Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pig nutrition

Academic literature on the topic 'Pig nutrition'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Pig nutrition"

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Garner-Richardson, Virginia. "Guinea pig nutrition." Veterinary Nurse 3, no. 5 (June 2012): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2012.3.5.274.

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Kovcin, Stanimir, Branislav Zivkovic, and Vidica Stanacev. "Acute problems in pig nutrition." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 1-2 (2002): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0202053k.

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Nutritional problems of every category of pigs are presented in this paper. Nutrition of pigs is in constant changes adapting to the improvements of genetics potential as well as to the very severe ecological demands. As far as piglets just weaned are concerned, the nutrition problem is solved by means of adequate mixture with additives so that performance at this stage is remarkably increased. Nutritional problems of pregnant and lactating sows are analyzed. In pregnancy it is attempted to involve in practice cheap mixtures low in concentration of nutrients, while the needs of lactating animals are constantly increasing. As for fattening animals, a significant improvement is expected in the period to come if a multiphase feeding system is applied. At the same time such a system gives an opportunity to use rationally liquid by-products of the food processing industry with the maximum adaptive possibilities to the needs of pigs.
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Remus, Janet C., Terry Parrott, and Jordon Gruber. "397 Using nutribiosis to improve robustness in pigs." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.337.

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Abstract Nutribiosis is interaction between nutrition, the gastrointestinal microbiome and gut/immune function. Putting nutribiosis into action means re-considering strategies around nutrition and perhaps even husbandry. Monogastric nutritionists are trained to consider the impact of feed and its nutritive value to the growth and development of the pig. Yet today, nutrition needs to consider not just the impact that feed and nutrient digestibility will have on the pig, but also what could happen with the composition, development and maturation of the microbiome as well as immune function within the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, the environment the animal is in may influence gastrointestinal microbial composition and immune competence alongside nutrition as the animal matures from neonate to a robust market hog. From an energetics standpoint, how the microbiome develops ultimately impacts maintenance cost of digestion as well as productive energy that the pig will have to support growth and robustness. As such, good nutribiotic management means balancing favorable microbiome development via targeted nutrition that manages both nutrition to the pig as well as nutrient bypass to the microbiota via use of probiotics, feed enzymes and other nutritive tools, with the end goal being a more robust pig.
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Corino, Carlo, Silvia Clotilde Modina, Alessia Di Giancamillo, Sara Chiapparini, and Raffaella Rossi. "Seaweeds in Pig Nutrition." Animals 9, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121126.

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Seaweeds are macroalgae, with different sizes, colors and composition. They consist of brown algae, red algae and green algae, which all have a different chemical composition and bioactive molecule content. The polysaccharides, laminarin and fucoidan are commonly present in brown seaweeds, ulvans are found in green seaweeds and, red algae contain a large amount of carrageenans. These bioactive compounds may have several positive effects on health in livestock. In order to reduce the antimicrobials used in livestock, research has recently focused on finding natural and sustainable molecules that boost animal performance and health. The present study thus summarizes research on the dietary integration of seaweeds in swine. In particular the influence on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, prebiotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities were considered. The review highlights that brown seaweeds seem to be a promising dietary intervention in pigs in order to boost the immune system, antioxidant status and gut health. Data on the use of green seaweeds as a dietary supplementation seems to be lacking at present and merit further investigation.
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Mendoza, Omarh, and Caleb M. Shull. "127 Large Scale Practical Nutrition Research Sharing: Nursery Nutrition Research and Nutritional Technologies and Strategies to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.345.

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Abstract In modern swine production, there is a heightened interest surrounding the nutrition of the young pig as a result of the necessity of nursery pig nutrition programs to evolve, due to the inevitability of stress during the weaning event and the growing challenges experienced in commercial pig operations at this stage of production. Therefore, it is no longer sufficient to design a nutrition program that focuses solely on delivering the right nutrients for a pig at weaning that maximizes growth performance during the nursery period, as this may not result in desired outcomes from weaning to harvest. Consequently, nursery programs are being further enhanced with a renewed focus on nutritional technologies and strategies that emphasize feed intake, but more importantly, that maximize the probability of livability in the nursery. However, there is a growing need for large scale practical research that evaluates these nutritional technologies and strategies, since most of the published research has been done with a limited number of animals that limits the ability to detect mortality differences. Thus, this research will require a different model compared to that which has been used historically for nursery nutrition research. Some of the key elements of this research model include experimental design with the appropriate statistical power to detect mortality differences, in addition to conducting the experiments in conditions that are similar to the management and environment that resembles commercial production specific to the system, among others. To that end, it will be the objective of this presentation to share some of the large-scale research focused on minimizing disruption of nutrient intake using nutritional technologies that are supplementary to typical nursery diets, offering the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality of pigs raised on wean-to-market facilities.
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Tynes, Valarie V. "Potbellied Pig Husbandry and Nutrition." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 2, no. 1 (January 1999): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30147-0.

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Aumaitre, A. "Recent developments in pig nutrition." Animal Feed Science and Technology 15, no. 1 (June 1986): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(86)90042-8.

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Marín-García, Pablo Jesús, and Lola Llobat. "How Does Protein Nutrition Affect the Epigenetic Changes in Pig? A Review." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020544.

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Epigenetic changes regulate gene expression and depend of external factors, such as environment and nutrition. In pigs, several studies on protein nutrition have been performed to improve productive and reproductive traits. Indeed, these studies aimed not only to determine broad protein requirements but also pigs’ essential amino acids requirements. Moreover, recent studies tried to determine these nutritional requirements for each individual, which is known as protein precision nutrition. However, nutritional changes could affect different epigenetic mechanisms, modifying metabolic pathways both in a given individual and its offspring. Modifications in protein nutrition, such as change in the amino acid profile, increase or decrease in protein levels, or the addition of metabolites that condition protein requirements, could affect the regulation of some genes, such as myostatin, insulin growth factor, or genes controlling cholesterol and glucose metabolism pathways. This review summarizes the impact of most common protein nutritional strategies on epigenetic changes and describes their effects on regulation of gene expression in pigs. In a context where animal nutrition is shifting towards precision protein nutrition (PPN), further studies evaluating the effects of PPN on animal epigenetic are necessary.
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Knudsen, K. E. Bach, H. N. Lærke, A. K. Ingerslev, M. S. Hedemann, T. S. Nielsen, and P. K. Theil. "Carbohydrates in pig nutrition – Recent advances." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_3 (September 1, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9785.

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Humer, E., C. Schwarz, and K. Schedle. "Phytate in pig and poultry nutrition." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 99, no. 4 (November 18, 2014): 605–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12258.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pig nutrition"

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Dwyer, Catherine M. "The effect of nutrition on muscle fibre number determination in the pig and guinea pig." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522195.

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Masvaure, Shingirai Moses. "Digestion of disulphide bonds of protein in the pig." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308301.

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Thorne, P. J. "The use of copra meal in pig diets." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376414.

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Maghin, F. "NATURAL EXTRACTS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION: ANIMAL WELL¿BEING AND PRODUCTS QUALITY." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/488996.

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The main objective of this thesis was to have a deeper knowledge about the influence of feeding strategies with several natural plants extracts on pig performance and meat quality in different phases of pig production. To achieve this objective, a set of 4 studies were performed (chapter 2-6). The first study evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation with a mixture of algae plus polyphenols (AM) in lactating sow on maternal and piglets performance and sows reproductive data until the subsequent farrowing. This study showed that integration of AM in sow diet decreased the fat mobilization during lactation. Moreover, dietary AM inclusion in lactating sows positively affected body weight and average daily gain in piglets at 21 days. Moreover, sows that received AM had more total number of piglets born at the subsequent farrowing. Regarding the effects of plant extracts on meat and product quality, two different studies were performed. In the second study of the thesis, the impact of dietary integration with vitamin E and verbascoside (AOX) in pigs, on carcass characteristics, meat quality, shelf life of pork under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was evaluated. This study demonstrated the positive effects of plant extracts as antioxidant. Particularly, highlighted that dietary AOX positively affected carcass dressing percentage and pork oxidative and colour stability. Moreover, sensory analysis revealed that, at 15 days under MAP, meat from AOX was comparable with fresh meat in appearance and aroma. In the same way, the third study showed that vitamin E and verbascoside (AOX) also affected the quality of derived product like smoked cured ham. Results relieved infact that the AOX dietary inclusion affected the seasoning losses and influenced the consumers' preference of smoked cured ham, without affecting other quality parameters. Finally, the fourth experimental trial examined the impact of 3 % hydrolysable tannins (HT) from chestnut extract and two levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the diets on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and boar taint compounds in entire males. Results showed that dietary HT reduced the feed efficiency but not feed intake and the pigs final weight. These results show that performance, carcass composition and meat quality traits are not affected by dietary 3% chestnut extract supplementation in entire male. The boar taints compounds like androstenone, skatole and indole tended to be lower in HT group. The cytochrome mRNA expression in the liver and colon mucosa was not affected by the diet. No evident relationship between dietary PUFA level and boar taint compound levels was observed. Overall, these results contribute to improve the knowledge regarding beneficial effects of plant extracts. The inclusion of bioactive components contained in natural extracts can be considered an innovative approach to improve pig wellbeing and pork quality without negative effects on animal production.
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Kroscher, Kellie Ann. "Nutritional Strategies to Improve Pig Growth and Performance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100306.

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Many factors influence the efficiency of muscle growth including genetics, nutrition, and environment. The neonatal period is characterized as a time of rapid growth. Growth rate is reduced during neonatal nutrient restriction possibly due to altered satellite cell activity which can permanently alter growth potential. Therefore, optimal nutrition is important for maximizing the growth potential of the animal. Heat stress leads to changes in digestion and metabolism, thus alters nutrient availability to muscle. Heat stress is a prevalent problem in the agriculture industry resulting in great economic losses due to reduced growth, fertility, and increased morbidity. The use of functional feed additives is a potential strategy to mitigate these negative effects. The objective of this dissertation was to investigate nutritional strategies to improve growth in pigs during key malleable periods. Three nutritional studies were conducted to discern the optimal inclusion levels of calcium phosphate, energy, and protein in the diet to maximize neonatal muscle growth. Adequate dietary calcium phosphate was most efficient for satellite cell function which may be mediated by micro-RNA. Differentiation promoting miR-206 and correspondingly the fusion rate was highest in adequate calcium phosphate diets. Excess protein diets enhanced body and muscle growth, while deficient protein was detrimental to growth. Dietary protein treatments altered energy metabolism genes, and genes regulating protein degradation were upregulated in deficient protein diets. Dietary energy levels did not influence body weight, however feed efficiency improved with energy balance. Excess energy diets had the lowest fusion rates and the lowest differentiation promoting miR-1 expression. These data suggest that nutrient inclusion levels are important for satellite cell function and may mediate satellite cell activity through the expression of micro-RNAs. The final study sought to discern the ability of supplementation of an artificial high-intensity sweetener and capsicum oleoresin to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on pig performance. Heat stress leads to increased body temperature and respiration and was detrimental to metabolic flexibility. Supplementation helped improve feed efficiency and maintain metabolic flexibility. These data indicate that supplementation may be an efficient strategy to mitigate heat stress.
Doctor of Philosophy
Muscle is an important tissue to consider when optimizing growing conditions in feed animals due to its function as a consumer good. Many factors influence the efficiency of muscle growth including genetics, nutrition, and environment. Fractional growth rates are highest during the neonatal period and animals require adequate nutrients to facilitate this growth. Nutrient restriction reduces growth rate and can lead to permanent changes the animals' body size and composition later in life. Therefore, optimal nutrition is important for maximizing the growth potential of the animal. While the nutrients in feed can be controlled to improve growth, other factors are more difficult to regulate. Heat stress is a prevalent problem in the agriculture industry resulting in great economic losses due to reduced growth, fertility, and increased morbidity. The use of functional feed additives is a potential strategy to alleviate these negative effects. The objective of this dissertation was to investigate nutritional strategies to improve growth in pigs during key malleable periods. Three nutritional studies were conducted to determine the optimal inclusion levels of calcium phosphate, energy, and protein in the diet to maximize neonatal muscle growth. Satellite cells are muscle-specific stem cells that help facilitate the growth of muscle. Altering the ability of satellite cells to proliferate and fuse impairs the ability of muscle to grow and repair. Adequate dietary calcium phosphate was most efficient for satellite cell function. Excess protein diets enhanced body and muscle growth, while deficient protein was detrimental to growth. Dietary protein treatments altered energy metabolism genes, and genes regulating protein degradation were upregulated in deficient protein diets. Dietary energy levels did not influence body weight, however, feed efficiency improved with energy balance. Satellite cells from excess energy diets had the lowest fusion rates. These data suggest that nutrient inclusion levels are important for satellite cell function and growth. The final study sought to discern the ability of the supplementation of an artificial high-intensity sweetener and capsicum oleoresin to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on pig performance. Heat stress leads to increased body temperature and respiration and was detrimental to metabolic flexibility. Supplementation helped improve feed efficiency and maintain metabolic flexibility. These data indicate that supplementation may be an efficient strategy to mitigate heat stress.
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Pulz, Lilian Martini. "The importance of the supplementation of zinc in nursey pig diets." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4525.

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Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 27, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Touchette, Kevin James. "Use of spray-dried plasma in weaned pig diets /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9964005.

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Potkins, Z. V. "Dietary manipulation relative to gastro-intestinal disorders and nutrient utilization in the growing pig." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372729.

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Riley, Paul A. "Influence of diet, breed, and desaturase enzyme activity on porcine tissue fatty acid composition." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322649.

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Choi, Heesun 1954. "EFFECTS OF AGING ON NUTRIENTS DIGESTIBILITY IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277103.

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Books on the topic "Pig nutrition"

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Hendriks, Wouter H., Martin W. A. Verstegen, and László Babinszky, eds. Poultry and pig nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-884-1.

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A, Cole D. J., Haresign William, and Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers., eds. Recent developments in pig nutrition. London: Butterworths, 1985.

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Surai, Peter F., ed. Selenium in pig nutrition and health. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-912-1.

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C, Garnsworthy Philip, and Wiseman Julian, eds. Recent developments in pig nutrition 3. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press, 2001.

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C, Garnsworthy Philip, Haresign William, and Cole D. J. A, eds. Recent developments in pig nutrition 2. Loughborough, Leicestershire: Nottingham University Press, 1993.

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A, Varley M., Wiseman J, and British Society of Animal Science. Meeting, eds. The weaner pig: Nutrition and management. Wallingford, UK: CABI Pub., 2001.

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Jensen, Marianne. Vitamin E and the growing pig. Uppsala: Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, 1989.

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Keon, Michael Patrick Mc. Management and nutritional factors affecting pig production. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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Kavanagh, Siobhan. Manipulation of pig weaning weight and the effect of weaning weight on postweaning performance of pigs. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1995.

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Forde, Susan M. The use of enzymes in pig finishers diets. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pig nutrition"

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Dourmad, J. Y., F. Garcia-Launay, B. Méda, M. Lessire, and A. Narcy. "15: Nutrition and environmental sustainability." In Poultry and pig nutrition, 315–39. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-884-1_15.

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Babinszky, L., M. W. A. Verstegen, and W. H. Hendriks. "1: Challenges in the 21st century in pig and poultry nutrition and the future of animal nutrition." In Poultry and pig nutrition, 17–37. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-884-1_1.

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Spring, P., J. Taylor-Pickard, K. A. Jacques, and J. M. Hower. "10: Biotechnology in the feed industry and animal nutrition: harnessing microbes to provide natural solutions." In Poultry and pig nutrition, 229–44. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-884-1_10.

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Zijlstra, R. T., and E. Beltranena. "11: Co-products in swine nutrition and feed formulation." In Poultry and pig nutrition, 245–62. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-884-1_11.

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Madhysatha, S., and R. R. Marquardt. "12: Mycotoxins in the feed and animal products." In Poultry and pig nutrition, 263–78. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-884-1_12.

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van Krimpen, M. M., and W. H. Hendriks. "13: Novel protein sources in animal nutrition: considerations and examples." In Poultry and pig nutrition, 279–305. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-884-1_13.

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van Middelaar, C. E., H. H. E. van Zanten, and I. J. M. de Boer. "14: Future of animal nutrition: the role of life cycle assessment." In Poultry and pig nutrition, 307–14. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-884-1_14.

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de Lange, C. F. M., and L. Huber. "16: The role of nutrient utilisation models in precision animal management." In Poultry and pig nutrition, 341–68. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-884-1_16.

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van der Poel, A. F. B., and J. L. M. Marchal. "17: Future technologies in pigs & poultry nutrition." In Poultry and pig nutrition, 369–96. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-884-1_17.

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Pomar, C., J. van Milgen, and A. Remus. "18: Precision livestock feeding, principle and practice." In Poultry and pig nutrition, 397–418. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-884-1_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pig nutrition"

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André J.A Aarnink, Phung Dinh Le, and Martin Verstegen. "Nutrition affects odor emission from pig manure." In International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture, 16-19 September 2007, Broomfield, Colorado. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23856.

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Chatten, Kelly, Fiona Brennan, Kirsty Donald, Michelle Moran, Emma Ridings, Steven McCann, Gillian Burrows, and Wisam Jafar. "PWE-110 unvetted pig versus peg service with nutrition support team. have we improved mortality?" In British Society of Gastroenterology, Annual General Meeting, 4–7 June 2018, Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2018-bsgabstracts.344.

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Kipper, M., M. Marcoux, I. Andretta, and C. Pomar. "Calibration of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry estimating pig body composition." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_132.

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Bruce, A., E. Beechener, and D. M. Bruce. "45. Living with disease? Pig genetics, welfare and use of antibiotics." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-892-6_45.

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Htoo, J. K., K. Schuh, and G. Dusel. "Low protein diets reduce nitrogen excretion without affecting pig performance and carcass traits." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_17.

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Paternostre, L., J. L. De Boever, L. Douidah, and S. Millet. "Prediction of digestibility and net energy of pig feeds by combined NIRS-spectra from feed and faeces." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_138.

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Hu, Kai, and Xuan-wen Fang. "The Nutrition Supplier's Technical Service Level, Feed Transfer Pricing and Profit Distribution in the Pig Supply Chain." In 2011 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2011.5999380.

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Roan, Esra, Alex Bada, and Randy Buddington. "Mechanical Characterization of Preterm Neonate Pig Liver as a Function of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39363.

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Elastography, a non-invasive imaging modality, utilizes mechanical properties of tissue as markers for disease diagnosis or staging. In the case of liver, there have been a number of studies focusing on the relationship between elastic mechanical properties and underlying disease, i.e. fibrosis and cirrhosis. In summary, these studies indicate the feasibility of elastographic tools in detecting liver diseases such as fibrosis and steatosis. There have not been any studies looking at the mechanical properties of the preterm neonate liver to date, which is important, because preterm neonates are at a greater risk for developing liver complications due to their aggressive dietary needs that are met with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). They use of elastography may be less from the use of elastographic tools since the concerns over noise levels in measurements resulting from abdominal wall thickness may be less influential. Therefore, it is necessary to establish basic preterm neonate liver mechanical properties. In this study, we measured the nonlinear (hyperelastic) mechanical properties of livers from preterm pigs that were fed common neaonatal diets, i.e. colostrum, total parenteral nutrition (TPN). 16 neonate pigs survived the feeding regime. Mechanical evaluation of 15 of these neonatal pigs was achieved with the use of uniaxial compression experiments at 0.01 s−1 strain rate. The livers averaging a weight of 34.7±7.0 (SD), were stored in phosphate buffered saline solution at 4°C until experimentation, which occurred within 30 minutes of the animal sacrifice. A minimum of three specimens from each liver was required for the computation of averaged mechanical properties. In addition to mechanical testing samples, blood serum was also obtained from these animals and common chemical parameters for liver health were measured (bilirubin, ALT, AST, HDL, LDL, etc.) Exponential form of the hyperelastic strain energy function, W = b1exp[b2(L2 + 2/L-3)], where bi are the material parameters and L is the stretch ratio, was utilized to describe the hyperelastic mechanical behavior of the preterm neonate pig livers. With the use of E = 6b1b2, a small-strain regime estimate of the elastic modulus of the neonate liver tissue was also computed. The mean b1 and b2 parameters are determined to be 97.00±44.15(SD) Pa and 1.90±0.28(SD) (n = 71). The mean elastic modulus exhibited an linear dependence on the HDL values obtained from chemical analysis of the blood serum. Moreover, although relatively weak, the ratio of the HDL over LDL also correlated with the elastic modulus. To our knowledge, this is the only study to date that has focused on the mechanical properties of preterm neonatal pigs and its correlation with liver lipid profile in neonates. Future work will focus on correlating this information with histology and then devising multi-scale material characterization approaches that link underlying neonatal liver structure to its overall mechanical properties.
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Salloum, George, Elie Semaan, and Joe Tekli. "PIN Prototype for Intelligent Nutrition Assessment and Meal Planning." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Computing (ICCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccc.2018.00024.

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van Erp, R. J. J., T. A. T. G. van Kempen, S. de Vries, and W. J. J. Gerrits. "Nocturnal feeding increases fat deposition in growing pigs." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_76.

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Reports on the topic "Pig nutrition"

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Provenza, Frederick, Avi Perevolotsky, and Nissim Silanikove. Consumption of Tannin-Rich Forage by Ruminants: From Mechanism to Improved Performance. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695840.bard.

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Trees and shrubs are potentially important sources of food for livestock in many parts of the world, but their use is limited by tannins. Tannins reduce food intake by decreasing digestibility or by causing illness. Supplementing cattle, sheep, and goats with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has a high affinity for binding tannins and thus attenuating their aversive effects, increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves weight gains and wool growth. The objectives of this proposal were: Objective 1: To further delineate the conditions under which PEG affects intake of high-tannin foods. Objective 2: To ascertain if animals self-regulate intake of PEG in accord with the tannin content of their diet under pen, paddock, and field conditions. Objective 3: To determine how nutritional status and PEG supplementation affect preference for foods varying in nutrients and tannins. Objective 4: To assess the effects of PEG on food selection, intake, and livestock performance in different production systems. The results from this research show that supplementing livestock with low doses of PEG increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves performance of cattle, sheep, and goats. Neutralizing the effects of tannins with supplemental PEG promotes the use of woody species usually considered useless as forage resources. Supplementing animals with PEG has the potential to improve the profitability - mainly milk production - of high-yielding dairy goats fed high-quality foods and supplemented with browse in Mediterranean areas. However, its contribution to production systems utilizing low-yielding goats is limited. Our findings also support the notion that supplemental PEG enhances the ability of livestock to control shrub encroachment and to maintain firebreaks. However, our work also suggests that the effectiveness of supplemental PEG may be low if alternative forages are equal or superior in nutritional quality and contain fewer metabolites with adverse effects.
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Upah, Nathan, Sarah Pearce, Nicholas K. Gabler, and Lance H. Baumgard. Effects of Heat Stress and Plane of Nutrition on Production and Metabolism in Growing Pigs. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-107.

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3

Boisclair, Yves R., and Arieh Gertler. Development and Use of Leptin Receptor Antagonists to Increase Appetite and Adaptive Metabolism in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697120.bard.

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Objectives The original project had 2 major objectives: (1) To determine the effects of centrally administered leptin antagonist on appetite and adaptive metabolism in the sheep; (2) To develop and prepare second-generation leptin antagonists combining high binding affinity and prolonged in vivo half-life. Background Periods of suboptimal nutrition or exaggerated metabolic activity demands lead to a state of chronic energy insufficiency. Ruminants remain productive for a surprisingly long period of time under these circumstances by evoking adaptations sparing available energy and nutrients. The mechanism driving these adaptations in ruminant remains unknown, but could involve a reduction in plasma leptin, a hormone acting predominantly in the brain. In laboratory animals, reduced leptin signaling promotes survival during nutritional insufficiency by triggering energy sparing adaptations such as reduced thyroid hormone production and insulin resistance. Our overall hypothesis is that similar adaptations are triggered by reduced leptin signaling in the brain of ruminants. Testing of this hypothesis in ruminants has not been possible due to inability to block the actions of endogenous leptin and access to ruminant models where leptin antagonistic therapy is feasible and effective. Major achievements and conclusions The Israeli team had previously mutated 3 residues in ovine leptin, with no effect on receptor binding. This mutant was renamed ovine leptin antagonist (OLA) because it cannot activate signaling and therefore antagonizes the ability of wild type leptin to activate its receptor. To transform OLA into an effective in vivo antagonist, the Israeli made 2 important technical advances. First, it incorporated an additional mutation into OLA, increasing its binding affinity and thus transforming it into a super ovine leptin antagonist (SOLA). Second, the Israeli team developed a method whereby polyethylene glycol is covalently attached to SOLA (PEG-SOLA) with the goal of extending its half-life in vivo. The US team used OLA and PEG-SOLA in 2 separate animal models. First, OLA was chronically administered directly into the brain of mature sheep via a cannula implanted into the 3rdcerebroventricule. Unexpectedly, OLA had no effect of voluntary feed intake or various indicators of peripheral insulin action but reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid hormones. Second, the US team tested the effect of peripheral PEG-SOLA administration in an energy sensitive, rapidly growing lamb model. PEG-SOLA was administered for 14 consecutive days after birth or for 5 consecutive days before sacrifice on day 40 of life. Plasma PEG-SOLA had a half-life of over 16 h and circulated in 225- to 288-fold excess over endogenous leptin. PEG-SOLA administration reduced plasma thyroid hormones and resulted in a higher fat content in the carcass at slaughter, but had no effects on feed intake, body weight, plasma glucose or insulin. These results show that the team succeeded in developing a leptin antagonist with a long in vivo half-life. Moreover, in vivo results show that reduced leptin signaling promotes energy sparing in ruminants by repressing thyroid hormone production. Scientific and agricultural implications The physiological role of leptin in ruminants has been difficult to resolve because peripheral administration of wild type leptin causes little effects. Our work with leptin antagonists show for the first time in ruminants that reduced leptin signaling induces energy sparing mechanisms involving thyroid hormone production with little effect on peripheral insulin action. Additional work is needed to develop even more potent leptin antagonists, to establish optimal administration protocols and to narrow down phases of the ruminant life cycle when their use will improve productivity.
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Johnson, Anna K., Larry J. Sadler, Jennifer Kline, Rachel Witte, Whitney Holt, Kenneth J. Stalder, Lori Layman, Locke A. Karriker, and Brenda de Rodas. The Effect of Supplementing Dry Feed with a Nutritional Gel Product at the Time of Vaccination on Nursery Pig Maintenance Behaviors and Postures. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-124.

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Fait, Aaron, Grant Cramer, and Avichai Perl. Towards improved grape nutrition and defense: The regulation of stilbene metabolism under drought. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594398.bard.

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The goals of the present research proposal were to elucidate the physiological and molecular basis of the regulation of stilbene metabolism in grape, against the background of (i) grape metabolic network behavior in response to drought and of (ii) varietal diversity. The specific objectives included the study of the physiology of the response of different grape cultivars to continuous WD; the characterization of the differences and commonalities of gene network topology associated with WD in berry skin across varieties; the study of the metabolic response of developing berries to continuous WD with specific attention to the stilbene compounds; the integration analysis of the omics data generated; the study of isolated drought-associated stress factors on the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plantaand in vitro. Background to the topic Grape quality has a complex relationship with water input. Regulated water deficit (WD) is known to improve wine grapes by reducing the vine growth (without affecting fruit yield) and boosting sugar content (Keller et al. 2008). On the other hand, irregular rainfall during the summer can lead to drought-associated damage of fruit developmental process and alter fruit metabolism (Downey et al., 2006; Tarara et al., 2008; Chalmers et al., 792). In areas undergoing desertification, WD is associated with high temperatures. This WD/high temperature synergism can limit the areas of grape cultivation and can damage yields and fruit quality. Grapes and wine are the major source of stilbenes in human nutrition, and multiple stilbene-derived compounds, including isomers, polymers and glycosylated forms, have also been characterized in grapes (Jeandet et al., 2002; Halls and Yu, 2008). Heterologous expression of stilbenesynthase (STS) in a variety of plants has led to an enhanced resistance to pathogens, but in others the association has not been proven (Kobayashi et al., 2000; Soleas et al., 1995). Tomato transgenic plants harboring a grape STS had increased levels of resveratrol, ascorbate, and glutathione at the expense of the anthocyanin pathways (Giovinazzo et al. 2005), further emphasizing the intermingled relation among secondary metabolic pathways. Stilbenes are are induced in green and fleshy parts of the berries by biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chong et al., 2009). As is the case for other classes of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is not very well understood, but it is known to be under tight spatial and temporal control, which limits the availability of these compounds from plant sources. Only very few studies have attempted to analyze the effects of different environmental components on stilbene accumulation (Jeandet et al., 1995; Martinez-Ortega et al., 2000). Targeted analyses have generally shown higher levels of resveratrol in the grape skin (induced), in seeded varieties, in varieties of wine grapes, and in dark-skinned varieties (Gatto et al., 2008; summarized by Bavaresco et al., 2009). Yet, the effect of the grape variety and the rootstock on stilbene metabolism has not yet been thoroughly investigated (Bavaresco et al., 2009). The study identified a link between vine hydraulic behavior and physiology of stress with the leaf metabolism, which the PIs believe can eventually lead to the modifications identified in the developing berries that interested the polyphenol metabolism and its regulation during development and under stress. Implications are discussed below.
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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.
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7

Funkenstein, Bruria, and Cunming Duan. GH-IGF Axis in Sparus aurata: Possible Applications to Genetic Selection. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580665.bard.

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Many factors affect growth rate in fish: environmental, nutritional, genetics and endogenous (physiological) factors. Endogenous control of growth is very complex and many hormone systems are involved. Nevertheless, it is well accepted that growth hormone (GH) plays a major role in stimulating somatic growth. Although it is now clear that most, if not all, components of the GH-IGF axis exist in fish, we are still far from understanding how fish grow. In our project we used as the experimental system a marine fish, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), which inhabits lagoons along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe, and represents one of the most important fish species used in the mariculture industry in the Mediterranean region, including Israel. Production of Sparus is rapidly growing, however, in order for this production to stay competitive, the farming of this fish species has to intensify and become more efficient. One drawback, still, in Sparus extensive culture is that it grows relatively slow. In addition, it is now clear that growth and reproduction are physiological interrelated processes that affect each other. In particular sexual maturation (puberty) is known to be closely related to growth rate in fish as it is in mammals, indicating interactions between the somatotropic and gonadotropic axes. The goal of our project was to try to identify the rate-limiting components(s) in Sparus aurata GH-IGF system which might explain its slow growth by studying the ontogeny of growth-related genes: GH, GH receptor, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF receptor, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and Pit-1 during early stages of development of Sparus aurata larvae from slow and fast growing lines. Our project was a continuation of a previous BARD project and could be divided into five major parts: i) obtaining additional tools to those obtained in the previous project that are necessary to carry out the developmental study; ii) the developmental expression of growth-related genes and their cellular localization; iii) tissue-specific expression and effect of GH on expression of growth-related genes; iv) possible relationship between GH gene structure, growth rate and genetic selection; v) the possible role of the IGF system in gonadal development. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) The cDNAs (complete or partial) coding for Sparus IGFBP-2, GH receptor and Pit-1 were cloned. Sequence comparison reveals that the primary structure of IGFBP-2 protein is 43-49% identical to that of zebrafish and other vertebrates. Intensive efforts resulted in cloning a fragment of 138 nucleotides, coding for 46 amino acids in the proximal end of the intracellular domain of GH receptor. This is the first fish GH receptor cDNA that had been cloned to date. The cloned fragment will enable us to complete the GH - receptor cloning. 2) IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGF receptor transcripts were detected by RT-PCR method throughout development in unfertilized eggs, embryos, and larvae suggesting that these mRNAs are products of both the maternal and the embryonic genomes. Preliminary RT-PCR analysis suggest that GH receptor transcript is present in post-hatching larvae already on day 1. 3) IGF-1R transcripts were detected in all tissues tested by RT-PCR with highest levels in gill cartilage, skin, kidney, heart, pyloric caeca, and brain. Northern blot analysis detected IGF receptor only in gonads, brain and gill cartilage but not in muscle; GH increased slightly brain and gill cartilage IGF-1R mRNA levels. 4) IGFBP-2 transcript were detected only in liver and gonads, when analyzed by Northern blots; RT-PCR analysis revealed expression in all tissues studied, with the highest levels found in liver, skin, gonad and pyloric caeca. 5) Expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-1R and IGFBP-2 was analyzed during gonadal development. High levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 expression were found in bisexual young gonads, which decreased during gonadal development. Regardless of maturational stage, IGF-II levels were higher than those of IGF-L 6) The GH gene was cloned and its structure was characterized. It contains minisatellites of tandem repeats in the first and third introns that result in high level of genetic polymorphism. 7) Analysis of the presence of IGF-I and two types of IGF receptor by immunohistochemistry revealed tissue- and stage-specific expression during larval development. Immunohistochemistry also showed that IGF-I and its receptors are present in both testicular and ovarian cells. Although at this stage we are not able to pinpoint which is the rate-limiting step causing the slow growth of Sparus aurata, our project (together with the previous BARD) yielded a great number of experimental tools both DNA probes and antibodies that will enable further studies on the factors regulating growth in Sparus aurata. Our expression studies and cellular localization shed new light on the tissue and developmental expression of growth-related genes in fish.
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