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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Lubnina, N. V., and A. I. Slabunov. "Karelian сrаtоn in the struсturе of the Nео-Аrсhаеаn supercontinent Kеnоrlаnd: nеw paleomagnetic and isotopic-geochronological data on granulites of the Onega complex." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 5 (October 28, 2017): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2017-5-3-15.

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New paleomagnetic and isotopic-geochronological data obtained for Neoarchean Onega granulite complex, were used to reconstruct the position of the Karelian craton in the Neoarchean supercontinent Kenorland. Geological correlations were made for the Karelian, Kaapvaal, Pilbara, Superior, and Slave cratons. Comparison of independent geological and paleomagnetic data allowed us to propose a new configuration of the Neoarchean supercontinent Kenorland. The position of the ancient core of the Karelian craton (the Vodlozero terrane), located in the North-Western margin of the supercontinent structure, reconstructed based on the previously paleomagnetic data for the Neoarchean Panozero sanukitoid massif and new one for granulite of Onega complex.

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2

Rasmussen, Birger, Jian-Wei Zi, and Janet R. Muhling. "U-Pb evidence for a 2.15 Ga orogenic event in the Archean Kaapvaal (South Africa) and Pilbara (Western Australia) cratons." Geology 47, no. 12 (October 2, 2019): 1131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46366.1.

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Abstract There is geological evidence for widespread deformation in the Kaapvaal craton, South Africa, between 2.2 and 2.0 Ga. In Griqualand West, post-Ongeluk Formation (ca. 2.42 Ga) and pre-Mapedi Formation (>1.91 Ga) folding, faulting, and uplift have been linked to the development of a regional-scale unconformity, weathering horizons, and extensive Fe-oxide mineralization. However, the lack of deformational fabrics and the low metamorphic temperatures (<300 °C) have hampered efforts to date this event. Here we show that metamorphic monazite in Neoarchean shales from four stratigraphic intervals from the Griqualand West region grew at ca. 2.15 Ga, >400 m.y. after deposition. Combined with previous studies, our results show that sedimentary successions across the Kaapvaal craton deposited before ca. 2.26 Ga record evidence for crustal fluid flow at ca. 2.15 Ga, which is locally associated with thrust faulting, folding, and cleavage development. The style of the deformation is similar to that of the Ophthalmian orogeny in the Pilbara craton, Australia, which is interpreted to reflect the northeast-directed movement of a fold-thrust belt between 2.22 and 2.15 Ga. Our results suggest that the Kaapvaal and Pilbara cratons, which some paleogeographic reconstructions place together as the continent Vaalbara, experienced an episode of synchronous folding and thrusting at ca. 2.15 Ga. Deformation was followed by uplift and the development of unconformities that are associated with some of Earth’s oldest oxidative weathering and with the onset of Fe-oxide mineralization.

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3

Petersson, Andreas, Anthony I. S. Kemp, and Martin J. Whitehouse. "A Yilgarn seed to the Pilbara Craton (Australia)? Evidence from inherited zircons." Geology 47, no. 11 (September 25, 2019): 1098–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46696.1.

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Abstract Knowledge of the age and compositional architecture of Archean cratonic lithosphere is critical for models of geodynamics and continental growth on early Earth, but can be difficult to unravel from the exposed geology. We report the occurrence of numerous >3.7 Ga zircon crystals in 3.45 Ga rhyolites of the eastern Pilbara Craton (Western Australia), which preserve evidence for an Eoarchean meta-igneous component in the deep Pilbara crust. This inherited zircon population shares similar and distinctive age and Hf-O isotope characteristics with the oldest gneissic components of the Yilgarn Craton ∼500 km farther south, suggesting a common ca. 3.75 Ga felsic crustal nucleus to these two Archean granite-greenstone terranes. We infer a pivotal role for such ‘seeds’ in facilitating the growth and persistence of Archean continental lithosphere.

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4

Gardiner, N. J., J. A. Mulder, C. L. Kirkland, T. E. Johnson, and O. Nebel. "Palaeoarchaean TTGs of the Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons compared; an early Vaalbara supercraton evaluated." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0010.

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Abstract The continental crust that dominates Earth’s oldest cratons comprises Eoarchaean to Palaeoarchaean (4.0 to 3.2 Ga) felsic intrusive rocks of the tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) series. These are found either within high-grade gneiss terranes, which represent Archaean mid-continental crust, or low-grade granite-greenstone belts, which represent relic Archaean upper continental crust. The Palaeoarchaean East Pilbara Terrane (EPT), Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, and the Barberton Granite-Greenstone Belt (BGGB), Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa, are two of the best exposed granite-greenstone belts. Their striking geological similarities has led to the postulated existence of Vaalbara, a Neoarchaean-Palaeoproterozoic supercraton. Although their respective TTG domes have been compared in terms of a common petrogenetic origin reflecting a volcanic plateau setting, there are important differences in their age, geochemistry, and isotopic profiles. We present new zircon Hf isotope data from five granite domes of the EPT and compare the geochemical and isotopic record of the Palaeoarchaean TTGs from both cratons. Rare >3.5 Ga EPT evolved rocks have juvenile εHf(t) requiring a chondritic source. In contrast, younger TTG domes developed via 3.5 to 3.4 and 3.3 to 3.2 Ga magmatic supersuites with a greater range of εHf(t) towards more depleted and enriched values, trace element signatures requiring an enriched source, and xenocrystic zircons that reflects a mixed source to the TTGs, which variously assimilates packages of older felsic crust and a more juvenile mafic source. EPT TTG domes are composite and record multiple pulses of magmatism. In comparison, BGGB TTGs are less geochemically enriched than those of the EPT and have different age profiles, hosting coeval magmatic units. Hafnium isotopes suggest a predominantly juvenile source to 3.2 Ga northern Barberton TTGs, limited assimilation of older evolved crust in 3.4 Ga southern Barberton TTGs, but significant assimilation of older (Hadean-Eoarchaean) crust in the ca. 3.6 Ga TTGs of the Ancient Gneiss Complex. The foundation of the EPT is younger than that for the oldest components of the Eastern Kaapvaal. Although the broader prevailing Palaeoarchaean geologic framework in which these two cratons formed may reflect similar a geodynamic regime, the superficial similarities in dome structures and stratigraphy of both cratonic terranes is not reflected in their geochemical and age profiles. Both the similarities and the differences between the crustal histories of the two cratons highlights that they are formed from distinct terranes with different ages and individual evolutionary histories. Vaalbara sensu lato represents typical Palaeoarchaean cratonic crust, not in the sense of a single homogeneous craton, but one as diverse as the continents are today.

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5

Tusch, Jonas, Carsten Münker, Eric Hasenstab, Mike Jansen, Chris S. Marien, Florian Kurzweil, Martin J. Van Kranendonk, Hugh Smithies, Wolfgang Maier, and Dieter Garbe-Schönberg. "Convective isolation of Hadean mantle reservoirs through Archean time." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): e2012626118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012626118.

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Although Earth has a convecting mantle, ancient mantle reservoirs that formed within the first 100 Ma of Earth’s history (Hadean Eon) appear to have been preserved through geologic time. Evidence for this is based on small anomalies of isotopes such as182W,142Nd, and129Xe that are decay products of short-lived nuclide systems. Studies of such short-lived isotopes have typically focused on geological units with a limited age range and therefore only provide snapshots of regional mantle heterogeneities. Here we present a dataset for short-lived182Hf−182W (half-life 9 Ma) in a comprehensive rock suite from the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. The samples analyzed preserve a unique geological archive covering 800 Ma of Archean history. Pristine182W signatures that directly reflect the W isotopic composition of parental sources are only preserved in unaltered mafic samples with near canonical W/Th (0.07 to 0.26). Early Paleoarchean, mafic igneous rocks from the East Pilbara Terrane display a uniform pristine µ182W excess of 12.6 ± 1.4 ppm. Fromca. 3.3Ga onward, the pristine182W signatures progressively vanish and are only preserved in younger rocks of the craton that tap stabilized ancient lithosphere. Given that the anomalous182W signature must have formed byca. 4.5 Ga, the mantle domain that was tapped by magmatism in the Pilbara Craton must have been convectively isolated for nearly 1.2 Ga. This finding puts lower bounds on timescale estimates for localized convective homogenization in early Earth’s interior and on the widespread emergence of plate tectonics that are both important input parameters in many physical models.

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6

Kranendonk, M. J. V., A. H. Hickman, R. H. Smithies, D. R. Nelson, and G. Pike. "Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Archean North Pilbara Terrain,Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Economic Geology 97, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 695–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.97.4.695.

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7

Kranendonk, M. J. V. "Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Archean North Pilbara Terrain, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Economic Geology 97, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 695–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/97.4.695.

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8

Evans, Michael E., and Adrian R. Muxworthy. "Vaalbara Palaeomagnetism." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 9 (September 2019): 912–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0081.

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Vaalbara is the name given to a proposed configuration of continental blocks—the Kaapvaal craton (southern Africa) and the Pilbara craton (north-western Australia)—thought to be the Earth’s oldest supercraton assemblage. Its temporal history is poorly defined, but it has been suggested that it was stable for at least 400 million years, between 3.1 and 2.7 Ga. Here, we present an updated analysis that shows that the existence of a single supercraton between ∼2.9 and ∼2.7 Ga is inconsistent with the available palaeomagnetic data.

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9

CATULLO, RENEE A., PAUL DOUGHTY, J. DALE ROBERTS, and J. SCOTT KEOGH. "Multi-locus phylogeny and taxonomic revision of Uperoleia toadlets (Anura: Myobatrachidae) from the western arid zone of Australia, with a description of a new species." Zootaxa 2902, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2902.1.1.

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We generated a multi-locus phylogeny to test monophyly and distributional limits in Australian toadlets of the genus Uperoleia from the western arid zone of Australia. The molecular data were used in combination with a detailed assessment of morphological variation and some data on call structure to complete a taxonomic revision of the species that occur in this region. Our work reveals the existence of not two but five species in the region. Uperoleia russelli is restricted to the Carnarvon and Gascoyne Regions south of the Pilbara. Uperoleia micromeles is distributed from the Tanami Desert through the Great Sandy Desert and along the northern edge of the Pilbara. Uperoleia talpa was previously believed to be a Fitzroyland region endemic but it is further distributed along Dampierland and into the Roebourne Plain. Uperoleia glandulosa is a larger species than previously described as well as a greater habitat generalist, inhabiting the rocky Pilbara region and the sandy region around Port Hedland. We also describe a new species, U. saxatilis sp. nov., endemic to the Pilbara craton.

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10

BOULTER, C. A. "One billion years of Archean history, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Geology Today 2, no. 4 (July 1986): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.1986.tb01044.x.

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11

Barley, M. E. "The tectonic and metallogenic evolution of the Pilbara Craton: preface." Precambrian Research 88, no. 1-4 (March 1998): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(97)00060-0.

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12

Pinti, Daniele L., Jun-ichi Matsuda, and Shigenori Maruyama. "Anomalous xenon in Archean cherts from Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Chemical Geology 175, no. 3-4 (June 2001): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(00)00331-4.

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13

Horwitz, R. C. "Palaeogeographic and tectonic evolution of the Pilbara Craton, Northwestern Australia." Precambrian Research 48, no. 4 (December 1990): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(90)90046-s.

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14

Barnes, S., and S. Jones. "Deformed Chromitite Layers in the Coobina Intrusion, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Economic Geology 108, no. 2 (February 21, 2013): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.108.2.337.

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15

Orberger, B., D. L. Pinti, C. Cloquet, K. Hashizume, H. Soyama, M. Jayananda, M. Massault, et al. "Biomarkers in Archaean banded iron formations from Pilbara and Dhawar Craton." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, no. 18 (August 2006): A461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.929.

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16

Brenner, Alec R., Roger R. Fu, David A. D. Evans, Aleksey V. Smirnov, Raisa Trubko, and Ian R. Rose. "Paleomagnetic evidence for modern-like plate motion velocities at 3.2 Ga." Science Advances 6, no. 17 (April 2020): eaaz8670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz8670.

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The mode and rates of tectonic processes and lithospheric growth during the Archean [4.0 to 2.5 billion years (Ga) ago] are subjects of considerable debate. Paleomagnetism may contribute to the discussion by quantifying past plate velocities. We report a paleomagnetic pole for the ~3180 million year (Ma) old Honeyeater Basalt of the East Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, supported by a positive fold test and micromagnetic imaging. Comparison of the 44°±15° Honeyeater Basalt paleolatitude with previously reported paleolatitudes requires that the average latitudinal drift rate of the East Pilbara was ≥2.5 cm/year during the ~170 Ma preceding 3180 Ma ago, a velocity comparable with those of modern plates. This result is the earliest unambiguous evidence yet uncovered for long-range lithospheric motion. Assuming this motion is due primarily to plate motion instead of true polar wander, the result is consistent with uniformitarian or episodic tectonic processes in place by 3.2 Ga ago.

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17

Roberts, Nicolas M., and Basil Tikoff. "Internal structure of the Paleoarchean Mt Edgar dome, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Precambrian Research 358 (June 2021): 106163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106163.

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18

Glikson, A. Y., C. Allen, and J. Vickers. "Multiple 3.47-Ga-old asteroid impact fallout units, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia☆." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 221, no. 1-4 (April 30, 2004): 383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(04)00104-9.

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19

Hoshino, Yosuke, and Simon C. George. "Cyanobacterial Inhabitation on Archean Rock Surfaces in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Astrobiology 15, no. 7 (July 2015): 559–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ast.2014.1275.

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20

Kobaka, Janusz, Jacek Katzer, and Paweł K. Zarzycki. "Pilbara Craton Soil as A Possible Lunar Soil Simulant for Civil Engineering Applications." Materials 12, no. 23 (November 23, 2019): 3871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233871.

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Recent fast development in lunar exploration exposed a lack of lunar soil simulant (LSS) fit for civil engineering applications. Permanent human presence on the Moon will be associated with significant construction efforts. Adequate technologies and building materials have to be developed and tested prior to setting the actual building site on the Moon. Current LSSs were created for non-civil engineering purposes, thus they are very expensive and available in limited amounts. In the paper, the authors proved that Pilbara Craton soil is a suitable material for the creation of an affordable LSS for civil engineering applications. The main tool of the conducted study was principal component analysis (PCA).

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21

Reading, A. M., and B. L. N. Kennett. "Lithospheric structure of the Pilbara Craton, Capricorn Orogen and northern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, from teleseismic receiver functions." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, no. 3 (June 2003): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2003.01003.x.

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22

Van Kranendonk, Martin J., W. J. Collins, Arthur Hickman, and Mark J. Pawley. "Critical tests of vertical vs. horizontal tectonic models for the Archaean East Pilbara Granite–Greenstone Terrane, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Precambrian Research 131, no. 3-4 (June 2004): 173–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2003.12.015.

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23

Van Kranendonk, Martin J., and W. J. Collins. "Timing and tectonic significance of Late Archaean, sinistral strike-slip deformation in the Central Pilbara Structural Corridor, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Precambrian Research 88, no. 1-4 (March 1998): 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(97)00069-7.

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24

Tessalina, Svetlana G., Bernard Bourdon, Martin Van Kranendonk, Jean-Louis Birck, and Pascal Philippot. "Influence of Hadean crust evident in basalts and cherts from the Pilbara Craton." Nature Geoscience 3, no. 3 (February 21, 2010): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo772.

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25

Brown, Adrian J., Thomas J. Cudahy, and Malcolm R. Walter. "Hydrothermal alteration at the Panorama Formation, North Pole Dome, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Precambrian Research 151, no. 3-4 (December 15, 2006): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2006.08.014.

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26

Terabayashi, Masaru, Yuki Masada, and Hiroaki Ozawa. "Archean ocean-floor metamorphism in the North Pole area, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Precambrian Research 127, no. 1-3 (November 2003): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(03)00186-4.

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27

Wiemer, Daniel, Christoph E. Schrank, David T. Murphy, Lana Wenham, and Charlotte M. Allen. "Earth's oldest stable crust in the Pilbara Craton formed by cyclic gravitational overturns." Nature Geoscience 11, no. 5 (April 16, 2018): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0105-9.

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28

Fox, David C. M., Samuel C. Spinks, Milo Barham, Christopher L. Kirkland, Mark A. Pearce, Mehrooz Aspandiar, Renee Birchall, and Ed Mead. "Working up an Apatite: Enigmatic Mesoarchean Hydrothermal Cu-Co-Au Mineralization in the Pilbara Craton." Economic Geology 116, no. 7 (November 1, 2021): 1561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4842.

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Abstract Globally, significant examples of hydrothermal Cu-Co mineralization are rare within Archean greenstone belts, especially relative to the endowment of these terranes with other world-class hydrothermal ore deposits, particularly Au deposits. Using U-Pb geochronology of hydrothermal apatite, this study provides the first absolute age constraints on the timing of mineralization for the Carlow Castle Cu-Co-Au deposit. Carlow Castle is a complex, shear zone-hosted, veined Cu-Co-Au mineral system situated within the Paleo-Mesoarchean Roebourne greenstone belt of the Pilbara craton of northwestern Western Australia. Although U-Pb geochronology of this deposit is challenging due to low levels of radiogenic Pb in synmineralization apatite, mineralization is best estimated at 2957 ± 67 Ma (n = 61). Additionally, analysis of alteration phases associated with Carlow Castle mineralization suggests that it is dominated by a propylitic assemblage that is characteristic of alkaline fluid chemistry and peak temperatures >300°C. Within proximal portions of the northwest Pilbara craton, the period of Carlow Castle’s formation constrained here is associated with significant base-metal volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization and magmatic activity related to back-arc rifting. This rifting and associated magmatic activity are the most likely source of Carlow Castle’s unique Cu-Co-Au mineralization. Carlow Castle’s Mesoarchean mineralization age makes it among the oldest discovered Cu-Co-Au deposits globally, and unique in the broader context of hydrothermal Cu-Co-Au deposits. Globally, hydrothermal Cu-Co mineralization occurs almost exclusively as Proterozoic and Phanerozoic stratiform sediment-hosted Cu-Co deposits due to the necessity of meteorically derived oxidized ore fluids in their formation. This research therefore has implications for exploration for atypical Cu-Co deposits and Cu-Co metallogenesis through recognition of comparably uncommon magmatic-hydrothermal Cu-Co-Au ore-forming processes and, consequently, the potential for analogous Cu-Co-Au mineralization in other Archean greenstone belts.

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29

OLIVIER, NICOLAS, GILLES DROMART, NICOLAS COLTICE, NICOLAS FLAMENT, PATRICE REY, and RÉMI SAUVESTRE. "A deep subaqueous fan depositional model for the Palaeoarchaean (3.46 Ga) Marble Bar Cherts, Warrawoona Group, Western Australia." Geological Magazine 149, no. 4 (April 2, 2012): 743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756812000131.

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AbstractThe 3.46 Ga Marble Bar Chert Member of the East Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, is one of the earliest and best-preserved sedimentary successions on Earth. Here, we interpret the finely laminated thin-bedded cherts, mixed conglomeratic beds, chert breccia beds and chert folded beds of the Marble Bar Chert Member as the product of low-density turbidity currents, high-density turbidity currents, mass transport complexes and slumps, respectively. Integrated into a channel-levee depositional model, the Marble Bar Chert Member constitutes the oldest documented deep-sea fan on Earth, with thin-bedded cherts, breccia beds and slumps composing the outer levee facies tracts, and scours and conglomeratic beds representing the channel systems.

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30

Artemenko, G. V., L. V. Shumlyanskyy, I. A. Shvaika, and V. K. Butyrin. "AGE OF THE HANNIVKA GRANITE (MIDDLE-DNIEPER MEGABLOCK OF THE UKRAINIAN SHIELD)." Mineralogical Journal 44, no. 4 (2022): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.44.04.073.

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The Middle-Dnieper megablock, which is a fragment of the craton, differs from other cratons found on Earth. This is because of the large variety of granitoids (Tokiv, Mokro-Moskowka, and Demuryne complexes) in the former that were formed after the Mesoarchean TTG. Thus, the Middle-Dnieper megablock is important for studying the genesis and geodynamic formation conditions of Late Archaean granitoids. The granitoids in the Middle-Dnieper megablock are not well understood. They include the Hannivka granites of the East Hannivka monocline of the Kryvyi Rih-Kremenchuk structure, whose age and stratigraphic position has been a matter of a long-standing debate. The purpose of the work is to study the geochemistry, genesis and U-Pb age of the Hannivka granites. Based on our results, the Hannivka granites possibly formed in the crust resulting from the melting of older rocks. They differ from other Late Archean granitoids of the Middle-Dnieper megablock by their high U (56.4 ppm) content and the presence of Mo (4.3 ppm). The Hannivka granites underwent tectonic reworking during a collisional event about 2.0 billion years ago, which is probably associated with the kalishpatization of these rocks. The U-Pb age of the cores of zircons sampled from the Hannivka granites, determined by LA-ICP-MS method, are about 2827±16 million years in age. Younger rims probably formed during kalishpatization. The Hannivka granites are the same age as the granitoids of the Mokro-Moskowka and Tokiv complexes. Late Archean granitoids were formed between 2.99-2.7 Ga in the Middle-Dnieper granite-greenstone block and in the geologically similar granite-greenstone block KMA are 2.6 Ga in age. In the Pilbara craton, which is a Paleoarchean granite-greenstone complex, the age of biotite and feldspar granites is similar to the age of the rocks on the Middle-Dnieper megablock (2.94-2.93 Ga). The difference in magmatism ages may be due to the drift of the different cratons above mantle plumes of different ages.

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31

Salerno, R., J. Vervoort, C. Fisher, A. Kemp, and N. Roberts. "The coupled Hf-Nd isotope record of the early Earth in the Pilbara Craton." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 572 (October 2021): 117139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117139.

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32

Marshall, Craig P., Gordon D. Love, Colin E. Snape, Andrew C. Hill, Abigail C. Allwood, Malcolm R. Walter, Martin J. Van Kranendonk, Stephen A. Bowden, Sean P. Sylva, and Roger E. Summons. "Structural characterization of kerogen in 3.4Ga Archaean cherts from the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Precambrian Research 155, no. 1-2 (May 2007): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2006.12.014.

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33

Wellman, Peter. "Upper crust of the Pilbara Craton, Australia; 3D geometry of a granite/greenstone terrain." Precambrian Research 104, no. 3-4 (November 2000): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(00)00092-9.

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34

Morris, R. C. "Genetic modelling for banded iron-formation of the Hamersley Group, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Precambrian Research 60, no. 1-4 (January 1993): 243–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(93)90051-3.

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35

VEARNCOMBE, S., M. E. BARLEY, D. I. GROVES, N. J. McNAUGHTON, E. J. MIKUCKI, and J. R. VEARNCOMBE. "3.26 Ga black smoker-type mineralization in the Strelley Belt, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Journal of the Geological Society 152, no. 4 (July 1995): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.152.4.0587.

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O’Neill, C., S. Marchi, W. Bottke, and R. Fu. "The role of impacts on Archaean tectonics." Geology 48, no. 2 (November 22, 2019): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46533.1.

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Abstract Field evidence from the Pilbara craton (Australia) and Kaapvaal craton (South Africa) indicate that modern tectonic processes may have been operating at ca. 3.2 Ga, a time also associated with a high density of preserved Archaean impact indicators. Recent work has suggested a causative association between large impacts and tectonic processes for the Hadean. However, impact flux estimates and spherule bed characteristics suggest impactor diameters of <100 km at ca. 3.5 Ga, and it is unclear whether such impacts could perturb the global tectonic system. In this work, we develop numerical simulations of global tectonism with impacting effects, and simulate the evolution of these models throughout the Archaean for given impact fluxes. We demonstrate that moderate-size (∼70 km diameter) impactors are capable of initiating short-lived subduction, and that the system response is sensitive to impactor size, proximity to other impacts, and also lithospheric thickness gradients. Large lithospheric thickness gradients may have first appeared at ca. 3.5–3.2 Ga as cratonic roots, and we postulate an association between Earth’s thermal maturation, cratonic root stability, and the onset of widespread sporadic tectonism driven by the impact flux at this time.

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Hickman-Lewis, K., and F. Westall. "A southern African perspective on the co-evolution of early life and environments." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 225–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0016.

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Abstract The Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons host some of the earliest evidence for life. When compared to the contemporaneous East Pilbara craton, cherts and other metasedimentary horizons in southern Africa preserve traces of life with far greater morphological and geochemical fidelity. In spite of this, most fossiliferous horizons of southern Africa have received relatively limited attention. This review summarises current knowledge regarding the nature of early life and its distribution with respect to environments and ecosystems in the Archaean (>2.5 Ga) of the region, correlating stratigraphic, sedimentological, geochemical and palaeontological understanding. There is abundant and compelling evidence for both anoxygenic photosynthetic and chemosynthetic biomes dominating Palaeoarchaean-Mesoarchaean strata dating back to around 3.5 Ga, and the prevalence of each is tied to palaeoenvironmental parameters deducible from the rock record. Well-developed, large stromatolites characteristic of younger Mesoarchaean-Neoarchaean sequences were probably constructed by oxygenic photosynthesisers. Isotopic evidence from the Belingwe greenstone belt and the Transvaal Supergroup indicates that both a full sulphur cycle and complex nitrogen cycling were in operation by the Mesoarchaean-Neoarchaean. The Archaean geological record of southern Africa is thus a rich repository of information regarding the co-evolving geosphere and biosphere in deep time.

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Moyen, J. F., D. Champion, and R. H. Smithies. "The geochemistry of Archaean plagioclase-rich granites as a marker of source enrichment and depth of melting." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 100, no. 1-2 (March 2009): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691009016132.

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ABSTRACTIn geochemical diagrams, granitoids define ‘trends’ that reflect increasing differentiation or melting degree. The position of an individual sample in such a trend, whilst linked to the temperature of equilibration, is difficult to interpret. On the other hand, the positions of the trends within the geochemical space (and not the position of a sample within a trend) carry important genetic information, as they reflect the nature of the source (degree of enrichment) and the depth of melting. This paper discusses the interpretation of geochemical trends, to extract information relating to the sources of granitoid magmas and the depth of melting.%Applying this approach to mid-Archaean granitoids from both the Barberton granite–greenstone terrane (South Africa) and the Pilbara Craton (Australia) reveals two features. The first is the diversity of the group generally referred to as ‘TTGs’ (tonalites, trondhjemites and granodiorites). These appear to be composed of at least three distinct sub-series, one resulting from deep melting of relatively depleted sources, the second from shallower melting of depleted sources, and the third from shallow melting of enriched sources. The second feature is the contrast between the (spatial as well as temporal) distributions and associations of the granites in both cratons.

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Rasmussen, Birger, Jian-Wei Zi, Janet R. Muhling, Daniel J. Dunkley, and Woodward W. Fischer. "U-Pb dating of overpressure veins in late Archean shales reveals six episodes of Paleoproterozoic deformation and fluid flow in the Pilbara craton." Geology 48, no. 10 (June 19, 2020): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47526.1.

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Abstract Fluid flow in the upper crust not only impacts the redistribution of heat and elements, driving the formation of economic ore deposits, but it also exerts control on metamorphism, metasomatism, and deformation. However, reconstructing the history of fluid flow in ancient basins is exceedingly difficult, particularly in Archean sedimentary rocks because of extensive overprinting and recrystallization. Here, we report U-Pb ages for monazite and xenotime that grew in bedding-parallel veins in 2.63–2.5-b.y.-old shales along the southern Pilbara craton, Australia. The U-Pb ages define six discrete populations, at 2.41 Ga, 2.30 Ga, 2.20 Ga, 2.10 Ga, 2.05 Ga, and 1.66 Ga, which formed ≥200 m.y. after deposition. The abundance of bedding-parallel crack-seal and fibrous veins in banded iron formations (BIFs) and underlying shales suggests a history of episodic buildup of fluid pressure followed by microfracturing, fluid expulsion, and mineral growth. Thermometry of vein minerals indicates temperatures between 230 °C and 320 °C, implicating the migration of hydrothermal fluids. The development of bedding-parallel veins at 2.41 Ga, 2.20 Ga, and 1.66 Ga was coeval with regional orogenic events known to have affected the craton, whereas vein growth at 2.30 Ga, 2.10 Ga, and 2.05 Ga reveals new episodes of deformation and fluid flow. Our results show that well-preserved Archean shales devoid of structural fabrics and >150 km inboard of the craton margin preserve a cryptic history of fluid overpressure, crack-seal vein development, and hydrothermal fluid flow between 2.41 and 1.66 b.y. ago.

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Horwitz, R. C., and R. T. Pidgeon. "3.1 Ga tuff from the Sholl Belt in the West Pilbara: further evidence for d diachronous volcanism in the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia." Precambrian Research 60, no. 1-4 (January 1993): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(93)90049-8.

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Rajesh, H. M., S. J. Liu, and Y. Wan. "Mesoarchean TTG magmatism from the northeastern margin of the Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa: Arguments for an exotic terrane (remnant of Pilbara Craton?)." Precambrian Research 337 (February 2020): 105552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105552.

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Blewett, R. S., S. Shevchenko, and B. Bell. "The North Pole Dome: a non-diapiric dome in the Archaean Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Precambrian Research 133, no. 1-2 (August 2004): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2004.04.002.

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Van Kranendonk, Martin J., Christopher L. Kirkland, and John Cliff. "Oxygen isotopes in Pilbara Craton zircons support a global increase in crustal recycling at 3.2Ga." Lithos 228-229 (July 2015): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.04.011.

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Petersson, Andreas, Anthony I. S. Kemp, Arthur H. Hickman, Martin J. Whitehouse, Laure Martin, and Chris M. Gray. "A new 3.59 Ga magmatic suite and a chondritic source to the east Pilbara Craton." Chemical Geology 511 (April 2019): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.01.021.

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Frick, L. R., D. D. Lambert, and D. M. Hoatson. "Re–Os dating of the Radio Hill Ni–Cu deposit, west Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00838.x.

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Asanuma, Hisashi, Yusuke Sawaki, Shuhei Sakata, Hideyuki Obayashi, Kazue Suzuki, Kouki Kitajima, Takafumi Hirata, and Shigenori Maruyama. "U-Pb zircon geochronology of the North Pole Dome adamellite in the eastern Pilbara Craton." Island Arc 27, no. 4 (April 26, 2018): e12248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iar.12248.

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Buick, Roger, J. R. Thornett, N. J. McNaughton, J. B. Smith, M. E. Barley, and M. Savage. "Record of emergent continental crust ∼3.5 billion years ago in the Pilbara craton of Australia." Nature 375, no. 6532 (June 1995): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375574a0.

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Abweny, Mohammad S., Frank J. A. van Ruitenbeek, Boudewijn de Smeth, Tsehaie Woldai, Freek D. van der Meer, Thomas Cudahy, Tanja Zegers, Jan-Kees Blom, and Barbara Thuss. "Short-Wavelength Infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy of low-grade metamorphic volcanic rocks of the Pilbara Craton." Journal of African Earth Sciences 117 (May 2016): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.01.024.

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Chaudhuri, Trisrota. "A review of Hadean to Neoarchean crust generation in the Singhbhum Craton, India and possible connection with Pilbara Craton, Australia: The geochronological perspective." Earth-Science Reviews 202 (March 2020): 103085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103085.

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Pike, G., R. Cas, and R. H. Smithies. "Geologic Constraints on Base Metal Mineralization of the Whim Creek Greenstone Belt, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia." Economic Geology 97, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 827–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.97.4.827.

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