Journal articles: 'Piezoelectric engine'

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Shi, Shuxin, Qiuqin Yue, Zuwei Zhang, Jun Yuan, Jielin Zhou, Xiaokun Zhang, Shan Lu, Xin Luo, Chongyu Shi, and Hua Yu. "A Self-Powered Engine Health Monitoring System Based on L-Shaped Wideband Piezoelectric Energy Harvester." Micromachines 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9120629.

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Engine health monitoring is very important to maintain the life of engines, and the power supply to sensor nodes is a key issue that needs to be solved. The piezoelectric vibration energy harvester has attracted much attention due to its obvious advantages in configuration, electromechanical conversion efficiency, and output power. However, the narrow bandwidth has restricted its practical application. A self-powered engine health monitoring system was proposed in this paper, and an L-shaped wideband piezoelectric energy harvester was designed and implemented. The L-shaped beam-mass structure and the piezoelectric bimorph cantilever beam structure was combined to form the wideband piezoelectric energy harvester configuration, which realized effective output at both resonance points. The theoretical model and finite element simulation analysis of the wideband piezoelectric energy harvester were proposed and the parameters were optimized based on that to meet the requirement of the vibration frequency of the engine. The experimental results show that the proposed energy harvester can be applied into the automobile engine health monitoring system. Engine signal analysis results also demonstrate that the proposed system can be used for engine health monitoring.

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Azin, A. V., S. A. Kuznetsov, S. A. Ponomarev, S. V. Ponomarev, and S. V. Rikkonen. "Mathematical modeling of piezoelectric step-engine work." Spacecrafts & Technologies 3, no. 3 (2019): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26732/2618-7957-2019-3-164-170.

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In the article the results of new piezoelectric step-engine research are presented. The original construct of piezoelectric step-engine is contained in special engineering lever called grab device that can organize back and forward rod’s motion with only one piezo element activity. To choose the effective process of piezoelectric step-engine work the mathematical model was created. This mathematical model describes inner piezoelectric step-engine process like a non-linear vibrational system. The mathematical model identifies speed of piezoelectric step-engine elements over the vibration period with different frequency, load level and voltage. The prototype of piezoelectric step-engine was produced. Experimental issues were conducted. Piezoelectric step-engine’s technical specifications are positioning accuracy over 10–6 meter, speed of movement over 10 mm per minute with weight of load to 1 kg and voltage to 100 Volt. On the results of experimental research it is defined that mathematical model enables to model working process of piezoelectric stepengine with an error not more than 10 %. This research verifies viability of proposed construction and provides the way to increase output power of piezoelectric step-engine.

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Wróbel, Radosław, Monika Andrych-Zalewska, Wojciech Ambroszko, and Szymon Fryda. "Practical application of wavelets in the engine's vibroacoustic analysis." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 282–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.399.

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Vibrations are most often measured using ceramic piezoelectric sensors - accelerometers. The accelerometer uses a piezoelectric effect to measure the dynamic acceleration of its housing. They are mounted directly on the measuring system (moving or rotating, such as gearboxes, rotating blades, turbine engines or bearings). This is not their only use, because they can also be used in shock measurements, such as NCAP in the field of automotive safety or diagnostics (unfortunately they have lower accuracy than low-frequency LDV). The main advantage of using a piezoelectric accelerometer is its linearity in a wide range frequency and a huge range of work dynamics. Engine vibration measurements are usually made at different points of the engine to be independent of each other. The engine block is a characteristic measuring point because it is best available. Accelerometers are assembled by glue, screwing or magnetic connection. The obtained vibroacoustic signal is most often analyzed using Fourier analysis. The following article presents another possibility of on-line analysis: short-term wavelet analysis "on-line".

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Wang, Xin Li, and Xu Ping. "Hardware Design of Nature Gas Engine ECU Based on Single Chip." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 576–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.576.

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Gas supply method plays an important role in engine performance for natural gas engines (NGE). In order to overcome the low charging efficiency of pre-mixed fuel gas supply method the multi-point injection (MPI) gas engine controller hardware system is designed in this paper. For the nature gas engine controller the main controller is selected as the microcontroller MC9S12XSl28, then the circuitry for semiconductor piezoelectric air pressure sensor, potentiometer throttle position, thermistor temperature sensor, a magnetic-electric sensor for detecting the top dead center (TDC) and simulating engine speed are designed. What have done above is the base of software design. Key Words: nature gas engine; controller; hardware design

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Azin, A. V., S. A. Kuznetsov, S. A. Ponomarev, S. V. Ponomarev, and S. V. Rikkonen. "Simulation of contact interaction of piezoelectric engine elements." Spacecrafts & Technologies 3, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26732/2618-7957-2019-4-222-229.

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In the article the results of a new type of piezo-electric step-engine research are presented. The original construct of piezo-electric step-engine is contained in special engineering lever called grab device that can organize back and forward rod’s motion with only one piezo element activity. To choose the effective process of piezo-electric step-engine work the mathematical model was created. This mathematical model describes inner piezo-electric step-engine process with features of contact and electroelastic deformation. Using the ANSYS application package, а finite element model of the piezo-electric step-engine has been developed. This finite element model allows estimate the stress-strain state of structural elements of the piezo-electric step-engine and determine the effective step-by-step operation mode of the piezo-electric step-engine. Using the finite element model, the influence of the piezo-electric step-engine operating mode parameters on the amount of displacement of the rod is studied. According to results of experimental studies, the proposed numerical model allows to simulate the dynamic process of step-operation of a piezo-electric step-engine with an error of no more than 6 %. This finite element model include the external load on piezo-electric step-engine and can be used to design piezo-electric step-engine of various fields of application.

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Shijer, Sameera Sadey. "Simulation of Piezoelectric in Engine Knock Sensor with Different Frequency Modes." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 17271–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.17271ecst.

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A numerical study on deformation piezoelectric sensors is described in this study. Major objectives of this research are to compare the impacts of direct current voltage on piezoelectric structure, the effects of direct current voltage on the resonance frequency of piezoelectric knock sensors, and the effects of these parameters on the sensitivity and accuracy of the sensors. The impedance properties of the transient structure are studied under different engine operating conditions and in relation to various forms of sensor damage. Determining the degree of damage sensors and the prediction quality of the piezoelement within the sensor may be accomplished by measuring material flaws and fluctuations in material coefficients that are connected to the frequency characteristic of the sensor. To some extent, the preceding can be used in the calculations of several structural parts of knock sensors. On a prototype knock sensor, ranges of modes were tested using piezoelectric elements with varying numbers of cracks. In this work, it has discussed seven scenarios of frequency analysis to examine the piezoelectric in engine knock sensor with different electricity modes of operation. These scenarios include the engine normal operation mode, start engine operation mode, and different frequency of operation mode (2Hz, 200Hz, 2KHz, 20KHz, 200KHz).

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Khalatkar, A. M., and V. K. Gupta. "Piezoelectric energy harvester for low engine vibrations." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 9, no. 2 (March 2017): 024701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4979501.

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Pipitone, E., and L. D'Acquisto. "Development of a low-cost piezo film-based knock sensor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070360692087.

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It is well known that spark advance is a key parameter in spark ignition engine management. Increasing fuel cost and emission regulation strictness require a higher engine efficiency, which can be improved by an accurate regulation of the spark advance. Under high load conditions, an optimal spark advance choice leads the engine to run next to the knock limit, so the management and control system needs to be equipped with a knock sensor in order to preserve the engine from damage. The authors developed a low-cost knock sensor whose sensing element is a thin washer of polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF), a fluoropolymer characterized by a great piezoelectric e ect if polarized. The sensor has been tested on a spark ignition CFR engine (the standard single-cylinder test engine used by ASTM for octane number determination of spark ignition engine fuel) and compared with a commercial accelerometer and a pressure sensor, in terms of knocking detection capability, measured knock intensity (KI) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Knocking tests have also been carried out on a Renault series production engine. The collected data show that PVDF ensures a reliable detection of knock, a precise measurement of knock energy and accurate information about the frequency content of the perceived vibration. The sensor worked for several hours without depolarizing and, above all, owing to the great piezoelectric e ect of PVDF, the use of a charge amplifier was unnecessary. PVDF proved to have great potential as a knock detector in spark ignition engines at a very low cost.

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Yanaseko, Tetsuro, Hiroshi Sato, Isao Kuboki, Karla Mossi, and Hiroshi Asanuma. "Vibration Viscosity Sensor for Engine Oil Monitoring Using Metal Matrix Piezoelectric Composite." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 18, 2019): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203415.

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Lubricants such as engine oil play an important role in preventing machine wear and damage. Monitoring the deterioration of lubricating oils is a significant technical issue in machine maintenance. In this study, a sensor for monitoring engine oil viscosity was developed using a metal-core piezoelectric fiber/aluminum composite. This composite is a piezoelectric ceramic that is reinforced by a metal matrix; it is expected to be utilized in harsh environments such as the inside of an engine. An active type measurement method was employed to monitor variations in the viscosity of glycerin solution as a model liquid. In this method, a self-generated vibration is correlated to the viscosity of a liquid by measuring the damped vibration amplitude and the variation in the resonance frequency. The results showed that the vibration had a high sensitivity to the liquid viscosity; further, it was observed that the shift in resonance frequency correlated to a wider range of measurable viscosity. Both measured parameters indicate that the metal-core piezoelectric fiber/aluminum composite is a viable sensor for engine oil monitoring.

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d’Ambrosio, Stefano, Alessandro Ferrari, Alessandro Mancarella, Salvatore Mancò, and Antonio Mittica. "Comparison of the Emissions, Noise, and Fuel Consumption Comparison of Direct and Indirect Piezoelectric and Solenoid Injectors in a Low-Compression-Ratio Diesel Engine." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 23, 2019): 4023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214023.

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An experimental investigation has been carried out to compare the performance and emissions of a low-compression-ratio Euro 5 diesel engine featuring high EGR rates, equipped with different injector technologies, i.e., solenoid, indirect-acting, and direct-acting piezoelectric. The comparisons, performed with reference to a state-of-the-art double fuel injection calibration, i.e., pilot-Main (pM), are presented in terms of engine-out exhaust emissions, combustion noise (CN), and fuel consumption, at low–medium engine speeds and loads. The differences in engine performance and emissions of the solenoidal, indirect-acting, and direct-acting piezoelectric injector setups have been found on the basis of experimental results to mainly depend on the specific features of their hydraulic circuits rather than on the considered injector driving system.

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Maslennikova, S., A. Sitnikov, and I. Mironova. "Calculating the Ultra-Sound Engine Piezoelectric Element Characteristics." Radiooptics Scientific Journal 16, no. 04 (July 3, 2016): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7463/rdopt.0416.0847731.

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Deva, Dinesh. "Review on Methodologies Used for Knocking Detection and Intensity Evaluation in Internal Combustion Engines." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 2223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41079.

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Abstract: Extracting the knocks characteristics is the key of ignition control in auto-ignition compression engines, especially those severely suffered from abnormal consumption in the engine chamber. Most of the advanced detecting methods of knocking are generally related to the two main variables, including engine cylinder pressure signals and the engine cylinder block vibration signals, commonly measured using piezoelectric accelerometer sensors. Being familiar with different approaches capable of determining the engine knocking occurrence probability as well as providing suitable methods for knock intensity evaluation is significantly helpful to propose a comprehensive predicting model for measuring the level of oscillation pressure waves frequencies originated by the knocks. Following by predicting the knock intensity and extracting the knock feature, optimizing the engine operation in terms of fuel consumption, thermal efficiencies, and lifetime duration would be possible. For this aim, the current paper is addressed with overviewing upon the researches performed in the regard of developing high accurate models and optimized knock detection approaches. Keywords: auto-ignition, Internal combustion engine, Knocking detection approach, Knock intensity evaluation.

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Yang, Hang Xu, Rui Min Wang, and Dong Mei Liu. "A Study on Active Engine Vibration Control by Applying Hydraulic-Piezoelectric Mount." Advanced Materials Research 721 (July 2013): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.721.501.

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Study of LMS control method on active engine mount is carried out for ride quality improvement. Take an active engine mount which is based and developed from a hydraulic mount with decoupled disc-membrane as a module, the characteristic of vibration isolation of active engine mount is simulated and analyzed. The results indicated that active engine mount could reduce the vertical vibration effectively with LMS Control method.

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Khalatkar, Abhay, V. K. Gupta, and Ankit Agrawal. "Analytical, FEA, and Experimental Comparisons of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Using Engine Vibrations." Smart Materials Research 2014 (April 6, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/741280.

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Piezoelectric elements can be used as sensors and actuators in flexible structures. In this paper, using the most basic concepts of piezoelectric micropower generators, all useful mathematical equations for getting analytical output are discussed and derived for different piezo positions on cantilever beam and then 3D finite element modeling and simulation of generalized piezoelectric laminated beam problem with proper specifications and properties are done in ANSYS12.0. Experimental analysis is also done on the very practical problem to harvest energy (to get electric energy) by applying some deflection (mechanical energy) on piezo-bonded aluminum beam, that is, to harvest energy (at microlevel at least) by using vibrations of 4-stroke car diesel engine with mounting of piezo cantilever beam. Here piezoelectric beam is used to measure the charge generated from the engine vibrations. The vibration amplitudes are measured with a Laser Vibrometer with considerations of maximum number of power cycles is to be covered for analysis. The vibration response data of displacement of the cantilever at free end measured from Vibrometer are considered for harmonic and analytical analyses as mean displacement amplitude of 3.98 mm at free end. The study further carried out for effect of different piezo positions and various engine speeds also. Then comparison is also done among obtained results from these three analyses to get validation of all derived mathematical equations.

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Bulatovic, Zeljko, Slavko Rakic, Dragan Knezevic, Miroljub Tomic, Ljubisa Bojer, Dragoslav Radic, and Goran Jerkin. "Research of combustion in older generation spark-ignition engines in the condition of use leaded and unleaded petrol." Thermal Science 18, no. 1 (2014): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120916055b.

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This paper analyzes the potential problems in the exploitation of the older generation of spark-ignition engines with higher octane number of petrol (unleaded petrol BMB 95) than required (leaded petrol MB 86). Within the experimental tests on two different engines (STEYR-PUCH model 712 and GAZ 41) by applying piezoelectric pressure sensors integrated with the engine spark plugs, acceleration sensors (accelerometers) and special electronic block connected with distributor, show that the cumulative first and second theoretical phase of combustion when petrol of higher octane number (BMB 95) is used lasts slightly longer than when the low-octane petrol MB 86 is used. For new petrol (BMB 95) higher optimal angles of pre-ignition have been determined by which better performances of the engine are achieved without a danger of the combustion with detonation (also called knocking).

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Yu, Hongbiao, and K. W. Wang. "Piezoelectric Networks for Vibration Suppression of Mistuned Bladed Disks." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 129, no. 5 (May 21, 2007): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2775511.

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Extensive investigations have been conducted to study the vibration localization phenomenon and the excessive forced response that can be caused by mistuning in bladed disks. Most previous researches have focused on analyzing∕predicting localization or attacking the mistuning issue via mechanical tailoring. Few have focused on developing effective vibration control methods for such systems. This study extends the piezoelectric network concept, which has been utilized for mode delocalization in periodic structures, to the control of mistuned bladed disks under engine order excitation. A piezoelectric network is synthesized and optimized to effectively suppress vibration in bladed disks. One of the merits of such an approach is that the optimum design is independent of the number of spatial harmonics, or engine orders. Local circuits are first formulated by connecting inductors and resistors with piezoelectric patches on the individual blades. Although these local circuits can function as conventional damped absorber when properly tuned, they do not perform well for bladed disks under all engine order excitations. To address this issue, capacitors are introduced to couple the individual local circuitries. Through such networking, an absorber system that is independent of the engine order can be achieved. Monte Carlo simulation is performed to investigate the effectiveness of the network for a bladed disk with a range of mistuning level of its mechanical properties. The robustness issue of the network in terms of detuning of the electric circuit parameters is also studied. Finally, negative capacitance is introduced and its effect on the performance and robustness of the network is investigated.

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SKOWRON, Maciej, and Ireneusz PIELECHA. "Optical tests as the basis for formulating mathematical models of the opening delay of CIDI injectors." Combustion Engines 171, no. 4 (November 1, 2017): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-431.

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The main objective of this research was an attempt to evaluate the delay times of the actual needle opening of the diesel injectors in relation to the time of triggering the current control signals opening the solenoid and piezoelectric high-pressure injectors of diesel engines. The conducted tests take into account the variability of fuel injection pressure and backpressure prevailing in the operational chamber of the engine. To determine accurately the time of actual injection start, the optical tests analysing the image of the injector tip were used. Such high resolution images were obtained by high-speed recording with a frequency of 250 kHz (Dt = 0.004 ms). Based on a comparison of the results obtained, it was found that the maximum delay time of fuel injection for a piezoelectric diesel injector is about 12% shorter than for a solenoid injector. Experimentally obtained results of the injection time delay were used as a basis to formulate mathematical models describing the delay of the real fuel injection in relation to the signal controlling the opening of the diesel injectors. These models take into account the dependence of the injector reaction from the injection pressure and the backpressure in the operational chamber of the engine. The correctness of the obtained models is confirmed by acceptable values of the determination coefficient (for solenoid injector – 0.6, for piezoelectric injector – above 0.8 – for correlation of injection delay and backpressure).

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Koo, Bo-Gun, Dong-Jin Shin, Dong-Hwan Lim, Min-Soo Kim, In-Sung Kim, and Soon-Jong Jeong. "Properties of Car-Embedded Vibrating Type Piezoelectric Harvesting System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 7449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167449.

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We investigated the harvesting performance of a double piezoelectric generator, which was embedded into the engine block of a small passenger car. The resonance frequency is approximately between 37 and 52 Hz, where the cantilever showed maximum displacement. In reality, the cantilever has a vibrating characteristic, which dramatically reduces displacement, even when the operating frequency deviates slightly from the resonance frequency. To acquire a large mechanical energy-to-electrical energy conversion, a multiple-piezoelectric generator was employed to absorb the energy even when the vibration switched from a resonance to a non-resonance frequency. In this study, a variable mass box was designed and installed in the engine block of a car. The variable mass box consisted of the serial connection of two masses with different weights. The operating frequency deviated from a resonance to a non-resonance frequency within a few hertz (3~4 Hz); the reduction in vibration was lower, leading to a significant acquisition of the resulting power. This is due to the variable matching of the generator, realized by the action of dual mass. This type of generator was installed in the engine block and produced up to 0.038 and 0.357 mW when the engine was operating at 2200 and 3200 rpm, respectively.

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Gatti, Claudio, José Ramirez, Mariano Febbo, and Sebastián Machado. "Multimodal piezoelectric device for energy harvesting from engine vibration." Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures 13, no. 1 (April 7, 2018): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/jomms.2018.13.17.

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Lin, Jeffrey, Carlo Scalo, and Lambertus Hesselink. "High-fidelity simulation of a standing-wave thermoacoustic–piezoelectric engine." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 808 (October 26, 2016): 19–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.609.

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We have carried out wall-resolved unstructured fully compressible Navier–Stokes simulations of a complete standing-wave thermoacoustic–piezoelectric engine model inspired by the experimental work of Smoker et al. (J. Appl. Phys., vol. 111 (10), 2012, 104901). The model is axisymmetric and comprises a 51 cm long resonator divided into two sections: a small-diameter section enclosing a thermoacoustic stack and a larger-diameter section capped by a piezoelectric diaphragm tuned to the thermoacoustically amplified mode (388 Hz). The diaphragm is modelled with multi-oscillator broadband time-domain impedance boundary conditions (TDIBCs), providing higher fidelity over single-oscillator approximations. Simulations are first carried out to the limit cycle without energy extraction. The observed growth rates are shown to be grid convergent and are verified against a numerical dynamical model based on Rott’s theory. The latter is based on a staggered grid approach and allows jump conditions in the derivatives of pressure and velocity in sections of abrupt area change and the inclusion of linearized minor losses. The stack geometry maximizing the growth rate is also found. At the limit cycle, thermoacoustic heat leakage and frequency shifts are observed, consistent with experiments. Upon activation of the piezoelectric diaphragm, steady acoustic energy extraction and a reduced pressure amplitude limit cycle are obtained. A heuristic closure of the limit cycle acoustic energy budget is presented, supported by the linear dynamical model and the nonlinear simulations. The developed high-fidelity simulation framework provides accurate predictions of thermal-to-acoustic and acoustic-to-mechanical energy conversion (via TDIBCs), enabling a new paradigm for the design and optimization of advanced thermoacoustic engines.

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Gao, Jian, Anren Yao, Yeyi Zhang, Guofan Qu, Chunde Yao, Shemin Zhang, and Dongsheng Li. "Investigation into the Relationship between Super-Knock and Misfires in an SI GDI Engine." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082099.

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The super-knock poses new challenges for further increasing the power density of spark ignition (SI) engines. The critical factors and mechanism connecting regarding the occurrence of super-knock are still unclear. Misfire is a common phenomenon in SI engines that the mixture in cylinder is not ignited normally, which is often caused by spark plug failure. However, the effect of misfire on engine combustion has not been paid enough attention to, particularly regarding connection to super-knock. The paper presents the results of experimental investigation into the relationship between super-knock and misfires at low speed and full load conditions. In this work, a boosted gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine with an exhaust manifold integrated in the cylinder head was employed. Four piezoelectric pressure transducers were used to acquire the data of a pressure trace in cylinder. The spark plugs of four cylinders were controlled manually, of which the ignition system could be cut off as demanded. In particular, a piezoelectric pressure transducer was installed at the exhaust pipe before the turbocharger to capture the pressure traces in the exhaust pipe. The results illustrated that misfires in one cylinder would cause super-knock in the other cylinders as well as the cylinder of itself. After one cylinder misfired, the unburned mixture would burn in the exhaust pipe to produce oscillating waves. The abnormal pressure fluctuation in the exhaust pipe was strongly correlated with the occurrence of super-knock. The sharper the pressure fluctuation, the greater the intensity of knock in the power cylinder. The cylinder whose exhaust valve overlapped with the exhaust valve of the misfired cylinder was prone to super-knock.

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Gao, C. Y., and B. Y. Sun. "Investigation of the piezoelectric thrust test stand for rocket engine." IET Science, Measurement & Technology 3, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2008.0155.

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Yang, Hangxu, Dongmei Liu, and Yongjian Gong. "Fuzzy PID-Based Method for Controlling Piezoelectric Vehicle Engine Mounts." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 14, no. 5 (2021): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/jestr.145.16.

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ŁOZA, Łukasz. "The analysis of vibrations in the vehicle with naturally aspirated and turbocharged gasoline engine." Combustion Engines 181, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2020-203.

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In this paper, the author presents a study of vibrations in a passenger vehicle and the possible influence on driver’s body in the process of natural operation. The author describes the dependence of engine size and additional equipment as the possible primary source of the vibration variations and their further propagation in the entire vehicle structure. The analysis was performed on the passenger cars with naturally aspirated and turbocharged gasoline engines. The aim of this study was to verify the level of vibrations in the vehicle structure with these particular engines, especially influence of downsized power unit, during various state of engine operation. The second goal was to examine the vibrations in the specified location related to driver’s body. The measuring method used piezoelectric accelerometers, which were attached to the designated locations in the vehicle and were able to detect variations of the acceleration. The signals were collected as characteristics in the time domain. In order to achieve frequency domain for spectral analyses, the author applied the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).

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Bąkowski, Andrzej, Leszek Radziszewski, and Milan Žmindák. "Dynamic Pressure Measurement and Uncertainty Analysis Using a Piezoelectric Transducer for a Combustion Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.77.

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This paper analyses the uncertainty of pressure measurements in-cylinder and in injection pipe conducted during the studies of a compression ignition engine. Type A and type B evaluations were used to determine the uncertainties of the results. The results are presented for the engine running on diesel or bio-fuel and operating under full load conditions. The results of normality tests provide grounds to reject H0 in some cases. Slightly lower standard uncertainty of the maximum pressure measurement calculated using type A evaluation were acquired for the engine running on bio-fuel.

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Gabbert, Ulrich, Fabian Duvigneau, and Stefan Ringwelski. "NOISE CONTROL OF VEHICLE DRIVE SYSTEMS." Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering 15, no. 2 (August 2, 2017): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fume170615009g.

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The paper presents an overall simulation approach to control the noise emission of car engines at a very early stage of the design process where no real prototypes are available. The suggested approach combines different physical models and couples different software tools such as multi-body analysis, fluid dynamics, structural mechanics, magneto-electrodynamics, thermodynamics, acoustics and control as well. The general overall simulation methodology is presented first. Then, this methodology is applied to a combustion engine in order to improve its acoustical behavior by passive means, such as changing the stiffness and the use of damping materials to build acoustic and thermal encapsulations. The active control by applying piezoelectric patch actuators at the oil sump as the noisiest part of the engine is discussed as well. The sound emission is evaluated by hearing tests and a mathematical prediction model of the human perception. Finally, it is shown that the presented approach can be extended to electric engines, which is demonstrated at a newly developed electric wheel hub motor.

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Nuawi, Mohd Zaki, Nor Kamaliana Khamis, Z. Zali, Wan Mohd Faizal Wan Mahmood, Shahrum Abdullah, and Zulkifli Mohd Nopiah. "A Study of Engine Monitoring System Using Statistical Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 471 (December 2013): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.471.193.

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Various condition monitoring techniques were applied during a laboratory engine test in order to understand the wear processes occurring and to determine a suitable method which could be applicable to the detection and diagnosis of abnormal engine condition in practice. The goal of the research presented in this study is to monitor the internal combustion engine block. The proposed engine block approach is based on measuring and monitoring the engine operation in variable speed and torque using Piezoelectric Sensor. However, it normally requires analyzing the obtained signal for providing valuable information. This research involves two main procedures including data collecting as well as data analyzing. Data collecting is processes of sensor attach, run the engine and record the data while data analyzing is translating the data using data acquisition and filtering by fast furrier transform and analyzing by I-kaz and MZN methods.

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Jacek Caban, Grzegorz Litak, Bartłomiej Ambrożkiewicz, Leszek Gardyński, Paweł Stączek, and Piotr Wolszczak. "Possibilities of Energy Harvesting from the Suspension System of the Internal Combustion Engine in a Vehicle." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): B106—B116. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2021.2.b106-b116.

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The automotive industry faces huge challenge in environmental protection by reducing fossil fuels and energy consumption by developing various practical solutions in energy harvesting. The current analysis is related to the diesel engine power supply system in a passenger off-road vehicle for application of the piezoelectric energy harvesting system. Experimental tests were carried out for the three constant rotational speed values - 800, 1000 and 1500 rpm. The results pertained to operational and simulation tests of available power supply options from the engine suspension system in the vehicle, e.g. to power sensors supervising the engine’s operation or other small electrical devices in the vehicle. The simulations of output voltage were conducted by means of a nonlinear model with a resonator coupled to a piezoelectric elastic beam deformed in the magnetic field to improve the band of frequency transducing kinetic mechanic energy into electric energy.

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Jafarli, Mirali Kamran ogly. "Numerical investigation of influence of control parameters on operating speed of developed electronically controlled injector." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University 2020, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/1812-9498-2020-1-58-64.

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The paper presents the the new internal combustion engine working process and a new design of an electronically controlled engine injector in accordance with the requirements for environmental, technical and economical characteristics of automobile engines. One of the main requirements for the electronically-controlled injectors is a high operating speed. There has been considered a possibility to improve the operating speed of the injector. There has been studied the influence of pressure at the outlet of the high-pressure fuel pump on the operating speed of the developed electronically-controlled injector at different values of the electrical control impulse fed on the piezoelectric actuator. The investigation was carried out by the method of numerical experiment using a mathematical model. The results of numerical investigations are presented and analyzed; in the result, the optimal value of the pressure at the outlet of the high-pressure fuel pump is determined in terms of the operating speed of the developed injec

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Estupinan, Edgar, and Ilmar Santos. "Controllable Lubrication for Main Engine Bearings Using Mechanical and Piezoelectric Actuators." IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 17, no. 2 (April 2012): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2010.2099663.

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Guo, Hui, Guo Chun Sun, and Min Fan. "Application of Active Mount Engine Vibration Isolation to Fuzzy Control Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.1023.

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An automobile power-train active mount system with a piezoelectric stack actuator is introduced. The influence caused by power-train to the body of the car is analyzed by means of parameter self-tuning fuzzy PID control, on which the simulating results are based. It turns out that this control scheme can restrain the influence better caused by power-train to the body of the car.

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Lee, Youngbok, Seungha Lee, and Kyoungdoug Min. "Semi-empirical estimation model of in-cylinder pressure for compression ignition engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 12 (June 2, 2020): 2862–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020916952.

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There have been significant efforts in recent years to comply with automotive emission regulations. To resolve the issue, researchers have strived to reduce the emissions through combustion control. The heat release rate, or in-cylinder pressure information, is necessary to model engine-out emissions, and can also be used to optimize efficiency and emissions by controlling combustion and estimating torque for torque-based engine dynamic control. Piezoelectric pressure sensors are widely used. However, because of cost and durability issues, there have been studies which estimate the in-cylinder pressure using data available only from the engine control unit to reduce engine costs. Therefore, in this study, in-cylinder pressure was predicted, without additional pressure sensors, in light-duty diesel engines. A variable polytropic exponent model was first adopted during the compression stroke, assuming a polytropic process. A Wiebe function was then applied for describing cumulative heat release rate during the combustion phase. Using the in-cylinder pressure model, it was possible to calculate combustion-related parameters which are frequently used such as ignition delay, combustion duration, peaked pressure, and MFB50 (mass fraction burned: timing when 50% of the fuel is burned) without pressure sensors. Notwithstanding the simplification of the model which is targeting real-time applications, the model can predict the in-cylinder pressure at steady-state conditions. The pressure at the end of compression stroke, at start of main combustion timing, and when it has a peaked value by the main combustion were estimated with accuracy of R2 0.996, 0.993, and 0.956, respectively, in test engine. The model was also validated against a second engine. This study can contribute to emission models that need to calculate in-cylinder temperature using pressure data, and other studies to establish engine control strategies, including optimization through combustion control and torque prediction, which can be applied to engine dynamic control.

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GABBERT, Ulrich, Fabian DUVIGNEAU, Stefan RINGWELSKI, and Jinjun SHAN. "3B14 Active piezoelectric noise control of a car engine(The 12th International Conference on Motion and Vibration Control)." Proceedings of the Symposium on the Motion and Vibration Control 2014.12 (2014): _3B14–1_—_3B14–8_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemovic.2014.12._3b14-1_.

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STELMASIAK, Zdzisław, and Mariusz RUDNICKI. "Impact of external interferences on vibroacoustic signals coming from combustion engine during cold test." Combustion Engines 160, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116899.

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In the paper is presented impact of external interferences on vibroacoustic signals coming from a spark ignition engine’s vibrations in cold test performed on engine assembly line. As the basis to the analysis were used signals of piezoelectric sensor mounted on cylinder block of the engine driven by electric motor. In course of the testing it has been used the order tracking analysis of the vibrations during the cold test, while experimental results were used to statistic analysis of significance of influence with use of the MiniTab computer program. The main objective of the investigations was to verify actually obtained vibroacoustic signals and to minimize interferences coming from the measuring system. It should contribute to reduction of tolerance limits and improved detection of faulty engines with use of vibroacoustic methods. The investigations have shown significant impact of contact surface of the cylinder block with the sensor and impact of deformations of compression spring on results of recorded vibroacoustic signal. Such impact should be taken into considerations in numerical analysis of the signal. It has been proposed to perform activities to reduce influence of the interferences on recorded signals. Results of the investigations have been already utilized in production cold tests of spark ignition engines.

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Winston, H. A., F. Sun, and B. S. Annigeri. "Structural Health Monitoring With Piezoelectric Active Sensors." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123, no. 2 (October 1, 2000): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1365123.

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A technology for non-intrusive real-time structural health monitoring using piezoelectric active sensors is presented. The approach is based on monitoring variations of the coupled electromechanical impedance of piezoelectric patches bonded to metallic structures in high-frequency bands. In each of these applications, a single piezoelectric element is used as both an actuator and a sensor. The resulting electromechanical coupling makes the frequency-dependent electric impedance spectrum of the PZT sensor a good mapping of the underlying structure’s acoustic signature. Moreover, incipient structural damage can be indicated by deviations of this signature from its original baseline pattern. Unique features of this technology include its high sensitivity to structural damage, non-intrusiveness to the host structure, and low cost of implementation. These features have potential for enabling on-board damage monitoring of critical or inaccessible aerospace structures and components, such as aircraft wing joints, and both internal and external jet engine components. Several exploratory applications will be discussed.

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Song, Hongbo, and Daqing Yin. "Engine Knock Sensor Based on Symmetrical Rhomboid Structure-Encapsulated Fiber Bragg Grating." Symmetry 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14040711.

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Due to the improvement of environmental protection emission standards, new energy vehicles fueled by natural gas and hydrogen green clean energy have developed rapidly. However, knock is one of the most important parameters that must be monitored for the safe operation of natural gas and hydrogen engines, so higher requirements are put forward for the reliability and durability of knock sensors. At present, the common knock sensors are mainly electronic sensors based on magnetostrictive and piezoelectric principles, and the sensing signals are easily interfered by electromagnetic interference during use, which is not conducive to the accurate measurement and control of knock. In this paper, a new resonant knock sensor based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed to meet the actual needs of knock monitoring, and the FBG sensor unit is encapsulated with symmetrical rhomboid structure. The natural frequency of rhomboid structure is simulated and analyzed by Ansys software. The natural frequency of rhomboid structure is measured by applying transient impact. The resonance frequency of sensor is analyzed by Matlab software. The theoretical analysis is consistent with the measured value, which verifies the feasibility of the new knock sensor. Compared with the traditional engine knock sensor, this resonant engine knock sensor based on FBG has more advantages in anti-electromagnetic interference and multi-point networking, which provides a new method for knock monitoring of new energy engines.

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Prasad, C. M. V., M. V. S. M. Krishna, C. P. Reddy, and K. R. Mohan. "Performance evaluation of non-edible vegetable oils as substitute fuels in low heat rejection diesel engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 214, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440700021400207.

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Search for renewable fuels such as vegetable oils, in particular non-edible vegetable oils, has become more pertinent in the context of the fossil fuel crisis and vehicle population explosion. The drawbacks associated with vegetable oils for use in diesel engines call for a hot combustion chamber. The concept of the low heat rejection diesel engine is gaining prominence for adopting vegetable oils as substitute fuels for conventional diesel fuel. Non-edible vegetable oils such as Pongamia oil and Jatropha curcas oil are found to be efective substitute fuels in the low heat rejection diesel engine. EsteriRcation, preheating and increase in injection pressures have been tried for efective utilization of the vegetable oils. Performance parameters such as the brake specific energy consumption (b.s.e.c.) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) have been reported for varying magnitudes of brake mean efective pressure (b.m.e.p.) with diferent non-edible vegetable oils as substitute fuels. The pollution levels of black smoke and NOx have been recorded. Combustion diagnosis is also carried out with the aid of a miniature piezoelectric pressure transducer and TDC (top dead centre) encoder.

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Jalili, Nader, John Wagner, and Mohsen Dadfarnia. "A piezoelectric driven ratchet actuator mechanism with application to automotive engine valves." Mechatronics 13, no. 8-9 (October 2003): 933–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-4158(03)00009-6.

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Asadi, Davood, and Touraj Farsadi. "Active flutter control of thin walled wing-engine system using piezoelectric actuators." Aerospace Science and Technology 102 (July 2020): 105853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2020.105853.

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Zhaona, LU, and Junlong Wang. "Analysis of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Interface Circuit Applied to Automobile Engine Vibration." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 02061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125202061.

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In order to realize the continuous power supply for the vibration fault monitoring system of automobile engine, aiming at the low efficiency and instability of the existing piezoelectric full bridge rectifier energy collection circuit, this paper proposes a circuit scheme based on synchronous charge extraction. The scheme can provide circuit collection efficiency, and analyze the power of the circuit by impedance analysis. Finally, the experiment shows that the theoretical analysis is consistent with the experimental results. And the synchronous electrical charge extraction circuit can harvest power up to 1.3mW under low frequency conditions, which is higher than 0.5mW collected by the full-bridge rectifier circuit under the same conditions. The harvested energy meets the power requirements of automotive sensors and microcontrollers.

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Brzeski, L., and Z. Kazimierski. "Experimental investigations of the externally heated valve engine model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 215, no. 4 (June 1, 2001): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0957650011538749.

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The experimental investigations of the first model of the externally heated valve engine carried out during 1998-9 are the subject of this paper. The working gas of the engine is air. A detailed description of the engine equipped with two consecutively working heaters is given. Two kinds of heaters were constructed and investigated. The experimental stand and the measurement system are described. In this first stage of the engine investigation, electric radiators were used as the external source of heat. The main aim of the experimental investigations was focused on measurements of time-dependent pressures inside the expander and compressor cylinders. The pressures were measured by means of two kinds of pressure transducers (piezoresistive and piezoelectric) to get confidence in the obtained results. The conducted investigations prove that The engine model has an operating ability. Comparisons of the experimental and theoretical pressures inside the expander and compressor show a satisfactory agreement. It confirms that the engine operates according to the original thermodynamical cycle and exhibits the internal power and efficiency predicted by the computer simulation. The experiences gained during these investigations have been used to modify the engine model, which is outlined in this paper.

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S. Kapitonov, Sergei, Sergei Y. Grigorovich, Sergei A. Medvedev, and Ivan I. Kurbakov. "Diagnosis of internal combustion engine based on mechanical noise." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.2 (March 5, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.2.9889.

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The work of sensors is investigated in the article when they are used to detect malfunctions of automobile engines by the method of analyzing noise spectrum. The method of diagnostics of internal combustion engines for noise and vibration has been developed. This method allows to determine the fault at an early stage in a short period of time (the diagnostic process takes 5-10 minutes). The proposed solution allows to reduce the degree of influence of the human factor. Such an approach to diagnostics makes it possible to determine a huge number of faults due to the use of modern computer technologies. There is no need to dismantle the unit to determine a malfunction, which also contributes to a significant reduction in overall repair time. The model of the hardware part of the complex is based on the developed method for diagnosing engine malfunctions by noise and vibration. Technologies of National Instruments were used to create the layout. The program part is developed in the visual programming environment LabVIEW. The investigation of different types of noise sensors for use in the measuring complex was carried out using the developed hardware and software. Three types of noise sensors were investigated. The conclusion can be drawn based on the results of the study, that a piezoelectric pickup is better suited for diagnosing or analyzing noise. The analysis of the most frequently encountered car faults was carried out with the aim of forming real engine operating modes and testing the model.

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Madaro, Francesco, Iman Mehdipour, Antonio Caricato, Francesco Guido, Francesco Rizzi, Antonio Paolo Carlucci, and Massimo De Vittorio. "Available Energy in Cars’ Exhaust System for IoT Remote Exhaust Gas Sensor and Piezoelectric Harvesting." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 4169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164169.

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The exhaust system of the light-duty diesel engine has been evaluated as a potential environment for a mechanical energy recovery system for powering an IoT (Internet of Things) remote sensor. Temperature, pressure, gas speed, mass flow rate have been measured in order to characterize the exhaust gas. At any engine point explored, thermal energy is by far the most dominant portion of the exhaust energy, followed by the pressure energy and lastly kinetic energy is the smallest fraction of the exhaust energy. A piezoelectric flexible device has been tested as a possible candidate as an energy harvester converting the kinetic energy of the exhaust gas flow, with a promising amount of electrical energy generated in the order of microjoules for an urban or extra-urban circuit.

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SUZUKI, Takashi, Yasufumi OGURI, Keisuke UCHIDA, Masatake YOSHIDA, and Tamaki MINOYAMA. "The effect of thermal shock on piezoelectric pressure transducer for internal combustion engine." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2004.3 (2004): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2004.3.0_181.

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Kita, Toshiaki, and Tatsuo Harada. "Ruling engine using a piezoelectric device for large and high-groove density gratings." Applied Optics 31, no. 10 (April 1, 1992): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.31.001399.

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Magno, Agnese, Ezio Mancaruso, and Bianca Maria Vaglieco. "Experimental investigation in an optically accessible diesel engine of a fouled piezoelectric injector." Energy 64 (January 2014): 842–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.071.

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Horowitz, S. B., T. Nishida, L. N. Cattafesta, and M. Sheplak. "Characterization of a Compliant-Backplate Helmholtz Resonator for An Electromechanical Acoustic Liner." International Journal of Aeroacoustics 1, no. 2 (August 2002): 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/147547202760236969.

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Passive acoustic liners are currently used to reduce the noise radiated from aircraft engine nacelles. This study is the first phase in the development of an actively-tuned electromechanical acoustic liner that potentially offers improved noise suppression over conventional multi-layer liners. The underlying technical concept is based on the idea that the fundamental frequency of a Helmholtz resonator may be adjusted by adding degrees of freedom (DOF) via substitution of a rigid wall with a piezoelectric composite diaphragm coupled to a passive electrical shunt network. In this paper, a Helmholtz resonator containing a compliant aluminum diaphragm is investigated to provide a fundamental understanding of this two DOF system, before adding complexity via the piezoelectric composite material. Using lumped elements, an equivalent circuit model is derived, from which the transfer function and acoustic impedance are obtained. Additionally, a mass ratio is introduced that quantifies the amount of coupling between the elements of the system. The theory is then compared to experiment in a normal-incidence impedance tube. The experimental results confirm the additional DOF and overall acoustic behavior but also suggest the need for a more comprehensive analytical model to accurately predict the acoustic impedance. Nevertheless, the experiments demonstrate the potential benefits of this approach for the reduction of aircraft engine noise.

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Singh, Ripudaman, Taehoon Han, Mohammad Fatouraie, Andrew Mansfield, Margaret Wooldridge, and Andre Boehman. "Influence of fuel injection strategies on efficiency and particulate emissions of gasoline and ethanol blends in a turbocharged multi-cylinder direct injection engine." International Journal of Engine Research 22, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419838393.

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The effects of a broad range of fuel injection strategies on thermal efficiency and engine-out emissions (CO, total hydrocarbons, NOx and particulate number) were studied for gasoline and ethanol fuel blends. A state-of-the-art production multi-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine equipped with piezoelectric injectors was used to study fuels and fueling strategies not previously considered in the literature. A large parametric space was considered including up to four fuel injection events with variable injection timing and variable fuel mass in each injection event. Fuel blends of E30 (30% by volume ethanol) and E85 (85% by volume ethanol) were compared with baseline E0 (reference grade gasoline). The engine was operated over a range of loads with intake manifold absolute pressure from 800 to 1200 mbar. A combined application of ethanol blends with a multiple injection strategy yielded considerable improvement in engine-out particulate and gaseous emissions while maintaining or slightly improving engine brake thermal efficiency. The weighted injection spread parameter defined in this study, combined with the weighted center of injection timing defined in the previous literature, was found well suited to characterize multiple injection strategies, including the effects of the number of injections, fuel mass in each injection and the dwell time between injections.

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Palazzolo, A. B., R. R. Lin, R. M. Alexander, A. F. Kascak, and J. Montague. "Test and Theory for Piezoelectric Actuator-Active Vibration Control of Rotating Machinery." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930165.

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The application of piezoelectric actuators for active vibration control (AVC) of rotating machinery is examined. Theory is derived and the resulting predictions are shown to agree closely with results of tests performed on the air turbine driven-overhung rotor. The test results show significant reduction in unbalance, transient, and subsynchronous responses. Results from a 30 hour endurance test support the AVC system reliability. Various aspects of the electromechanical stability of the control system are also discussed and illustrated. Finally, application of the AVC system to an actual jet engine is discussed.

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Liu, Jiuzhou, Lin Li, and Yu Fan. "A comparison between the friction and piezoelectric synchronized switch dampers for blisks." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 12 (June 1, 2018): 2693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18778360.

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In this work, we explore the feasibility of applying the synchronized switch damping on negative capacitor damper to integrally bladed disks (blisks) by comparing its damping performance with that of the friction ring with the same added mass. Both dampers are coupled to the disk of the blisk. Namely, the friction ring is in contact with the underside of the wheel and the piezoelectric materials for synchronized switch damping on negative capacitor are bonded on the disk as well. The lumped parameter models are used for the blisk and dampers, and the multi-harmonic balance method is employed to obtain the steady-state response under engine-order excitations. The vibration-reduction performance of the dampers are compared with respect to the excitation level, the engine order, and multi-mode. This leads to a discussion concerning the parameter design for the synchronized switch damping on negative capacitor damper to achieve a comparable single-mode damping as the friction ring. We show that the synchronized switch damping on negative capacitor damper has a better performance for multiple modes and at a wider range of excitation level. These results indicate that the synchronized switch damping on negative capacitor damping can be a promising solution for the vibration reduction of blisks where the spatial and spectral distributions of the excitation are rich.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Piezoelectric engine'

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