professional airline pilots flying medium range distances do not have an increased risk of VTE and therefore they seem not to develop the ECS. This study does not point to an increased risk of VTE in healthy travelers in association with medium range flights.
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Thi Nga, Nguyen, Huy Anh Phan, Van Loi Cao, and Thanh Hiep Pham. "Suitable pilot search method for channel estimation in underwater acoustic OFDM systems." Journal of Military Science and Technology 89 (August 25, 2023): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.89.2023.52-59.
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The underwater environment poses challenges to the Underwater Acoustic OFDM (UWA-OFDM) system, causing the tendency of lacking pilots to recover the channel impulse response (CIR). Our previous research (pilot enrichment estimator) supplemented potential pilots based on the distance to the nearest constellation point below a fixed threshold T. However, this does not guarantee that the extracted pilots have sufficiently good quality. Therefore, this article presents a suitable pilot search (SPS) method with the flexible threshold T and second minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation to improve channel estimation effectiveness in UWA-OFDM systems. Our approach is compared to the MMSE and PE methods across various criteria, such as pilot spacing and different modulators. The experiments demonstrate that the SPS estimator performs better than the MMSE and PE techniques regarding bit error rate (BER).
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Earl, Laurie, Paul R. Bates, Patrick S. Murray, A. Ian Glendon, and Peter A. Creed. "Developing a Single-Pilot Line Operations Safety Audit." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 2, no. 2 (January 2012): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000027.
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A single-pilot form of the line operations safety audit was trialed with a mid-sized emergency medical service air operator using two observers with a sample of pilots flying 14 sectors. The conceptual basis for observing pilot performance and analyzing data was the threat and error management model, focusing on threats, errors, undesired aircraft states, and their management. Forty-six threats and 42 crew errors were observed. Pilots generally used sound strategies to prevent errors and to manage successfully those that occurred. Threats resulting from operational pressures were well managed. The study achieved its objective of determining whether a single-pilot line operations safety audit could be successfully developed and used as a basis for systematic data collection.
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Laukkala, Tanja, Eero Pukkala, Bruce Budowle, Antti Sajantila, Matti Mäntysaari, Heini Huhtala, and Alpo Vuorio. "PREVIOUS MILITARY PILOTS AND THEIR LATER FATAL CIVIL AVIATION ACCIDENTS." Aviation 25, no. 3 (October 28, 2021): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2021.15660.
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Military pilots undergo rigorous selection compared with civilian professional pilots because of different operational requirements. There are no studies of military pilots’ subsequent civil aviation careers and fatal pilot aviation accidents. This study focuses on Vietnam War (VW) pilots and subsequent fatal aviation accidents in the U.S from 1965 to 2018. In total nine aviation accidents met the inclusion criteria and are described in detail, including the pilots’ previous civil aviation incidents. The VW pilots were healthy, had valid Medicals and continued to fly in demanding pilot positions after their military careers. Although the data are limited, this study suggests that previous military pilots may differ slightly from other pilots in their subsequent civil aviation careers.
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Zhang, X., X. Qu, H. Xue, H. Zhao, T. Li, and D. Tao. "Modeling pilot mental workload using information theory." Aeronautical Journal 123, no. 1264 (June 2019): 828–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2019.13.
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AbstractPredicting mental workload of pilots can provide cockpit designers with useful information to reduce the possibility of pilot error and cost of training, improve the safety and performance of systems, and increase operator satisfaction. We present a theoretical model of mental workload, using information theory, based on review investigations of how effectively task complexity, visual performance, and pilot experience predict mental workload. The validity of the model was confirmed based on data collected from pilot taxiing experiments. Experiments were performed on taxiing tasks in four different scenarios. Results showed that predicted values from the proposed mental workload model were highly correlated to actual mental workload ratings from the experiments. The findings indicate that the proposed mental workload model appears to be effective in the prediction of pilots’ mental workload over time.
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Kalavsky, Peter, Róbert Rozenberg, Luboš Socha, Vladimír Socha, Jindrich Gazda, and Monika Kimlickova. "Methodology of Pilot Performance Measurements." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2017): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2017.02.04.
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<p align="LEFT">The article is devoted to the development of the methodology of measuring pilot performance under real flight conditions. It provides the basic information on a research project realized to obtain new information regarding training and education of pilots. The introduction is focused on the analytical part of the project and the outputs in terms of the current state of the art. Detailed view is cast on the issue of measuring pilot performance under specific conditions of the cockpit or the flight simulator. The article is zooming in on the two selected and developed methods of pilot performance in terms of the defined indicators evaluated, conditions of compliance for conducting research and procedures of the methodology of pilot performance measurements.</p>
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Williams, Steven T., Adrienne M. Madison, Frederick T. Brozoski, and Valeta Carol Chancey. "A Novel Application of Head Tracking Data in the Analysis and Assessment of Operational Cervical Spine Range of Motion for Army Aviators." Military Medicine 186, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2021): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa270.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Neck pain among rotary-wing aviators has been established as an important issue in the military community, yet no U.S. Army regulation defines exactly what cervical spine range of motion (CROM) is adequate for flight. This lack of regulation leaves flight surgeons to subjectively determine whether an aviator affected by limited CROM is fit to maintain flight status. The U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory is conducting a study among AH-64 and UH-60 pilots to define CROM requirements in simulated and actual flight using optical head tracking equipment. Presented here is a preliminary analysis of head position data from a pilot and co-pilot in two AH-64 missions. Methods Maintenance data recorder (MDR) files from two AH-64 missions were provided by the Apache Attack Helicopter Project Management Office. Data were filtered down to three-dimensional pilot and co-pilot head position data and each data point was analyzed to determine neck posture. These neck postures were then categorized as neutral, mild, and severe for flexion/extension, lateral bending, and twist rotation postural categories. Results Twist rotation postures reached 90 degrees, particularly early in the flight; additionally, a few instances of 90-degree lateral bends were observed. Co-pilots spent more time than pilots in mild and severe twist rotation posture for both flights. Co-pilots also spend a high percentage of time in mild flexion and twist rotation. Conclusion This investigation provides a proof of concept for analysis of head tracking data from MDR files as a surrogate measure of neck posture in order to estimate CROM requirements in rotary-wing military flight missions. Future studies will analyze differences in day and night flights, pilot versus co-pilot CROM, and neck movement frequency.
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Gomolka, Zbigniew, Damian Kordos, and Ewa Zeslawska. "The Application of Flexible Areas of Interest to Pilot Mobile Eye Tracking." Sensors 20, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20040986.
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Recent progress in the development of mobile Eye Tracking (ET) systems shows that there is a demand for modern flexible solutions that would allow for dynamic tracking of objects in the video stream. The paper describes a newly developed tool for work with ET glasses, and its advantages are outlined with the example of a pilot study. A flight task is performed on the FNTP II MCC simulator, and the pilots are equipped with the Mobile Tobii Glasses. The proposed Smart Trainer tool performs dynamic object tracking in a registered video stream, allowing for an interactive definition of Area of Interest (AOI) with blurred contours for the individual cockpit instruments and for the construction of corresponding histograms of pilot attention. The studies are carried out on a group of experienced pilots with a professional pilot CPL(A) license with instrumental flight (Instrument Rating (IR)) certification and a group of pilots without instrumental training. The experimental section shows the differences in the perception of the flight process between two distinct groups of pilots with varying levels in flight training for the ATPL(A) line pilot license. The proposed Smart Trainer tool might be exploited in order to assess and improve the process of training operators of advanced systems with human machine interfaces.
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Molina, Juan, Luisa Buitrago, Sandra Téllez, Sandra Giraldo, and Jaime Uribe. "Demand Response Program Implementation Methodology: A Colombian Study Case." Transactions on Energy Systems and Engineering Applications 3, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32397/tesea.vol3.n1.3.
Full textAbstract:
The industrialization and urbanization are responsible for Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and could generate energy shortage problems. The application of Demand Response (DR) programs enables the user to be empowered towards a conscious consumption of energy, allowing the reduction or displacement of the demand for electrical energy, contributing to the sustainable development of the sector and the operational efficiency of the electrical system, among others. A reference framework for this type of program is detailed along with a literature survey applied to the Colombian case. The considerations on the design of a methodology to the implementation of the DR pilot, considering if the pilot is in an interconnected system zone or non-interconnected system zone and the application of the design methodology in the modeling of three DR pilots in Colombia is presented. For the modeling of the pilots, the characteristics of the area and the base consumption of the users are considered, and the characteristics and assumptions of the pilot are also defined. Furthermore, the DR pilot in each zone considering four types of users is detailed. The results show the potential for energy reduction and displacement in different time bands for each zone, which allows determining the assessment of the benefits from a technical, financial, and environmental point of view, and the costs of each pilot in monetary terms, it not to compare the pilots with each other, but to illustrate the values that must be taken into account in those analyses. The sensitivity analysis of each pilot was also carried out, considering the variation of the benefit/cost relationship with the energy rate in peak hours vs. off-peak hours and the base energy rate in the area. The sensitivity analysis shows that, when varying the level of energy demand response and the number of pilot participants, the values are presented when the benefit/cost ratio is greater than 1. In addition, the paper provides specific recommendations related to the design of a methodology and the implementation in a pilot DR using simulation.
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Estes, Steven, John Helleberg, and Matthew Pollack. "Human in the Loop Evaluations of A Taxi Assistance Tool for Pilots." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (September 2022): 2001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661117.
Full textAbstract:
Runway Incursions (RIs) - the improper presence of an aircraft on a runway - have proven difficult to reduce below current levels. RIs are mostly the result of pilot deviations (PDs), and most pilot deviations are made by general aviation (GA) pilots. MITRE is developing a taxi assistance concept to create taxi guidance and conformance technology with the hope of reducing RIs caused by lost, distracted, or confused pilots. This research is primarily focused on smaller Class D airports where GA traffic is higher, and controllers do not have advanced technologies in the tower cab. Three studies were conducted evaluating pilot interaction with MITRE's taxi assistance application, as implemented as an iPad application. Study results provided design guidance and evidence that these applications could reduce the likelihood of RIs caused by pilots. In this paper we will briefly review each study.
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Lutte, Rebecca. "AN INVESTIGATION OF THE UNITED STATES AIRLINE PILOT LABOUR SUPPLY." Journal of Air Transport Studies 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 53–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.38008/jats.v5i2.68.
Full textAbstract:
Over the next 20 years, the United States airline industry is expected to hire in excess of 95,000 pilots. This hiring will be the result of new aircraft growth, pilot retirements, and pilot attrition from the industry for reasons other than retirement. In addition, government regulations may also cause an increase in the number of new pilots required. Given this increased demand, will there be enough new pilots to ensure a long-term and continuous supply? The purpose of this research is to examine the supply and demand for US airline pilots. Several new considerations are having an impact on future supply and demand of airline pilots including cost of training, growth, retirement, regulatory changes, and slowing supply of military pilots. The methodology provides an empirical analysis of the pilot labor supply in the US. A multivariate regression model was developed to forecast demand. To explore supply, a variety of data sources have been included and a survey was implemented. The results of the study indicate that the US airline industry will experience a shortage of approximately 35,000 pilots for the 2013 to 2031 time period. The impact of the shortage on regional and major airlines is examined. Possible solutions are discussed.