Academic literature on the topic 'Pigment art'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pigment art"
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Dupuis, Guillaume, Mady Elias, and Lionel Simonot. "Pigment Identification by Fiber-Optics Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 56, no. 10 (October 2002): 1329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370202760354803.
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Fiber-optics reflectance spectroscopy is used to identify pigments in pictorial layers of works of art thanks to a spectra database of dry powdered mineral pigments. Measurements are noninvasive, without any contact, and can be implemented in situ, without moving the work of art under investigation from its conservation place. The experimental device, using the special back-scattering configuration, is briefly presented. The protocol leading to the constitution of the spectra database of dry mineral pigments is described. Unlike other studies, this protocol has been developed to emphasize multiple scattering of light by elementary pigments in comparison with specular reflection on the surface of the sample. In these conditions, the diffuse reflectance spectrum is the label of the mineral pigment. The numerical processing of pigment identification is detailed. Both the influences of the roughness of the studied surface and of a possible varnish layer are taken into account when numerical identification is implemented. Several applications on patrimonial works of art are reported.
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Kougemitrou, I., G. Economou, J. Giovanopoulos, I. Baziotis, G. Leontakianakos, and V. Stathopoulos. "A mineralogical study of pigments used in two Iakovidis paintings: Verification of artwork authenticity using Raman micro-spectroscopy method." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 1 (September 5, 2013): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11014.
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For the purpose of the current study, we examined two paintings, an original and a fake one, entitled “Still life with grapes”, and claimed both to be created from the Greek Painter G. Iakovidis. The current Research Project has been carried out at the Centre Nikias, an innovative Research Centre specialised on certification, maintenance and restoration of art works. Raman spectroscopic analysis has been carried to verify the authenticity of the used pigments and also the originality of the two paintings. The Raman spectra acquired confirmed four different colours in both painting`s pigments: red, blue, white and yellow. For the first painting Cinnabar for the red pigment, Ultramarine for the blue pigment, White earths for the white pigment and Yellow ochre for the yellow pigment. In the second painting the colours used verified as synthetic pigments. We identified the presence of Cadmium red for the red colour, Cobalt blue for the blue pigment, Zinc white for the white and Cadmium yellow for the yellow one.
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Juhnevica, Inna, and Artūrs Čurakovs. "Optimization of Exposed Concrete Pigmented with Fe<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>." Key Engineering Materials 903 (November 10, 2021): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.903.203.
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Lately concrete has been used not only as backbone of structure but as esthetic construction art. The challenge is to combine these two parameters and predict concrete behavior. The target of this paper is to successfully develop easily controllable, visually attractive concrete that provides with necessary compressive strength criteria. Two mix designs with Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 pigments were tested for 1, 3, 7, 14, 28-day compressive strength. Concrete samples were left indoors and outdoors to investigate migration of salts also called as efflorescence. Concrete mix designs without pigment additive showed higher compressive strength as well as density compering to pigmented concrete. Pigmented concrete outdoor specimens showed increased migration of salts on surface comparing to indoor specimens.
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Rafalska-Łasocha, Alicja, Katarzyna Podulka, and Wiesław Łasocha. "XRPD investigations of “Prussian blue” artists’ pigment." Powder Diffraction 26, no. 1 (March 2011): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.3554269.
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The compound NH4Fe[Fe(CN)6]·xH2O—a commercially available “Prussian blue” pigment—crystallizes in theFm3m space group,a=10.232(1) Å, based on X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) data. XRPD investigations of other commercially available “Prussian blue” pigments and oil paints were undertaken. Results for the pigments showed that the XRPD techniques were able to differentiate several different Prussian blue phases that differed only slightly in chemical compositions. Results for the oil paints allowed for the determination of the major crystalline phases used as fillers. However, on the basis of XRPD investigations of oil paints prepared in our laboratory containing a mixture of true Prussian blue Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3·14H2O and BaSO4(a common filler), the pigment was detectable only in concentrations higher than 2%. This result suggests that XRPD may not be a preferred technique for the identification of Prussian blue in paintings and other works of art because the concentration of this pigment in such materials is commonly less than 2%.
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Wiggins, Marcie B., Jocelyn Alcántara-García, and Karl S. Booksh. "Characterization of copper-based pigment preparation and alteration products." MRS Advances 2, no. 63 (2017): 3973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.53.
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ABSTRACTCopper-based pigments are common in works of art that show signs of decay on green and blue areas and are frequently associated with the degradation of organic substrates and/or media (drying oils, cellulose, etc.). The exact causes of degradation remain unknown. This prompted us to study possible starting and degradation products of one especially reactive copper pigment, verdigris (copper acetate), as well as pigments of the same family (salt and soap greens). Preparation of pigments using historical methods was followed by spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Synthesis of verdigris and verdigris-like pigments resulted in a mixture of starting polymorphs of verdigris, including neutral and basic verdigris. With accelerated aging, pigments degraded to a polymorph of basic verdigris when not affected by organic media, whereas pigments on cellulosic substrates showed oxidized copper species. With this study, we are beginning to understand verdigris starting materials and highlight the complex interactions between pigments and substrates that influence pigment degradation pathways.
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Bedford, Clare, David Wayne Robinson, and Devlin Gandy. "Emigdiano Blues: The California Indigenous Pigment Palette and an In Situ Analysis of an Exotic Colour." Open Archaeology 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 152–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2018-0010.
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Abstract The Native inhabitants of South Central California produced rock art containing red, orange, black, white, green and blue colours using a range of mineral and organic materials. Many of these same colours were used on material culture and body painting. This paper focuses on a sub-group of the Chumash, called the Emigdiano, who produced an enigmatic blue colour used in the creation of rock art. Here, we focus on the blue pigment at the rock shelter site of Three Springs in the Wind Wolves Preserve in South Central California. The composition of blue pigments has previously been the focus of discussion with suggestions that they were produced either using European pigments taken from Spanish missions, or that azurite from a local quarry was the source. Previous experimental work had demonstrated that it was possible for the blue to be produced from locally available azurite. Here we present the in situ analyses of these enigmatic blue pigments using handheld X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF). Results from pXRF analysis of rock art, quarried azurite samples and experimental rock art reconstructions showed that the Emigdiano Blue at Three Springs were not azurite based and was composed of optical blue (a mixture of black and white or grey materials which mimic the appearance of blue). This paper discusses the surprising implications of the use, given the availability of a ‘true’ blue pigment, and the wider ontological importance of combining multiple colours to produce the effect of blue in a rock art panel.
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Bonneau, A., F. Brock, T. Higham, D. G. Pearce, and A. M. Pollard. "An Improved Pretreatment Protocol for Radiocarbon Dating Black Pigments in San Rock Art." Radiocarbon 53, no. 3 (2011): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220003455x.
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The dating of South African rock art using radiocarbon is a considerable challenge and only 1 direct date has so far been obtained, on black pigments from Sonia's Cave Upper, Boontjieskloof. The main problem with direct dating these paintings is the presence of calcium oxalates behind, on, and within the pigment layers. Calcium oxalates are formed through lichen and bacterial action on the rock face. These reactions can sometimes take place over long periods and can incorporate carbon of a younger age into the pigments. This study aims to date black pigments from a rockshelter, RSA TYN2 (Eastern Cape, South Africa), by removing the calcium oxalate contamination. Two different protocols were tried: density separation and acidification. The latter successfully removed calcium oxalates and was therefore applied to 3 black pigment samples from the rockshelter. After acid pretreatment, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating was undertaken on the remaining residues. Three results were obtained (2072 ± 28 BP, 2100 ± 40 BP, and 2083 ± 32 BP), which constitute the oldest results so far obtained for direct dates on South African rock art. The most likely calibrated date range for the painting at this site is between 2120 and 1890 cal BP. The ages are in close agreement with each other and this consistency suggests that our preparation protocol has successfully removed the majority of the carbon contaminants.
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Small, Irene V. "Pigment Pur and the Corpo da Côr: Post-Painterly Practice and Transmodernity." October 152 (May 2015): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00218.
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This article analyzes a near-contemporaneous incidence of post-painterly practice—the use of raw pigment—utilized by the French neo—avant—garde artist Yves Klein and the Brazilian artist Hélio Oiticica. The use of raw pigment by both artists was conditioned by a self—conscious relationship to the history of modernist art and the monochrome as a limit and origin of painting. Despite the confluence of such orientations, Klein's pigments purs (pure pigments) and Oiticica's corpo da côr (body of color) resulted in radically divergent orientations toward the industrially produced commodity and hence the readymade. By exploiting inconsistencies characteristic of the commodity in developmentalist Brazil, Oiticica orchestrated a transfer of making from artist to viewer, initiating a newly participatory dimension within modernist color.
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Rogge, Corina E., and Julie Arslanoglu. "Luminescence of coprecipitated titanium white pigments: Implications for dating modern art." Science Advances 5, no. 5 (May 2019): eaav0679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav0679.
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Material analysis of cultural artifacts can uncover aspects of the creative process and help determine the origin and authenticity of works of art. Technical studies on abstract expressionist paintings revealed a luminescence signature from titanium white paints whose pigments were manufactured by coprecipitation with calcium or barium sulfate. We propose that trace neodymium present in some ilmenite (FeTiO3) ores can be trapped in the alkaline earth sulfate during coprecipitation, generating a luminescent marker characteristic of the ore and process. We show that the luminescence is linked to a specific ilmenite source used in historic TITANOX pigments, is not present in pigments produced by more advanced chemistries, and provides dating information. Facile Raman-based detection of this luminescence, along with characteristic peaks of rutile, anatase, calcium sulfate, or barium sulfate, can identify the type of titanium white pigment and narrow its manufacture date range.
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Hendriks, Laura, Irka Hajdas, Ester S. B. Ferreira, Nadim C. Scherrer, Stefan Zumbühl, Markus Küffner, Leslie Carlyle, Hans-Arno Synal, and Detlef Günther. "Selective Dating of Paint Components: Radiocarbon Dating of Lead White Pigment." Radiocarbon 61, no. 2 (October 18, 2018): 473–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.101.
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ABSTRACTLead white is a man-made white pigment commonly used in works of art. In this study, the possibility of radiocarbon dating lead white pigments alone and in oil paints was explored using well-dated lead white pigments and paints. Resulting14C ages on lead white pigments produced following the traditional stack process, where carbonate groups results from the incorporation of CO2originating from fermentation, matched the production years, while radiocarbon dating of lead white made using other industrial processes indicate that14C depleted CO2was used in their production. The method was applied to two case studies, where lead carbonate samples were dated in two oil paintings, one Baroque and one from the 20th century. We hereby show that the lead white pigment can be dated by14C and used as proxy for the time of creation of an artwork. Additionally, a two-step method was developed to allow14C analysis of both the lead white pigment and oil binder from the same sample. A single lead white paint sample can yield two distinct radiocarbon ages, one from the carbonate and one from the natural organic binder. This study thus proposes new strategies for14C dating of artworks.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pigment art"
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Marchessault, Robert L. "Pixels and pigment, designing museum web sites that support art education." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0009/MQ29163.pdf.
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Zhao, Yonghui. "Image segmentation and pigment mapping of cultural heritage based on spectral imaging /." Online version of thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/7050.
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Choudhrey, Sarah Sameya. "Pigment to pixel : an investigation into digital Islamic art in the UK." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/71287/.
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This practice-based research is centred on an investigation into the use of digital technologies within the Islamic art scene in the UK. The research explores perceptions and attitudes from the public and also stakeholders (including artists, curators and scholars) closely involved in the development and dissemination of Islamic art in educational and public art spaces. The locality of the Islamic art scene in the UK presents concerns related to not only classification and curation of Islamic art, representation, and authenticity in relation to Islamic art in the contemporary context, and the use of digital technologies for art-making. The impact of local and national media and associations with the faith of Islam were also presented as strong themes both in the literature review and the findings of this research. Taken into consideration is my own artistic practice involving digital technologies alongside non-digital methods for developing artworks. I discuss the hybridised term 'digital Islamic art' and explore how conceptual themes are addressed through hybridised artistic practice from further artists both in the UK and abroad. Through studies consisting of a public survey, interviews, and post-exhibition questionnaires, results showed a willingness from the public to find out more about digital Islamic art, and an interest in viewing more of this in the UK. The discussions on these topics may be of interest to artists, practitioners, academics, and also those involved in policy relating to furthering cultural engagement, as these are people in positions of influence, able to provide access and create opportunities for the public to encounter further contemporary Islamic art in the UK.
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ROSE, CLEMENT. "L'aube des couleurs : etude historique et commentaires scientifiques sur l'utilisation des pigments organiques dans les arts decoratifs, des civilisations anciennes a nos jours." Strasbourg 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR15044.
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Kasick, Andrew George. "Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Study of a Painting That May Contain Asphaltum Pigment." Marietta College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marhonors1366965064.
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Holzer, Gillian G. "Modelling the Photoreduction of A Chromium (VI) Pigment in Alfredo Ramos Martínez’s Mural Flower Vendors." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1346.
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One of the most stunning works of art on the Scripps College campus is the mural Flower Vendors(1946). The artist,Alfredo Ramos Martínez, an influential figure in Mexican Modernism, executed the work using a variety of traditional and non-traditional techniques. Prior analysis of the work indicated the use of a wax emulsion medium and established the range of pigments used. Ramos Martínez’s use of lead chromate (chrome yellow, Pb(CrO4)) was unusual in wall painting, and the pigment itself has been shown to photodegrade and darken over time in oil paintings, due to the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The Pb(CrO4) in Flower Vendorsdoes not appear to have darkened, raising questions about the stability of lead chromate in a wax-emulsion medium relative to that of oil-based mediums. To better understand the behavior of lead chromate in wax-based mediums, a historical synthesis of lead chromate was recreated, and the pigment was suspended in four different binder matrices: a wax-water emulsion, refined linseed oil, cold-pressed linseed oil, and poppy oil. Each of these paint-binder mixtures wasaged beneath full-spectrum 6500 K LED lights. The relative darkening of the pigments was measured using UV-Vis reflectance colorimetry, and comparisons were made between the mediums.
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Batiashvili, Magda. "Colour of the past. First Archaeometric investigations of Caucasian rock art paintings in Georgia." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/31075.
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This research presents the first archaeometric investigation on Damirgaya and Trialeti Rock art sites and the Neolithic settlement Khramis Didi Gora, South Caucasus, Georgia. The aim is to characterize rocks and pigments, to assess painting technology, including the possible identification of organic binders and the compatibility of inorganic pigments with those locally available.
In order to build up our awareness and solve scientific curiosity, the research questions are cleared up through the comparison with adjacent archaeological sites, from Armenia, Azerbaijan and Anatolia, where traces of monochromatic red pigment were recovered in settlements, barrows, on artifacts, such as grinding tools and mainly on rock art. Several analytical techniques, specifically Optical Microscopy (OM) on samples as such and thin sections, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) were used to obtain mineralogical and chemical composition of the samples. Moreover, with the contribution of Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy, inorganic compounds were better characterized in both rock paintings and grinding tools. On the contrary, it was not possible to define organic compounds such as binders, possibly due to their low amount or absence. In terms of compatibility with local supplies, with the help of thin section and cross section analysis, it was possible to deduce that the mineralogical composition of the rocks is relatively similar to pigment samples.
In terms of pigments, hematite was the major pigment used for rock art and grinding tools, while in terms of rock samples, that of Trialeti is an igneous basaltic dacite, whereas that of Damirgaya is a rock mainly composed of quartz, but it is also characterized by other minerals, such as iron oxides are likely present, as well as phyllosilicates.
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Layeb, Mohamed Salah. "Matériaux locaux et innovation dans les métiers d'art-isanat en Tunisie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H317.
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La présente thèse, relative aux matériaux locaux et innovation dans les métiers d’"art-isanat" en Tunisie, vise, dans un premier temps, l'étude des ambiguïtés définitionnelles liées au métiers d’art avec toutes leurs déclinaisons dans le contexte socio-économique et culturel tunisien. Ces métiers seront comparés avec ceux de la France, pays partenaire de la Tunisie,pour en tirer les points de similitudes et de différences pour faire ressortir les principaux moteurs d'expansion. Dans un second temps, notre recherche se tourne vers l’établissement d’un bilan des connaissances des matériaux locaux répartis par régions tunisiennes. La poterie/céramique artisanale et la bijouterie ont constitué les deux créneaux majeurs de notre ensemble d’études. Des argiles locales et des pigments de la Tunisie utilisés ou pas par les artisans (es) dans les métiers liés à la poterie artisanale ont fait l’objet d'une caractérisation scientifique (minéralogique, chimique et géotechnique), réalisée dans des laboratoires spécialisés. Cela a permis d’améliorer les compositions des pâtes d'argiles et de découvrir des couleurs naturelles authentiques pouvant constituer un vecteur d'innovation. D’autres matériaux locaux, comme le quartz fumé bi-pyramidé pour la bijouterie, peuvent constituer un créneau valide et important pour la promotion des métiers d’artisanat en Tunisie. Cette recherche est basée essentiellement sur des analyses scientifiques et des réflexions épistémologiques et s’intègre principalement dans le cadre de la recherche en DesignThe present thesis, relating to local materials and innovation in the craft trades of “art-isanat”in Tunisia, aims, initially, at studying the definitional ambiguities related to craft trades with all their variations in the Tunisian socio-economic and cultural context. These trades will becompared with those of France, Tunisia's partner country, to draw points of similarities and differences to highlight the main drivers of expansion. In a second stage, our research isaimed at drawing up an assessment of the knowledge of local materials distributed byTunisian regions. Artisanal pottery/ceramics and jewellery were the two major niches of ourset of studies. Local clays and pigments from Tunisia used or not by craftsmen in tradesrelated to artisanal pottery have been scientific characterization (mineralogical, chemical and geotechnical), carried out in specialized laboratories. This has allowed us to improve the composition of the clay pastes and discover authentic natural colors that could be a vector ofinnovation. Other local materials, such as bi-pyramid smoked quartz for jewelers, can constitute a valid and important niche for the promotion of crafts in Tunisia. This research isessentially based on scientific analyses and epistemological reflections and is mainly part of the design research
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Lawani, Leonard Olu. "Characterization of the Pigment-Protein and Pigment-ester of Xanthomonas Campestris Pv. Juglandis." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798279/.
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The objectives of this project were to develop a high performance liquid chromatographic method for separating the pigment esters mixture, to determine the locations of the pigment moiety in the isolated esters using pholosiphases, and to characterize the pigment-protein complex and determine its distribution in other bacteria. Saponification of the two pigment esters 1 and 2 with aqueous KOH yielded two free pigments on TLC plates developed by two solvent systems. The fasters moving of these two free pigments co-chromatographed with the one free pigment produced from each pigment ester by phospholipase A2 treatment. This suggests that the pigment molecule is a methoxy derivative of xanthomonadin and is esterified to the 2-position of the glycerol moiety of each pigment ester. No free pigment was released from phospholipases C and D treatment of the two pigment esters, indicating that pigment is not esterified to the sorbitol or phosphate moiety of pigment esters 1 or 2.
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Lecomte, Sophie. "Le fard comme médium, objet d'étude et d'expérimentation plastique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10065/document.
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Le fard est une composition dont l’application sur la peau donne à celle-ci plus d’éclat ou masque un défaut physique. Accusé de tromper, instrument futile ou diabolique auquel fut comparée la peinture, le fard se définit par sa fonction mais ne s’y réduit pas. L’observation de trois vidéos permet d’étudier le fard en tant qu’il est matière colorée et conduit à déterminer ses propriétés spécifiques et les possibilités plastiques qu’elles véhiculent.Cette recherche vise à établir les modalités d’une relation entre le fard, la couleur, et le corps support au travers d’expériences plastiques filmées pour le caractériser ensuite comme médium à partir d’une pratique personnelleMakeup is a composition which when applied to the skin gives it more brightness or hides a physical defect. Accused of cheating, a futile or diabolical instrument, which paint has been compared, make-up is defined by its function but has lost nothing through this.The plastic arts experience allows study of make-up because it is colored and this helps determine its specific properties and plastic possibilities.This research aims to establish the details of a relationship between makeup, color and the body, using several videos to characterize it as a medium based on personal practice
Books on the topic "Pigment art"
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Pigment compendium: A dictionary and optical microscopy of historical pigments. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008.
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Bossche, Stefan van den. Grondlaag & pigment: Kunst, cultuur en samenleving. Antwerpen: Garant, 2012.
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Blue pigments: 5000 years of art and industry. London: Archetype Publications, 2013.
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L, Feller Robert, Roy Ashok, and FitzHugh Elisabeth West, eds. Artists' pigments: A handbook of their history and characteristics. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1986.
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Wyplosz, Nicolas. Laser desorption mass spectometric studies of artists' organic pigments. [Amsterdam]: Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2003.
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Delamare, François, and François Delamare. Colors: The story of dyes and pigments. New York: H.N. Abrams, 2000.
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Colors: Passages through art, Asia, and nature / by Sarah Sutro. N. Adams, MA: Blue Asia Press, 2010.
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1935-, Guineau Bernard, ed. Colour: Making and using dyes and pigments. London: Thames & Hudson, 2000.
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Pigments of English medieval wall painting. London: Archetype, 2003.
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Bevilacqua, Natalia. I pigmenti nell'arte: Dalla preistoria alla rivoluzione industriale. Saonara (Pd) [i.e. Padua, Italy]: Il prato, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Pigment art"
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Chen, Ailin, Rui Jesus, and Márcia Vilarigues. "Identification of Pure Painting Pigment Using Machine Learning Algorithms." In Artificial Intelligence in Music, Sound, Art and Design, 52–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72914-1_4.
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Brady, Liam M., and Robert G. Gunn. "Digital Enhancement of Deteriorated and Superimposed Pigment Art: Methods and Case Studies." In A Companion to Rock Art, 625–43. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118253892.ch35.
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Aberer, Werner, Johan E. Snauwaert, and Ulf-Maria Render. "Allergic Reaction to Pigments and Metals." In Dermatologic Complications with Body Art, 61–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03292-9_6.
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Vandenabeele, Peter, Anastasia Rousaki, Mafalda Costa, Luc Moens, and Howell G. M. Edwards. "CHAPTER 5. Pigments and Colourants." In Raman Spectroscopy in Archaeology and Art History, 61–67. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788013475-00061.
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Kosugi, Hiroko, Takashi Kojima, and Kiyomi Kikugawa. "What are the TBA-Reactive Substances in Tissue Homogenate?" In Lipofuscin and Ceroid Pigments, 364–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5339-1_29.
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Malin, Michael J. "Preparation of Inorganic Pigments Used by Artists." In The Chemistry and Mechanism of Art Materials, 17–56. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003053453-2.
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Poldi, Gianluca, Chiara Anselmi, Alessia Daveri, and Manuela Vagnini. "CHAPTER 4. Josef Albers' Use of 20th Century Pigments: A Non-invasive Analytical Approach." In Science and Art, 67–94. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788016384-00067.
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Poli, Tommaso, Anna Piccirillo, Marco Nervo, and Oscar Chiantore. "Aging of Natural Resins in Presence of Pigments: Metal Soap and Oxalate Formation." In Metal Soaps in Art, 141–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90617-1_8.
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Janssens, Koen, Matthias Alfeld, Geert Van der Snickt, Wout De Nolf, Frederik Vanmeert, Letizia Monico, Stijn Legrand, et al. "CHAPTER 18. Examination of Vincent van Gogh's Paintings and Pigments by Means of State-of-the-art Analytical Methods." In Science and Art, 373–403. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839161957-00373.
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Schubert, Steffen, and Werner Aberer. "Allergic Reactions to Pigments, Metals, and More? Body Art from the Allergist’s Point of View." In Dermatologic Complications with Body Art, 139–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77098-7_7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Pigment art"
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Plassard, F. "NON-INVASIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF PIGMENT AND SOME ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS IN ROUFFIGNAC CAVE (DORDOGNE, FRANCE)." In Знаки и образы в искусстве каменного века. Международная конференция. Тезисы докладов [Электронный ресурс]. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-94375-308-4.25-28.
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The analysis of pigment the Palaeolithic artists used in cave art has interested the archaeologists very soon (Moissan, 1902). Nevertheless, the necessity of the preservation of the prehistoric artworks has limited the analysis on long time, because this research implied samples which could damage the artworks. The recent development of new equipment allowing non-invasive in situ chemical analysis has conducted to quick increasing of the research in this field. The pigment the prehistoric artists used in Rouffignac cave is strongly studied for fifteen years. After methodological tests, ambitious archaeological programs give nowadays new elements about our knowledge of the wall artworks. Research history. The Rouffignac cave is known for long time because its entrance was never closed. Nevertheless, the prehistoric interest of the site was understood only the 26 june 1956 when L.-R. Nougier and R. Robert identified the first artworks (Barrire, 1982 Plassard, 1999). A strong polemic was born around the authenticity of these documents during the summer 1956 and found a conclusion in an international commission meeting. In this context, the first chemical analysis of pigment in Rouffignac cave was carried out by P. Graziosi (Firenze University, Italy). He concluded the artworks were done with manganese dioxide (Graziosi, 1956). For nearly 50 years, no new research was carried out on the pigments used by the Magdalenians. In 2004, the CEA (Commissariat lEnergie Atomique) made a transportable experimental device for the X-ray fluorescence analysis which opened up new possibilities. A brief analysis campaign was held in November 2004. It aimed to test the feasibility of this type of research in cave, to confirm the Graziosi analyses and to look for black pigments which would not produce any fluorescence spectrum and could be suspected to contain organic matter. The first two objectives were achieved but the presence of organic pigment could not be detected anywhere (De Sanoit et al., 2005). Between 2009 and 2015, a new program expended, first as part of an ANR framework (MADAPCA) and then as part of a PhD project. Several methods were again tested: X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectrometry. Several publications document this research (Beck et al., 2012 AND 2014 Lalhil et al., 2012). However, it quickly became apparent that X-ray fluorescence was the most effective Электронная библиотека ИА РАН: https://www.archaeolog.ru/ru/el-bib 26 method combining short scan times, guaranteed (or nearly) results and reproducibility of measurements. This option was therefore developed by Marine Gay as part of her PhD (Gay et al., 2016).
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Yalcin, Refet A., and Hakan Ertu¨rk. "Optimization of Pigmented Coatings for Concentrating Solar Thermal Applications." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63322.
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Spectrally selective coatings are used in absorbers of solar collectors to maximize efficiency of solar thermal energy systems. Desired coating should have high absorptance at solar wavelengths and low emittance at the wavelengths where absorber emits heat. This study focuses on pigmented coatings that consist of a binder and uniformly distributed nano-particles known as pigments that exhibit the desired spectrally selective behavior. Radiative behavior of coatings depend on coating thickness, pigment size, concentration, and the optical properties of binder and pigment materials. In order to understand the effect of these parameters, a radiative model of the pigmented coatings is developed using Lorentz-Mie theory in conjunction with Hartel theory to incorporate the multiple scattering effects. Through the solution of the radiative transfer equation by the four flux method, spectral emittance is predicted. Design of such a coating is formulated as an inverse problem of estimating design variables yielding the desired spectral emittance of the ideal coating. The nonlinear problem is solved by optimization applying two algorithms for the solution. While both algorithms are capable of providing the same solution, the convergence of Quasi Newton method is found to be superior to that of Nelder Mead simplex algorithm.
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Carrión-Ruiz, Berta, and José Luis Lerma. "ANÁLISIS DE COMPONENTES PRINCIPALES DE IMÁGENES MULTIESPECTRALES EN EL ÁMBITO DEL ARTE RUPESTRE." In 1st Congress in Geomatics Engineering. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cigeo2017.2017.6597.
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This paper tackles principal component analysis (PCA) in images that include wavelengths between 380-1000 nm. Our approach is focussed on taking advantage of the potencial of ultraviolet and infrarred images, in combination with the visible ones, to improve documentation process and rock art analysis. In this way, we want to improve the discrimination between pigment and support rock, and analyse the spectral behaviour of rock art paintings in the ultraviolet and infrared regions. Three images were used, one image from the ultraviolet (UV) region, one from the visible region (VIS) and another one from the near infrared region (NIR). Optical filters coupled to the camera optics were used to take the images. These filters capture specific wavelengths excluding radiation that we are not interested in registering. Finally, PCA is applied to the acquired images. The results obtained demonstrate the PCA usefulness with imagery in this field and also it is possible to extract some conclusions about the correspondent paint pigments.http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIGeo2017.2017.6597
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Arman Kandirmaz, Emine, and Arif Ozcan. "Production and printing of solvent-based fluorescent ink for using in anti-counterfeiting documents." In 11th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p81.
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Security inks are used in areas such as money, expensive products, identity cards, passports. Generally, they are more expensive than conventional inks. A good security ink is expected to be fairly inexpensive and non-replicable. Pigments used in security ink are usually produced from rare earth elements. It is very difficult to produce ink from rare earth elements and high performance ink carrier systems are needed. There is no need for special carrier systems to produce ink from organic fluorescent pigments, and they allow cheaper ink production while reducing reproducibility. In this study, it is aimed to produce ink using organic-based fluorescent pigment. For this purpose, solvent-based ink formulations containing commercial solvent based organic fluorescent blue pigment in different ratios were prepared with polyurethane resin. The prepared inks were printed on the paper surface with the inkjet printing system. The colour properties of the prints obtained were determined under daylight and UV light. In addition, the gloss, adhesion, abrasion resistance, light fastness and drying times of the prints were determined. As a result, it has been determined that the ink produced is transparent in daylight, has a blue glow in UV light and can be used as a security ink in valuable documents.
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Sorescu, Ana-Alexandra, Rodica-Mariana Ion, Alexandrina Nuţă, and Ioana-Raluca Şuică-Bunghez. "Analytical investigations of some disappeared pigments from art." In The 4th Global Virtual Conference. Publishing Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18638/gv.2016.4.1.799.
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Orikasa, Hitoshi. "Organic photoreceptor using a new Azo pigment." In Color Hard Copy and Graphic Arts. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2322224.
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Samineni, Prathyush, Adele deCruz, Tana Villafana, Martin C. Fischer, and Warren S. Warren. "Pump-probe microscopy of pigments used in historical art." In CLEO: Science and Innovations. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2012.cf1b.1.
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Gonome, Hiroki, Mehdi Baneshi, Atsuki Komiya, and Shigenao Maruyama. "Control of Radiative Properties of Coatings Pigmented With Fe2O3 Nanoparticles." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44622.
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This study describes nanoparticles pigmented coatings used in controlling the radiative properties of surfaces exposed to sunlight. An optimization method that embraces both thermal and aesthetic requirements has been proposed. The proposed coatings maximize the reflectivity of the near infrared (NIR) region to reduce thermal heating, while for aesthetic appeal they minimize the visible (VIS) reflected energy. This spectral behavior can be achieved by controlling the size and concentration of pigment particles and coating thickness. In this study, both experimental and numerical approaches are applied on Fe2O3 pigmented coating samples with 0.2 μm and 1 μm of average particle size and different particle concentrations and coating thicknesses. For numerical part the radiation analysis using the Radiation Element Method by Ray Emission Model (REM2) in a one dimensional parallel plane model is conducted. From the numerical results, it is shown that the optimum size of Fe2O3 particles for our desired spectral behavior is about 0.8 μm. The experimental results also show that the samples made from 1 μm particles have better performance for our objective.
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Dantal, B. R., A. Saigal, and M. A. Zimmerman. "Effect of Size and Spatial Distribution of Titania Pigments in Injection Molded Parts on Surface Reflectance." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43516.
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Titania pigments are used in molding compounds as a means to improve opacity by increasing the scattering efficiency of the medium and to develop new applications such as liquid crystal displays (LCD) and light emitting diodes (LED). The characteristics of the injection molded products are a function of molding parameters such as gate location and shear rate. In this study, quantitative measures of the particle distribution of titania pigments in polymer composites have been experimentally determined, including area fraction, average diameter, and diameter volume. A 2 × 3 × 3 ANOVA test has been conducted to assess the statistical significance of these parameters. This study deals with the size and spatial distribution of the particles. The important parameters calculated based on the Feret’s diameter are diameter-volume (dv), diameter-number (dn), and area fraction (AF). The term diameter-volume (dv) has been used to give greater significance to the large particles and thus ‘large’ indicates more and/or larger particles. The parameters have been calculated by using Image-J image processing software. MINITAB has been used to assess the statistical significance of these parameters. The results show that titania particles are not uniformly distributed within the final molded parts and they vary along the molding (longitudinal) and transverse directions of plastic flow. The difference of pigment area fraction and diameter volume at different locations within a final molded part has a significant effect on the percentage reflectance of the surface.
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Ali, Bilal A., Dunja Bulajic, Michela Corsi, Gabriele Cristoforetti, Stefano Legnaioli, Leonardo F. Masotti, Vincenzo Palleschi, Azenio Salvetti, and Elisabetta Tognoni. "μ-LIBS/μ-Raman spectroscopic analysis of pigments in a Roman fresco." In Lasers in Metrology and Art Conservation, edited by Renzo Salimbeni. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.445670.
Full textReports on the topic "Pigment art"
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Hirschberg, Joseph, and Gloria A. Moore. Molecular Analysis of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Plants: Characterizing the Genes Psy, Pds and CrtL-e. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568744.bard.
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In this research we have studied the molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. The investigations focused on the genes Pds and Psy, encoding desaturase and phytoene synthase, respectively, which are key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of lycopene and b-carotene. In addition, we have investigated the genes for lycopene cyclase. We have cloned from tomato and characterized the cDNA of CrtL-e, which encodes the lycopene e-cyclase, and analyzed its expression during fruit development. The results establish a paradigm for the regulation of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis during the ripening process of fruits. It is concluded that transcriptional regulation of genes that encode carotenoid-biosynthesis enzymes is the major mechanism that governs specific pigment accumulation. During the ripening of tomato fruits transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase is up-regulated, while the transcription of the genes for both lycopene cyclases decreases and thus the conversion of lycopene to subsequent carotenoids is inhibited. These findings support the working hypothesis of the molecular approach to manipulating carotenogenesis by altering gene expression in transgenic plants, and offer obvious strategies to future application in agriculture. The molecular and physiological knowledge on carotenogenesis gained in this project, suggest a concept for manipulating gene expression that will alter carotenoid composition in fruits and flowers.
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Shaw, John, Arieh Rosner, Thomas Pirone, Benjamin Raccah, and Yehezkiel Antignus. The Role of Specific Viral Genes and Gene Products in Potyviral Pathogenicity, Host Range and Aphid Transmission. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561070.bard.
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In this research we have studied the molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. The investigations focused on the genes Pds and Psy, encoding desaturase and phytoene synthase, respectively, which are key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of lycopene and b-carotene. In addition, we have investigated the genes for lycopene cyclase. We have cloned from tomato and characterized the cDNA of CrtL-e, which encodes the lycopene e-cyclase, and analyzed its expression during fruit development. The results establish a paradigm for the regulation of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis during the ripening process of fruits. It is concluded that transcriptional regulation of genes that encode carotenoid-biosynthesis enzymes is the major mechanism that governs specific pigment accumulation. During the ripening of tomato fruits transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase is up-regulated, while the transcription of the genes for both lycopene cyclases decreases and thus the conversion of lycopene to subsequent carotenoids is inhibited. These findings support the working hypothesis of the molecular approach to manipulating carotenogenesis by altering gene expression in transgenic plants, and offer obvious strategies to future application in agriculture. The molecular and physiological knowledge on carotenogenesis gained in this project, suggest a concept for manipulating gene expression that will alter carotenoid composition in fruits and flowers.
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Porcel Magnusson, Cristina. Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection by LiDAR in Autonomous Vehicles. SAE International, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021002.
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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) utilize multiple devices, like high-resolution cameras and radar sensors, to interpret the driving environment and achieve full autonomy. One of these instruments—the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor—utilizes pulsed infrared (IR) light, typically at wavelengths of 905 nm or 1,550 nm, to calculate object distance and position. Exterior automotive paint covers an area larger than any other exterior material. Therefore, understanding how LiDAR wavelengths interact with vehicle coatings is extremely important for the safety of future automated driving technologies. Sensing technologies and materials are two different industries that have not directly interacted in the perception and system sense. With the new applications in the AV industry, multidisciplinary approaches need to be taken to ensure reliability and safety in the future. Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection by LiDAR in Autonomous Vehicles provides a transversal view of different industry segments, from pigment and coating manufacturers to LiDAR components and vehicle system development and integration. The report includes a structured decomposition of the different variables and technologies involved.
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Bennett, Alan B., Arthur A. Schaffer, Ilan Levin, Marina Petreikov, and Adi Doron-Faigenboim. Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598148.bard.
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The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs.
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Chamovitz, Daniel A., and Zhenbiao Yang. Chemical Genetics of the COP9 Signalosome: Identification of Novel Regulators of Plant Development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699844.bard.
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This was an exploratory one-year study to identify chemical regulators of the COP9 signalosome. Chemical Genetics uses small molecules to modify or disrupt the function of specific genes/proteins. This is in contrast to classical genetics, in which mutations disrupt the function of genes. The underlying concept is that the functions of most proteins can be altered by the binding of a chemical, which can be found by screening large libraries for compounds that specifically affect a biological, molecular or biochemical process. In addition to screens for chemicals which inhibit specific biological processes, chemical genetics can also be employed to find inhibitors of specific protein-protein interactions. Small molecules altering protein-protein interactions are valuable tools in probing protein-protein interactions. In this project, we aimed to identify chemicals that disrupt the COP9 signalosome. The CSN is an evolutionarily conserved eight-subunit protein complex whose most studied role is regulation of E3 ubiquitinligase activity. Mutants in subunits of the CSN undergo photomorphogenesis in darkness and accumulate high levels of pigments in both dark- and light-grown seedlings, and are defective in a wide range of important developmental and environmental-response pathways. Our working hypothesis was that specific molecules will interact with the CSN7 protein such that binding to its various interacting proteins will be inhibited. Such a molecule would inhibit either CSN assembly, or binding of CSN-interacting proteins, and thus specifically inhibit CSN function. We used an advanced chemical genetic screen for small-molecule-inhibitors of CSN7 protein-protein interactions. In our pilot study, following the screening of ~1200 unique compounds, we isolated four chemicals which reproducibly interfere with CSN7 binding to either CSN8 or CSN6.
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Pell, Eva J., Sarah M. Assmann, Amnon Schwartz, and Hava Steinberger. Ozone Altered Stomatal/Guard Cell Function: Whole Plant and Single Cell Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573082.bard.
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Original objectives (revisions from original proposal are highlighted) 1. Elucidate the direct effects O3 and H2O2 on guard cell function, utilizing assays of stomatal response in isolated epidermal peels and whole cell gas exchange. 2. Determine the mechanistic basis of O3 and H2O2 effects on the plasma membrane through application of the electrophysiological technique of patch clamping to isolated guard cells. 3. Determine the relative sensitivity of Israeli cultivars of economically important crops to O3 and determine whether differential leaf conductance responses to O3 can explain relative sensitivity to the air pollutant: transfer of technological expertise to Israel. Background to the topic For a long time O3 has been known to reduce gas exchange in plants; it has however been unclear if O3 can affect the stomatal complex directly. Ion channels are essential in stomatal regulation, but O3 has never before been shown to affect these directly. Major conclusions, solution, achievements 1. Ozone inhibits light-induced stomatal opening in epidermal peels isolated from Vicia faba, Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum in V. faba plants this leads to reduced assimilation without a direct effect on the photosynthetic apparatus. Stomatal opening is more sensitive to O3 than stomatal closure. 2. Ozone causes inhibition of inward K+ channels (involved in stomatal opening) while no detectable effect is observed o the outward K+ channels (stomatal closure). 3. Hydrogen peroxide inhibits stomatal opening and induces stomatal closure in epidermal peels isolated from Vicia faba. 4. Hydrogen peroxide enhances stomatal closure by increasing K+ efflux from guard cells via outward rectifying K+ channels. 5. Based on epidermal peel experiments we have indirectly shown that Ca2+ may play a role in the guard cell response to O3. However, direct measurement of the guard cell [Ca2+]cyt did not show a response to O3. 6. Three Israeli cultivars of zucchini, Clarita, Yarden and Bareqet, were shown to be relatively sensitive to O3 (0.12 ml1-1 ). 7. Two environmentally important Israeli pine species are adversely affected by O3, even at 0.050 ml1-1 , a level frequently exceeded under local tropospheric conditions. P. brutia may be better equipped than P. halepensis to tolerate O3 stress. 8. Ozone directly affects pigment biosynthesis in pine seedlings, as well as the metabolism of O5 precursors, thus affecting the allocation of resources among various metabolic pathways. 9. Ozone induces activity of antioxidant enzymes, and of ascorbate content i the mesophyll and epidermis cells of Commelina communis L. Implications, both scientific and agricultural We have improved the understanding of how O3 and H2O2 do affect guard cell and stomatal function. We have shown that economical important Israeli species like zucchini and pine are relatively sensitive to O3.
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Jones, Robert M., Alison K. Thurston, Robyn A. Barbato, and Eftihia V. Barnes. Evaluating the Conductive Properties of Melanin-Producing Fungus, Curvularia lunata, after Copper Doping. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38641.
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Melanins are pigmented biomacromolecules found throughout all domains of life. Of melanins’ many unique properties, their malleable electrically conductive properties and their ability to chelate could allow them to serve as material for bioelectronics. Studies have shown that sheets or pellets of melanin conduct low levels of electricity; however, electrical conductance of melanin within a cellular context has not been thoroughly investigated. In addition, given the chelating properties of melanin, it is possible that introducing traditionally con-ductive metal ions could improve the conductivity. Therefore, this study investigated the conductive properties of melanized cells and how metal ions change these. We measured the con-ductivity of pulverized Curvularia lunata, a melanized filamentous fungi, with and without the addition of copper ions. We then com-pared the conductivity measurements of the fungus to chemically synthesized, commercially bought melanin. Our data showed that the conductivity of the melanized fungal biomass was an order of magnitude higher when grown in the presence of copper. However, it was two orders of magnitude less than that of synthetic melanin. Interestingly, conductance was measurable despite additional constituents in the pellet that may inhibit conductivity. Therefore, these data show promising results for using melanized cells to carry electrical signals.
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Naim, Michael, Andrew Spielman, Shlomo Nir, and Ann Noble. Bitter Taste Transduction: Cellular Pathways, Inhibition and Implications for Human Acceptance of Agricultural Food Products. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695839.bard.
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Historically, the aversive response of humans and other mammals to bitter-taste substances has been useful for survival, since many toxic constituents taste bitter. Today, the range of foods available is more diverse. Many bitter foods are not only safe for consumption but contain bitter constituents that provide nutritional benefits. Despite this, these foods are often eliminated from our current diets because of their unacceptable bitterness. Extensive technology has been developed to remove or mask bitterness in foods, but a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of bitterness perception at the taste receptor level has prevented the development of inhibitors or efficient methods for reducing bitterness. In our original application we proposed to: (a) investigate the time course and effect of selected bitter tastants relevant to agricultural products on the formation of intracellular signal molecules (cAMP, IP3, Ca2+) in intact taste cells, in model cells and in membranes derived therefrom; (b) study the effect of specific bitter taste inhibitors on messenger formation and identify G-proteins that may be involved in tastant-induced bitter sensation; (c) investigate interactions and self-aggregation of bitter tastants within membranes; (d) study human sensory responses over time to these bitter-taste stimuli and inhibitors in order to validate the biochemical data. Quench-flow module (QFM) and fast pipetting system (FPS) allowed us to monitor fast release of the aforementioned signal molecules (cGMP, as a putative initial signal was substituted for Ca2+ ions) - using taste membranes and intact taste cells in a time range below 500 ms (real time of taste sensation) - in response to bitter-taste stimulation. Limonin (citrus) and catechin (wine) were found to reduce cellular cAMP and increase IP3 contents. Naringin (citrus) stimulated an IP3 increase whereas the cheese-derived bitter peptide cyclo(leu-Trp) reduced IP3 but significantly increased cAMP levels. Thus, specific transduction pathways were identified, the results support the notion of multiple transduction pathways for bitter taste and cross-talk between a few of those transduction pathways. Furthermore, amphipathic tastants permeate rapidly (within seconds) into liposomes and taste cells suggesting their availability for direct activation of signal transduction components by means of receptor-independent mechanisms within the time course of taste sensation. The activation of pigment movement and transduction pathways in frog melanophores by these tastants supports such mechanisms. Some bitter tastants, due to their amphipathic properties, permeated (or interacted with) into a bitter tastant inhibitor (specific phospholipid mixture) which apparently forms micelles. Thus, a mechanism via which this bitter taste inhibitor acts is proposed. Human sensory evaluation experiments humans performed according to their 6-n-propyl thiouracil (PROP) status (non-tasters, tasters, super-tasters), indicated differential perception of bitterness threshold and intensity of these bitter compounds by different individuals independent of PROP status. This suggests that natural products containing bitter compounds (e.g., naringin and limonin in citrus), are perceived very differently, and are in line with multiple transduction pathways suggested in the biochemical experiments. This project provides the first comprehensive effort to explore the molecular basis of bitter taste at the taste-cell level induced by economically important and agriculturally relevant food products. The findings, proposing a mechanism for bitter-taste inhibition by a bitter taste inhibitor (made up of food components) pave the way for the development of new, and perhaps more potent bitter-taste inhibitors which may eventually become economically relevant.
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Horwitz, Benjamin A., and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Fungal Iron Acquisition, Oxidative Stress and Virulence in the Cochliobolus-maize Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7709885.bard.
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Our project focused on genes for high affinity iron acquisition in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a necrotrophic pathogen of maize, and their intertwined relationship to oxidative stress status and virulence of the fungus on the host. An intriguing question was why mutants lacking the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene (NPS6) responsible for synthesis of the extracellular siderophore, coprogen, are sensitive to oxidative stress. Our overall objective was to understand the mechanistic connection between iron stress and oxidative stress as related to virulence of a plant pathogen to its host. The first objective was to examine the interface where small molecule peptide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanisms overlap. The second objective was to determine if the molecular explanation for common function is common signal transduction pathways. These pathways, built around sensor kinases, response regulators, and transcription factors may link sequestering of iron, production of antioxidants, resistance to oxidative stress, and virulence. We tested these hypotheses by genetic manipulation of the pathogen, virulence assays on the host plant, and by following the expression of key fungal genes. An addition to the original program, made in the first year, was to develop, for fungi, a genetically encoded indicator of redox state based on the commercially available Gfp-based probe pHyper, designed for animal cell biology. We implemented several tools including a genetically encoded indicator of redox state, a procedure to grow iron-depleted plants, and constructed a number of new mutants in regulatory genes. Lack of the major Fe acquisition pathways results in an almost completely avirulent phenotype, showing how critical Fe acquisition is for the pathogen to cause disease. Mutants in conserved signaling pathways have normal ability to regulate NPS6 in response to Fe levels, as do mutants in Lae1 and Vel1, two master regulators of gene expression. Vel1 mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and the reason may be underexpression of a catalase gene. In nps6 mutants, CAT3 is also underexpressed, perhaps explaining the sensitivity to oxidative stress. We constructed a deletion mutant for the Fe sensor-regulator SreA and found that it is required for down regulation of NPS6 under Fe-replete conditions. Lack of SreA, though, did not make the fungus over-sensitive to ROS, though the mutant had a slow growth rate. This suggests that overproduction of siderophore under Fe-replete conditions is not very damaging. On the other hand, increasing Fe levels protected nps6 mutants from inhibition by ROS, implying that Fe-catalyzed Fenton reactions are not the main factor in its sensitivity to ROS. We have made some progress in understanding why siderophore mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and in doing so, defined some novel regulatory relationships. Catalase genes, which are not directly related to siderophore biosynthesis, are underexpressed in nps6 mutants, suggesting that the siderophore product (with or without bound Fe) may act as a signal. Siderophores, therefore, could be a target for intervention in the field, either by supplying an incorrect signal or blocking a signal normally provided during infection. We already know that nps6 mutants cause smaller lesions and have difficulty establishing invasive growth in the host. Lae1 and Vel1 are the first factors shown to regulate both super virulence conferred by T-toxin, and basic pathogenicity, due to unknown factors. The mutants are also altered in oxidative stress responses, key to success in the infection court, asexual and sexual development, essential for fungal dissemination in the field, aerial hyphal growth, and pigment biosynthesis, essential for survival in the field. Mutants in genes encoding NADPH oxidase (Nox) are compromised in development and virulence. Indeed the triple mutant, which should lack all Nox activity, was nearly avirulent. Again, gene expression experiments provided us with initial evidence that superoxide produced by the fungus may be most important as a signal. Blocking oxidant production by the pathogen may be a way to protect the plant host, in interactions with necrotrophs such as C. heterostrophus which seem to thrive in an oxidant environment.
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Levin, Ilan, Avtar K. Handa, Avraham Lalazar, and Autar K. Mattoo. Modulating phytonutrient content in tomatoes combining engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587724.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Fruit constitutes a major component of our diet, providing fiber, vitamins, minerals, and many other phytonutrients that promote good health. Fleshy fruits, such as tomatoes, already contain high levels of several of these ingredients. Nevertheless, efforts have been invested in increasing and diversifying the content of phytonutrients, such as carotenoids and flavonoids, in tomato fruits. Increasing levels of phytonutrients, such as lycopene, is highly justified from the perspective of the lycopene extraction industry due to cost effectiveness reasons. Diversifying phytonutrients, in particular those that contribute to fruit color, could potentially provide an array of attractive colors to our diet. Our major goal was to devise a novel strategy for developing tomato fruits with enhanced levels of phytochemicals known to promote good health with special emphasis on lycopene content. A further important goal was to analyze global gene expression of selected genetic lines produced throughout this study in order is to dissect the molecular mechanisms regulating phytonutrients accumulation in the tomato fruit. To achieve these goals we proposed to: 1. combine, by classical breeding, engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic high pigment mutants in order generate tomato plant with exceptionally high levels of phytonutrients; 2. use gene transfer technology for genetic introduction of key genes that promote phytonutrient accumulation in the tomato fruit, 3. Analyze accumulation patterns of the phytonutrients in the tomato fruit during ripening; 4. Analyze global gene expression during fruit ripening in selected genotypes identified in objectives 1 and 2, and 5. Identify and analyze regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast disassembly and chromoplast formation. During the 3 years research period we have carried out most of the research activities laid out in the original proposal and our key conclusions are as follows: 1. the engineered polyamine metabolism strategy proposed by the US collaborators can not increase lycopene content either on its own or in combination with an hp mutant (hp-2ᵈᵍ); 2. The hp-2ᵈᵍ affects strongly the transcriptional profile of the tomato fruit showing a strong tendency for up- rather than down-regulation of genes, 3. Ontology assignment of these miss-regulated genes revealed a consistent up-regulation of genes related to chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutants throughout fruit development; 4. A tendency for up-regulation was also usually observed in structural genes involved in phytonutrientbiosynthesis; however this up-regulation was not as consistent. 5. Microscopic observations revealed a significantly higher number of chloroplasts in pericarp cells of mature-green hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits in comparison to their normal fully isogenic counterparts. 6. The relative abundance of chloroplasts could be observed from early stages of fruit development. Cumulatively these results suggest that: 1. the overproduction of secondary metabolites, characterizing hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits, is more due to chloroplast number rather then to transcriptional activation of structural genes of the relevant metabolic pathways, and 2. The molecular trigger increasing metabolite levels in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutant fruits should be traced at early stage of fruit development.