Journal articles: 'Piezoelectric material'

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Abdul Rashid, Affa Rozana, Nur Insyierah Md Sarif, and Khadijah Ismail. "Development of Smart Shoes Using Piezoelectric Material." Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology 7, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/mjosht.v7i1.158.

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The consumption of low-power electronic devices has increased rapidly, where almost all applications use power electronic devices. Due to the increase in portable electronic devices’ energy consumption, the piezoelectric material is proposed as one of the alternatives of the significant alternative energy harvesters. This study aims to create a prototype of “Smart Shoes” that can generate electricity using three different designs embedded by piezoelectric materials: ceramic, polymer, and a combination of both piezoelectric materials. The basic principle for smart shoes’ prototype is based on the pressure produced from piezoelectric material converted from mechanical energy into electrical energy. The piezoelectric material was placed into the shoes’ sole, and the energy produced due to the pressure from walking, jogging, and jumping was measured. The energy generated was stored in a capacitor as piezoelectric material produced a small scale of energy harvesting. The highest energy generated was produced by ceramic piezoelectric material under jumping activity, which was 1.804 mJ. Polymer piezoelectric material produced very minimal energy, which was 55.618 mJ. The combination of both piezoelectric materials produced energy, which was 1.805 mJ from jumping activity.

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Yu, Yu Min. "Design and Analysis of a Piezoelectric Actuator." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 2131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.2131.

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Active materials are a group of solid-state materials whose geometric shape can be related to an energy input in the form of heat, light, electric field, or magnetic field. In the application of active materials to electromechanical energy conversion, electrical energy may be input to the material and the resulting deformation of the material can be used to move a load. The most common active materials used in actuators are piezoelectrics, magnetostrictives, and SMAs. In this paper, a piezoelectric actuation concept is presented that uses a new feed-screw motion accumulation technique. The feed-screw concept involves accumulating high frequency actuation strokes of a piezoelectric stack (driving element) by intermittently rotating nuts on an output feed-screw. The main parts of piezoelectric actuation such as clamp mechanism, rotary mechanism and “L type” driving mechanism are investigated. From the analysis, the deformation and stress of it are all under allowed value of 65Mn. The mathematics model of upside of rotary mechanism rotation motion is established. The results indicate that, the mechanisms of actuator all are satisfy the need of design

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WAN, YONGPING, and LIANGLIANG FAN. "MODELING THE PIEZOELECTRIC d33 COEFFICIENT OF THE CELLULAR PIEZOELECTRET FILM BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD." Modern Physics Letters B 25, no. 31 (November 21, 2011): 2343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984911027558.

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The piezoelectric d33 coefficient of voided charged polypropylene film is much pronounced, which can be as large as that of PZT ceramics. The piezoelectric effect originates from the electric field of distributed charges that is coupled with elastic deformation of the host matrix. For modeling the piezoelectric effect of cellular piezoelectret, we present a finite element model for the electrostatic analysis and the solution of elastic deformation. Qualitative analysis of piezoelectric d33 coefficient is given with respect to various parameters including material constants, void geometry and charge density. Quantitative comparison shows that this finite element model can simulate the inflation experiments of cellular piezoelectret very well. This finite element model is believed to be conducive to the optimization design of cellular piezoelectret, where the analysis is generally encountered for the piezoelectret with complex microstructures.

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Guo, Xin, Jialin Zhu, Xiaoping Zou, Junming Li, Jin Cheng, Chunqian Zhang, Yifei Wang, et al. "Piezoelectric Properties of 0-3 Composite Films Based on Novel Molecular Piezoelectric Material (ATHP)2PbBr4." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 6378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186378.

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Since their discovery, ferroelectric materials have shown excellent dielectric responses, pyroelectricity, piezoelectricity, electro-optical effects, nonlinear optical effects, etc. They are a class of functional materials with broad application prospects. Traditional pure inorganic piezoelectric materials have better piezoelectricity but higher rigidity; pure organic piezoelectric materials have better flexibility but havetoo small a piezoelectric coefficient. The material composite, on the other hand, can combine the advantages of both, so that it has both flexibility and a high piezoelectric coefficient. In this paper, a new molecular piezoelectric material (C5H11NO)2PbBr4 with a high Curie temperature Tc and a large piezoelectric voltage constant g33, referred to as (ATHP)2PbBr4, was used to prepare a 0-3 type piezoelectric composite film by compounding with an organic polymer material polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and its ferroelectricity was investigated. The results show that the 0-3 type (ATHP)2PbBr4 piezoelectric composite film has good ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity, and the calculated piezoelectric voltage constant g33 after polarization is about 358.6 × 10−3 Vm/N, which is higher than that of PVDF material, and is important for the fabrication of high-performance piezoelectric sensors.

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Soedarto, Totok, and Taufiq Arif Setyanto. "Perancangan Signal Conditioning Untuk Sensor Piezoelectric." Wave: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Maritim 6, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jurnalwave.v6i1.3320.

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Perancangan rangkaian interface atau signal conditioning untuk optimasi penggunaan sensor berbasis material piezoelectric mempunyai peranan sangat penting. Karena aplikasi-aplikasi dari material piezoelectrik sangatlah luas, mulai dari hal-hal yang menyangkut mainan anak-anak sampai dengan keperluan uji laboratorium bahkan sensor-sensor militer dan interfacing terhadap rangkaian elektronik sangatlah bergantung pada aplikasinya. Dalam banyak hal, material piezoelectric dapat secara langsung dihubungkan pada rangkaian elektronik tanpa pertimbangan memerlukan interface khusus. Namun demikian, untuk hal-hal tertentu masih dibutuhkan sebuah rangkaian interface, ada beberapa langkah yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam perancangan interface yang menyangkut topologi yang paling sesuai untuk aplikasi yang dibutuhkan. Pada makalah ini hanya dibahas tentang perancangan dan pembuatan signal conditioning untuk keperluan pengujian di lab Hidrodinamika.

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Le, Kang, and Yu Jun Feng. "Influence of DC Bias on the Properties of the Piezoelectric Material." Materials Science Forum 852 (April 2016): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.852.164.

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According to the resonant characteristics of piezoelectric materials, in order to get the parameters of piezoelectric materials under DC bias voltage by calculate the impedance spectrum of piezoelectric materials, and the changes of the parameters of piezoelectric materials under DC bias were discussed. This paper measured the impedance spectrum of piezoelectric materials under different DC bias voltage with TH2828S Impedance Analyzer, and found that DC bias voltage made the material impedance spectrum drifted. Various parameters of materials were calculated by the resonance method, it was found that the parameters of piezoelectric materials under varied bias voltage were different, and the behaviours of each parameters under DC bias voltage were obtained.It was consider that the elastic constant and dielectric constant were changed due to the inverse piezoelectric effect of the piezoelectric materials which were under DC bias voltage,so that other parameters were changed.Then the resonant frequent formula of piezoelectric materials under DC bias voltage was deduced.

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Tani, Junji, Toshiyuki Takagi, and Jinhao Qiu. "Intelligent Material Systems: Application of Functional Materials." Applied Mechanics Reviews 51, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 505–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3099019.

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This article presents a review of recent important developments in the field of intelligent material systems. Intelligent material systems, sometimes referred to as smart materials, can adjust their behavior to changes of external or internal parameters analogously to biological systems. In these systems, sensors, actuators and controllers are seamlessly integrated with structural materials at the macroscopic or mesoscopic level. In general, sensors and actuators are made of functional materials and fluids such as piezoelectric materials, magnetostrictive materials, shape memory alloys, polymer hydrogels, electro- and magneto-rheological fluids and so on. This article is specifically focused on the application of piezoelectric materials, magnetostrictive materials and shape memory alloys to intelligent material systems used to control the deformation, vibration and fracture of composite materials and structures. This review article contains 188 references.

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von Seggern, Heinz, and Tsuey T. Wang. "Polarizing of piezoelectric material." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, no. 5 (May 1986): 1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.393219.

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Wada, Koichi. "Filter using piezoelectric material." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121, no. 6 (2007): 3256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2748519.

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CHEN, MENG-CHENG, JIAN-JUN ZHU, and K. Y. SZE. "FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PIEZOELECTRIC ELASTICITY WITH SINGULAR INPLANE ELECTROELASTIC FIELDS." International Journal of Computational Methods 03, no. 01 (March 2006): 115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876206000837.

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An ad hoc one-dimensional finite element formulation is developed for the eigenanalysis of inplane singular electroelastic fields at material and geometric discontinuities in piezoelectric elastic materials by using the eigenfunction expansion procedure and the weak form of the governing equations for prismatic sectorial domains composed of piezoelectrics, composites or air. The order of the electroelastic singularities and the angular variation of the stress and electric displacement fields are obtained with the formulation. The influence of wedge angle, polarization orientation, material types, and boundary and interface conditions on the singular electroelastic fields and the order of their singularity are also examined. The simplicity and accuracy of the formulation are demonstrated by comparison to several analytical solutions for piezoelectric and composite multi-material wedges. The nature and speed of convergence suggests that the present eigensolution could be used in developing hybrid elements for use along with standard elements to yield accurate and computationally efficient solutions to problems having complex global geometries leading to singular electroelastic states.

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Li, Guang, and Gui Dong Luan. "Study on Novel Relaxor Ferroelectric Single Crystal PMNT/Epoxy Composite Transducer Array." Applied Mechanics and Materials 511-512 (February 2014): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.511-512.74.

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Using relaxor ferroelectric single crystals PMNT as piezoelectric phase and epoxy resin as a non-piezoelectric phase material, the piezoelectric composite is fabricated with the cutting - filling method. Using the same micro-structure parameters and the same process, the piezoelectric composite is prepared with the conventional piezoelectric ceramic PZT5 as piezoelectric phase material. The transducer array is respectively assembled with the PMNT /epoxy composites and PZT5/epoxy piezoelectric composite materials. Experimental results show that the relaxor ferroelectric single crystals PMNT / epoxy composite transducer array has higher sensitivity and less resonant impedance than PZT5/epoxy piezoelectric composite transducer array.

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Fang, Xiao Liang, Wei Fang Zhang, and Hong Xun Wang. "The Research Process and Application Prospect of the Smart Piezoelectric Materials." Advanced Materials Research 983 (June 2014): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.983.16.

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Piezoelectric material which can be used as both sensor and drive is an important kind of smart material. Studies on piezoelectric materials are now the research focus and hotspots of smart materials which have achieved fruitful results. This article describes the working principle of smart piezoelectric materials, provides an overview of the preparation progresses and application status, based on which the research and development trends are discussed.

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Badr, Basem M., and Wahied G. Ali. "Applications of Piezoelectric Materials." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 3612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.3612.

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In this paper, the different applications of piezoelectric material (PZT) are surveyed such as: actuators, motors, transformers, sensors, and benders. The operation concept, advantages and disadvantages of these types are explained, that drive the suitable application of them. Moreover, the electrical and mechanical features of piezoelectric material are presented. These features are dynamic behavior, operation voltage, maximum force, and temperature effect. There are different piezoelectric material types such as ferroelectric materials and ferroelectric polymers that are presented and a comparison between them is achieved.

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Xue, Dezhen, Prasanna V. Balachandran, Ruihao Yuan, Tao Hu, Xiaoning Qian, Edward R. Dougherty, and Turab Lookman. "Accelerated search for BaTiO3-based piezoelectrics with vertical morphotropic phase boundary using Bayesian learning." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 47 (November 7, 2016): 13301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607412113.

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An outstanding challenge in the nascent field of materials informatics is to incorporate materials knowledge in a robust Bayesian approach to guide the discovery of new materials. Utilizing inputs from known phase diagrams, features or material descriptors that are known to affect the ferroelectric response, and Landau–Devonshire theory, we demonstrate our approach for BaTiO3-based piezoelectrics with the desired target of a vertical morphotropic phase boundary. We predict, synthesize, and characterize a solid solution, (Ba0.5Ca0.5)TiO3-Ba(Ti0.7Zr0.3)O3, with piezoelectric properties that show better temperature reliability than other BaTiO3-based piezoelectrics in our initial training data.

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Xie, Ying, Yan Liu, Jieyu Liu, Lei Wang, Wenjuan Liu, Bo Soon, Yao Cai, and Chengliang Sun. "Tunable Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient of a Laterally Excited Bulk Wave Resonator with Composite Piezoelectric Film." Micromachines 13, no. 4 (April 18, 2022): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13040641.

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A resonator with an appropriate electromechanical coupling coefficient (Kt2) is crucial for filter applications in radio communication. In this paper, we present an effective method to tune the Kt2 of resonators by introducing different materials into a lithium niobate (LiNbO3) piezoelectric matrix. The effective piezoelectric coefficients e33eff and e15eff of composite materials with four different introduced materials were calculated. The results show that the e15eff of SiO2/LiNbO3 composite piezoelectric material was mostly sensitive to an increase in the width of introduced SiO2 material. Simultaneously, the simulation of a laterally excited bulk wave resonator (XBAR) with SiO2/LiNbO3 composite material was also carried out to verify the change in the Kt2 originating from the variation in e15eff. The achievable n79 filter using the SiO2/LiNbO3 composite material demonstrates the promising prospects of tuning Kt2 by introducing different materials into a LiNbO3 piezoelectric matrix.

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Molla, Dessalew, Marek Płaczek, and Andrzej Wróbel. "Multiphysics Modeling and Material Selection Methods to Develop Optimal Piezoelectric Plate Actuators for Active Noise Cancellation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 11746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411746.

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The performance of a piezoelectric actuator for active noise cancellation depends primarily on the quality of the actuator material and its design approach, i.e., single-layer or multi-layer actuators, stacks, benders, or amplified actuators. In this paper, material selection and multiphysics modeling were performed to develop an optimal piezoelectric plate actuator for active noise cancellation. The material selection process was analyzed using two multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approaches for material selection, i.e., figure of merit (FOM) for actuators and the technique for order of performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Of the 12 state-of-the-art piezoelectric actuator materials considered in this article, PMN–28% PT is the best material according to TOPSIS analysis, while PbIn12Nb12O324%−PbMg13Nb13O3−PbTiO3 (PIN24%-PMN-PT) is the best material according to FOM analysis. The ranking of state-of-the-art piezoelectric material categories for actuators according to the two analysis is consistent and the category of monocrystalline piezoelectric materials has the highest actuation performance. The multiphysics modeling was performed using ANSYS Mechanical using two different approaches: one using Ansys Parametric Design Language (APDL) command fragments, the other installing the PiezoAndMEMS ACT extension in ANSYS. Static structure, modal, and harmonic response analyses were performed to determine an optimal pair of piezoelectric plates to be used as an actuator for active noise cancellation. A pair of plates of the same materials, but of different dimensions turns out to be the optimal piezoelectric plate actuator for active noise reduction, according to the two multiphysics modeling methods.

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Wang, Hui, Xiaolin Wang, Matthew Wadsworth, Mohammad Faisal Ahmed, Zhe Liu, and Changchun Zeng. "Design, Fabrication, Structure Optimization and Pressure Sensing Demonstration of COC Piezoelectret Sensor and Sensor Array." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (July 26, 2022): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081177.

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This study reported on the design and fabrication of a pseudo-piezoelectric material (piezoelectret) from cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) based on a micropillar structure. The fabrication feasibility of such structure was explored and piezoelectret with the good piezoelectric activity (characterized by quasi-static piezoelectric coefficient d33) was demonstrated. Response surface method with a central composite design was employed to investigate the effects of the structure parameter on the piezoelectric coefficient d33. An optimal structure design was obtained and was validated by experiments. With the optimal design, d33 can reach an exceptional high value of ~9000 pC/N under low pressure. The charging process and the electrical and electromechanical characteristics were further investigated by experimentation and modeling. We further demonstrated the scalability of the fabrication process and demonstrated the application of these sensors in position specific pressure sensing (pressure mapping).

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Zhou, Li Ming, Guang Wei Meng, Feng Li, and Hui Wang. "Cell-Based Smoothed Finite Element Method-Virtual Crack Closure Technique for a Piezoelectric Material of Crack." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/371083.

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In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of solving fracture parameters of piezoelectric materials, a piezoelectric element, tailored for the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT), was used to study piezoelectric materials containing a crack. Recently, the cell-based smoothed finite element method (CSFEM) and VCCT have been used to simulate the fracture mechanics of piezoelectric materials. A center cracked piezoelectric materials with different material properties, crack length, mesh, and smoothing subcells at various strain energy release rates are discussed and compared with finite element method-virtual crack closure technique (FEM-VCCT). Numerical examples show that CSFEM-VCCT gives an improved simulation compared to FEM-VCCT, which generally simulates materials as too stiff with lower accuracy and efficiency. Due to its simplicity, the VCCT piezoelectric element demonstrated in this study could be a potential tool for engineers to practice piezoelectric fracture analysis. CSFEM-VCCT is an efficient numerical method for fracture analysis of piezoelectric materials.

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Oh, Hongseok, and Shadi A. Dayeh. "Physics-Based Device Models and Progress Review for Active Piezoelectric Semiconductor Devices." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 11, 2020): 3872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143872.

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Piezoelectric devices transduce mechanical energy to electrical energy by elastic deformation, which distorts local dipoles in crystalline materials. Amongst electromechanical sensors, piezoelectric devices are advantageous because of their scalability, light weight, low power consumption, and readily built-in amplification and ability for multiplexing, which are essential for wearables, medical devices, and robotics. This paper reviews recent progress in active piezoelectric devices. We classify these piezoelectric devices according to the material dimensionality and present physics-based device models to describe and quantify the piezoelectric response for one-dimensional nanowires, emerging two-dimensional materials, and three-dimensional thin films. Different transduction mechanisms and state-of-the-art devices for each type of material are reviewed. Perspectives on the future applications of active piezoelectric devices are discussed.

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Li, Qiongyuan, Lifeng Yang, Shengjian Zhang, Fen Wang, Yu Gu, Xiaochun Deng, and Yingguo Yang. "Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Materials for Ultrasonic Transducer in Medical Diagnosis." Crystals 12, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081043.

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The ultrasonic transducer is considered the most important component of ultrasound medical instruments, and its key active layer is generally fabricated by piezoelectric materials, such as BaTiO3, Pb (Zn, Ti)O3, PVDF, etc. As the star material, perovskite photovoltaic materials (organic and inorganic halide perovskite materials, such as CH3NH3PbI3, CsPbI3, etc.) have great potential to be widely used in solar cells, LEDs, detectors, and photoelectric and piezoelectric detectors due to their outstanding photoelectric and piezoelectric effects. Herein, we firstly discussed the research progress of commonly used piezoelectric materials and the corresponding piezoelectric effects, the current key scientific status, as well as the current application status in the field of ultrasound medicine. Then, we further explored the current progress of perovskite materials used in piezoelectric-effect devices, and their research difficulties. Finally, we designed an ideal ultrasonic transducer fabricated by perovskite photovoltaic materials and considered the future application prospects of organic and inorganic halide perovskite material in the field of ultrasound.

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Somadder, Somnath, and Md Shahidul Islam. "Effect of Adhesive Layer Thickness and Slant Angle on Piezoelectric Bonded Joints." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 19, no. 2 (April 15, 2022): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v19i2.19792.

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Piezoelectric materials have found their parts in numerous manufacturing applications such as transducers and sensors. Piezoelectric material shows anisotropy; in addition, its elastic field and electric field are integrated. The analysis of piezoelectric materials has obtained great interest among researchers with the development of smart structures. It is significant to explain the distribution of stress and electric displacement fields along the bonded edge. It has never been obvious how stress singularity and electric displacement fields are distributed at the vertex of piezoelectric dissimilar material joints. Stress and electric displacement distribution near the vertex along the interface of piezoelectric boned joints are investigated in this present research. Numerical analysis of piezoelectric dissimilar material joints is carried out by using Abaqus FEA software. From the numerical analysis, it is observed that stress, displacement, electric potential, electric displacement field evolvement along the interface edge rises with the increment of adhesive layer thickness and slant angle. So, a thin adhesive layer thickness and small slant angle are more reliable for operation.

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Ji, Jae-Hoon, Don-Jin Shin, Sang-Kwon Lee, Sang-Mo Koo, Jae-Geun Ha, Masao Kamiko, and Jung-Hyuk Koh. "Lead Free (Bi, Na)TiO3–BiAlO3 Ceramics for Piezoelectric Application." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 15, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2020.2762.

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In this research, substitution effects of BiAlO3 with (Bi, Na)TiO3 piezoelectric ceramics was investigated for the sensors and actuators applications. (Bi,Na)TiO3 material has been employed for the piezoelectric devices applications because of their high piezoelectric charge constant, d33, of 88 pC/N, electromechanical coupling coefficient, kp, of 22% and inverse piezoelectric charge constant of 498 pm/V. As a piezoelectric material, (Bi, Na)TiO3 has perovskite structure with tetragonal basis. The improvement of piezoelectric and inverse piezoelectric properties is important for industrial device applications. Therefore, in this research, we have tried to increase functional and electrical properties of (Bi, Na)TiO3 piezoelectric materials by substituting BiAlO3 dopants. As a result, the piezoelectric constant was increased up to 140 pC/N, and the densification was increased up to 5.92 g/cm3 .

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Clementi, Giacomo, Francesco Cottone, Alessandro Di Michele, Luca Gammaitoni, Maurizio Mattarelli, Gabriele Perna, Miquel López-Suárez, Salvatore Baglio, Carlo Trigona, and Igor Neri. "Review on Innovative Piezoelectric Materials for Mechanical Energy Harvesting." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 6227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176227.

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The huge number of electronic devices called the Internet of Things requires miniaturized, autonomous and ecologically sustainable power sources. A viable way to power these devices is by converting mechanical energy into electrical through electro-active materials. The most promising and widely used electro-active materials for mechanical energy harvesting are piezoelectric materials, where the main one used are toxic or not biocompatible. In this work, we focus our attention on biocompatible and sustainable piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting. The aim of this work is to facilitate and expedite the effort of selecting the best piezoelectric material for a specific mechanical energy harvesting application by comprehensively reviewing and presenting the latest progress in the field. We also identify and discuss the characteristic property of each material for each class to which the material belong to, in terms of piezoelectric constants and achievable power.

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Aabid, Abdul, Md Abdul Raheman, Yasser E. Ibrahim, Asraar Anjum, Meftah Hrairi, Bisma Parveez, Nagma Parveen, and Jalal Mohammed Zayan. "A Systematic Review of Piezoelectric Materials and Energy Harvesters for Industrial Applications." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 4145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124145.

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In the last three decades, smart materials have become popular. The piezoelectric materials have shown key characteristics for engineering applications, such as in sensors and actuators for industrial use. Because of their excellent mechanical-to-electrical and vice versa energy conversion properties, piezoelectric materials with high piezoelectric charge and voltage coefficient have been tested in renewable energy applications. The fundamental component of the energy harvester is the piezoelectric material, which, when subjected to mechanical vibrations or applied stress, induces the displaced ions in the material and results in a net electric charge due to the dipole moment of the unit cell. This phenomenon builds an electric potential across the material. In this review article, a detailed study focused on the piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEH’s) is reported. In addition, the fundamental idea about piezoelectric materials, along with their modeling for various applications, are detailed systematically. Then a summary of previous studies based on PEH’s other applications is listed, considering the technical aspects and methodologies. A discussion has been provided as a critical review of current challenges in this field. As a result, this review can provide a guideline for the scholars who want to use PEH’s for their research.

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Camargo-Chávez, J. E., S. Arceo-Díaz, E. E. Bricio-Barrios, and R. E. Chávez-Valdez. "Piezoelectric mathematical modeling; technological feasibility in the generation and storage of electric charge." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2159, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2159/1/012009.

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Abstract Emerging technologies are efficient alternatives for satisfying the growing demand for sustainable and cheap energy sources. Piezoelectrics are one of the most promising energy sources derived from emerging technologies. These materials are capable of converting mechanical energy into electricity or vice versa. Piezoelectrics have been used for almost a hundred years to generate electrical and sound pulses. However, the use of piezoelectrics for power generation is constrained by the cost associated with equipment and infrastructure. This problem has been addressed through mathematical models that relate the physical and electrical properties of the piezoelectric material with the voltage generated. Although these models have high performance, they do not incorporate voltage rectification and electrical charge storage stages. This work presents a mathematical model that describes the relationship of the physical and electromechanical properties of a system employing a piezoelectric for energy generation. The voltage of the system and the charge stored in a capacitor are calculated through this model. Also, contour diagrams are presented as a tool for facilitating the efficiency of energy generation.

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Satar, Mohd Hafiz Abdul, and Ahmad Zhafran Ahmad Mazlan. "Modelling of the Coupled Beam-Piezoelectric Material With Hysteresis Non-Linerity Effect." MATEC Web of Conferences 217 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821702001.

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Hysteresis is one of the non-linearity characteristics of the piezoelectric material. This characteristic is important to be characterized since it can affect the performance of the piezoelectric material as sensor or actuator in many applications. In this study, the model of the coupled aluminium beam with single piezoelectric patch material is constructed to investigate the hysteresis effect of the piezoelectric material to the whole beam structure. A P-876 DuraActTM type piezoelectric patch material is used in modelling of the piezoelectric actuator. Firstly, the modal analysis of the coupled beam-piezoelectric actuator is determined to get the natural frequencies and mode shapes. Then, the piezoelectric patch material is investigated in terms of actuator by given a sinusoidal voltage excitation and output in terms of deflection, stress and strain of the piezoelectric actuator are investigated. From the results, it is clear that, the coupled beam-piezoelectric material is affected by the hysteresis of the piezoelectric material and the natural frequencies of the beam structure. This characteristic is important for the piezoelectric actuator manufacturer and by providing the correction algorithm, it can improve the performance of the piezoelectric actuator for many applications.

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Li, Guang, Gui Dong Luan, and Hao Qu. "Study on Novel Relaxor Ferroelectric Single Crystal PMNT/Epoxy Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 475-476 (December 2013): 1257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.475-476.1257.

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Use relaxor ferroelectric single crystals PMNT as piezoelectric phase, epoxy resin as a non-piezoelectric phase material, take the cutting - filling method fabricated piezoelectric composite. Its structure character is achieved 1-3 type piezoelectric composites and piezoelectric crystal substrate composite again inseries by the integration, the composite horizontal and vertical bracket to be supported by piezoelectric crystal frame, it has a good impact resistance and affected by changes in ambient temperature characteristics. This composite material both has the advantages of 1-3 type composites, and has stable mechanical and thermal properties. Based on R.E.Newnhams series-parallel theory, combined with the structural characteristics of this composite, given the formula of piezoelectric composites density, piezoelectric constant, and dielectric constant. Fabricated the PMNT / epoxy composites and piezoelectric PZT / epoxy piezoelectric composite materials samples, which have the same scale, the same structural parameters. The experimental results show that, the piezoelectric composite test parameter values match theoretical calculations. The PMNT/epoxy composite has batter function than PZT/epoxy composite.

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Muralt, P., J. Conde, A. Artieda, F. Martin, and M. Cantoni. "Piezoelectric materials parameters for piezoelectric thin films in GHz applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1, no. 1 (February 2009): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078709000038.

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Piezoelectric thin films have existing and promising new applications in microwave filter technologies. The final performance depends on many parameters, and very specifically on the materials properties of each involved material. In this article, materials and properties for thin-film bulk acoustic wave resonators are discussed on some selected issues: the piezoelectric coefficients and acoustic losses of AlN, the relation of the first one with microstructural parameters, the inclusion of parasitic elements, and the merits of and problems with ferroelectric materials.

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Curry, Eli J., Thinh T. Le, Ritopa Das, Kai Ke, Elise M. Santorella, Debayon Paul, Meysam T. Chorsi, et al. "Biodegradable nanofiber-based piezoelectric transducer." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910343117.

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Piezoelectric materials, a type of “smart” material that generates electricity while deforming and vice versa, have been used extensively for many important implantable medical devices such as sensors, transducers, and actuators. However, commonly utilized piezoelectric materials are either toxic or nondegradable. Thus, implanted devices employing these materials raise a significant concern in terms of safety issues and often require an invasive removal surgery, which can damage directly interfaced tissues/organs. Here, we present a strategy for materials processing, device assembly, and electronic integration to 1) create biodegradable and biocompatible piezoelectric PLLA [poly(l-lactic acid)] nanofibers with a highly controllable, efficient, and stable piezoelectric performance, and 2) demonstrate device applications of this nanomaterial, including a highly sensitive biodegradable pressure sensor for monitoring vital physiological pressures and a biodegradable ultrasonic transducer for blood–brain barrier opening that can be used to facilitate the delivery of drugs into the brain. These significant applications, which have not been achieved so far by conventional piezoelectric materials and bulk piezoelectric PLLA, demonstrate the PLLA nanofibers as a powerful material platform that offers a profound impact on various medical fields including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and implanted medical devices.

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Yamashita, Yohachi, and Shiroh Saitoh. "Piezoelectric material and ultrasonic probe." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 5 (1996): 2897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.417184.

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Chauhan, Aditya, and Rahul Vaish. "Material Selection for Piezoelectric Devices." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 5, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2013.1285.

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Ben Salah, I., and M. H. Ben Ghozlen. "Rayleigh waves in piezoelectric material." Physics Procedia 2, no. 3 (November 2009): 1377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2009.11.105.

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Hou, Zhilin, Fugen Wu, and Youyan Liu. "Phononic crystals containing piezoelectric material." Solid State Communications 130, no. 11 (June 2004): 745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2004.03.052.

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., Pallavi Saha. "AUTOMATIC WIPER USING PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 05, no. 01 (January 25, 2016): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0501024.

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Sato, Masao. "Composite material for piezoelectric transduction." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 4 (2006): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2372322.

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Zhang, Ye-Wei, Chuang Wang, Bin Yuan, and Bo Fang. "Integration of Geometrical and Material Nonlinear Energy Sink with Piezoelectric Material Energy Harvester." Shock and Vibration 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1987456.

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This paper presents a novel design by integrating geometrical and material nonlinear energy sink (NES) with a piezoelectric-based vibration energy harvester under shock excitation, which can realize vibration control and energy harvesting. The nonlinear spring and hysteresis behavior of the NES could reflect geometrical and material nonlinearity, respectively. Two configurations of the piezoelectric device, including the piezoelectric element embedded between the NES mass and the single-degree-of-freedom system or ground, are utilised to examine the energy dissipated by damper and hysteresis behavior of NES and the energy harvested by the piezoelectric element. Similar numerical research methods of Runge-Kutta algorithm are used to investigate the two configurations. The energy transaction measure (ETM) is adopted to examine the instantaneous energy transaction between the primary and the NES-piezoelectricity system. And it demonstrates that the dissipated and harvested energy transaction is transferred from the primary system to the NES-piezoelectricity system and the instantaneous transaction of mechanical energy occupies a major part of the energy of transaction. Both figurations could realize vibration control efficiently.

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Zhao, Quanlu, Juntao Zhao, and Xiangfeng Tan. "Classification, preparation process and its equipment and applications of piezoelectric ceramic." Materials Physics and Chemistry 1, no. 1 (February 7, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/mpc.v1i1.560.

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The so-called piezoelectric ceramic is a piezoelectric polycrystal, a functional ceramic material capable of inter-converting mechanical energy and electric energy. It belongs to inorganic nonmetallic materials. So far, the most widely used piezoelectric ceramic materials have both good piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity through the substitution and doping in a wide range to adjust its properties to meet the diﬀerent needs of zirconium titanium lead (PZT) and its composite materials. Piezoelectric ceramic is also one of the prevailing piezoelectric materials, accounting for about 1/3 of the entire functional ceramic materials. It is mainly used for transducers, sensors, resonators and drives.

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Harazin, J., and A. Wróbel. "Empirical analysis of piezoelectric stacks composed of plates with different parameters and excited with different frequencies." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1239, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1239/1/012008.

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Abstract Piezoelectric materials offer an ability to exchange energy between electrical and mechanical systems with fair ease, by using the simple and inverse piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric transceivers, sensors, microphones, actuators, or active acoustic noise cancellation devices are some of many applications for piezoelectric materials. Due to the natural ability of the material to convert electricity and mechanical strain, solutions based on piezoelectric materials are often compact and allow applications on micro scales. One of the forms of piezoelectric actuation involves the use of piezoelectric stacks. The stack is composed of multiple piezoelectric plates layered by thin dielectric sheets, with electrodes attached along the sides. The main aim of piezoelectric stacks is the increase in maximum displacement by multiplying the number of piezoelectric plates that make up the stack. Stacks are composed of plates with the same material properties and the same dimensions. This study aims to investigate the idea of composing piezoelectric stacks of plates that have separate control circuits inducing different carrier frequencies or plates with differing properties and dimensions, in search for new applications for piezoelectric stacks. The main point of interest is the investigation of the ability to use piezoelectric stacks to generate complex vibration spectrums composed of multiple frequencies, resulting from the use of different piezoelectric plates in the stack or different carrier frequencies that stimulate each plate. To achieve this, a stack composed of two piezoelectric plates, each controlled by its own circuit, will be measured by a laser vibrometer, to check the complexity of the output vibration pattern.

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Upadhyay, Ashutosh, Naveen Kumar, Gobinda Das Adhikary, Ram Prakash Singh, Anupam Mishra, and Rajeev Ranjan. "A combination of large unipolar electrostrain and d₃₃ in a non-ergodic relaxor ferroelectric." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 20 (November 28, 2022): 204102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0107193.

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One of the important requirements for piezoelectric materials for use as high strain actuators is that they exhibit large unipolar electrostrain with minimum hysteresis. While large unipolar electrostrain >1% is generally achievable in good quality single crystals, most polycrystalline piezoelectric show low values < 0.4%. Unipolar electrostrain 0.5%–0.7% in polycrystalline piezoelectrics has often been reported in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-based compositions at the non-ergodic ergodic boundary. Not amenable to poling, such materials exhibit almost nearly zero direct piezoelectric coefficient ( d33 ∼ 0 pC/N) and cannot be simultaneously used as a sensor. In this paper, we report a combination of large unipolar electrostrain of ∼0.6% with small strain hysteresis of 25% in a Sn-modified relaxor ferroelectric system PbTiO3–Bi(Ni1/2Zr1/2)O3. It exhibits d33 ∼ 340 pC/N, which is stable up to 130 °C, and large signal converse piezoelectric coefficient d33* ∼ 1200 pm/V. A combination of large d33 and d33* in the same material makes it an important candidate for simultaneous use as a sensor and high strain actuators. X-ray diffraction study in situ with the electric field suggests that large electrostrain with low strain hysteresis in this system is because of the increased reversible switching of the field stabilized tetragonal ferroelastic domains.

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Liao, Wei-Qiang, Dewei Zhao, Yuan-Yuan Tang, Yi Zhang, Peng-Fei Li, Ping-Ping Shi, Xiao-Gang Chen, Yu-Meng You, and Ren-Gen Xiong. "A molecular perovskite solid solution with piezoelectricity stronger than lead zirconate titanate." Science 363, no. 6432 (March 14, 2019): 1206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav3057.

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Piezoelectric materials produce electricity when strained, making them ideal for different types of sensing applications. The most effective piezoelectric materials are ceramic solid solutions in which the piezoelectric effect is optimized at what are termed morphotropic phase boundaries (MPBs). Ceramics are not ideal for a variety of applications owing to some of their mechanical properties. We synthesized piezoelectric materials from a molecular perovskite (TMFM)x(TMCM)1–xCdCl3 solid solution (TMFM, trimethylfluoromethyl ammonium; TMCM, trimethylchloromethyl ammonium, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1), in which the MPB exists between monoclinic and hexagonal phases. We found a composition for which the piezoelectric coefficient d33 is ~1540 picocoulombs per newton, comparable to high-performance piezoelectric ceramics. The material has potential applications for wearable piezoelectric devices.

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de Castilla, Hector, Pierre Bélanger, and Ricardo J. Zednik. "Generalized Dynamic Analytical Model of Piezoelectric Materials for Characterization Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy." Materials 12, no. 16 (August 7, 2019): 2502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12162502.

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Piezoelectric materials have the intrinsic reversible ability to convert a mechanical strain into an electric field and their applications touch our daily lives. However, the complex physical mechanisms linking mechanical and electrical properties make these materials hard to understand. Computationally onerous models have historically been unable to adequately describe dynamic phenomena inside real piezoelectric materials, and are often limited to over-simplified first-order analytical, quasi-static, or unsatisfying phenomenological numerical approaches. We present a generalized dynamic analytical model based on first-principles that is efficiently computable and better describes these exciting materials, including higher-order coupling effects. We illustrate the significance of this model by applying it to the important 3m crystal symmetry class of piezoelectric materials that includes lithium niobate, and show that the model accurately predicts the experimentally observed impedance spectrum. This dynamic behavior is a function of almost all intrinsic properties of the piezoelectric material, so that material properties, including mechanical, electrical, and dielectric coefficients, can be readily and simultaneously extracted for any size crystal, including at the nanoscale; the only prior knowledge required is the crystal class of the material system. In addition, the model’s analytical approach is general in nature, and can increase our understanding of traditional and novel ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials, regardless of crystal size or orientation.

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42

Huang, Yu-Hsi, Chien-Yu Yen, and Tai-Rong Huang. "Dynamic Non-Destructive Evaluation of Piezoelectric Materials to Verify on Accuracy of Transversely Isotropic Material Property Measured by Resonance Method." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 5072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155072.

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In many engineering applications of piezoelectric materials, the design and prediction of the dynamic characteristics depends on the anisotropic electromechanical material property. Through collecting the complete formula in literature and listing all the prepared specimens, transversely isotropic material constants were obtained and verified by dynamic non-destructive evaluation in the paper. The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) resonance method was applied to measure and calculate the orthotropic material constants for piezoelectric ceramics. Five specimens need to be prepared for the measurements using an impedance analyzer, in order to obtain the resonant and anti-resonant frequencies from the modes of thickness extension, length-extension, thickness-shear extension, length-thickness extension, and radial extension. The frequencies were substituted into the formulas guided on the IEEE standard to determine the elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric constants. The dynamic characteristics of soft and hard piezoelectric ceramics in the results from the finite element method (FEM), which is analyzed from the anisotropic material constants of the resonance method, were verified with the mode shapes and natural frequencies found by experimental measurements. In self-heating, considered as operating on resonant frequencies of piezoelectric material, the resonant frequency and corresponding mode shape calculated by the material constants from resonance method in FEM are more accurate than the material property provided by the manufacturer and literature. When the wide-bandwidth frequency is needed to design the application of piezoelectric ceramics, this study completely provided the measurement method and dynamic verification for the anisotropic electromechanically material property.

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ALY, ARAFA H., AHMED NAGATY, and Z. KHALIFA. "PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL AND ONE-DIMENSIONAL PHONONIC CRYSTAL." Surface Review and Letters 26, no. 02 (February 2019): 1850144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x18501445.

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We have theoretically obtained the transmittance properties of one-dimensional phononic crystals incorporating a piezoelectric material as a defect layer. We have used the transfer matrix method in our analysis with/without defect materials. By increasing the thickness of the defect layer, we obtained a sharp peak created within the bandgap, that indicates to the significance of defect layer thickness on the band structure. The localized modes and a particular intensity estimated within the bandgap depend on the piezoelectric material properties. By applying different quantities of an external electric field, the position of the peak shifts to different frequencies. The electric field induces a relative change in the piezoelectric thickness. Our structure may be very useful in some applications such as sensors, acoustic switches, and energy applications.

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Xiong, Xiangming, and Xiaotian Li. "A Global Optimization Method to Determine the Complex Material Constants of Piezoelectric Bars in the Length Thickness Extensional Mode." Actuators 10, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10080169.

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Optimization methods have been used to determine the elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric constants of piezoelectric materials from admittance or impedance measurements. The optimal material constants minimize the difference between the modeled and measured admittance or impedance spectra. In this paper, a global optimization method is proposed to calculate the optimal material constants of piezoelectric bars in the length thickness extensional mode. The algorithm is applied to a soft PZT and a hard PZT and is shown to be robust.

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Thomas, Elsa, and R. Ranjith. "Effect of Doping in Aluminium Nitride (AlN) Nanomaterials: A Review." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 15229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.15229ecst.

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Piezoelectric materials can generate electrical charges when subjected to mechanical pressure through the piezoelectric effect. In addition to generating electricity from environmental vibrations, they are also used as nano energy generators for micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS). Aluminum Nitride (AlN) with a doping element exhibits unique physical and chemical properties. It is used to manufacture many electromechanical devices. They are ideal candidates for many applications, including MEMS resonators and microwave filters, due to their large piezoelectric coefficient and low resistance. A number of material properties led to its selection, including high thermal conductivity, good mechanical strength, high resistance, corrosion resistance, and the largest piezoelectric coefficient. A piezoelectric coefficient d33 characterizes the piezoelectric response of AlN thin films. By doping this material, a wide range of applications have been explored.

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Lim, Young Seok, Seung Jae Min, and Shinji Nishiwaki. "Structural Design of Piezoelectric Actuator Considering Polarization Direction and Continuous Approximation of Material Distribution." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1407.

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In the design of piezoelectric actuator the concept of compliant mechanism combined with piezoelectric materials has been used to magnify either geometric or mechanical advantage. The polarization of piezoelectric materials is considered to improve actuation since the piezoelectric polarization has influences on the performance of the actuator. The topology design of compliant mechanism can be formulated as an optimization problem of material distribution in a fixed design domain and continuous approximation of material distribution(CAMD) method has demonstrated its effectiveness to prevent the numerical instabilities in topology optimization. The optimization problem is formulated to maximize the mean transduction ratio subject to the total volume constraints and solved using a sequential linear programming algorithm. The performance improvement of Moonie actuator design confirms an effect of polarization direction and CAMD.

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Sharma, Saurav, Anuruddh Kumar, Rajeev Kumar, Mohammad Talha, and Rahul Vaish. "Active vibration control of smart structure using poling tuned piezoelectric material." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 10 (May 5, 2020): 1298–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x20917456.

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In this article, active vibration control of a piezo laminated smart structure is presented using poling tuned piezoelectric material. To improve the performance of existing materials and utilize the actuation potential of different modes of operation ( d31, d33, and d15), simultaneously, the poling direction of the piezoelectric materials is altered and an optimum poling direction is found. Poling tuned piezoelectric patches at the top and bottom layers of the structure are mounted which act as sensors and actuators, respectively. The computational technique used for calculating the time history of the structure is a finite element method. A fuzzy logic controller is developed to compute the appropriate actuator signal as output while taking sensor voltage and its derivative as input. The controlled response due to this fuzzy logic controller is calculated for different piezoelectric materials under consideration and the performance of these materials in active vibration control is compared. Influence of poling angle on the controlled response of the structure is scrutinized and is found to vary from material to material. A large enhancement due to poling tuning is seen in the properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.35PbTiO3 (PMN-0.35PT), whereas other materials show very less improvement or even decay in the properties.

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Xie, Linfang, Guoliang Wang, Chao Jiang, Fapeng Yu, and Xian Zhao. "Properties and Applications of Flexible Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)-Based Piezoelectric Materials." Crystals 11, no. 6 (June 6, 2021): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060644.

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Poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is a kind of semicrystalline organic polymer piezoelectric material. Adopting processes such as melting crystallization and solution casting, and undergoing post-treatment processes such as annealing, stretching, and polarization, PVDF films with high crystallinity and high piezoelectric response level can be realized. As a polymer material, PVDF shows excellent mechanical properties, chemical stability and biocompatibility, and is light in weight, easily prepared, which can be designed into miniaturized, chip-shaped and integrated devices. It has a wide range of applications in self-powered equipment such as sensors, nanogenerators and currently is a research hotspot for use as flexible wearable or implantable materials. This article mainly introduces the crystal structures, piezoelectric properties and their applications in flexible piezoelectric devices of PVDF materials.

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Kim, Sangwook, Hyunwook Nam, and Ilkan Calisir. "Lead-Free BiFeO3-Based Piezoelectrics: A Review of Controversial Issues and Current Research State." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 4388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134388.

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Lead-free electroceramics represent an emerging area of research that has the potential to enable new green advances in electronics. Research has mainly focused on the development of new piezoelectric materials for replacing lead containing oxides exhibiting superior electromechanical behavior. Lead-free BiFeO3-based materials are not only the promising candidates to replace lead-based materials but also show intriguing properties which may inspire innovative material design for the next generation of lead-free piezoceramics. This review aims to highlight the current state of research and overlooked aspects in lead-free BiFeO3-based ceramics, which could be insightful in elucidating certain controversial issues. Current strategies to reduce high conductivity, influence of chemical heterogeneity on both functional properties and crystal structure, effective heat treatment procedures, and the role of pseudo-cubic structures on the enhancement of piezoelectric properties are subjects of highlighted within this review as they have a significant impact on the quality of BiFeO3-based lead-free piezoelectrics (but are often disregarded).

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Kim, Sowon, and Heechul Lee. "Piezoelectric Ceramics with High d33 Constants and Their Application to Film Speakers." Materials 14, no. 19 (October 3, 2021): 5795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195795.

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A multilayer piezoelectric material was fabricated using piezoelectric materials with low-temperature sintering capabilities and high piezoelectric coefficients to develop a functionally superior piezoelectric speaker with a large-displacement deformation. A soft relaxor was utilized to prepare the component materials, with the optimized composition of the investigated piezoelectric ceramics represented by 0.2Pb((Zn0.8Ni0.2)13Nb23)O3−0.8Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3. Li2CO3 was added to assist the low-temperature sintering conducted at 875 °C, which yielded a multilayer piezoelectric material with superior properties (d33 = 500 pC N−1, kp = 0.63, g33 = 44 mV N−1). A multilayer piezoelectric actuator with a single-layer thickness of ~40 µm and dimensions of 12 × 16 mm2 was fabricated by tape casting the prepared green sheets. Finite element analysis revealed that the use of a PEEK film and a smaller silicone–rubber film as a composite in the diaphragm realized optimal frequency-response characteristics; the vibrations generated by the piezoelectric element were amplified. The optimal structure obtained via simulations was applied to fabricate an actual piezoelectric speaker with dimensions of 20 × 24 × 1 mm3. The actual measurements exhibited a sound pressure level of ~75 dB and a total harmonic distortion ≤15% in the audible frequency range (250–20,000 Hz) at an applied voltage of 5 Vp.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Piezoelectric material'

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