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Journal articles on the topic 'Piezoceramic materials'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Yan, Shao Ze, Fu Xing Zhang, and Yang Min Li. "Experimental Study on Damping Characteristics of Piezoceramic Materials Shunted by Passive Electrical Circuits." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.267.

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Piezoelectric materials have an ability to efficiently transform mechanical energy to electric energy and vice versa, which makes them useful as structural dampers. The objective of this work is to investigate the damping capabilities of a piezoceramic shunted by different types of passive electrical circuits. The material properties of the shunted piezoceramic are modeled and the analytical results show that the shunted piezoceramic exhibits different damping potentials depending on the piezoelectric properties of the material and the shunt circuits. An experimental set-up of a cantilever beam with surface bonded piezoceramics is proposed to investigate the damping characteristics of the shunted piezoceramic. An analytical model is developed to describe the influence of the shunted piezoceramic on the dynamic response of the beam. The damping performances of the piezoceramic shunted by different circuits are compared respectively and the experimental results show approximate agreement with the numerical simulations of the model.

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2

Salowitz, Nathan Picchietti, Sang-Jong Kim, Fotis Kopsaftopoulos, Yu-Hung Li, and Fu-Kuo Chang. "Design and analysis of radially polarized screen-printed piezoelectric transducers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 7 (October 2, 2016): 934–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16666177.

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Piezoelectric transducers have applications from ultrasonic structural health monitoring to micro-electromechanical systems. Small physical size coupled with large actuation is desirable in many applications, requiring unique transducer designs to take advantage of the material properties. Screen-printed piezoceramics were developed as a means of mass producing mezzo-scale transducers that are geometrically small and light weight, but large enough to generate significant actuation. Screen-printed piezoceramic transducers display significantly different properties than chemically identical bulk ceramic elements, largely attributed to high void fraction of screen-printed piezoceramic materials and detrimental to the functionality of traditional transducer designs. This article presents analysis, simulation, and initial testing of new designs for screen-printed piezoceramic transducers with concentric through-thickness electrodes. Analytical models were developed enabling analysis across material properties and design parameters. Analytical results were verified against finite element models for some designs. Prototypes were created and underwent initial testing to assess the properties of the design.

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3

Kirilyuk, V. S., and O. I. Levchuk. "Wedging of piezoceramic materials." International Applied Mechanics 46, no. 5 (November 2010): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10778-010-0337-x.

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4

Fang, Yun Mei, and Jun Tao Fei. "Transition Probability Analysis for Piezoceramic Materials." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 1286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.1286.

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In this paper, transition probability analysis for piezoceramic actuators is presented. Nonlinear constitutive equations and resulting system models quantifying the non-linear and hysteretic field-displacement relations inherent to piezoceramic elements are developed. In the model development, lattice-level energy relations are combined with stochastic homogenization techniques to construct non-linear constitutive relations which accommodate the piezoceramic hysteresis. Simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the theoretical model development using transition probability analysis.

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5

Akça, Erdem, and Hüseyin Yılmaz. "Lead-free potassium sodium niobate piezoceramics for high-power ultrasonic cutting application: Modelling and prototyping." Processing and Application of Ceramics 13, no. 1 (2019): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1901065a.

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The motivation of this study was design, fabrication and characterization of bolt-clamped Langevin type transducers (BLT) from lead-free K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN) based piezoceramics for high-power ultrasonic cutting applications. Hard and lead-free KNN piezoceramics was obtained by adding K4CuNb8O23 (KCN) together with ZnO and SnO2. Densification and high-power characteristics of KNN-KCN piezoceramics were enhanced in the presence of ZnO and SnO2. BLTs made from hard PZT4 (commercial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3) or Zn,Sn co-doped KNN-KCN piezoceramic rings (KNN-KCN-ZnSn) were modelled through ATILA finite element analysis software package. Simulated and experimentally measured impedance spectra, resonance modes and harmonic analysis results of BLTs were compared with each other. Longitudinal vibration displacement at the tip of the horns of BLTs at approximately 30 kHz was measured via photonic sensor device to compare their performances. At the end, based on the simulation and experimental results, a prototype ultrasonic cutting device was fabricated from lead-free KNN-KCN-ZnSn piezoceramic rings. Its cutting action on both plastic and ceramic materials was demonstrated for the first time. In summary, it was found that a hard KNN-KCN based lead-free piezoceramics were good potential replacements for their lead-based counterparts for commercial high-power BLT applications.

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6

Ali, M. G. S., N. Z. Elsyed, A. M. Abdel Fattah, and Gharieb A. Ali. "Loss mechanisms in piezoceramic materials." Journal of Computational Electronics 11, no. 2 (March 14, 2012): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-012-0399-6.

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7

Fang, Yun Mei, and Jun Tao Fei. "Transition Probability Analysis for Piezoceramic Materials." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 1286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/scientific5/amr.452-453.1286.

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8

Nasedkin, Andrey, and Mohamed Elsayed Nassar. "Effective properties of a porous inhomogeneously polarized by direction piezoceramic material with full metalized pore boundaries: Finite element analysis." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 10, no. 05 (September 23, 2020): 2050018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x20500186.

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This paper concerns the homogenization problems for porous piezocomposites with infinitely thin metalized pore surfaces. To determine the effective properties, we used the effective moduli method and the finite element approaches, realized in the ANSYS package. As a simple model of the representative volume, we applied a unit cell of porous piezoceramic material in the form of a cube with one spherical pore. We modeled metallization by introducing an additional layer of material with very large permittivity coefficients along the pore boundary. Then we simulated the nonuniform polarization field around the pore. For taking this effect into account, we previously solved the electrostatic problem for a porous dielectric material with the same geometric structure. From this problem, we obtained the polarization field in the porous piezomaterial; after that, we modified the material properties of the finite elements from dielectric to piezoelectric with element coordinate systems whose corresponding axes rotated along the polarization vectors. As a result, we obtained the porous unit cell of an inhomogeneously polarized piezoceramic matrix. From the solutions of these homogenization problems, we observed that the examined porous piezoceramics composite with metalized pore boundaries has more extensive effective transverse and shear piezomoduli, and effective dielectric constants compared to the conventional porous piezoceramics. The analysis also showed that the effect of the polarization field inhomogeneity is insignificant on the ordinary porous piezoceramics; however, it is more significant on the porous piezoceramics with metalized pore surfaces.

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9

Himawan, Helmy Mukti. "SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS PIEZO CERAMIC TUBE FOR ULTRASONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT." INVOTEK: Jurnal Inovasi Vokasional dan Teknologi 17, no. 1 (April 10, 2017): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/invotek.v17i1.27.

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Tube piezoceramic used for the laying of a variety of sensors with a relatively small diameter to the size of a few micrometer to a few milli meters. Materials used in Piezoceramic Tube specially formulated standards for cylinders, so many different kinds of sensors which has a cylindrical shape for use as a place Piezoceramic. Use of Piezoceramic Tube one to measure ultrasonic flow. In the ultrasonic flow rate measurement distinction is made between two different measurement principles, namely the Doppler effect and timing analysis wave. In both cases Piezoceramic transducer placed on the walls of the tube produces ultrasonic waves, which are then transmitted into the liquid diagonal to the direction of flow.

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10

Ruan, Xiaoping, Stephen C. Danforth, Ahmad Safari, and Tsu-Wei Chou. "Saint-Venant end effects in piezoceramic materials." International Journal of Solids and Structures 37, no. 19 (May 2000): 2625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7683(99)00034-7.

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11

Aleshin, V. I., and A. G. Luchaninov. "Modeling of Domain Processes in Piezoceramic Materials." Ferroelectrics 266, no. 1 (January 2002): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190211328.

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12

Aleshin, V. I., and A. G. Luchaninov. "Modeling of Domain Processes in Piezoceramic Materials." Ferroelectrics 266, no. 1 (January 2002): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190211447.

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13

Joshi, S. P. "Non-linear constitutive relations for piezoceramic materials." Smart Materials and Structures 1, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/1/1/012.

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14

Gebhardt, Sylvia, Dörthe Ernst, Bernhard Bramlage, Markus Flössel, and Andreas Schönecker. "Integrated Piezoelectrics for Smart Microsystems - A Teamwork of Substrate and Piezo." Advances in Science and Technology 77 (September 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.77.1.

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Microelectronic substrates like silicon, alumina and LTCC (Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics) allow for high robustness and reliability, 3D packaging (electrical connection, channels, cavities and membranes) as well as integration and application of electronic components whereas piezoceramic materials offer sensor and actuator operations. To combine the advantages of both, integrated solutions are of great interest. This paper deals with two approaches of monolithic integration, (i) screen printing of piezoceramic thick films on microelectronic substrates and subsequent post firing and (ii) integration of pre-fired piezoceramic components into green LTCC multilayer packages and subsequent sintering. Functionality of smart microsystems not only depends on the outer design and construction but to a great part on interaction of substrate and piezoceramic material properties. A thorough choice of materials as well as the understanding and prevention of chemical reactions are necessary to build effective systems.

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15

Chua, N. T., J. Wang, and Jan Ma. "Development of Lead-Free Piezoceramic." Solid State Phenomena 136 (February 2008): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.136.63.

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Lead-based piezoceramic, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), is widely used because it has excellent piezoelectric properties near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). However, because of environmental issues associated with lead, the development of lead-free piezoceramics has attracted much attention recently. Solid solution of (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN), (K,Na)TaO3 (KNT) and LiNbO3 (LN) is one of the leading candidates. An MPB was formed at composition [(K0.5Na0.5)0.97Li0.03](Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3(KNN-KNT-L0.03N). Its piezoelectric response has been shown to be comparable to that of PZT system. However, complex texturing process is required to achieve the desired property. In this project, we investigated the KNN-KNT-LN system using conventional solid state reaction. The effects of increasing lithium, sintering process and the addition of CuO on the sample structure and electrical properties were studied. Remanent polarization of 28.39 μC/cm 2 was observed for the 0.1 wt% CuO added ceramic, which was sintered under pressureless condition.

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16

Mnerie, Dumitru, and Gabriela Victoria Mnerie. "Study on some Behavioral Particularities of the Piezoceramic Elements from the Ultrasonic Converter Construction." Advanced Materials Research 1153 (May 2019): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1153.58.

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The ultrasound processing is in continuous development, always bringing better technological solutions. Ultrasonic welding occupies an important place within this category of processing. The present study focuses on some piezoceramic materials that represent the active elements in the structure of the required energy generator on which ultrasonic welding is based in fact. Using the analytical method of investigation, several aspects of piezoceramic material structural behavior during the exploitation were followed, both at macroscopic and microscopic level. Some causes and effects of changes to their functionality have been analyzed. The paper concludes with observations and recommendations on optimizing the manufacture and use of piezoceramic materials intended for converter construction for ultrasonic welding.

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17

Richter, Aleš, Martin Pustka, Pavel Rydlo, and Milan Kolář. "Ultrasonic piezoceramic motor." Ceramics International 30, no. 7 (January 2004): 1857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2003.12.055.

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18

HAEMMERLE, E., M. LEUNG, W. GAO, and J. YOO. "PIEZOCERAMIC MATERIALS AS ENABLERS OF NEW TECHNOLOGY DEVICES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 4028–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206040805.

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Micro-tubes made out of improved lead zirconate titanate (PZT) material are used to develop a new optical switch. These PZT micro-tubes are being manufactured by an electrophoretic deposition process (EPD). EPD overcomes some of the processing problems of other conventional processing techniques. PZT tubes with less than 1mm outer diameter were fabricated successfully with EPD. The analysis of various design concepts and deflection characteristics of the micro-tube show that with an inner diameter of 130 μm and a wall thickness of 330 μm the switching concept is feasible, assuming certain achievable values for the length of the tube, piezoelectric constant and excitation voltage. A test bed for measuring the deflection of the tubes was also developed.

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19

Rongong, J. A., J. R. Wright, R. J. Wynne, and G. R. Tomlinson. "Modelling of a Hybrid Constrained Layer/Piezoceramic Approach to Active Damping." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 119, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2889679.

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It has been shown that significant reductions in structural vibration levels can be achieved using a hybrid system involving constrained layer damping and active control with piezoceramics. In this paper, mathematical models based on the Rayleigh Ritz approach, are developed to describe the longitudinal and flexural vibration behaviour of a cantilevered beam when excited using piezoceramic patches bonded to a constrained layer damping treatment. Predictions of static and steady state dynamic behaviour, obtained using the models are validated by comparison with results from finite element analysis and laboratory experiments. The models are then used in open loop and closed loop velocity feedback control simulations to demonstrate the improvements in stability and performance achieved using this method over that achieved using conventional active control.

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20

Horner, Garnett, and Barmac Taleghani. "Single Axis Piezoceramic Gimbal." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 12, no. 3 (March 2001): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/la9c-7pha-28h7-meqp.

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21

Samal, M. K., and P. Seshu. "On the non-linear response of piezoelectric slabs under weak electric fields: Experimental and analytical modelling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 6 (February 13, 2009): 1493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes975.

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Piezoceramic materials exhibit different types of non-linearities depending on the magnitude of the mechanical and electric field strength in the piezoelectric continuum. Some of the non-linearities observed under weak electric fields are the presence of superharmonics in the response spectra, jump phenomena, and so on, especially if the system is excited near resonance. In this article, an analytical solution (in the two-dimensional plane stress domain) for the non-linear response of a rectangular piezoceramic slab has been obtained by the use of Rayleigh—Ritz method and perturbation technique. The eigenfunction obtained from the solution of differential equations of the linear problem has been used as the shape function in the Rayleigh—Ritz method. Forced vibration experiments have been conducted on rectangular piezoceramic slabs of two different materials (e.g. PIC 181 and PIC 255) by applying varying electric field strengths across the thickness, and the displacement and current responses have been measured. Experiments have also been conducted for the first two free in-plane modes in the case of the piezoceramic PIC 181. Analytical solutions have been obtained by using the current formulations and they are found to compare well with those of the experiment. These solutions should serve as a method to validate the finite-element formulations as well as to help in the determination of non-linear material property coefficients for these materials.

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22

Panich, A. E. "Domestic Piezoceramic Materials for the Mechanical Quantity Piezoelectric Sensors." Физические основы приборостроения 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25210/jfop-1901-030035.

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23

Lu, Xia, and Sathya Hanagud. "A domain evolution model for hysteresis in piezoceramic materials." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 53, no. 7 (July 2006): 1239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2006.1665072.

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24

Marakhovskiy, M. A., V. A. Marakhovskiy, and А. А. Panich. "THE PROSPECTS FOR INTENSIFICATION OF SINTERING OF PIEZOCERAMIC MATERIALS." IZVESTIYA SFedU. ENGINEERING SCIENCES, no. 3 (October 19, 2020): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2311-3103-2020-3-213-219.

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25

Liu, Shukui, Wei Sun, Hongwen Jing, and Zhaoxing Dong. "Debonding Detection and Monitoring for CFRP Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Pizeoceramic Sensors." Materials 12, no. 13 (July 4, 2019): 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132150.

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The bonding status between Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and concrete is one of the key issues for the safety of CFPR-reinforced structures, thus it is of great importance to detect the debonding as early as possible. Instead of detecting the debonding which is artificially set at the very beginning, this paper investigates the feasibility of using low-cost piezoceramic sensors to detect and monitor the debonding of CFRP-reinforced concrete beams in situ. For existing debonding detection, a concrete beam reinforced with CFRP sheet was loaded through the three-point bending test till failure to induce debonding between CFRP sheet and the concrete substrate, and piezoceramic sensors were used to detect the existing debonding by analyzing the receiving ultrasonic waves. In addition, the debonding detection results were further compared with and verified by the vision-based strain testing results. For in-situ debonding monitoring, 10 piezoceramic sensors were used as an array to track the wave transmission changes during the loading process of a CFRP-reinforced concrete beam, and the debonding development process was successfully monitored. The test results show that the low-cost piezoceramic sensors are very effective to generate and receive ultrasonic waves, and are capable of detecting the existing debonding and monitoring of the in-situ debonding process as well.

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26

Kim, Myung Hyun, Sung Won Kang, Jae Myung Lee, and Daniel J. Inman. "Simultaneous Health Monitoring and Vibration Control of Structures Using Smart Materials." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2207.

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Large welded structures, including ships and offshore structures, are normally in operation under cyclic fatigue loadings. These structures include many geometric as well as material discontinuities due to weld joints, and the fatigue strength at these hot spots is very important for the structural performance. In the past, various Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques have been developed to detect fatigue cracks and to estimate their location and size. However, an important limitation of most of the existing NDE methods is that they are off-line; the normal operation of the structure has to be interrupted and the device often has to be disassembled. In this study, a new impedance-based structural health monitoring system employing piezoceramic transducers is developed with a special interest in applying the technique for welded structural members in ship and offshore structures. In particular, the impedance-based structural health monitoring technique that employs the coupling effect of piezoceramic (PZT) materials and structures is investigated.

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27

Hooker, S., J. Mueller, C. Kostelecky, and K. Womer. "Fatigue Resistant Miniature Piezoceramic Actuators." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 18, no. 2 (May 17, 2006): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x06063460.

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28

Ballato, Arthur, and John Ballato. "High-Frequency Piezoceramic Equivalent Circuit." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 79, no. 5 (May 1996): 1413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08606.x.

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29

Yoon, Hwan-Sik, and Gregory Washington. "Piezoceramic actuated aperture antennae." Smart Materials and Structures 7, no. 4 (August 1, 1998): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/7/4/014.

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30

Zappino, Enrico, and Erasmo Carrera. "Thermo-piezo-elastic analysis of amplified piezoceramic actuators using a refined one-dimensional model." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 17 (August 3, 2017): 3482–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x17721026.

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The thermo-piezo-elastic analysis of amplified piezoceramic actuators is presented in this article. A refined one-dimensional multi-field finite element model, based on the Carrera Unified Formulation, has been developed. Thermal and piezoelectric effects have been included in the structural model and a fully coupled thermo-piezo-elastic analysis has been performed. The finite element model has been assessed by comparing it with results from open literature The model has also been used to perform the analysis of complex amplified piezoceramic actuators. These actuators are able to amplify the displacements produced by piezoceramic material, but they suffer from high deformations when they undergo high thermal loads. An accurate thermal analysis has been performed to evaluate the strain/stress field. The results show the accuracy of the present model and its capabilities in multi-field analyses.

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31

Pardo, Lorena, Álvaro García, Franz Schubert, Antje Kynast, Timo Scholehwar, Alfredo Jacas, and José F. Bartolomé. "Determination of the PIC700 Ceramic’s Complex Piezo-Dielectric and Elastic Matrices from Manageable Aspect Ratio Resonators." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 4076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154076.

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Achieving good piezoelectric properties, such as the widely reported d33 charge coefficient, is a good starting point in establishing the potential applicability of piezoceramics. However, piezoceramics are only completely characterized by consistent piezoelectric-elastic-dielectric material coefficient matrices in complex form, i.e., including all losses. These matrices, which define the various alternative forms of the constitutive equations of piezoelectricity, are required for reliable virtual prototyping in the design of new devices. To meet this need, ten precise and accurate piezoelectric dielectric and elastic coefficients of the material, including all losses, must be determined for each alternative. Due to the difficulties arising from the coupling of modes when using the resonance method, this complete set of parameters is scarcely reported. Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-based solid solutions are already commercially available in Europe and Japan. Here, we report a case study of the determination of these sets of material coefficients (diα, giα, eiα and hiα; sE,Dαβ and cE,Dαβ; εTik and εSik; and βTik and βSik), including all losses, of the commercial PIC700 eco-piezoceramic. Plate, disk, and cylinder ceramic resonators of a manageable aspect ratio were used to obtain all the material coefficients. The validation procedure of the matrices is also given by FEA modeling of the considered resonators.

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32

Gao, Weihang, Hongnan Li, and Siu Ho. "A Novel Embeddable Tubular Piezoceramics-Based Smart Aggregate for Damage Detection in Two-Dimensional Concrete Structures." Sensors 19, no. 7 (March 28, 2019): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071501.

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Due to their multiple advantages, piezoceramic materials have been widely used in structural health monitoring (SHM). Piezoceramic patch-based smart aggregate (SA) and spherical piezoceramic-based smart aggregate (SSA) have been developed for damage detection of concrete structures. However, the stress waves generated by these two types of transducers are limited by their geometry and are unsuitable for use in two-dimensional concrete structures (e.g., shear walls, floors and cement concrete pavements). In this paper, a novel embeddable tubular smart aggregate (TSA) based on a piezoceramic tube was designed, fabricated and tested for use in two-dimensional (2D) structures. Due to its special geometry, radially uniform stress waves can be generated, and thus the TSA is suitable for damage detection in planar structures. The suitability of the transducer for use in structural health monitoring was investigated by characterizing the ability of the transducer to transmit and measure stress waves. Three experiments, including impedance analysis, time of arrival analysis and sweep frequency analysis, were conducted to test the proposed TSA. The experimental results show that the proposed TSA is suitable for monitoring the health condition of two-dimensional concrete structures.

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33

M R, Subash Chandrabose, Shan Victor Pereira, Jayakumar B, and Ebenezer D. D. "Metal Ceramic Segmented Ring Transducer under Deep Submergence Conditions." Defence Science Journal 67, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.11201.

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<p class="p1">Segmented ring transducers are widely used for low frequency, broadband, deep submergence applications. These transducers can be made out of piezoceramic wedges or slabs and metallic wedges. Higher diameter, low frequency transducers are generally made out of piezoceramic slabs and metal wedges due to ease of manufacture and low cost. In this paper, metal ceramic segmented ring transducers are modelled using ATILA, a finite element software for the design of underwater transducers. Transducer variants were modelled with different wedge and piezoceramic materials. Transducers modelled were manufactured, assembled and tested. Various stages of manufacture like piezoceramic stacking, transducer assembly, pre-stressing with fibre winding, and encapsulation are explained. Acoustic performances of the transducers manufactured were measured in an open tank and inside a pressurised vessel from 10 bar to 70 bar. Performance parameters like resonance frequency, transmitting voltage response and directivity were measured. Results indicate that the transducer has usable bandwidth of about two octaves and stable response. One of the transducers was also tested in a high pressure test facility at 600 bar to check its pressure withstanding capability.</p>

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34

Bogomol'nyi, V. M. "Dynamic design of reinforced piezoceramic shells." Strength of Materials 21, no. 7 (July 1989): 931–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01529619.

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35

Soloviev, Arkady N., Le Van Duong, P. A. Oganesyan, and E. V. Kirillova. "Modeling Energy Harvesting Devices with Non-Uniformly Polarized Piezoceramic Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 889 (March 2019): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.889.322.

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Non-uniformly polarized piezoceramic materials can be used in effective energy harvesting devices. Axisymmetric and plane models of electro elastic bodies were studied using applied theory and finite element method (FEM). Applied theory for devices made of parts with longitudinal and transverse polarization was developed. It was based on bending of electro elastic plates models. Numerical experiments for FEM models were performed in ACELAN package. Comparison of applied theory and FEM results showed satisfactory accuracy. First model consists of three parts: transversally polarized part and two parts with opposite longitudinal polarization. It was compared with uniformly polarized model of the same size. Both electro-mechanical coupling coefficient and output voltage produced by forced oscillations were greater in case of non-uniform polarization. Geometrical parameters – such as relative size of parts, electrode positioning and thickness of the device - were varied in series of numerical experiments to determine range of applicability for developed models and to perform initial analyses of most effective set of parameters. Model was analyzed for different boundary conditions. Automation tools for applied theory computations were developed. Second model is a disk with transvers polarization in the central part and opposite longitudinal polarization in two layers of outer part. It also showed output voltage growth. Appling polarization to the device is an important part of manufacturing process. In some cases, parts can be polarized with imperfections as incomplete polarization of deviation of polarization direction. Polarization process for predefined model geometry and electrode scheme can be performed in ACELAN package. Vector field of the polarization were transferred to finite element meshes and used for solving problems with non-uniform polarization. Difference between simplified block model presented in applied theory and full model solved with FEM was estimated. Some problems can be reduced from full to simplified model without significant accuracy loss. Described programs, models and techniques are developed for advanced analysis of non-uniformly polarized energy storage devices.

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36

DeAngelis, Dominick A., and Gary W. Schulze. "Performance of PZT8 Versus PZT4 Piezoceramic Materials in Ultrasonic Transducers." Physics Procedia 87 (2016): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2016.12.014.

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37

Necsoiu, T., Irinela Chilibon, M. Robu, V. Cåtuneanu, and A. Stan. "Some aspects of the piezoceramic materials utilized in sensitive hydrophones." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 60, no. 1-3 (May 1997): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(97)01388-5.

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38

Laskewitz, Bernd, and Marc Kamlah. "Finite element implementation of nonlinear constitutive models for piezoceramic materials." Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures 5, no. 1 (April 19, 2010): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/jomms.2010.5.19.

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39

Domenjoud, Mathieu, Julien Bustillo, Marc Lethiecq, and Louis-Pascal Tran-Huu-Hue. "Modelling of hysteretic behavior of piezoceramic materials under electrical loading." Applied Physics Letters 103, no. 17 (October 21, 2013): 172903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4826180.

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40

Glinchuk, M. D. "Piezoceramic materials based on lead zirconate-titanate solid solutions (review)." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 34, no. 7-8 (1996): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00559428.

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41

Lesieutre, G. A., S. Yarlagadda, S. Yoshikawa, S. K. Kurtz, and Q. C. Xu. "Passively damped structural composite materials using resistively shunted piezoceramic fibers." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 2, no. 6 (December 1993): 887–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02645690.

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42

Rupitsch, Stefan J., Felix Wolf, Alexander Sutor, and Reinhard Lerch. "Reliable modeling of piezoceramic materials utilized in sensors and actuators." Acta Mechanica 223, no. 8 (March 14, 2012): 1809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00707-012-0639-7.

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43

Bruno, Binal P., Ahmed Raouf Fahmy, Moritz Stürmer, Ulrike Wallrabe, and Matthias C. Wapler. "Properties of piezoceramic materials in high electric field actuator applications." Smart Materials and Structures 28, no. 1 (December 14, 2018): 015029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/aae8fb.

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44

Samal, M. K., P. Seshu, U. von Wagner, P. Hagedorn, B. K. Dutta, and H. S. Kushwaha. "A mathematical model in three-dimensional piezoelectric continuum to predict non-linear responses of piezoceramic materials." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 222, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 2251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1002.

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It has been experimentally observed that the piezoceramic materials exhibit different types of non-linearities under different combinations of electrical and mechanical fields. When excited near resonance in the presence of weak electric fields, they exhibit typical non-linearities similar to a Duffing oscillator such as jump phenomena and the presence of superharmonics in the response spectra. In this work, these non-linearities have been modelled for a generalized three-dimensional piezoelectric continuum using higher-order quadratic and cubic terms in the electric enthalpy density function and the virtual work. The identification of the parameters of the model requires a closed form solution for non-linear response of a simplified geometry. A simple proportional damping formulation has been used in the model. Experiments have been conducted on rectangular and cylindrical geometries of piezoceramic PIC 181 at different magnitudes of applied electric fields and results have been compared with those of simulation.

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45

Brissaud, M. "New modelling for piezoceramic characterization." Ferroelectrics 93, no. 1 (May 1989): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150198908017335.

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Li, Hing-Leung, Helen-Lai-Wa Chan, and Chung-Loong Choy. "Vibration characteristics of piezoceramic rings." Ferroelectrics 263, no. 1 (January 2001): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190108225201.

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Zelenka, J. "Piezoceramic strip resonators and filters." Ferroelectrics 94, no. 1 (June 1989): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150198908014271.

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Li, X. F., and J. S. Yang. "Piezoelectric gap waves between a piezoceramic half-space and a piezoceramic plate." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 132, no. 2 (November 2006): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2006.02.041.

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Sirohi, Jayant, and Inderjit Chopra. "Fundamental Behavior of Piezoceramic Sheet Actuators." Journal of Intelligent Materials Systems and Structures 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104538900772664404.

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50

Piazza, D., C. Capiani, and C. Galassi. "Piezoceramic material with anisotropic graded porosity." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 25, no. 12 (January 2005): 3075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.03.193.

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