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Harmawanto, Agung Gagah, Yosef Cahyo Setianto Poernomo, and Sigit Winarto. "PERENCANAAN ALTERNATIF GEOMETRIK DAN METODE PELAKSANAAN RUAS JALAN NGRAHO – NGAWI STA.14+500 - STA.19+500." Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil 2, no. 2 (November 6, 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/jurmateks.v2i2.510.
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Ngraho - Ngawi Sta. 14 + 500 – Sta. 19 + 500 highway is a collector connecting Bojonegoro to Ngawi Due to high traffic density, a road geometric Development is in need. The objective of this final project is to plan a good alternative geometric design-safe, comfortable, and easy to access. The required data were of topographic map and the road geometric design was based on the “Tata Cara Perencanaan Geometrik Jalan Antar Kota” General Works Standart No. 038/TBM/1997. The calculations result in Class 2 – lane collector road with one lane of 3 m wide having 8 turns, twists PI1 Spiral-Spiral, PI2 Spiral-Circle-Spiral, PI3 Spiral-Circle-Spiral, PI4 Spiral-Circle-Spiral, PI5 Spiral-Circle-Spiral, PI6 Spiral-Circle-Spiral, PI7 Spiral-Circle-Spiral, and turn PI8 Spiral-Spiral shape PPV PPV 1 concave and 2 convex, concave 3 PPV.Jalan provinsi ruas Ngraho – Ngawi Sta. 14+500 – Sta. 19+500 adalah jalan kolektor yang menghubungkan kota Bojonegoro - Ngawi. Karena lalu lintasnya padat, maka perlu diadakan peningkatan geometrik jalan. Dalam laporan akhir ini penulis membuat perencanaan alternatif desain geometrik jalan yang baik-aman,nyaman, dan mudah diakses oleh pengguna jalan. Data yang digunakan adalah peta topografi dan perencanaan desain geometrik jalan berpedoman oleh “Tata Cara Perencanaan Geometrik Jalan Antar Kota” Standar Bina Marga No.038/TBM/1997. Dari perhitungan diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut: kelas jalan kolektor dengan 2 lajur 1 jalur dan memiliki lebar 3 m, 8 tikungan, tikungan PI1Spiral-Spiral, PI2 Spiral-Circle-Spiral, PI3 Spiral-Circle-Spiral, PI4 Spiral-Circle-Spiral, PI5 Spiral-Circle-Spiral, PI6 Spiral-Circle-Spiral, PI7 Spiral-Circle-Spiral,dan tikunganPI8 Spiral-Spiralbentuk PPV 1 cekung dan PPV 2 cembung, PPV 3 cekung.
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Lerner, Annie B., Emily A. Rice, Mike D. Tokach, Joel M. DeRouchey, Steve S. Dritz, Robert D. Goodband, Jason C. Woodworth, et al. "Effects of space allowance and marketing strategy on growth performance of pigs raised to 165 kg." Translational Animal Science 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 1252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaa065.
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Abstract A total of 976 pigs (PIC 327 × Camborough; PIC, Hendersonville, TN; initially 22.0 ± 1.53 kg body weight [BW]) were used in a 160-d growth study to evaluate the effects of increasing space allowance and varying marketing strategies on growth performance of pigs raised to market weights of ~165 kg. Pens of pigs were blocked by location within the barn and allotted to one of six treatments. Pen served as the experimental unit, and there were eight replicate pens per treatment. The first four treatments consisted of increased initial stocking density and did not utilize topping strategies: (1) 14 pigs/pen (1.17 m2/pig), (2) 17 pigs/pen (0.97 m2/pig), (3) 20 pigs/pen (0.82 m2/pig), and (4) 23 pigs/pen (0.71 m2/pig). The fifth treatment began with 25 pigs/pen (0.66 m2/pig) and had four marketing events with the heaviest 3 pigs/pen removed on day 93, and additional pigs removed to a common inventory of 20 pigs/pen on day 122 and 17 pigs/pen on day 147 with final marketing on day 160. The final treatment began the experiment with 23 pigs/pen (0.71 m2/pig) with three marketing events to achieve a common inventory of 20 pigs/pen on day 108 and 17 pigs/pen on day 147. Pens of pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured on days 0, 55, 93, 108, 122, 135, 147, and 160. As space allowance decreased from 1.17 to 0.71 m2/pig via increased initial pen inventory (treatments 1 to 4), overall average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased (linear, P < 0.001), while gain:feed ratio (G:F) did not differ (P > 0.05). The treatments with multiple marketing events were compared with each other and with the treatment that began with 0.71 m2/pig and only marketed once at the end of the study. Overall ADG and ADFI were not different (P > 0.05) among these three treatments. Marketing pigs three or four times improved (P < 0.05) G:F compared with the treatment that began the study with 0.71 m2/pig and marketed only once. Reducing floor space allowance for heavy weight pigs decreased intake, which resulted in lower growth rate and final BW, with these reductions occurring before the critical k-value was reached. Total weight gain per pen was maximized with the lowest space allowance and the multiple marketing treatments. Thus, strategic use of pig removals prior to final marketing may allow producers to maximize both number of pigs and total weight marketed through a barn when feeding to heavy weights.
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Lei, H. G., L. Y. Shen, S. H. Zhang, Z. H. Wu, J. Shen, G. Q. Tang, Y. Z. Jiang, et al. "Comparison of the meat quality, post-mortem muscle energy metabolism, and the expression of glycogen synthesis-related genes in three pig crossbreeds." Animal Production Science 55, no. 4 (2015): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13484.
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Post-mortem muscle energy metabolism plays an important role in pork quality. To analyse the differences of meat quality and energy metabolism, three commercial pig crossbreeds frequently used in China were studied, they were DT (Duroc × Taihu; n = 16), PIC (five-way crossbreed from Pig Improvement Co., UK; n = 29) and DLY (Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire); n = 19) pigs. The results showed that DT pigs had a higher post-mortem pH45 min and pH24 h, lower shear force and drip loss, higher muscle free-glucose and glycogen contents, and lower lactic acid content than did PIC and DLY pigs. Post-mortem muscle free-glucose content of these three pig crossbreeds changed little, from 45 min to 96 h post-mortem. The expression levels of PRKAG3 (encoding a regulatory subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase) and GYS1 (encoding muscle glycogen synthase) genes of DT pigs were significantly lower than those of PIC and DLY pigs. DT pigs had a higher expression level of glycogenin-1-like (encoding glycogenin) gene than did PIC and DLY pigs. In conclusion, DT pigs had better meat quality than did the other two pig crossbreeds. We deduced that the post-mortem muscle energy status and metabolism of DT pigs might be an important reason for their good meat quality, and future research should focus on the molecular and physiological mechanism of post-mortem muscle energy metabolism to find ways to improve meat quality.
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Jeong, Dajeong, Hee Sue Park, Seongmin Choi, Heewon Seo, Sung-Min Kim, Kyongok Im, Jiwon Yun, et al. "PNH Clone Size By Flow Cytometry and Its Correlation with PIG Gene Mutation." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-115621.
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Abstract Background: Routine diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is based on flow cytometric measurement of PNH clone in RBC and granulocyte with sensitivity of 1%, and recent introduction of high-sensitive flow cytometry (FCM) makes it possible to detect 0.01% clone. However, the clinical significance of small PNH clone has not been elucidated, so even the necessity to treat or not is controversial. We investigated whether quantitative results of PNH clone size measured by FCM correlate with mutant burden of PIG gene. Methods: A total of 44 specimens from 20 patients whose PNH clone size was >1% in either RBC or granulocyte by routine FCM were enrolled (classical PNH n=10, AA/PNH n=8, MDS/PNH n=2). To detect small quantity of cells with PIG gene mutation, we performed ultra-deep sequencing (average depth 3000X) for PIGA, PIGM, PIGT, and PIGX genes on these 44 consecutive specimens. Results: Sixteen patients (80.0%) were found to harbor PIG gene mutations: 15 patients had PIGA mutation and 1 patient had PIGM mutation. Granulocyte PNH clone size and variant allele frequency (VAF) of PIG gene mutation showed higher correlation (Spearman's r=0.73, p=0.0002) than that of RBC (Spearman's r=0.61, p=0.0073). All patients harboring PIG gene mutation showed more than 10% PNH clone by FCM. In contrast, 4 patients who did not have PIG gene mutation showed less than 10% PNH clone by FCM. Conclusion: Considering the mechanism of PNH development, the presence of PIG gene mutation is a definitive evidence supporting PNH diagnosis. PNH granulocyte clone size more than 10% by FCM seems to be clinically significant in relevance to PIG gene mutation. We suggest that neither high sensitivity FCM nor the detection of PIG gene mutation is a requisite for routine clinical diagnosis of PNH. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Lerner, Annie B., Mike D. Tokach, Joel M. DeRouchey, Steve S. Dritz, Robert D. Goodband, Travis G. O’Quinn, John M. Gonzalez, et al. "PSV-3 Effects of space allowance and marketing strategy on growth performance of pigs raised to heavy market weights." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.277.
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Abstract A total of 976 pigs (PIC 327×L42, initially 22 ± 1.5 kg BW) were used in a 160-d study to determine the influence of space allowance and marketing strategy on performance of pigs raised to heavy market weights (165 kg). Pens were blocked by location and allotted to 1 of 6 treatments with 8 pens/treatment. The first four treatments reduced space allowance/pig via initial pen stocking density: 14 pigs/pen (1.20 m2/pig), 17 pigs/pen (0.98 m2/pig), 20 pigs/pen (0.84 m2/pig), or 23 pigs/pen (0.73 m2/pig). The fifth treatment began with 25 pigs/pen (0.67 m2/pig) and the heaviest 3 pigs/pen were removed on d 93, then on d 122 pens were marketed to a common inventory of 20 pigs/pen, and on d 147 marketed to a common pen inventory of 17 pigs/pen. The sixth treatment began with 23 pigs/pen (0.73 m2/pig) and were marketed to a common inventory of 20 pigs/pen on d 108 and marketed to a common inventory of 17 pigs/pen on d 147. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX with pen as the experimental unit. Overall (d 0 to 160) ADG, ADFI, and final BW decreased (linear, P < 0.001) and G:F increased (quadratic, P = 0.042) as space allowance decreased. When comparing treatments with multiple marketing events (treatments 5 and 6) to treatment 4, there was no evidence for differences (P > 0.05) for overall ADG or ADFI; however, overall G:F was improved (P < 0.05) for pigs initially stocked at 0.67 m2/pig and marketed four times compared to both treatments that initially allowed 0.73 m2/pig, regardless of marketing structure. These results indicate that decreasing space allowance of heavy weight pigs reduces growth, feed intake and final BW, although use of multiple marketing events prior to final marketing may allow for increased number of pigs marketed/pen while balancing reduced growth performance often associated with increased stocking density. http://www.conferenceharvester.com/
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Frank, Jason, Emily Sholtz, Casey Neill, and Jon De Jong. "152 Effects of dietary lactose level on nursery pig performance." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.157.
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Abstract Lactose is a critical nutrient in post weaning diets to help pigs transition from sows’ milk to dry feed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary lactose level on nursery pig performance. For this trial 1,080 weaned pigs (PIC 359 x 1050; BW = 6.24 kg; 21 d) were fed 5 lactose programs using a feed budget. Program A = 24, 18, 7%; B = 20, 14, 5%; C =16, 10, 3%; D = 12, 6, 1%; and E = 8, 2, 0% lactose for Phase 1, 2, and 3; respectively. The feed budget for Phase 1 (d 0–7), 2 (d 7–14), and 3 (d 14–20) was 0.91, 3.4, and 4.5 kg/pig; respectively. A common Phase 4 (d 20–48) diet (0% lactose) was fed ad libitum. There was a quadratic response to lactose level in treatments A through E for Phase 1 ADFI (89, 71, 73, 73, 89 g/d; respectively, P = 0.034) and G:F (1.09, 1.33, 1.14, 1.15, 0.91; respectively, P = 0.042). Treatment A through E Phase 1 ADG was 100, 95, 91, 82, and 82 g/d, and Phase 2 ADG (Linear, P = 0.023) was 322, 313, 318, 304, and 295 g/d; respectively. The result was a linear trend for increased BW at the end of Phase 2 (P = 0.10) for treatments A through E (9.21, 9.10, 9.16, 9.00, 8.86 kg; respectively). Although feed cost/pig increased as lactose level increased (Linear, P = 0.041), there was no significant response in margin over feed cost/pig during the overall nursery period for treatments A through E ($15.31, $16.41, $16.22, $15.87, $16.04; respectively). In conclusion, pig performance improved during Phase 1 and 2 with increasing level of dietary lactose. These results confirm previous research showing the importance of dietary lactose in weaned pig diets.
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Cheetham, Sonia, Menira Souza, Tea Meulia, Sheila Grimes, Myung Guk Han, and Linda J. Saif. "Pathogenesis of a Genogroup II Human Norovirus in Gnotobiotic Pigs." Journal of Virology 80, no. 21 (November 1, 2006): 10372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00809-06.
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ABSTRACT We evaluated the gnotobiotic (Gn) pig as a model to study the pathogenesis of human norovirus (HuNoV) and to determine the target cells for viral replication. Sixty-five Gn pigs were inoculated with fecal filtrates of the NoV/GII/4/HS66/2001/US strain or with pig-passaged intestinal contents (IC) and euthanized acutely (n = 43) or after convalescence (n = 22). Age-matched Gn piglets (n = 14) served as mock-inoculated controls. Seventy-four percent (48/65) of the inoculated animals developed mild diarrhea compared to 0 of 14 controls. Pigs from postinoculation days (PID) 1 to 4 tested positive for HuNoV by reverse transcription-PCR of rectal swab fluids (29/65) and IC (9/43) and by antigen (Ag) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antiserum to virus-like particles of HuNoV GII/4. No control pigs were positive. Histopathologic examination showed mild lesions in the proximal small intestine of only one pig (1/7). Seroconversion after PID 21 was detected by antibody ELISA in 13 of 22 virus-inoculated pigs (titers, 1:20 to 1:200) but not in controls. Immunofluorescent microscopy using a monoclonal antibody to HuNoV GII capsid revealed patchy infection of duodenal and jejunal enterocytes of 18 of 31 HuNoV-inoculated pigs with a few stained cells in the ileum and no immunofluorescence (IF) in mock-inoculated controls. Immunofluorescent detection of the viral nonstructural N-terminal protein antigen in enterocytes confirmed translation. Transmission electron microscopy of intestines from HuNoV-inoculated pigs showed disrupted enterocytes, with cytoplasmic membrane vesicles containing calicivirus-like particles of 25 to 40 nm in diameter. In summary, serial passage of HuNoV in pigs, with occurrence of mild diarrhea and shedding, and immunofluorescent detection of the HuNoV structural and nonstructural proteins in enterocytes confirm HuNoV replication in Gn pigs.
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Cemin, Henrique S., Mike D. Tokach, Steve S. Dritz, Jason C. Woodworth, Joel M. DeRouchey, Robert D. Goodband, and Matt W. Allerson. "PSV-9 Effects of insoluble fiber source (cellulose or distillers dried grains with solubles) on growth performance of nursery pigs." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.341.
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Abstract A total of 3,171 pigs (PIC 327×L42; initially 5.8 kg) were used in a 39-d study. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with 0 or 1% cellulose (Arbocel, J. Rettenmaier USA, Schoolcraft, MI) and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 0 or 5% in phase 1 and 0 or 15% in phase 2). Dietary phases 1 and 2 were offered from d 0 to 10 and 10 to 25, respectively. From d 25 to 39, pigs received a common diet with 25% DDGS. Pens were blocked by weight and allotted to treatments in a randomized complete block design. Experimental unit was two pens (66 pigs) sharing a fence-line feeder with 12 replicates per treatment. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with block as random effect. From d 0 to 25 and d 0 to 39, there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between cellulose and DDGS for ADG. Pigs fed diets with both DDGS and cellulose had lower ADG than those fed diets without DDGS, with pigs fed diets with DDGS without the addition of cellulose being intermediate. From d 25 to 39, there was a tendency (P = 0.080) for an interaction for ADFI. Pigs previously fed diets without DDGS and with cellulose had higher ADFI than those fed diets with DDGS and cellulose, and pigs previously fed diets without cellulose had similar ADFI regardless of DDGS inclusion. There was a tendency for an interaction (P = 0.070) for pig removals. Adding cellulose to diets without DDGS numerically decreased pig removals, but the inclusion of cellulose to diets with DDGS resulted in increased pig removals. In summary, adding fiber to the diet as cellulose or DDGS resulted in a less pig removals; however, adding both cellulose and DDGS decreased ADG and ADFI.
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Thomas, L. L., R. D. Goodband, J. C. Woodworth, M. D. Tokach, J. M. DeRouchey, and S. S. Dritz. "Effects of space allocation on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics1." Translational Animal Science 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/tas2017.0042.
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Abstract A total of 405 pigs (PIC 327 × 1,050) were used in 2 experiments (Exp. 1, initially 66.1 ± 1.8 kg BW, Exp. 2 initially 60.8 ± 2.5 kg BW) to examine the effects of space allocation on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were randomly allotted to pens on entry into the finishing facility. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatments with either 7 or 8 replications per treatment (Exp.1 and 2, respectively). There were 9 pigs per pen and gates were adjusted to provide 0.84, 0.74, or 0.65 m2 per pig. Each pen was equipped with a dry single-sided feeder with two 35.6 cm × 11.4 cm (length × width) feeder spaces and a cup waterer. In both experiments, as space allocation decreased, overall ADG and ADFI decreased (linear, P < 0.019) with no evidence for differences in G:F. In Exp. 2, there was marginal evidence for a linear improvement (P = 0.061) in G:F as space allocation decreased from d 42 to 56. Final BW was 3.8 and 5.3 kg greater (linear, P ≤ 0.005) in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, when comparing the 0.65 to the 0.84 m2 per pig space allocation treatments. Using a predicted k-value of 0.0336, ADFI and, subsequently, ADG should have begun to decrease when pigs reached 121.2, 101.7, and 83.3 kg at 0.84, 0.74, or 0.65 m2 per pig, respectively. In Exp. 1, we found marginal evidence for a reduction in ADFI as space allocation decreased starting at a mean BW of 80.3 kg (d 14; linear, P = 0.072). In Exp. 2, ADFI and consequently ADG decreased linearly (P < 0.029) starting at a mean BW of 74 kg, as space allocation decreased, before pigs reached the k-value that should have influenced performance. It is unknown if growth performance was impacted for the 0.84 m2 treatment group as this was the greatest space allocation treatment. Overall, these studies indicate that decreasing space allocation resulted in poorer ADG driven by a reduction in ADFI. The data suggests that the accepted k-value of 0.0336 might underestimate the impact of space restriction on finishing pig ADG and ADFI.
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Lammers, Peter J., Chad A. Stahl, and Mark S. Honeyman. "PSII-5 Carcass characteristics and growth performance of market pigs fed reduced lysine diets in bedded hoop barns." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.404.
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Abstract A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design was used to compare the effect of SID Lys:ME concentration (current vs. reduced), stocking density (1.30 vs. 4.05 m2/pig), and harvest month (August vs. March) on pigs raised in bedded hoop barns in Western Iowa. For each harvest month, 420 pigs produced from the mating of Duroc boars (Choice Genetics; West Des Moines, IA) to Camborough females (PIC; Hendersonville, TN) were sorted into 12 pens. Six pens were inside 3 large-scale (9.1 × 18.3 m) hoop barns and were stocked with 64 pigs/pen (32 barrows and 32 gilts; 1.30 m2/ pig). Six pens were inside 3 small-scale (6.0 × 10.8 m) hoop barns and were stocked with 6 pigs/pen (3 barrows and 3 gilts; 4.05 m2/pig). Within each stocking density, pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 diets which were fed in 2 phases. Corn-soybean meal diets were formulated to deliver 2.94 or 2.34 g SID Lys per Mcal ME in phase 1 (72.6–95.0 kg) and 2.34 or 1.76 g SID Lys per Mcal ME in phase 2 (> 95.0 kg). Pigs were individually weighed every 28 days and feed disappearance was recorded. When pigs in a pen averaged 129.3 kg the entire pen of pigs were harvested. A single chop (last-rib location; 2.54 cm thick) was collected from each carcass to assess pork quality. Pigs harvested in the summer grew faster, more efficiently, and with more intramuscular fat than those harvested in winter (P-value ≤ 0.05) but had lower 10th rib pH (P-value < 0.0001). Pigs allotted 4.05 m2/pig grew more efficiently but had reduced last rib pH as compared to pigs stocked at 1.30 m2/pig (P-value < 0.05). Reducing SID Lys:ME did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics (P-value > 0.10). Lower concentrations of SID Lys:ME may be adequate for pigs housed in bedded hoop barns but further study is warranted.
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Palencia, Jorge Y. P., Clayton S. Chastain, Morgan T. Thayer, Alan W. Duttlinger, Kayla M. Mills, Julie A. Feldpausch, Jacob A. Richert, et al. "PSIV-12 A fortified protein blend as a replacement for animal and fish proteins in nursery pig diets: Effects on growth performance, immune status, microbial metabolites, and fecal scoring." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.325.
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Abstract This experiment observed the effects of replacing animal and fish proteins with a fortified protein blend (PROPLEX MVP) on growth performance, immune status, microbial metabolites, and fecal scoring of nursery pigs. A total of 244 barrows and gilts [Duroc x (Landrace x Yorkshire), avg. 19 d age and BW 5.88 ± 1.38 kg] were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design (2 dietary treatments × 2 feeding programs). The dietary treatments were: 1) Control diet (CONT) with animal and fish proteins and 2) PROPLEX MVP (MVP100): CONT with MVP replacing 100% of the animal and fish proteins. The feeding programs for each feeding phase were: high budget (H): Phase 1: 2.3 kg/pig; Phase 2: 4.5 kg/pig; Phase 3: 6.8 kg/pig and low budget (L): Phase 1: 1.1 kg/pig; Phase 2: 2.3 kg/pig; Phase 3: 3.4 kg/pig). For d 0-7, pigs fed CONT had greater ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P < 0.001) compared to MVP100. From d 7 to 14, ADG and G:F were greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed MVP100 compared to CONT pigs and greater for pigs fed the H budget compared to the L budget (P < 0.05). Overall, d 0 to 35, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in pig final BW, overall ADG, and G:F. For week two and most of the experimental period, pigs fed CONT had greater (P < 0.05) fecal scores, more soft and watery feces, and increased diarrhea incidence compared to MVP100 pigs. The total concentration of fecal volatile fatty acids was greater (P < 0.05) in CONT compared to MVP100 fed pigs. In conclusion, the MVP protein blend can be used as a cost effective alternative to animal and fish proteins in nursery pig diets without compromising overall growth performance, immune status, and post-weaning diarrhea.
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Yoshimura, T. "cDNA cloning of guinea pig monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and expression of the recombinant protein." Journal of Immunology 150, no. 11 (June 1, 1993): 5025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.150.11.5025.
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Abstract Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) cDNA was cloned from guinea pig spleen cells stimulated with Con A. The cDNA comprised 647 bp with an open reading frame that encoded a 120 amino acid protein. The sequence similarity of the first 99 amino acids to human MCP-1 is 56%. Recombinant guinea pig MCP-1 was expressed in COS-7 cells, then purified by a three step procedure with orange A-agarose, carboxymethyl-HPLC, and reversed phase-HPLC. The purified protein was found around 25 kDa as a broad band on a polyacrylamide gel under reducing conditions. Guinea pig MCP-1 attracted about 34% of input human monocytes at 5 x 10(-9) M. Guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages migrated toward guinea pig MCP-1 dose dependently, but only 1% of input cells responded to guinea pig MCP-1 at its optimal concentration of 5 x 10(-9) M. Human MCP-1 attracted 1% of input guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages at its highest concentration of 2.5 x 10(-8) M. Neither human nor guinea pig MCP-1 attracted guinea pig peritoneal resident macrophages. These results suggest that monocytes lose responsiveness to MCP-1 after differentiating to macrophages. Finally, intradermal injection of the recombinant protein into guinea pigs caused marked macrophage infiltration. Cloned and expressed guinea pig MCP-1 will help in studying the role of MCP-1 in vivo.
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Perez, Victor G., Terry Parrott, Janet C. Remus, and Michael Perry. "PSV-4 Direct-fed microbial program improved survivability of nursery pigs in commercial production." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.274.
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Abstract A total of 2,304 newly weaned pigs (5.8±0.06 Kg BW, ~21-day old, DNA Genetics) were used in a RCBD to evaluate the effect of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) program on pig performance and survivability, under commercial pig production. Pigs were housed in 2 barns (blocking factor) with 36 pens each (32 pigs/pen, mixed-sex), and pens randomized to treatments: Control or DFM program (36 pens/treatment). The program consisted of a DFM (blend 1) delivered through drinking water (1.32x108 CFU/pig/day) from day 0 to 7, followed by another DFM (blend 2) in feed (1.5x105 CFU/g of feed) from day 7 through 49. Those DFM consisted of spore-forming Bacillus sp. selected to inhibit enterotoxigenic E. coli growth (blend 1) and reduce local inflammation (blend 2). The feeding program included phases 1 and 2 (7 days each) in pellet, and phases 3 (11 days) and 4 (24 days) in meal. Phase 1 feeds included antibiotics Chlortetracycline and Tiamulin; both phase 4 feeds included Carbadox. A severe diarrhea outbreak was observed in week 3; antibiotic therapy (Neomycin, Sulfadiazine or Trimethoprim) throughout drinking water was used in both treatments alike between days 19 and 28. Pig and feed weight were recorded by pen; ADG and ADFI were calculated on pig-days. Pigs removed included mortality and those ill, nonresponsive to antibiotics. Performance data were analyzed by ANOVA, using the GLM procedure. Pigs removed did not follow normal distribution and was analyzed using a parametric survival option with days as time variable (JMP v14.2.0). No differences were detected through day 25. Pigs in DFM consumed less feed (923 vs. 951 g/d; SEM=10.33; P=0.05) and were more efficient (0.61 vs. 0.59 kg/kg; SEM=0.004; P< 0.05) from days 25 to 49. Total pigs removed were reduced (P< 0.05) by 23% in DFM vs. Control (Table 1). In conclusion, the DFM program improved nursery pig survivability and late performance, under commercial pig production that included a diarrhea outbreak and antibiotic therapy.
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Nicks, B., M. Laitat, F. Farnir, M. Vandenheede, A. Désiron, C. Verhaeghe, and B. Canart. "Gaseous emissions from deep-litter pens with straw or sawdust for fattening pigs." Animal Science 78, no. 1 (February 2004): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053881.
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AbstractThree successive batches of fattening pigs were raised on a deep litter of straw in one room and of sawdust in another. The quantities of litter used per pig were 40 kg of straw and 81 kg of sawdust.Once a month, the emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide and water vapour were measured continuously for 6 days consecutively.Gaseous emissions from pig raising on sawdust-based litter and straw-based litter were respectively 12·16 and 13·61 g per pig per day for ammonia (NH3), 4·96 and 7·39 g per pig per day for methane (CH4), 2·09 and 0·03 g per pig per day for nitrous oxide (N2O), 3·15 and 2·74 kg per pig per day for water (H2O) and 1·32 and 1·30 kg per pig per day for carbon dioxide (CO2). Differences between the emissions of the two litters were significant for N2O and H2O (P 0·01).The nitrogen content of the manures collected at the end of the experiment was 1·47 kg per pig for the straw-based litter and 1·07 kg per pig for that based on sawdust. Nitrogen emissions were calculated under the assumption that no gases volatilized from the litter or from the animals other than NH3 and N2O. With the two litters, about 50% of nitrogen excreted by the pigs was emitted into the atmosphere in the form of N2.
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Peng, Zhong, Qingyun Liu, Yibo Zhang, Bin Wu, Huanchun Chen, and Xiangru Wang. "Cytopathic and Genomic Characteristics of a Human-Originated Pseudorabies Virus." Viruses 15, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010170.
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Pseudorabies virus (PRV) generally infects pigs and threatens the pig industry. However, recently we have isolated a PRV strain designated hSD-1/2019 from infected humans. In this study, we compared the complete genome sequence of hSD-1/2019 with those of pig-originated PRV strains. Sequence alignments revealed that the genome sequence of hSD-1/2019 was highly homologous to those of the porcine PRV strains. Phylogenetic analyses found that hSD-1/2019 was the closest related to porcine PRV endemic strains in China, particularly the variant strains circulating recently. We also showed that the glycoproteins important for the multiplication and pathogenesis of hSD-1/2019 were highly similar to those of the pig endemic strains. Diversifying selection analyses revealed that hSD-1/2019 and pig variant strains are under diversifying selection. Recombination analysis indicated that hSD-1/2019 was a recombinant of several PRV variant strains and an earlier PRV classic strain. Finally, we found that both human and pig-originated PRV strains could induce cytopathic effects in cells from humans, pigs, and mice, but only the human PRV and pig-variant PRV formed large syncytia in human cell lines. The data presented in this study contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis for the pathogenesis of human PRV from a genomic aspect.
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GUINAT, C., S. GUBBINS, T. VERGNE, J. L. GONZALES, L. DIXON, and D. U. PFEIFFER. "Experimental pig-to-pig transmission dynamics for African swine fever virus, Georgia 2007/1 strain." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 1 (May 20, 2015): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815000862.
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SUMMARYAfrican swine fever virus (ASFV) continues to cause outbreaks in domestic pigs and wild boar in Eastern European countries. To gain insights into its transmission dynamics, we estimated the pig-to-pig basic reproduction number (R0) for the Georgia 2007/1 ASFV strain using a stochastic susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) model with parameters estimated from transmission experiments. Models showed thatR0is 2·8 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·3–4·8] within a pen and 1·4 (95% CI 0·6–2·4) between pens. The results furthermore suggest that ASFV genome detection in oronasal samples is an effective diagnostic tool for early detection of infection. This study provides quantitative information on transmission parameters for ASFV in domestic pigs, which are required to more effectively assess the potential impact of strategies for the control of between-farm epidemic spread in European countries.
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Pan, Bing, Haoyuan Long, Ying Yuan, Haoyuan Zhang, Yangyang Peng, Dongke Zhou, Chengli Liu, et al. "Identification of Body Size Determination Related Candidate Genes in Domestic Pig Using Genome-Wide Selection Signal Analysis." Animals 12, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12141839.
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This study aimed to identify the genes related to the body size of pigs by conducting genome-wide selection analysis (GWSA). We performed a GWSA scan on 50 pigs belonging to four small-bodied pig populations (Diannan small-eared pig, Bama Xiang pig, Wuzhishan pig, and Jeju black pig from South Korea) and 124 large-bodied pigs. We used the genetic parameters of the pairwise fixation index (FST) and π ratio (case/control) to screen candidate genome regions and genes related to body size. The results revealed 47,339,509 high-quality SNPs obtained from 174 individuals, while 280 interacting candidate regions were obtained from the top 1% signal windows of both parameters, along with 187 genes (e.g., ADCK4, AMDHD2, ASPN, ASS1, and ATP6V0C). The results of the candidate gene (CG) annotation showed that a series of CGs (e.g., MSTN, LTBP4, PDPK1, PKMYT1, ASS1, and STAT6) was enriched into the gene ontology terms. Moreover, molecular pathways, such as the PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, and AMPK signaling pathways, were verified to be related to body development. Overall, we identified a series of key genes that may be closely related to the body size of pigs, further elucidating the heredity basis of body shape determination in pigs and providing a theoretical reference for molecular breeding.
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Geverink, N. A., I. C. de Jong, E. Lambooij, H. J. Blokhuis, and V. M. Wiegant. "Influence of housing conditions on responses of pigs to preslaughter treatment and consequences for meat quality." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-108.
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The effects of housing conditions on behavioural and cortisol responses during preslaughter treatment, as well as the consequences for meat quality, were studied in 48 slaughter pigs. Pigs were either raised in intensive housing conditions ("standard" treatment: standard farrowing crates (4.2 m2) followed by standard rearing pens (0.5 m2/pig) and fattening pens (0.8 m2/pig) or in extensive conditions ("enriched" treatment: larger farrowing pens (7.2 m2) followed by larger rearing and fattening pens (both 1.2 m2/pig), all provided with straw).No differences in behaviour during transport or in any of the meat quality variables were found between treatments. During pre-slaughter handling, stockmen needed significantly less time to load pigs from standard housing conditions (standard: 56.8 ± 11.9 s; enriched: 93.7 ± 12.5 s). Standard pigs may have been more motivated to leave their pens in order to explore another environment than pigs from the enriched housing pens. Rise in salivary cortisol levels due to transport (standard: 6.68 ± 0.80 ng mL−1; enriched: 3.63 ± 0.58 ng mL−1) was difficult to interpret as omission of straw during the hours prior to transport apparently led to high baseline cortisol levels in enriched pigs (8.63 ± 1.27 ng mL−1 vs. 2.60 ± 0.37 ng mL−1 in standard pigs). The extensive housing system should be preferred as it is known to have positive effects on pig welfare, and does not lead to impaired meat quality. Key words: Behaviour, housing, meat quality, physiology, pigs, slaughter
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Wahyuni, Sri, Siti Maryam, and Aminah Aminah. "Validasi Metode Analisis Cemaran DNA Babi pada Bakso Sapi Menggunakan Primer Mitokondria D-Loop22 dengan Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)." Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal) 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2019.v5.i1.12035.
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The frequency of non-halal ingredient mixing, such as porkin on the food processed products of meatballs, has become an issue to the public, especially for moslems. Therefore, a reliable and valid method with high sensitivity is needed to specifically detect the pig contamination. This research aims to obtain a valid and reliable method by proposing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using mitochondrial D-Loop22 primer as a method in handing halal food authentication. The sample consisted of beef as a negative control, pork and pork meatballs as a positivecontrol, and five samples of meat balls found in Makassar for halal inspection.The method validation assay was conducted by testing the primary specificity on the fresh tissue (beef and pork) and testing the sensitivity by making a series of pig DNA dilution (1:10; 1:102; 1:103; 1:104) and the variations of contaminated pig:cow (%b/b) : 0.05% , 0.1%, 1%, and 5%. The result of PCR amplification on agarose gel electrophoresis of 0.8% showed that method was able to detect the pig DNA contamination specifically in pigs and not amplify other DNA, and could still be detected up to pig contamination specifically in pigs and not amplify the other DNAs and could still be detected up to pig contamination of 0.05% and on DNA dilution of 1:103. Meanwhile, on the five samples analyzed, there were not found pig DNA contamination characterized by no formed amplification bands.
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Denner, Joachim. "Porcine Lymphotropic Herpesviruses (PLHVs) and Xenotranplantation." Viruses 13, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061072.
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Porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses -1, -2 and -3 (PLHV-1, PLHV-2 and PLHV-3) are gammaherpesviruses which are widespread in pigs. They are closely related to the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, both of which cause severe diseases in humans. PLHVs are also related to bovine and ovine gammaherpesviruses, which are apathogenic in the natural host, but cause severe diseases after transmission into other species. Until now, no association between PLHVs and any pig diseases had been described. However, PLHV-1 causes a post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) after experimental transplantations in minipigs. This disorder is similar to human PTLD, a serious complication of solid human organ transplantation linked to EBV. Xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues and organs is under development in order to alleviate the shortage of human transplants. Meanwhile, remarkable survival times of pig xenotransplants in non-human primates have been achieved. In these preclinical trials, another pig herpesvirus, the porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), a roseolovirus, was shown to significantly reduce the survival time of pig xenotransplants in baboons and other non-human primates. Although PLHV-1 was found in genetically modified donor pigs used in preclinical xenotransplantation, it was, in contrast to PCMV, not transmitted to the recipient. Nevertheless, it seems important to use PLHV-free donor pigs in order to achieve safe xenotransplantation.
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Koketsu, Y., and G. D. Dial. "Factors associated with average pig weight at weaning on farms using early weaning." Animal Science 66, no. 1 (February 1998): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800009024.
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AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of various factors on average pig weight at weaning on farms using early weaning. Farms were selected based on average weaning age and whether they recorded lactation food intake and litter weights at weaning. The database contained 9834 litter weights and 8903 food intake records. Average pig weight at weaning, litter size at weaning, weaning age, and average daily food intake during lactation (ADFl) were 4·9 (s.d. 1·0) kg, 9·3 (s.d. 1·6) pigs, 16·8 (s.d. 2·8) days, and 4·9 (s.d. 1·1) kg, respectively. Litter size, weaning age, parity, farrowing season, and ADFl groups influenced average pig weight at weaning (P < 0·01). Three two-way interactions between parity and season, weaning age and farrowing season, and weaning age and ADFl groups were found fP < 0·01). Average pig weights for litter sizes between six and 10 were higher than those between litter sizes one and four, and 11 and 22. Parity 1 sows produced lighter pig weights than any other parity group during any other season (P < 0·01). Average weights of weaned pigs farrowed during the summer in all parities groups were lighter (P < 0·01) than those during the autumn. Pig weights for weaning ages between 22 and 21 days during the summer tended to be lighter than those during the autumn. Pigs weaned between days 16 and 22 of age in the high ADFI group (>5·6 kg) were heavier (P < 0·01) than those in the low ADFl (> 4·2 kg) group.
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Langohr, Ingeborg M., Gregory W. Stevenson, Eric A. Nelson, Stephen D. Lenz, Huiling Wei, and Roman M. Pogranichniy. "Experimental co-infection of pigs with Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and Porcine circovirus-2." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 24, no. 1 (October 12, 2011): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638711417142.
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The role of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in the development of Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2)-associated disease (PCVAD) was investigated in 2 experimental studies. In the first, separate groups of germ-free pigs were inoculated with filtered tissue homogenate (from diseased pigs) containing PCV-2b + BVDV-1–like virus (group 1), PCV-2a + BVDV-1–like virus (group 4), BVDV-1–like virus only (group 3), or PCV-2b + BVDV-1–like virus following a BVDV vaccination protocol (group 2). This last group was used to test if BVDV vaccination would prevent clinical PCVAD in this model. Many of the inoculated pigs had mild multisystemic inflammation consistent with classic PCVAD. One vaccinated, dually inoculated pig had acute respiratory distress followed by death at 21 days postinfection. Lesions in this pig resembled the severe form of PCVAD observed in the field since the fall of 2004, suggesting a role of ruminant pestiviruses and/or vaccination in the development of this disease. In the second study, cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were inoculated with PCV-2b and a cytopathic strain of BVDV-1 (cpBVDV-NADL) either alone or in combination. Clinical signs of PCVAD were seen in a single animal inoculated only with PCV-2b. This pig had growth retardation followed by acute respiratory distress leading to death 30 days postinfection. Pulmonary lesions in this animal were similar to those seen in the pig that died in the first study. Infection with cpBVDV-NADL did not enhance PCV-2b replication or lesion formation.
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Prathumwan, Din, Inthira Chaiya, and Kamonchat Trachoo. "Study of Transmission Dynamics of Streptococcus suis Infection Mathematical Model between Pig and Human under ABC Fractional Order Derivative." Symmetry 14, no. 10 (October 11, 2022): 2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14102112.
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In this paper, a mathematical model for Streptococcus suis infection is improved by using the fractional order derivative. The modified model also investigates the transmission between pigs and humans. The proposed model can classify the pig population density into four classes, which are pig susceptible class, pig infectious class, pig quarantine class, and pig recovery class. Moreover, the human population density has been separated into three classes, these are human susceptible class, human infectious class, and human recovery class. The spread of the infection is analyzed by considering the contact between humans and pigs. The basic reproduction number (R0), the infectious indicator, is carried out using the next generation matrix. The disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if R0<1, and the endemic equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if R0>1. The theoretical analyses of the fractional order derivative model, existence and uniqueness, have been proposed. The numerical examples were illustrated to support the proposed stability theorems. The results show that the fractional order derivative model provides the various possible solution trajectories with different fractional orders for the same parameters. In addition, transmission between pigs and humans resulted in the spread of Streptococcus suis infection.
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CAIRA, Françoise, Marie-Claude CLÉMENCET, Mustapha CHERKAOUI-MALKI, Martine DIEUAIDE-NOUBHANI, Corinne PACOT, P. Paul VAN VELDHOVEN, and Norbert LATRUFFE. "Differential regulation by a peroxisome proliferator of the different multifunctional proteins in guinea pig: cDNA cloning of the guinea pig D-specific multifunctional protein 2." Biochemical Journal 330, no. 3 (March 15, 1998): 1361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3301361.
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After our previous report on the cloning of two cDNA species in guinea pig, both encoding the same hepatic 79 kDa multifunctional protein 1 (MFP-1) [Caira, Cherkaoui-Malki, Hoefler and Latruffe (1996) FEBS Lett. 378, 57-60], here we report the cloning of a cDNA encoding a second multifunctional peroxisomal protein (MFP-2) in guinea-pig liver. This 2356 nt cDNA encodes a protein of 735 residues (79.7 kDa) whose sequence shows 83% identity with rat MFP-2 [Dieuaide-Noubhani, Novikov, Baumgart, Vanhooren, Fransen, Goethals, Vandekerckhove, Van Veldhoven and Mannaerts (1996) Eur. J. Biochem. 240, 660-666]. In parallel, we studied the effect of ciprofibrate, a hypolipaemic agent also known as peroxisome proliferator in rodent, on the expression of MFP-1 and MFP-2 (2.6 kb) in rats and guinea pigs. By Northern blotting analysis we demonstrated that three MFP-1-related mRNA species are expressed in the guinea-pig liver. The expression of two of them (3.5 and 2.6 kb) is slightly increased by ciprofibrate, whereas the 3.0 kb MFP-1 mRNA is, unlike the rat one, strongly down-regulated in guinea pigs treated with ciprofibrate. In a similar way, the hepatic expression of the guinea-pig 2.6 kb MFP-2 mRNA is also down-regulated in guinea pigs treated with ciprofibrate. These results demonstrate (1) that in contrast with the unique 3.0 kb MFP-1 rat mRNA, at least three hepatic MFP-1-related mRNA species are co-expressed in guinea pig; and (2) that, opposed to the accepted idea of non-responsiveness of the guinea pig to ciprofibrate, this drug affects MFP-1 and MFP-2 gene expression in this species. Also, the mRNA species for acyl-CoA oxidase and thiolase, two other enzymes of the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway that are induced severalfold in responsive species are down-regulated in guinea pig. This paper is the first, to our knowledge, reporting the down-regulation of the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the peroxisomal β-oxidation of fatty acids (MFP-1) and bile acid synthesis (MFP-2) in mammals.
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Zeng, Yaqiong, Hao Wang, Rongdan Ruan, Yongzhen Li, Zuohua Liu, Chaoyuan Wang, and Anfang Liu. "Effect of Stocking Density on Behavior and Pen Cleanliness of Grouped Growing Pigs." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (March 16, 2022): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030418.
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In recent years, animal cleanliness during production has gradually attracted increasing attention. Although pigs by nature tend to excrete in dark and humid corners, in the prevalent highly intensive pig production, excessive stocking density often restricts the ability of pigs to excrete at designated points, thereby leading to pollution of the pens. To study the effect of stocking density on pen cleanliness and the relevant pig behavior, a total of 216 Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc hybrid pigs were randomly grouped at 0.5, 0.7, or 0.9 m2 per pig at 59 ± 3 days of age. The temporal and spatial distributions of lying and excreting behavior of pigs were monitored on days 1, 7, and 35 after transfer, and the cleanliness of pig pens under three stocking densities was scored. The results showed that there were no significant differences in excreting or lying time rhythms among the three treatments. In the initial and stable periods of group transfer, the excretion rate of pigs on slatted floors was significantly higher than that on solid floors at 0.9 m2/pig (p < 0.01). During the group stabilization stage and at the end of the experiment, the lying rate of pigs on solid floors under 0.9 m2/pig was 10.81%, that is, 7.43% higher than that of 0.7 m2/pig, and the differences were significant. Judging from the pollution score of the solid floors, the three stocking densities all showed more serious pollution at the corners, and the pollution score of the pens with a density of 0.9 m2/pig was lower than that of the pens with a density of 0.5 and 0.7 m2/pig. The analysis of whether pigs had corresponding behaviors in specific functional areas showed that pigs at a density of 0.9 m2/pig had a 10.14% lower lying rate on slatted floors (the expected excretion area) than on solid floors, whereas the densities of 0.5 and 0.7 m2/pig showed the opposite pattern. Pigs at a density of 0.9 m2/pig had lower excretion rates in both corners of the solid floors (the desired lying area) than that of the 0.5 m2/pig group (p < 0.05) and 0.7 m2/pig group (p > 0.05). These results indicate that when the effective occupied space of pigs was larger, specific behaviors were more likely to occur in the set functional areas, and the cleanliness of the pen was higher. Under the conditions of this experiment, the recommended stocking density for growing pigs was 0.9 m2/pig. Of course, a larger space may be more beneficial to animal health and welfare, but the economic costs must also be considered.
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Harrison, Olivia, Ashton Yoder, and Cassandra K. Jones. "PSI-33 Effect of conditioning temperature and pellet diameter on nursery pig growth performance." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.513.
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Abstract A total of 350 nursery pigs (initially 7.6 kg BW) were used in a 28-d trial to evaluate the effects of conditioning temperature and pellet diameter on nursery pig performance. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments with 10 pens/treatment and 5 pigs/pen. The 7 treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial design plus a mash control, with the factors of pellet diameter (4.0 mm vs. 4.8 mm), and conditioning temperature (low, medium, vs. high). Phase 1 conditioning temperatures were 54°C, 66°C, and 77°C, while phase 2 conditioning temperatures were 54°C, 71°C, and 88°C for low, medium, and high, respectively. Pigs were fed phase 1 from d 0 to 14, which contained 10% spray dried whey, while phase 2 was fed from d 14 to 28, which did not contain milk products. Pig weights and feed disappearance were recorded weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Pellet diameter did not impact (P > 0.05) nursery pig growth performance. Pigs fed pelleted diets had greater (P < 0.05) G:F than those fed mash diets. During phase 1 and overall, there were no significant (P > 0.05) interactive or main effects. However, conditioning phase 2 diets at lower temperatures improved (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F than medium and high conditioning temperatures. In conclusion, pelleting improves nursery pig feed efficiency. To maximize nursery pig feed efficiency, phase 2 diets should be conditioned at relatively low temperatures.
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Chen, Changyi, Junwen Zheng, Chenyong Xiong, Hongjin Zhou, Chuntao Wei, Xin Hu, Xinxiu Qian, et al. "Metabolomics Characterize the Differential Metabolic Markers between Bama Xiang Pig and Debao Pig to Identify Pork." Foods 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12010005.
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The Bama Xiang pig (BM) is a unique pig species in Guangxi Province, China. Compared to other breeds of domestic pig, such as the Debao pig (DB), it is smaller in size, better in meat quality, resistant to rough feeding and strong in stress resistance. These unique advantages of Bama Xiang pigs make them of great edible value and scientific research value. However, the differences in muscle metabolites between Bama Xiang pigs (BM) and Debao pigs (DB) are largely unexplored. Here, we identified 214 differential metabolites between these two pig breeds by LC-MS. Forty-one such metabolites are enriched into metabolic pathways, and these metabolites correspond to 11 metabolic pathways with significant differences. In Bama pigs, the abundance of various metabolites such as creatine, citric acid, L-valine and hypoxanthine is significantly higher than in Debao pigs, while the abundance of other metabolites, such as carnosine, is significantly lower. Among these, we propose six differential metabolites: L-proline, citric acid, ribose 1-phosphate, L-valine, creatine, and L-arginine, as well as four potential differential metabolites (without the KEGG pathway), alanyl-histidine, inosine 2′-phosphate, oleoylcarnitine, and histidinyl hydroxyproline, as features for evaluating the meat quality of Bama pigs and for differentiating pork from Bama pigs and Debao pigs. This study provides a proof-of-concept example of distinguishing pork from different pig breeds at the metabolite level and sheds light on elucidating the biological processes underlying meat quality differences. Our pork metabolites data are also of great value to the genomics breeding community in meat quality improvement.
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Choquenot, D., and B. Lukins. "Effect of Pasture Availability on Bait Uptake by Feral Pigs in Australia's Semi-Arid Rangelands." Wildlife Research 23, no. 4 (1996): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960421.
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Factors that influence bait uptake by feral pigs will determine the efficacy of poisoning and trapping programmes for the control of pigs and have the potential to introduce bias to indices of pig abundance requiring bait consumption. In this study, the influence of pasture availability on uptake of bait trails consisting of soaked wheat by pigs in the semi-arid rangelands of north-western New South Wales was investigated. Percentage uptake of bait trails, pig density and pasture biomass were estimated for six sites along the Paroo River on six occasions: two each when pasture biomass was relatively high, moderate and low. The influence of pasture biomass on the relationship between percentage uptake of bait trails and pig density was examined by linear regression analysis. The analysis demonstrated that increasing pasture biomass significantly reduced the density of pigs corresponding to a given percentage uptake of bait trails, suggesting that, as pasture biomass increased, fewer pigs consumed bait trails andlor the number of bait trails each pig consumed declined. Assuming the former, the effect of increasing pasture biomass on the relationship between percentage uptake of bait trails and pig density indicated that, for every increase in pasture biomass of 100 kg ha-1, the percentage of pigs consuming bait declined by about 10%. The implications of these results for pig control and bias associated with indices of pig abundance requiring bait consumption are discussed.
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Yoshimura, T., and D. G. Johnson. "cDNA cloning and expression of guinea pig neutrophil attractant protein-1 (NAP-1). NAP-1 is highly conserved in guinea pig." Journal of Immunology 151, no. 11 (December 1, 1993): 6225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.11.6225.
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Abstract cDNA for neutrophil attractant protein-1 (NAP-1, also known as IL-8) was cloned from Con A-stimulated guinea pig spleen cells with human NAP-1 cDNA as a probe. Guinea pig NAP-1 cDNA is composed of 1433 bp with an open reading frame which encodes for a 101-amino-acid protein. Guinea pig NAP-1 had 70% amino acid sequence similarity to human NAP-1, which was much higher than a similarity between human and guinea pig monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (56%). Nucleotide sequence similarity within the coding region was 75%. To confirm its biological activity in guinea pig, recombinant guinea pig NAP-1 was expressed in COS-7 cells then purified. N-terminal sequence analysis gave two different N-termini at position 23 (Met) or 24 (Val). The two proteins showed their peak activity for guinea pig neutrophils at the concentration of 1 microgram/ml (10-7 M). Despite its high similarity to human NAP-1, the responsiveness of human neutrophils to guinea pig NAP-1 was minimum. Recombinant guinea pig NAP-1 caused strong neutrophil infiltration after intradermal injection into guinea pig skin. Since guinea pig is classified as a rodent, it was of interest to know whether human NAP-1 cDNA hybridizes to genomic DNA of other rodents such as mouse or rat, in which a NAP-1 homologue has not been found. Under low stringency conditions, human NAP-1 cDNA hybridized to human, rabbit, and guinea pig DNA, but not to mouse or rat DNA. Unlike NAP-1, human MCP-1 cDNA hybridized to genomic DNA of rabbit, guinea pig, mouse, and rat; MCP-1 cDNA have been cloned from these species. The apparent absence of a NAP-1 gene in mouse or rat makes this chemoattractant unique among the members of the protein family to which NAP-1 and MCP-1 belong.
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Shen, Dong Sheng, Xiao Qing Tao, Jia Li Shentu, and Mei Zhen Wang. "Residues of Veterinary Antibiotics in Pig Feeds and Manures in Zhejiang Province." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.301.
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To investigate the concentrations of oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TTC), chlortetracycline (CTC) in pig feeds and manures, 30 samples of pig manures and 30 samples of pig feeds in different growth periods of pigs were sampled in Zhejiang Province in China. The results showed that the means of the concentrations of OTC, TTC and CTC in pig feeds were 8.76, 6.62 and 23.26 mg kg-1, respectively. The concentrations of OTC, TTC and CTC in manures were 2.98, 3.00 and 4.62 mg kg-1, respectively. The concentration of CTC in pig feeds were 2~4 times higher than that of OTC and TTC. The concentrations of OTC, TTC and CTC in manures from piglets were positively correlated to those in their feeds, with the correlation coefficients of 0.64, 0.61 and 0.58, respectively. It suggested that less amount of antibiotics should be added in piglet feeds than in other pig feeds.
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Gonzaga Lai Boro, Aloysius, Aries Boedi Setiawan, and Wahyu Dirgantara. "Penjadwalan Pakan Dan Pengendalian Suhu Pada Kandang Babi Secara Otomatis Berbasis Arduino ( Automatic Feeding Schedule And Temperature Controlling In Pig Cage Based On Arduino )." JEEE-U (Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering-UMSIDA) 3, no. 2 (November 13, 2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jeee-u.v3i2.2501.
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The research was conducted on the pig farm owned by Mr. Santo, at the West Bandulan, Sukun Sub District of Malang in East Java province for 4 weeks (1 month). This research uses 4 pigs where 2 tails are fed automatically and the 2 tail still uses manual way. The purpose of this research is to provide farmers with information on the effects of feeding timely on the increase in pig weight. The method used is the experiment (experimental) consisting of 2 experiments that were first performed automatic feeding of 2 pigs that both feed manually against 2 pigs so as to find a comparison of The experiment. Looking at this, then the author devised a tool scheduling and automatic feeding of Arduino-based Mega 2560. With this tool, the author hopes to help pig farmers in increasing pig weights and relieve breeder's work. Thereby can improve the welfare of pig farmers. Results of the experiment showed the growth of pigs using the automated system better with the result 0.58 – 0.68 kg per day.
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Wallgren, Torun, and Stefan Gunnarson. "Implementation of Straw Racks in Commercial Pig Housing—Impact on Straw Availability and Pig Behaviour." Agriculture 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010005.
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This study investigated if straw racks, which enable larger straw rations, induced a more straw-directed behaviour in pigs, as a mean to facilitate the provision of manipulable material and natural behaviour. It was conducted on a commercial farm (459 pigs, 42 pens, 30–120 kg) where half of the pens received 25 L of straw on the floor (CONTROL) and the other half of the pens received straw in a rack holding 44 L of straw (RACK). The pig behaviour in five randomly assigned pens per treatment were recorded for 24 h, during three periods of production. Pig activity levels, exploratory behaviour, pen utilization and available clean straw were scan sampled. During period 1, no pigs were observed interacting with the straw racks. During this period, CONTROL pigs conducted more straw-directed behaviour and less pen-directed behaviour compared to pigs in the pens with a rack during period 1. The lack of rack interactions may imply an underdeveloped spatial cognition in the pigs. Apart from period 1, there were no significant difference in behaviour between RACK and CONTROL pigs. The racks did not disturb the use of the pen. The absent treatment effect in periods 2 and 3 may reflect that there was a too small difference in straw ration between the treatments. In order to design and implement straw racks that promote straw interaction, future studies should focus on understanding pigs’ spatial cognition.
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Shao, Hongmin, Jingyu Pu, and Jiong Mu. "Pig-Posture Recognition Based on Computer Vision: Dataset and Exploration." Animals 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051295.
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Posture changes in pigs during growth are often precursors of disease. Monitoring pigs’ behavioral activities can allow us to detect pathological changes in pigs earlier and identify the factors threatening the health of pigs in advance. Pigs tend to be farmed on a large scale, and manual observation by keepers is time consuming and laborious. Therefore, the use of computers to monitor the growth processes of pigs in real time, and to recognize the duration and frequency of pigs’ postural changes over time, can prevent outbreaks of porcine diseases. The contributions of this article are as follows: (1) The first human-annotated pig-posture-identification dataset in the world was established, including 800 pictures of each of the four pig postures: standing, lying on the stomach, lying on the side, and exploring. (2) When using a deep separable convolutional network to classify pig postures, the accuracy was 92.45%. The results show that the method proposed in this paper achieves adequate pig-posture recognition in a piggery environment and may be suitable for livestock farm applications.
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Boschert, Andrew W., Madie R. Wensley, Mike D. Tokach, Robert D. Goodband, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Jason C. Woodworth, Joel M. DeRouchey, and Ethan Stephenson. "PSI-2 Effect of Gruel Feeding and Oral Dextrose on the Survivability of Pigs After Weaning." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.339.
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Abstract Two experiments were conducted using 3,087 (Exp. 1) and 988 (Exp. 2) pigs to determine the effect of gruel feeding (Exp. 1) and oral glucose (Exp. 2) on pig survivability after weaning. Upon arrival to the nursery, the smallest 10% of pigs were selected and randomly placed in designated pens with 61 to 108 pigs/pen. Pens of small pigs were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatment consisted of gruel feeding 2 or 4 times/day for 14-d post-placement. At each gruel feeding, approximately 1.13 kg of solid feed was added to a round Rotecna bowl (Rotecna S.A., Agramunt, Spain) located at the front of the pen. Water was added at a decreasing rate over time. From d 0 to 5, 6 to 10, and 11 to 14 the ratio of water to feed was 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3, respectively. In Exp. 2, every other pig removed from general population or pens of small pigs for welfare considerations received a single 10 mL oral dose of a 50% dextrose solution and were placed in sick/fallback pens. All removed pigs were tagged and blood glucose measured prior to and 30 min after entering sick/fallback pens. Overall, gruel feeding small pigs 2 or 4 times/day for 14-d post-placement did not influence (P > 0.10) mortality from weaning to the end of gruel feeding (3.78 vs 4.25%, respectively). Likewise, dextrose administration did not influence (P > 0.10) pig mortality after removal to approximately d 38 after weaning (21.4 vs 23.4% respectively), even though blood glucose increased (P < 0.001) in those administered dextrose (11.4 vs 19.1 mg/dL). In summary, gruel feeding 4 times/d or providing sick/fallback pigs glucose supplementation does not improve survivability of pigs after weaning. More research is needed using alternative protocols to understand the value of gruel feeding on pig survival post-weaning.
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Hou, Lianjie, Jia Shi, Lingbo Cao, Guli Xu, Chingyuan Hu, and Chong Wang. "Pig has no uncoupling protein 1." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 487, no. 4 (June 2017): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.118.
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Flay, Kate J., Dan A. Yang, Sze Chun Choi, Joyce Ip, Song H. Lee, and Dirk U. Pfeiffer. "First Study to Describe the Prevalence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 among the Farmed Pig Population in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020080.
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Infection of pig farms with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes substantial economic losses globally. However, little epidemiological data of PRRSV and PCV2 in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) were available. This pilot study aimed to provide baseline information of the prevalences of PPRSV and PCV2 in the HKSAR. A complex survey was conducted from 3 February 2020 to 11 March 2021 on 29 of the 40 pig farms in the HKSAR, with five pigs each from seven age groups (representing key production stages) tested using a real-time PCR. Evidence of presence of PRRSV European strain (PRRSV-1), PRRSV North American strain (PRRSV-2) and PCV2 was confirmed on 48%, 86% and 79% of farms, with overall prevalences of 7.6% (95% CI: 4.8–10.3%), 12.2% (95% CI: 9.6–14.7%) and 20.3% (95% CI: 14.3–26.2%) in the HKSAR pig population based on pooling results from all pigs across all farms. PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 were more prevalent in younger pigs, with the highest prevalences of 32.1% (95% CI: 20.8–45.0%) and 51.5% (95% CI: 38.9–64.0%) for 8-week-old pigs. In contrast, the distribution of PCV2 prevalence across age groups appeared to be more symmetrical, with higher prevalences reported in pigs from 12 weeks old to 24 weeks old but lower prevalences in younger pigs and sows. The results of this study demonstrate that PRRSV-1, PRRSV-2 and PCV2 are widely spread across pig farms in the HKSAR, which indicates that the current farm management and control protocols should be improved. We recommend the implementation of on-farm intervention strategies combined with ongoing surveillance to reduce these viruses, and their consequences, in the HKSAR pig population.
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BUKOWSKI, Krzysztof. "Mioceńskie poziomy tufitowe z otworów wiertniczych Busko (Młyny) PIG-1 i Kazimierza Wielka (Donosy) PIG-1." Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 461, no. 461 (January 1, 2015): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/08676143.1142071.
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Royall, Rafe Q., Joel M. DeRouchey, Mike D. Tokach, Jason C. Woodworth, Robert D. Goodband, Jordan T. Gebhardt, and Keith D. Haydon. "PSVI-10 Evaluation of Vegetable Protein Sources on Nursery Pig Performance in a Commercial Environment." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.278.
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Abstract This experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of vegetable protein sources on growth performance of nursery pigs in a commercial research environment. A total of 2,592 pigs (L337 × 1050, PIC; initial BW of 5.3 ± 0.05 kg) were used in a 42-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and weaning date and allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 27 pigs/pen and 16 replications/treatment. A corn-soybean meal control diet with no specialty vegetable protein source was used to compare performance against 5 diets containing either 1 of 2 soy protein concentrates (XSoy 600; CJ America-Bio, Downers Grove, IL; 5.0 and 2.5%, phase 1 and 2, respectively or Soytide; CJ America-Bio, Downers Grove, IL; 5.5 and 2.75%, phase 1 and 2, respectively), enzyme-treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein, Findlay, OH; 5.7 and 2.83%, phase 1 and 2, respectively), fermented soybean meal (Fermex 200; Purina Animal Nutrition, Shoreview, MN; 6.7 and 3.35%, phase 1 and 2, respectively), or high-protein corn DDGs (NexPro; Poet, Wichita, KS; 7.5 and 3.75%, phase 1 and 2, respectively). Diets were formulated in 2 dietary phases and fed at 2.27 kg/pig and 8.16 kg/pig, respectively, with a common phase 3 diet fed until d 42. The dietary level of soybean meal was held constant within phases 1 and 2 for diets 2 to 5 with protein sources replaced on a digestible lysine basis. During the experimental diet period (d 0 to 21) or overall (d 0 to 42), there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for ADG, ADFI or G:F. Additionally, there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for total removals, and mortality. In summary, none of the protein sources evaluated improved growth performance relative to soybean meal.
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Adams, Peter J., Joseph B. Fontaine, Robert M. Huston, and Patricia A. Fleming. "Quantifying efficacy of feral pig (Sus scrofa) population management." Wildlife Research 46, no. 7 (2019): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18100.
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Abstract ContextFeral pigs (Sus scrofa) are an increasing threat to agriculture and ecological communities globally. Although ground rooting is their most readily observable sign, feral pigs typically remain highly cryptic and their abundance and impacts are difficult to quantify. AimsThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of current feral pig population management practices (trapping, baiting, no feral pig management) on feral pig abundance and digging impacts, using a BACI (before–after control–impact) experimental design at a landscape scale. MethodsA monitoring program was established to quantify both the abundance and digging impacts of feral pig populations within a temperate sclerophyll forest landscape using distance sampling. Transects were established across eight drinking water catchments where the whole catchment was the unit of replication for feral pig population management. Monitoring was carried out at 6-monthly intervals for 3 years, with no feral pig population management undertaken in the first year. In total, 367 feral pigs were trapped out of three catchments subject to trapping, and 26 were baited across two catchments subject to baiting with a commercial product (PIGOUT, Animal Control Technologies Australia, Melbourne, Vic., Australia). Three catchments were exempt from feral pig population management for the duration of this study. Key resultsFeral pig density within the overall study site was estimated as 1.127pigskm–2, resulting in 4580diggingskm–2year–1. There was no significant difference in feral pig density estimates observed among population management treatments or the treatment×year interaction term. An overall decrease in feral pig density across all catchments was attributed to extreme temperature and drought conditions experienced during the study. ConclusionsFeral pig populations demonstrate high resilience to current feral pig population management practices in the present study. The annual volume of soil disturbed by the numbers of feral pigs estimated across this study area is comparable to a commercial-scale resource extraction industry. We did not find significant differences in feral pig digging density among dominant vegetation types, but larger digs were associated with swamp vegetation. ImplicationsCurrent levels of feral pig population management did not reduce pig densities across eight catchments in the northern jarrah forest; therefore, more intensive population management is needed.
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Choquenot, David, Jim Hone, and Glen Saunders. "Using aspects of predator-prey theory to evaluate helicopter shooting for feral pig control." Wildlife Research 26, no. 3 (1999): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98006.
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Because it achieves rapid reductions in pig density, helicopter shooting is perceived to be a cost-effective option for feral pig control. In order to evaluate the cost effectiveness of the technique and develop predictive models of variation in costs, functional response models derived from predator–prey theory were fitted to 3 data-sets describing variation in kill rates with feral pig density. The data-sets were collected during shooting programs conducted on the Mary River floodplain in northern Australia, and on the Macquarie Marshes and Paroo River floodplain in western New South Wales. Fitted models indicated that variation in kill rates with pig density took the form of a Type 3 functional response for all 3 data sets, kill rates approaching a constant maximum at high pig densities and declining toward 0 at pig densities greater than 0. While maximum kill rates were similar for the 3 shooting programs (average 60.49 kill h–1, range 49.64–76.28), densities below which no pigs would theoretically be killed varied significantly (average 2.79 pigs km–2, range 1.34–5.02). Similar maximum kill rates for the 3 shooting programs indicates that, once located, the time taken by shooting teams to dispatch pigs was relatively constant (0.023 h). Variation in threshold densities below which no more pigs would theoretically be shot, indicates that as the density of pigs was reduced, their vulnerability to shooting teams differed between the 3 shooting programs. This may have reflected differences between sites in either the capacity of resident pigs to learn to evade shooting teams or, more likely, the availability of refuge habitat. For 2 of the shooting programs, too few data were available to estimate the effect of declining pig density on kill rate, precluding detailed examination of differences in the efficiency with which pigs were found (search efficiency). Using estimates of pig density below which no pigs would theoretically be shot to set a limit to the effectiveness of shooting programs, models predicting variation in hours per kill with pig density were derived from each data set. These models demonstrated that hours per kill increased exponentially as shooting reduced pig populations below threshold densities of approximately 2–6 pigs km–2. Generalised models relating variation in cost per kill to pig density for the 3 shooting programs are described.
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IZQUIERDO, O. A., and D. H. BAKER. "BIOAVAILABILITY OF COPPER IN PIG FECES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 1145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-127.
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A chick growth assay was conducted to determine the bioavailability of copper in pig feces. Feces were collected from young pigs fed a 650 mg Cu kg−1 diet. After drying, they were fed to chicks to provide graded intakes of copper. Graded levels of CuSO4∙5H2O were also fed, and the increase in liver copper concentration was compared between the two sources. Dietary addition of 500 mg Cu kg−1 diet as CuSO4∙5H2O depressed chick growth and increased liver copper concentration 42-fold. Addition of 748 mg Cu kg−1 diet as dried pig feces had no effect on growth and increased liver Cu concentration only threefold. These data suggest that the Cu in pig feces is poorly available. Relative to oral CuSO4 providing 250 mg Cu kg−1 diet, orally ingested fecal Cu exhibits a bioavailability no greater than 35.6%. Key words: Swine, chickens, inorganic copper, fecal copper, copper bioavailability
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Rulon, Karissa N., Jacob A. Richert, Morgan T. Thayer, Allan P. Schinckel, Matthew D. Asmus, Daniel B. Jones, John S. Radcliffe, and Brian T. Richert. "56 The Effect of a Developmental Bacillus Direct-fed Microbial on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Health." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.252.
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Abstract A developmental Bacillus based direct-fed microbial (DFM) was added to nursery pig diets to evaluate the effect on growth and health in two 35-d randomized complete block design experiments blocked on initial BW and sex. Experiment 1 used 315 weaned pigs (20.1 d of age; 6.11 kg initial BW) allotted to one of three diets: 1) Negative Control (NC; no antibiotics but with pharmacological Zn or Cu), 2) NC+DFM 0.55x109CFU, 3) NC+DFM 1.1x109CFU. Experiment 2 used 376 weaned pigs (17.8 d of age; 5.99 kg initial BW) allotted to one of four diets, the same 3 diets from Experiment 1 plus a lower inclusion rate: 4) NC+DFM 0.275x109CFU. Both studies had 15 replicates/treatment, 6–7 pigs/pen. Pigs were budget fed phase 1–3 diets (1.13 kg/pig; 2.72 kg/pig; and 6.35 kg/pig, respectively) and ad libitum fed Phase 4 diet to d35. For Experiment 1, during week 1 pigs fed the DFM tended to linearly decrease ADFI (P = 0.086) and linearly increase G:F (P = 0.085). During day 21–35 of Experiment 1 pigs fed DFM linearly increased ADG (P = 0.035) and quadratically increased ADFI (P = 0.027). Overall for experiment 1, ADG (P = 0.114) and ADFI (P = 0.104) tended to quadratically increase and G:F linearly increased (P = 0.012) with increasing concentrations of DFM. Experiment 2; during week 1 and 3 ADFI (P = 0.084, P = 0.050, respectively) quadratically increased and G:F (P = 0.081; P = 0.022, respectively) quadratically decreased as DFM increased in the diet. During d21–35 of experiment 2, ADG (P = 0.064) quadratically increased and G:F (P = 0.012) quadratically decreased as DFM increased. Overall for Experiment 2 ADFI numerically increased (4.3%) with no increase in ADG, resulting in a quadratic decrease in G:F (P = 0.010) as the DFM increased in the diet. Summarizing these two studies, the DFM product had its greatest effect increasing ADFI while inconsistently impacting gain and efficiency.
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Jugovic, Pieter, Ann M. Hill, Roman Tomazin, Hidde Ploegh, and David C. Johnson. "Inhibition of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Antigen Presentation in Pig and Primate Cells by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 ICP47." Journal of Virology 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 5076–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.6.5076-5084.1998.
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ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) express an immediate-early protein, ICP47, that effectively inhibits the human transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), blocking major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells. Previous work indicated that the mouse TAP is relatively resistant to inhibition by the HSV-1 and HSV-2 ICP47 proteins (ICP47-1 and ICP47-2) and that mouse cells infected with HSV-1 are lysed by anti-HSV CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Therefore, mice are apparently not suitable animals in which to study the in vivo effects of ICP47. In order to find an animal model, we introduced ICP47-1 and ICP47-2 into cells from various animal species—mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, pigs, cows, monkeys, and humans—and measured TAP activity in the cells. Both proteins were unable to inhibit TAP in mouse, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit cells. In contrast, ICP47-1 and ICP47-2 inhibited TAP in pig, dog, cow, and monkey cells, and the TAP in pig and dog fibroblasts was often more sensitive to both proteins than TAP in human fibroblasts. These results were extended by measuring CD8+-T-cell recognition (CTL lysis) of cells from various species. Cells were infected with recombinant HSV-1 constructed to express murine MHC class I proteins so that the cells would be recognized and lysed by well-characterized murine anti-HSV CTL unless antigen presentation was blocked by ICP47. Anti-HSV CD8+ CTL effectively lysed pig and primate cells infected with a recombinant HSV-1 ICP47− mutant but were unable to lyse pig or primate cells infected with a recombinant HSV-1 that expressed ICP47. Therefore, pigs, dogs, and monkeys may be useful animal models in which to test the effects of ICP47 on HSV pathogenesis or the use of ICP47 as a selective immunosuppressive agent.
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Chen, Wei, Qi-fan Zeng, Hai-peng Xu, Guo-feng Fang, Shou-dong Wang, Chuan-hao Li, Yan-dong Wang, Hui Wang, and Yong-qing Zeng. "Comparison and relationship between meat colour and antioxidant capacity of different pig breeds." Animal Production Science 58, no. 11 (2018): 2152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16184.
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The objectives of this study were to evaluate meat colour, antioxidant performance of longissimus muscle in different pig breeds, including five Chinese native pig breeds, a Chinese bred pig breed as well as a commercial crossbred pig breed, and to analyse the relationships between meat colour and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the Chinese native and bred pig breeds have higher meat colour and marbling scores than commercial crossbred pigs. The Chinese native and bred pig breeds showed significantly stronger total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity, and lower malondialdehyde contents than commercial crossbred pigs. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase activity were positively correlated with visual colour, a* and chroma, and negatively correlated with L* and hue angle; on the contrary, the malondialdehyde content was negatively correlated with visual colour, marbling, a*, b* and chroma, and positively correlated with L* and hue angle. In addition, principal component 1 and 2 explained 46.41% and 18.30% of the total variance. These results indicated that meat colour and antioxidant capacity were affected by pig breeds, and meat colour was strongly correlated with antioxidant capacity.
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Cooper, David K. C., H. Iwase, L. Wang, T. Yamamoto, Qi Li, J. Li, H. Zhou, and H. Hara. "Bringing Home The Bacon: Update on The State of Kidney Xenotransplantation." Blood Purification 45, no. 1-3 (2018): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000485163.
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Background: There is a continuing critical shortage of organs from deceased human donors for transplantation, particularly for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Efforts are being made to resolve the donor kidney shortage by the transplantation of kidneys from genetically-engineered pigs. Summary: This review outlines the pathobiological barriers to pig organ xenotransplantation in primates, which include (i) antibody-dependent complement-mediated rejection, (ii) a T cell-mediated elicited antibody and cellular response, (iii) coagulation dysregulation between pigs and primates, and (iv) a persistent inflammatory response. As a result of increasing genetic manipulation of the pig and the introduction of novel immunosuppressive agents, pig kidney graft survival has increased from minutes to months, and even to >1 year in some cases. Aspects of the selection of the patients for a first clinical trial are discussed. Although there would appear to be some cross-reactivity between anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies and swine leukocyte antigens expressed in pigs, some HLA-sensitized patients will be at no disadvantage if they receive a pig kidney. Furthermore, the current limited evidence is that, even if the patient becomes sensitized to pig antigens (after a pig organ transplant), this would not be detrimental to a subsequent allotransplant. The potential risk of infection with a pig microorganism, and the function of a pig kidney in a primate are also discussed. Key Message: The recent encouraging results of pig kidney transplantation in nonhuman primates suggest the likelihood of a successful (and safe) initial clinical trial, with graft survival for months or possibly years.
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Neminuschaya, Larisa A., Natalia K. Eremets, Tatyana A. Skotnikova, Igor V. Pavlenko, Vladimir I. Eremets, Evgenia V. Markova, Valentina I. Klyukina, and Larisa S. Lyulkova. "Circulation of porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs of different age groups in the Russian Federation." E3S Web of Conferences 161 (2020): 01063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016101063.
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The paper deals with the results of assessing the intensity of PCV2 (porcine circovirus type 2) circulation in pigs of different age groups on pig farms in the Russian Federation. Serum samples of 128 pigs of different age groups from two pig farms in the Russian Federation were studied. As a result, specific antibodies to PCV2 were detected that proves virus circulation. Average titer of serum antibodies was 1:2020 for weaning piglets, 40 d.a. (days of age), in prenursery piglets of the age of 20 days - 1:3120; in replacement gilts of the age of 175 days - 1: 5124; in feeding pigs of the age of 180 days - 1:5300. In female pigs, the percentage of seroprevalence was 95 %. With advancing ageing of pigs, the level of antibody titer to PCV2 was increasing that proves the animals were infected after the decrease of colostral antibody level below protective one.
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Wang, Gangyi, Yuzhuo Shen, Chunlei Li, Qiuping Zhu, and Aidyn ZhanBota. "The regulatory effect of herd structure on pig production under the environmental regulation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 26, 2022): e0266687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266687.
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Integrating pig production stability and pollution control is a matter of social livelihood and green development. This paper estimates the policy effectiveness of environmental regulation based on the big data of Chinese government websites and combines the pig production data of various provinces in China from 2008 to 2018 to construct a mediating effect model, empirically analyzing the relationship between environmental regulations, herd structure, and pig production. Research shows: (1) Improving environmental regulations in the short term will increase the slaughter of pigs, but in the long run it will decrease first and then increase; (2) At this stage, environmental regulations can increase the slaughter of pigs by changing the herd structure; (3) Reasonable adjustment of the herd structure can effectively increase the slaughter of pigs; (4) The herd structure can be used as a supplementary monitoring indicator to stabilize the supply of pigs. Combine it with the change rate of sow stock to provide early warning of fluctuations in pig production, and the early warning herd structure values are 0.0980 and 0.1135. There are two key initiatives to achieve supply and price stability in the pig industry that taking into account environmental protection: first, an industrial regulation instrument based on the herd structure needs to be established; second, an early warning system for pig production fluctuations should be established with reference to the early warning system for pork price fluctuations.
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Wang, Gangyi, Yuzhuo Shen, Chunlei Li, Qiuping Zhu, and Aidyn ZhanBota. "The regulatory effect of herd structure on pig production under the environmental regulation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 26, 2022): e0266687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266687.
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Integrating pig production stability and pollution control is a matter of social livelihood and green development. This paper estimates the policy effectiveness of environmental regulation based on the big data of Chinese government websites and combines the pig production data of various provinces in China from 2008 to 2018 to construct a mediating effect model, empirically analyzing the relationship between environmental regulations, herd structure, and pig production. Research shows: (1) Improving environmental regulations in the short term will increase the slaughter of pigs, but in the long run it will decrease first and then increase; (2) At this stage, environmental regulations can increase the slaughter of pigs by changing the herd structure; (3) Reasonable adjustment of the herd structure can effectively increase the slaughter of pigs; (4) The herd structure can be used as a supplementary monitoring indicator to stabilize the supply of pigs. Combine it with the change rate of sow stock to provide early warning of fluctuations in pig production, and the early warning herd structure values are 0.0980 and 0.1135. There are two key initiatives to achieve supply and price stability in the pig industry that taking into account environmental protection: first, an industrial regulation instrument based on the herd structure needs to be established; second, an early warning system for pig production fluctuations should be established with reference to the early warning system for pork price fluctuations.
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Rzeżutka, A., A. Kaupke, I. Kozyra, and Z. Pejsak. "Molecular studies on pig cryptosporidiosis in Poland." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2014-0086.
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AbstractCryptosporidium intestinal parasites have been detected in farmed pigs worldwide. Infections are usually asymptomatic with a low number of oocysts shed in pig feces. This makes the recognition of infection difficult or unsuccessful when microscopic methods are used. The aim of this study was molecular identification of Cryptosporidium species in pig herds raised in Poland with regard to the occurrence of zoonotic species. In total, 166 pig fecal samples were tested. The examined pigs were aged 1 to 20 weeks. Overall, 39 pig farms were monitored for parasite presence. The detection and identification of Cryptosporidium DNA was performed on the basis of PCR-RFLP and nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplified 18 SSU rRNA and COWP gene fragments. Infected animals were housed in 21 (53.8%) of the pig farms monitored. The presence of Cryptosporidum was confirmed in 46 (27.7%) samples of pig feces. Among positive fecal samples, 34 (29.3%) were collected from healthy animals, and 12 (24%) from diarrheic pigs. Most infected animals (42.1%) were 2 to 3 months old. The following parasite species were detected: C. scrofarum, C. suis and C. parvum. Indeed, asymptomatic infections caused by C. scrofarum were observed in the majority of the herds. Mixed infections caused by C. suis and C. scrofarum were not common; however, they were observed in 8.6% of the positive animals. C. parvum DNA was found only in one sample collected from a diarrheic pig. The application of molecular diagnostic tools allowed for detection and identification of Cryptosporidium species in pigs. The sporadic findings of C. parvum are subsequent evidence for the contribution of pigs in the transmission of cryptosporidiosis from animals to humans.
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RUTJES, S. A., M. BOUWKNEGT, J. W. van der GIESSEN, A. M. de RODA HUSMAN, and C. B. E. M. REUSKEN. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Pigs from Different Farming Systems in The Netherlands." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 640–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-302.
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Sporadic nontravel-related hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections have been reported in industrialized countries. These infections are caused by zoonotic HEV genotypes 3 and 4 that circulate in swine, wild boar, and deer. In The Netherlands, HEV RNA has been detected in > 50% of the pig farms, and HEV-specific antibodies were detected in ~70% of the slaughter pigs. In the current study, HEV seroprevalences were investigated in pigs raised on conventional, free-range, and organic farms in The Netherlands. Differences in seroprevalence may indicate different exposure routes or transmission dynamics within pig herds for HEV. In 2004, serum samples of 846 fattening pigs were obtained from farms that applied conventional (265 pigs at 24 farms), organic (417 pigs at 42 farms), and free-range (164 pigs at 12 farms) farming. HEV-specific antibodies were detected in samples from all conventional and free-range pig farms and in 41 of 42 organic pig farms, indicating that the probability of introducing HEV on a farm appeared to be equal for the different farming types. The estimated average within-herd seroprevalence was significantly higher for pigs raised on organic farms (89%) than for pigs raised on conventional farms (72%, P = 0.04) and nearly significant for pigs raised on free-range farms (76%, P = 0.06). Six of ten organic farms were estimated to have a within-herd seroprevalence of > 95%, compared with 1 of 10 and 4 of 10 of the free-range and conventional pig farms, respectively. This suggests a higher force of infection with HEV for pigs reared on organic farms compared with pigs reared on conventional or free-range farms. This may be due to repetitive exposure to HEV caused by farming system–specific housing conditions, such as a greater contact frequency between pigs and more exposure to pig manure, increasing the transmission rate.