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Journal articles on the topic 'Picea sitchensi'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Bräuner, Lise, Preben Hoffmeyer, and Lise Poulsson. "Mechanical Properties of Picea sitchensis." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 1 (January 2000): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580050160565.

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2

Harmon, Mark E. "Retention of needles and seeds on logs in Picea sitchensis – Tsuga heterophylla forests of coastal Oregon and Washington." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-231.

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Logs are a major seedbed in Picea sitchensis – Tsuga heterophylla forests; therefore, the interception and retention of seeds on these surfaces is a potential limitation on tree recruitment. The ability of log surfaces within Picea – Tsuga forests to retain needles and seeds was studied at Cascade Head Experimental Forest, Oregon. Moss- and litter-covered surfaces retained many (48–98%) of the seeds and needles placed on them, but rotten wood, sound wood, and bark of Tsuga heterophylla, Picea sitchensis, and Pseudotsuga menziesii retained few (0–8%). Examination of logs mapped in five Picea sitchensis – Tsuga heterophylla stands in Oregon and Washington indicated a mean projected log cover of 9.9%. Thin (<5 cm) and thick (>5 cm) moss mats were the most abundant log surfaces and covered 59 and 25% of the logs, respectively. Analysis of data on seedbed coverage, retentive characteristics, and seedbed-specific seedling survival indicated approximately 1% of a seed cohort would survive the 1st year on log surfaces.

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3

Milne, R. "Dynamics of swaying of Picea sitchensis." Tree Physiology 9, no. 3 (October 1, 1991): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/9.3.383.

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4

Weng, Chengyu, and Stephen T. Jackson. "Species differentiation of North American spruce (Picea) based on morphological and anatomical characteristics of needles." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-111.

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Differentiation of most North American spruce (Picea) species can be done based on needle morphology and anatomy. Picea breweriana S. Watson, Picea chihuahuana Martìnez, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP, Picea martinezii Patterson, and Picea rubens Sarg. needles have two continuous resin ducts extending from near the base to near the tip. Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Picea pungens Engelm., Picea mexicana Martìnez, and Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. needles have variable numbers of short, intermittent resin ducts or sacs. Within each of these groups, most species could be differentiated based on cross-sectional shape, resin-duct diameter, and resin-duct position. Picea mariana and P. rubens, and P. glauca and P. engelmannii are two pairs with similar needles, but they can be differentiated using linear discriminant analysis based on resin-duct diameter and position in cross section. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological studies may be facilitated by species-level identification of plant macrofossils because of different ecological adaptations of each species. Resin-duct continuity patterns are generally consistent with current taxonomic classifications, except for P. glauca. Based on our results, together with DNA and crossing studies, P. glauca is apparently more closely related to P. engelmannii and P. sitchensis than to P. rubens and P. mariana, with which it is often classified. Picea pungens is probably more distantly related to P. engelmannii than has been assumed in some previous classifications. Picea martinezii and P. chihuahuana may be very closely related to each other.Key words: spruce, Picea, North America, needle, resin duct, anatomy.

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5

Page, C. N., and R. C. Hollands. "The taxonomic and biogeographic position of Sitka spruce." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 93, no. 1-2 (1987): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006242.

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6

Brown, Garth R., Craig H. Newton, and John E. Carlson. "Organization and distribution of a Sau3A tandem repeated DNA sequence in Picea (Pinaceae) species." Genome 41, no. 4 (August 1, 1998): 560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-054.

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Repeated DNA families contribute to the large genomes of coniferous trees but are poorly characterized. We report the analysis of a 142 bp tandem repeated DNA sequence identified by the restriction enzyme Sau3A and found in approximately 20 000 copies in Picea glauca. Southern hybridization indicated that the repeated DNA family is specific to the genus, was amplified early in its evolution, and has undergone little structural alteration over evolutionary time. Fluorescence in situ hybridization localized arrays of the Sau3A repeating element to the centromeric regions of different subsets of the metaphase chromosomes of P. glauca and the closely related Picea sitchensis, suggesting that mechanisms leading to the intragenomic movement of arrays may be more active than those leading to mutation of the repeating elements themselves. Unambiguous identification of P. glauca and P. sitchensis chromosomes was made possible by co-localizing the Sau3A tandem repeats and the genes encoding the 5S and 18S-5.8S-26S ribosomal RNAs.Key words: Picea, repeated DNA, in situ hybridization, centromere.

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7

SHEPPARD, L. J., and M. G. R. CANNELL. "Performance and Frost Hardiness of Picea sitchensis × Picea glauca Hybrids in Scotland." Forestry 58, no. 1 (1985): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/58.1.67.

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8

Kerhoulas, Lucy P., Ariel S. Weisgrau, Emily C. Hoeft, and Nicholas J. Kerhoulas. "Vertical gradients in foliar physiology of tall Picea sitchensis trees." Tree Physiology 40, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz137.

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Abstract In tall conifers, leaf structure can vary dramatically with height due to decreasing water potential (Ψ) and increasing light availability. This variation in leaf structure can have physiological consequences such as increased respiratory costs, reduced internal carbon dioxide conductance rates and ultimately reduced maximum photosynthetic rates (Amax). In Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière, the leaf structure varies along the vertical gradient in ways that suggest compensatory changes to enhance photosynthesis, and this variation seems to be driven largely by light availability rather than by Ψ. These trends in leaf structure coupled with remarkably fast growth rates and dependence on moist environments inspire two important questions about P. sitchensis: (i) does foliar water uptake minimize the adverse effects of decreasing Ψ with height on leaf structure, and (ii) do trends in leaf structure increase photosynthetic rates despite increasing height? To answer these questions, we measured foliar water uptake capacity, predawn (Ψpd) and midday water potential and gas-exchange rates as they varied between 25- and 89-m heights in 300-year-old P. sitchensis trees in northwestern California. Our major findings for P. sitchensis include the following: (i) foliar water uptake capacity was quite high relative to published values for other woody species; (ii) foliar water uptake capacity increased between the crown base and treetop; (iii) wet season Ψpd was higher than predicted by the gravitational potential gradient, indicating foliar water uptake; and (iv) the maximum photosynthetic rate increased with height, presumably due to shifts in leaf structure between the crown base and treetop, mitigating height-related decreases in Amax. These findings suggest that together, the use of fog, dew and rain deposits on leaves and shifts in the leaf structure to conserve and possibly enhance photosynthetic capacity likely contribute to the rapid growth rates measured in this species.

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9

Hebda, Richard J. "British Columbia Vegetation and Climate History with Focus on 6 ka BP." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 49, no. 1 (November 30, 2007): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033030ar.

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ABSTRACT British Columbia Holocene vegetation and climate is reconstructed from pollen records. A coastal Pinus contorta paleobiome developed after glacier retreat under cool and probably dry climate. Cool moist forests involving Picea, Abies, Tsuga spp., and Pinus followed until the early Holocene. Pseudotsuga menziesii arrived and spread in the south 10 000-9000 BP, and Picea sitchensis - Tsuga heterophylla forests developed in the north. T. heterophylla increased 7500-7000 BP, and Cupressaceae expanded 5000-4000 BP. Bogs began to develop and expland. Modern vegetation arose 4000-2000 BP. There were early Holocene grass and Artemisia communities at mid-elevations and pine stands at high elevations in southern interior B.C. Forests expanded downslope and lakes formed 8500-7000 BP. Modern forests arose 4500-4000 BP while lower and upper tree lines declined. In northern B.C. non-arboreal communities preceded middle Holocene Picea forests. Abies, Pinus and Picea mariana predominated at various sites after 4000 BP. At 6000 BP Tsuga heterophylla (south) and Picea sitchensis (north) dominated the coast and islands and Quercus garryana and Pseudotsuga on southeast Vancouver Island, but Thuja plicata was infrequent. Southern Interior Plateau vegetation at 6000 BP was more open than today at middle to lower elevations, whereas forests covered the Northern Interior Plateau. Picea forests occurred in northern B.C. Holocene climate phases were: 1) warm dry "xerothermic" ca. 9500-7000 BP, 2) warm moist "mesothermic" ca. 7000-4500 BP, 3) moderate and moist 4500-0 BP, with increasing moisture 8500-6000 BP and cooling (?increased moisture) 4500-3000 BP. B.Cs Hypsithermal had dry and wet stages; 6000 BP occurred in the warm and wet mesothermic stage.

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10

Lacourse, Terri, J. Michelle Delepine, Elizabeth H. Hoffman, and Rolf W. Mathewes. "A 14,000 year vegetation history of a hypermaritime island on the outer Pacific coast of Canada based on fossil pollen, spores and conifer stomata." Quaternary Research 78, no. 3 (September 23, 2012): 572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.08.008.

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AbstractPollen and conifer stomata analyses of lake sediments from Hippa Island on the north coast of British Columbia were used to reconstruct the vegetation history of this small hypermaritime island. Between 14,000 and 13,230 cal yr BP, the island supported diverse herb–shrub communities dominated by Cyperaceae, Artemisia and Salix. Pinus contorta and Picea sitchensis stomata indicate that these conifers were present among the herb–shrub communities, likely as scattered individuals. Transition to open P. contorta woodland by 13,000 cal yr BP was followed by increases in Alnus viridis, Alnus rubra and P. sitchensis. After 12,000 cal yr BP, Pinus-dominated communities were replaced by dense P. sitchensis and Tsuga heterophylla forest with Lysichiton americanus and fern understory. Thuja plicata stomata indicate that this species was present by 8700 cal yr BP, but the pollen record suggests that its populations did not expand to dominate regional rainforests, along with Tsuga and Picea, until after 6600 cal yr BP. Conifer stomata indicate that species may be locally present for hundreds to thousands of years before pollen exceed thresholds routinely used to infer local species arrival. When combined, pollen and conifer stomata can provide a more accurate record of paleovegetation than either when used alone.

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11

Krogstrup, Peter, Erik N. Eriksen, Jette D. M�ller, and Hans Roulund. "Somatic embryogenesis in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.)." Plant Cell Reports 7, no. 7 (December 1988): 594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00272766.

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12

Vila, Bruno, Thierry Keller, and Fr�d�ric Guibal. "Influence of browsing cessation on Picea sitchensis radial growth." Annals of Forest Science 58, no. 8 (December 2001): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2001168.

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13

LEHTO, TARJA. "Mycorrhizas and drought resistance of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr." New Phytologist 122, no. 4 (April 28, 2006): 661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb00094.x.

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14

LEHTO, TARJA. "Mycorrhizas and drought resistance of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr." New Phytologist 122, no. 4 (April 28, 2006): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb00095.x.

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15

Hulme, Michael A., and Allan F. Dawson. "Serbian Spruce is as Vulnerable as Sitka Spruce to Damage by the Sitka Spruce Weevil." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/7.1.5.

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Abstract Serbian spruce (Picea omorika) was first damaged naturally by the Sitka spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) at about 15 years of age in an area on Vancouver Island where this weevil commonly attacks Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). By about 20 years of age, all 35 trees in the observation group had been damaged at least once. Serbian spruce cannot therefore be considered a suitable replacement for Sitka spruce in areas where attack by the Sitka spruce weevil is a forest management concern. West. J. Appl. For. 7(1):5-6.

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16

Ohtani, Jun, Kazumi Fukazawa, and Tomonori Fukumorita. "Sem Observations on Indented Rings." IAWA Journal 8, no. 2 (1987): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001038.

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The anatomy of indented rings in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) was examined using SEM. The tracheids and rays in these rings differed from those in nonnal wood in both morphology and arrangement. Moreover, trabeculae were commonly found to occur in their tracheids. These anatomical features are illustrated by SEM micrographs.

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17

CAIRNEY, J. W. G., and I. J. ALEXANDER. "A study of ageing of spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] ectomycorrhizas. II. Carbohydrate allocation in ageing Picea sitchensis/Tylospora fibrillosa (Burt.) Donk ectomycorrhizas." New Phytologist 122, no. 1 (September 1992): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb00061.x.

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18

Cahalan, C. M. "Wood properties of Sitka spruce." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 93, no. 1-2 (1987): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006400.

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SynopsisThe wood properties of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) which influence its use in the production of sawn timber, veneer, particleboard, fibreboard, pulp and paper are discussed. Although the low strength properties of Sitka spruce restrict its use as constructional timber, it is highly suitable for the manufacture of particleboard and fibreboard and is an excellent pulping species.

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19

Cannell, M. G. R., M. B. Murray, and L. J. Sheppard. "Frost Avoidance by Selection for Late Budburst in Picea sitchensis." Journal of Applied Ecology 22, no. 3 (December 1985): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2403241.

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20

Arnold, S. v., and S. Woodward. "Organogenesis and embryogenesis in mature zygotic embryos of Picea sitchensis." Tree Physiology 4, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/4.3.291.

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21

Fox, D. P. "The chromosomes of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and its relatives." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 93, no. 1-2 (1987): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006278.

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SynopsisPicea sitchensis has a haploid complement of twelve metacentric or submetacentric chromosomes which are similar to each other in size. Prominent secondary constrictions, which are probably the sites of nucleolus organisers, occur on five chromosomes (N.O.R.s). The DNA content of the haploid, unreplicated chromosome set is 9 × 109 nucleotide pairs and, in spite of earlier claims, probably does not vary significantly between different populations. B-chromosomes occur extensively in the southern half of the species range. They have little effect on growth rate but delay the time of ♂ and ♀ flowering. Meiosis starts and ends in spring, taking about twenty-two days to complete. The B-chromosomes do not pair at meiosis and appear to be distributed at random. There is marked accumulation of B-chromosomes when transmitted through the ♀ parent, possibly due to preferential segregation during meiosis. A balance between gain by accumulation and loss due to delay of flowering may account for the natural distribution of the B-chromosome.

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22

Philipson, J. J. "A review of coning and seed production in Picea sitchensis." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 93, no. 1-2 (1987): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006382.

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SynopsisSitka spruce grown from seed has a juvenile phase of about twenty years before coning commences; mature trees and grafted scions cone intermittently and produce good cone crops every three–five years. These characteristics have lengthened the breeding programme and reduced seed production in orchards. Production of male and female cones can be enhanced by treatments such as heat and drought and by application of a mixture of gibberellins A4 and A7 (GA4/7) to mature grafts. To enhance flowering consistently in container grown grafts the GA4/7 must be applied together with a cultural treatment, but with larger grafts in the field GA4/7 alone is often effective. Attempts to induce cone production in juvenile trees, however, have been less successful. Female cones initiated on field grown trees in response to inductive treatments yield seed of a similar quantity and quality to that from cones on untreated trees. The physiological mechanisms of coning, and cone induction techniques, are discussed.

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23

Innes, John L., and Heike Neumann. "Past growth variations in Picea sitchensis with differing crown densities." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 6, no. 1-4 (January 1991): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827589109382677.

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24

Marshall, S. A., and N. N. Winchester. "NEW SPECIES IN THE GENERA MINILIMOSINA ROHÁĈEK AND PHTHITIA ENDERLEIN (DIPTERA: SPHAEROCERIDAE) FROM ANCIENT SITKA SPRUCE (PINACEAE) FOREST." Canadian Entomologist 131, no. 6 (December 1999): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent131707-6.

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AbstractDiptera caught in malaise traps set in forests of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bon.) Carrière, in the Carmanah Valley, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, included two new species of Sphaeroceridae. Minilimosina sitka Marshall sp.nov. and Phthitia squamosa Marshall sp.nov. are described for the first time and compared with related species. Fourteen other sphaerocerid species caught with these species are listed.

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25

Yeh, Francis C., and Sven Rasmussen. "Heritability of height growth in 10-year-old Sitka spruce." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-109.

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Ten-year height growth for Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. was studied in a progeny test of 42 wind-pollinated families from seven stands on the northwest coast of Vancouver Island. Although stand and family-within-stand effects were significant sources of variation, 79% of the phenotypic variance in 10-year height was associated with differences among trees within family plots. Estimates of heritability ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]) indicate that a combination of stand, family-within-stand, and progeny-within-family selection will be effective for a long-term breeding program to increase tree heights in Sitka spruce.Key words: Picea, heritability, quantitative.

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26

CAIRNEY, J. W. G., and I. J. ALEXANDER. "A study of ageing of spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] ectomycorrhizas. III. Phosphate absorption and transfer in ageing Picea sitchensis/Tylospora fibrillosa (Burt.) Donk ectomycorrhizas." New Phytologist 122, no. 1 (September 1992): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb00062.x.

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27

Parmar, Rajni, Federica Cattonaro, Carrie Phillips, Serguei Vassiliev, Michele Morgante, and Om P. Rajora. "Assembly and Annotation of Red Spruce (Picea rubens) Chloroplast Genome, Identification of Simple Sequence Repeats, and Phylogenetic Analysis in Picea." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (December 3, 2022): 15243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315243.

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We have sequenced the chloroplast genome of red spruce (Picea rubens) for the first time using the single-end, short-reads (44 bp) Illumina sequences, assembled and functionally annotated it, and identified simple sequence repeats (SSRs). The contigs were assembled using SOAPdenovo2 following the retrieval of chloroplast genome sequences using the black spruce (Picea mariana) chloroplast genome as the reference. The assembled genome length was 122,115 bp (gaps included). Comparatively, the P. rubens chloroplast genome reported here may be considered a near-complete draft. Global genome alignment and phylogenetic analysis based on the whole chloroplast genome sequences of Picea rubens and 10 other Picea species revealed high sequence synteny and conservation among 11 Picea species and phylogenetic relationships consistent with their known classical interrelationships and published molecular phylogeny. The P. rubens chloroplast genome sequence showed the highest similarity with that of P. mariana and the lowest with that of P. sitchensis. We have annotated 107 genes including 69 protein-coding genes, 28 tRNAs, 4 rRNAs, few pseudogenes, identified 42 SSRs, and successfully designed primers for 26 SSRs. Mononucleotide A/T repeats were the most common followed by dinucleotide AT repeats. A similar pattern of microsatellite repeats occurrence was found in the chloroplast genomes of 11 Picea species.

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28

Long, Colin J., and Cathy Whitlock. "Fire and Vegetation History from the Coastal Rain Forest of the Western Oregon Coast Range." Quaternary Research 58, no. 3 (November 2002): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2378.

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AbstractHigh-resolution charcoal and pollen analyses were used to reconstruct a 4600-yr-long history of fire and vegetation near Taylor Lake in the wettest forests of coastal Oregon. Today, fires in these forests are rare because the season of ignition does not coincide with months of dry fuels. From ca. 4600 to 2700 cal yr B.P. fire episodes occurred at intervals of 140±30 yr while forest vegetation was dominated by disturbance-adapted taxa such as Alnus rubra. From ca. 2700 cal yr B.P. to the present, fire episodes have become less common, occurring at intervals of 240±30 yr, and fire-sensitive forest taxa, such as Tsuga heterophylla and Picea sitchensis, have become more prominent. Fire occurrence during the mid-Holocene was similar to that of the more xeric forests in the eastern Coast Range and suggests that summer drought was widespread. After ca. 2700 cal yr B.P., a decrease in fire episode frequency suggests that cooler conditions and possibly increased summer fog allowed the establishment of present-day Picea sitchensis forests within the watershed. These results provide evidence that fire has been an important disturbance agent in the Coast Range of Oregon, and variations in fire frequency and climate have led to the establishment of present-day forests.

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29

Nygaard, Per, and Bernt-Håvard Øyen. "Spread of the Introduced Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Coastal Norway." Forests 8, no. 1 (January 14, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f8010024.

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30

Robinson, C. H., P. Ineson, T. G. Piearce, and A. P. Rowland. "Nitrogen Mobilization by Earthworms in Limed Peat Soils Under Picea sitchensis." Journal of Applied Ecology 29, no. 1 (1992): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2404365.

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31

Woods, C. M. "Receptivity of Picea sitchensis stumps to infection by Heterobasidion annosum basidiospores." Forestry 73, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/73.5.457.

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32

Nair, R., A. Weatherall, M. Perks, and M. Mencuccini. "Stem injection of 15N-NH4NO3 into mature Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)." Tree Physiology 34, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 1130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpu084.

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33

Vila, Bruno, Franck Torre, Frédéric Guibal, and Jean-Louis Martin. "Growth change of young Picea sitchensis in response to deer browsing." Forest Ecology and Management 180, no. 1-3 (July 2003): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00655-2.

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34

Jalkanen, R. E., D. B. Redfern, and L. J. Sheppard. "Nutrient deficits increase frost hardiness in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) needles." Forest Ecology and Management 107, no. 1-3 (August 1998): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(97)00338-1.

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35

MILNE, R. "Diurnal water storage in the stems of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr." Plant, Cell and Environment 12, no. 1 (January 1989): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1989.tb01917.x.

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36

Lehto, Tarja. "Effect of drought on Picea sitchensis seedlings inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 7, no. 1-4 (January 1992): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827589209382710.

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37

Liu, Rui, Lixian Mu, Huan Liu, Lin Wei, Tianhua Yan, Ming Chen, Keyun Zhang, Jianxu Li, Dewen You, and Ren Lai. "Two antimicrobial and nematicidal peptides derived from sequences encoded Picea sitchensis." Journal of Peptide Science 17, no. 9 (June 6, 2011): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psc.1380.

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38

A'HARA, S. W., and J. E. COTTRELL. "A set of microsatellite markers for use in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) developed from Picea glauca ESTs." Molecular Ecology Notes 4, no. 4 (December 2004): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00774.x.

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39

Sahota, T. S., J. F. Manville, F. G. Peet, A. Ibaraki, and E. White. "WEEVIL PHYSIOLOGY CONTROLS THE FEEDING RATES OF PISSODES STROBI ON PICEA SITCHENSIS." Canadian Entomologist 130, no. 3 (June 1998): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent130305-3.

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AbstractThe number and volume of feeding and oviposition holes made by female white pine weevils, Pissodes strobi (Peck), on lateral branches of resistant and susceptible Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., were determined. When all possible effects of weevil reproduction on feeding rates were eliminated, by using reproductively noncompetent weevils, there was no significant difference in the number of feeding holes made on the two host types. In addition, the volume of feeding holes was unaffected by host type on day 1. In contrast, when differential reproductive activity was induced by treating weevils with juvenile hormone, and the host factor was eliminated, by using only the susceptible host, higher reproductive activity was accompanied by a significantly larger number of feeding holes. Hormone treatment also led to an increase in the volume of feeding holes in the absence of any influence of host factors. Results are interpreted in relation to the direct effects of host resistance on feeding rates (which determine host acceptability) and the indirect effects of host resistance on feeding rates mediated through the physiology of the weevils (which determine host suitability). Our results show that both the number of feeding holes and their volume are determined primarily through weevil metabolism.

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40

Wang, Y. P., and P. G. Jarvis. "Influence of Shoot Structure on the Photosynthesis of Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis)." Functional Ecology 7, no. 4 (August 1993): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2390031.

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Milne, R., and P. Blackburn. "The elasticity and vertical distribution of stress within stems of Picea sitchensis." Tree Physiology 5, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/5.2.195.

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FORD, E. D., J. D. DEANS, and R. MILNE. "Shoot Extension in Picea sitchensis I. Seasonal Variation Within a Forest Canopy." Annals of Botany 60, no. 5 (November 1987): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087476.

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Mimura, M., and S. N. Aitken. "Adaptive gradients and isolation-by-distance with postglacial migration in Picea sitchensis." Heredity 99, no. 2 (May 9, 2007): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800987.

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Hayward, S., A. Tani, S. M. Owen, and C. N. Hewitt. "Online analysis of volatile organic compound emissions from Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)." Tree Physiology 24, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/24.7.721.

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WINGATE, LISA, ULLI SEIBT, JOHN B. MONCRIEFF, PAUL G. JARVIS, and JON LLOYD. "Variations in13C discrimination during CO2exchange by Picea sitchensis branches in the field." Plant, Cell & Environment 30, no. 5 (May 2007): 600–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01647.x.

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Skovsgaard, J. P. "Branch thickness in unthinned stands of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.)." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 3, no. 1-4 (January 1988): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827588809382512.

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Chappell, Nick, Adam Stobbs, Les Ternan, and Andrew Williams. "Localised impact of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) on soil permeability." Plant and Soil 182, no. 1 (May 1996): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00011004.

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Tobin, Brian, and Maarten Nieuwenhuis. "Biomass expansion factors for Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) in Ireland." European Journal of Forest Research 126, no. 2 (April 2007): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-005-0105-3.

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Ager, T. A., P. E. Carrara, and J. P. McGeehin. "Ecosystem development in the Girdwood area, south-central Alaska, following late Wisconsin glaciation." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, no. 7 (July 2010): 971–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-020.

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Pollen analysis of two cores with discontinuous records from a peat bog near Girdwood, in south-central Alaska, provides the basis for reconstructing the first radiocarbon-dated outline of postglacial history of vegetation in the upper Turnagain Arm area of Cook Inlet. Pollen data from clayey silt underlying peat at one site indicate that the earliest known vegetation in the Girdwood area was shrub–herb tundra. Tundra vegetation developed by ∼13 800 cal years BP, soon after local retreat of glacial ice from the maximum position of the Elmendorf glacial advance (∼15 000 – 11 000 cal years BP). By ∼10 900 cal years BP, the tundra vegetation became shrubbier as Betula nana , Salix , and Ericales increased, and scattered Alnus shrubs began to colonize Turnagain Arm. By ∼9600 cal years BP, Alnus thickets with Polypodiaceae ferns became the dominant vegetation. By ∼6600 cal years BP, birch trees ( Betula neoalaskana , B. kenaica ) from the Anchorage and Kenai lowlands began to spread eastward into eastern Turnagain Arm. Mountain hemlock ( Tsuga mertensiana ) began to colonize the Girdwood area by ∼3400 cal years BP, followed soon after by Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ), both Pacific coastal forest species that spread westward from Prince William Sound after a long migration from southeastern Alaska. For at least the past 2700 cal years, Pacific coastal forest composed mostly of Tsuga mertensiana , Picea sitchensis , and Alnus has been the dominant vegetation of eastern Turnagain Arm.

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O'Neill, G. A., S. N. Aitken, J. N. King, and R. I. Alfaro. "Geographic variation in resin canal defenses in seedlings from the Sitka spruce × white spruce introgression zone." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-206.

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Seedlings from 18 provenances along a coast-interior transect in the Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss introgression zone in northwestern British Columbia were mechanically wounded at the beginning of their third growing season to simulate natural attack by the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck). Constitutive resin canals (CRC) in the cortex and traumatic resin canals (TRC) in the xylem of terminal shoots were characterized microscopically 4 months after wounding. Wounding resulted in a large increase in CRC size and in TRC number and density. Provenances differed significantly in TRC number and in CRC number, size, total area, and the proportion of total bark area occupied by CRC. CRC number and size, TRC number, and provenance weevil resistance (obtained from previously published data) increased with increasing latitude, elevation, and distance from the Pacific Ocean (i.e., towards the P. glauca end of the introgression zone) and decreased with increasing longitude (i.e., towards P. sitchensis). These traits also increased with aridity and continentality and decreased with most temperature, precipitation, and growing season length variables. Statistically significant multiple regression models related variation in some resin canal traits to geographic (r2 = 0.71) and climatic (r2 = 0.62) variables. Provenance mean values for weevil resistance were positively associated with predicted values for TRC number and CRC size. These results indicate that it is possible to predict locations in the introgression zone containing trees that possess desirable resin canal traits using geographic or climatic variables.

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