Relevant bibliographies by topics / PI4K

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'PI4K'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "PI4K"

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Klima, Martin, Adriana Baumlova, Dominika Chalupska, Hubert Hřebabecký, Milan Dejmek, Radim Nencka, and Evzen Boura. "The high-resolution crystal structure of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIβ and the crystal structure of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIα containing a nucleoside analogue provide a structural basis for isoform-specific inhibitor design." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 71, no. 7 (June 30, 2015): 1555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1399004715009505.

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Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) is the most abundant monophosphoinositide in eukaryotic cells. Humans have four phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) that synthesize PI4P, among which are PI4K IIβ and PI4K IIα. In this study, two crystal structures are presented: the structure of human PI4K IIβ and the structure of PI4K IIα containing a nucleoside analogue. The former, a complex with ATP, is the first high-resolution (1.9 Å) structure of a PI4K. These structures reveal new details such as high conformational heterogeneity of the lateral hydrophobic pocket of the C-lobe and together provide a structural basis for isoform-specific inhibitor design.
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Wu, Liujie, Ayan Sadhukhan, Yuriko Kobayashi, Naohisa Ogo, Mutsutomo Tokizawa, Raj Kishan Agrahari, Hiroki Ito, et al. "Involvement of phosphatidylinositol metabolism in aluminum-induced malate secretion in Arabidopsis." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 12 (April 12, 2019): 3329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz179.

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Abstract To identify the upstream signaling of aluminum-induced malate secretion through aluminum-activated malate transporter 1 (AtALMT1), a pharmacological assay using inhibitors of human signal transduction pathways was performed. Early aluminum-induced transcription of AtALMT1 and other aluminum-responsive genes was significantly suppressed by phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K) and phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitors, indicating that the PI4K–PLC metabolic pathway activates early aluminum signaling. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and PI4K reduced aluminum-activated malate transport by AtALMT1, suggesting that both the PI3K and PI4K metabolic pathways regulate this process. These results were validated using T-DNA insertion mutants of PI4K and PI3K-RNAi lines. A human protein kinase inhibitor, putatively inhibiting homologous calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase and/or Ca-dependent protein kinase in Arabidopsis, suppressed late-phase aluminum-induced expression of AtALMT1, which was concomitant with the induction of an AtALMT1 repressor, WRKY46, and suppression of an AtALMT1 activator, Calmodulin-binding transcription activator 2 (CAMTA2). In addition, a human deubiquitinase inhibitor suppressed aluminum-activated malate transport, suggesting that deubiquitinases can regulate this process. We also found a reduction of aluminum-induced citrate secretion in tobacco by applying inhibitors of PI3K and PI4K. Taken together, our results indicated that phosphatidylinositol metabolism regulates organic acid secretion in plants under aluminum stress.
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WAUGH, Mark G., Shane MINOGUE, J. Simon ANDERSON, Adam BALINGER, Deena BLUMENKRANTZ, Denis P. CALNAN, Rainer CRAMER, and J. Justin HSUAN. "Localization of a highly active pool of type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase in a p97/valosin-containing-protein-rich fraction of the endoplasmic reticulum." Biochemical Journal 373, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20030089.

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Different phosphoinositides are synthesized in cell membranes in order to perform a variety of functions. One of the most abundant of these lipids is phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-phosphate (PI4P), which is formed in human eukaryotes by type II and type III phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K II and III) activities. PI4K II activity occurs in many different subcellular membranes, although no detailed analysis of the distribution of this activity has been reported. Using density gradient ultracentrifugation, we have previously found that in A431 cells the predominant PI4K activity arises from a type IIα enzyme that is localized to a buoyant membrane fraction of unknown origin [Waugh, Lawson, Tan and Hsuan (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 17115–17121]. We show here that these buoyant membranes contain an activated form of PI4K IIα that can be separated from the bulk of the PI4K IIα protein in A431 and COS-7 cells. Proteomic analysis revealed that the buoyant membrane fraction contains numerous endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-marker proteins, although it was separated from the bulk of the ER, ER–Golgi intermediate compartment, transitional ER, Golgi and other major subcellular membranes. Furthermore, the majority of the cytoplasmic valosin-containing protein (VCP), an AAA+ATPase implicated in various ER, transitional ER, Golgi and nuclear functions, was almost completely localized to the same buoyant membrane fraction. Co-localization of VCP and PI4K activity was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. These results suggest the previously unsuspected existence of an ER-related domain in which the bulk of the cellular PI4P synthesis and VCP are localized.
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Balla, Andras, Yeun Ju Kim, Peter Varnai, Zsofia Szentpetery, Zachary Knight, Kevan M. Shokat, and Tamas Balla. "Maintenance of Hormone-sensitive Phosphoinositide Pools in the Plasma Membrane Requires Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase IIIα." Molecular Biology of the Cell 19, no. 2 (February 2008): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e07-07-0713.

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Type III phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4-kinases (PI4Ks) have been previously shown to support plasma membrane phosphoinositide synthesis during phospholipase C activation and Ca2+ signaling. Here, we use biochemical and imaging tools to monitor phosphoinositide changes in the plasma membrane in combination with pharmacological and genetic approaches to determine which of the type III PI4Ks (α or β) is responsible for supplying phosphoinositides during agonist-induced Ca2+ signaling. Using inhibitors that discriminate between the α- and β-isoforms of type III PI4Ks, PI4KIIIα was found indispensable for the production of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2], and Ca2+ signaling in angiotensin II (AngII)-stimulated cells. Down-regulation of either the type II or type III PI4K enzymes by small interfering RNA (siRNA) had small but significant effects on basal PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels in 32P-labeled cells, but only PI4KIIIα down-regulation caused a slight impairment of PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2 resynthesis in AngII-stimulated cells. None of the PI4K siRNA treatments had a measurable effect on AngII-induced Ca2+ signaling. These results indicate that a small fraction of the cellular PI4K activity is sufficient to maintain plasma membrane phosphoinositide pools, and they demonstrate the value of the pharmacological approach in revealing the pivotal role of PI4KIIIα enzyme in maintaining plasma membrane phosphoinositides.
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Hammond, Gerald R. V., Giampietro Schiavo, and Robin F. Irvine. "Immunocytochemical techniques reveal multiple, distinct cellular pools of PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2." Biochemical Journal 422, no. 1 (July 29, 2009): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20090428.

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PtdIns4P is the major precursor for the synthesis of the multifunctional plasma membrane lipid, PtdIns(4,5)P2. Yet PtdIns4P also functions as a regulatory lipid in its own right, particularly at the Golgi apparatus. In the present study we define specific conditions that enable preservation of several organellar membranes for the immunocytochemical detection of PtdIns4P. We report distinct pools of this lipid in both Golgi and plasma membranes, which are synthesized by different PI4K (phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase) activities, and also the presence of PtdIns4P in cytoplasmic vesicles, which are not readily identifiable as PI4K containing trafficking intermediates. In addition, we present evidence that the majority of PtdIns4P resides in the plasma membrane, where it is metabolically distinct from the steady-state plasma membrane pool of PtdIns(4,5)P2.
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Dembele, Laurent, Yaw Aniweh, Nouhoum Diallo, Fanta Sogore, Cheick Papa Oumar Sangare, Aboubecrin Sedhigh Haidara, Aliou Traore, et al. "Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum comparative susceptibility to antimalarial drugs in Mali." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, no. 8 (May 22, 2021): 2079–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab133.

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Abstract Objectives To evaluate Plasmodium malariae susceptibility to current and lead candidate antimalarial drugs. Methods We conducted cross-sectional screening and detection of all Plasmodium species malaria cases, which were nested within a longitudinal prospective study, and an ex vivo assessment of efficacy of a panel of antimalarials against P. malariae and Plasmodium falciparum, both PCR-confirmed mono-infections. Reference compounds tested included chloroquine, lumefantrine, artemether and piperaquine, while candidate antimalarials included the imidazolopiperazine GNF179, a close analogue of KAF156, and the Plasmodium phosphatidylinositol-4-OH kinase (PI4K)-specific inhibitor KDU691. Results We report a high frequency (3%–15%) of P. malariae infections with a significant reduction in ex vivo susceptibility to chloroquine, lumefantrine and artemether, which are the current frontline drugs against P. malariae infections. Unlike these compounds, potent inhibition of P. malariae and P. falciparum was observed with piperaquine exposure. Furthermore, we evaluated advanced lead antimalarial compounds. In this regard, we identified strong inhibition of P. malariae using GNF179, a close analogue of KAF156 imidazolopiperazines, which is a novel class of antimalarial drug currently in clinical Phase IIb testing. Finally, in addition to GNF179, we demonstrated that the Plasmodium PI4K-specific inhibitor KDU691 is highly inhibitory against P. malariae and P. falciparum. Conclusions Our data indicated that chloroquine, lumefantrine and artemether may not be suitable for the treatment of P. malariae infections and the potential of piperaquine, as well as new antimalarials imidazolopiperazines and PI4K-specific inhibitor, for P. malariae cure.
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Bar-Lev, Tali H., Dagan Harris, Melanija Tomić, Stanko Stojilkovic, Zeev Blumenfeld, Pamela Brown, Rony Seger, and Zvi Naor. "Role of PI4K and PI3K-AKT in ERK1/2 activation by GnRH in the pituitary gonadotropes." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 415 (November 2015): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2015.07.029.

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Galvão, Rafaelo M., Uma Kota, Erik J. Soderblom, Michael B. Goshe, and Wendy F. Boss. "Characterization of a new family of protein kinases from Arabidopsis containing phosphoinositide 3/4-kinase and ubiquitin-like domains." Biochemical Journal 409, no. 1 (December 11, 2007): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20070959.

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At least two of the genes predicted to encode type II PI4K (phosphoinositide 4-kinase) in Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress), namely AtPI4Kγ4 and AtPI4Kγ7, encode enzymes with catalytic properties similar to those of members of the PIKK (phosphoinositide kinase-related kinase) family. AtPI4Kγ4 and AtPI4Kγ7 undergo autophosphorylation and phosphorylate serine/threonine residues of protein substrates, but have no detectable lipid kinase activity. AtPI4Kγ4 and AtPI4Kγ7 are members of a subset of five putative AtPI4Ks that contain N-terminal UBL (ubiquitin-like) domains. In vitro analysis of AtPI4Kγ4 indicates that it interacts directly with, and phosphorylates, two proteins involved in the ubiquitin–proteasome system, namely UFD1 (ubiquitin fusion degradation 1) and RPN10 (regulatory particle non-ATPase 10). On the basis of the present results, we propose that AtPI4Kγ4 and AtPI4Kγ7 should be designated UbDKγ4 and UbDKγ7 (ubiquitin-like domain kinases γ4 and γ7). These UBL-domain-containing AtPI4Ks correspond to a new PIKK subfamily of protein kinases. Furthermore, UFD1 and RPN10 phosphorylation represents an additional mechanism by which their function can be regulated.
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Kim, I. A., J. Kwon, Y. H. Park, D. H. Kim, and J. M. Park. "Targeting PI4K for Radiosensitization: A Potential Model of Drug Repositioning." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 96, no. 2 (October 2016): E558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.06.2025.

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Banerji, Sangeeta, Mike Ngo, Ciaran F. Lane, Carolyn-Ann Robinson, Shane Minogue, and Neale D. Ridgway. "Oxysterol Binding Protein-dependent Activation of Sphingomyelin Synthesis in the Golgi Apparatus Requires Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase IIα." Molecular Biology of the Cell 21, no. 23 (December 2010): 4141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e10-05-0424.

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Cholesterol and sphingomyelin (SM) associate in raft domains and are metabolically coregulated. One aspect of coordinate regulation occurs in the Golgi apparatus where oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) mediates sterol-dependent activation of ceramide transport protein (CERT) activity and SM synthesis. Because CERT transfer activity is dependent on its phosphatidylinositol 4 phosphate [PtdIns(4)P]-specific pleckstrin homology domain, we investigated whether OSBP activation of CERT involved a Golgi-associated PtdIns 4-kinase (PI4K). Cell fractionation experiments revealed that Golgi/endosome-enriched membranes from 25-hydroxycholesterol-treated Chinese hamster ovary cells had increased activity of a sterol-sensitive PI4K that was blocked by small interfering RNA silencing of OSBP. Consistent with this sterol-requirement, OSBP silencing also reduced the cholesterol content of endosome/trans-Golgi network (TGN) fractions containing PI4KIIα. PI4KIIα, but not PI4KIIIβ, was required for oxysterol-activation of SM synthesis and recruitment of CERT to the Golgi apparatus. However, neither PI4KIIα nor PI4KIIIβ expression was required for 25-hydroxycholesterol–dependent translocation of OSBP to the Golgi apparatus. The presence of OSBP, CERT, and PI4KIIα in the TGN of oxysterol-stimulated cells suggests that OSBP couples sterol binding or transfer activity with regulation of PI4KIIα activity, leading to CERT recruitment to the TGN and increased SM synthesis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "PI4K"

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Loundras, Eleni-Anna. "The foot-and-mouth disease virus replication complex : dissecting the role of the viral polymerase (3Dpol) and investigating interactions with phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase (PI4K)." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19452/.

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Replication of many positive-strand RNA viruses have been shown to occur within intracellular membrane-associated compartments termed replication complexes. Replication of viral RNA occurs within these intracellular compartments as a way for the virus to concentrate the structural and non-structural components into a small area to facilitate replication as well as protecting the virus components from host cell pathogen recognition and innate immune responses. Using immunofluorescent confocal and electron microscopy, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has been shown to dysregulate Golgi and ER-derived membranes, but to date, no distinct membrane-bound replication complex comprised of viral RNA, structural and nonstructural proteins, and host-cell proteins have yet to be identified for FMDV. The FMDV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, 3Dpol, is the primary protein involved in virus genome replication and has been previously shown to form higher-order fibril like structures in vitro in the presence of RNA. These 3Dpol fibril structures could act to ‘scaffold’ replication complex formation. Here, several mutations were made in 3Dpol to assess their role in higher-order complex formation. The ability for the different 3Dpol mutations to function was assessed biochemically, structurally and in cell culture. The results point towards the necessity for a fully functional (catalytically active) polymerase in the formation of the higher-order structures. Furthermore, complementation studies indicate that 3Dpol has two distinct functions necessary for replication within cells. Additionally, it was pertinent to investigate the role of membrane-associated kinases,such as PI4K, as a number of related viruses utilise this cellular pathway to form an optimal environment within which viral replication can occur by upregulating the formation of lipids used in the building of intracellular membranes. Investigation of translation and replication of FMDV RNA within cells show that FMDV does not appear to utilise the PI4K pathway. These results highlight differences between FMDV and other related picornaviruses and provide a basis to investigate alternative methods for replication complex formation.
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Krinke, Onďrej. "Rôle de la signalisation phospholipidique dans la voie de réponse à l'acide salicyclique chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Paris 6, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808969.

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Chez les plantes, l’acide salicylique (SA) a un rôle central dans la réponse à de nombreuses contraintes environnementales et lors du développement. Cependant les événements de signalisation précoces qu’il déclenche sont peu connus. Nous montrons, par marquage métabolique au 33Pi sur une suspension cellulaire d’Arabidopsis thaliana, que le SA induit une diminution rapide et précoce d’un pool de phosphatidylinositol (PI). Celle-ci est accompagnée d’une accumulation de PI 4-phosphate et PI 4,5-bisphosphate. Ces changements sont inhibés par de la wortmannine à 30 μM mais pas à 1 μM, ce qui implique une activation de PI 4-kinase de type III. C’est pourquoi une étude des effets de la wortmannine sur les modifications de transcriptome par le SA a été menée à l’aide de la puce « Complete Arabidopsis Transcriptome MicroArray » (CATMA). Sur 773 gènes régulés par le SA, 112 sont sensibles à 30 μM de wortmannine. En parallèle, nous voyons que l’acide phosphatidique issu de la phospholipase D (PLD) est important pour la réponse génique précoce au SA. Une expérience de puces menée pour identifier les gènes régulés par la PLD en réponse au SA a révélé que parmi 1327 gènes régulés par le SA, 97 gènes sont régulés positivement, et 117 gènes négativement, par la PLD. Les régulons de la voie sensible à la wortmannine et de la voie PLD se chevauchent fortement, ce qui suggère que les deux activités agissent en synergie dans la même voie de signalisation en réponse au SA
Salicylic acid (SA) has a pivotal role in many plant stress and developmental responses but little is known about the early signalling events triggered by this molecule. Using Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells, it was shown by in vivo metabolic phospholipid labelling with 33Pi that SA induced rapid and early decrease in a pool of phosphatidylinositol (PI). The decrease was accompanied by an increase in PI 4-phosphate and PI 4,5-bisphosphate contents. These changes could be inhibited by 30 M wortmannine, but not by 1 μM wortmannine, implying that a type III PI 4-kinase was activated in response to SA. Therefore, a study of wortmannin effects on SA transcriptome was undertaken. Using the Complete Arabidopsis Transcriptome MicroArray (CATMA) chip, 773 SA-regulated genes were identified. Among these, the SA response of 112 was inhibited by 30 M wortmannine, but not by 1 M wortmannin. In parallel, it was discovered that phospholipase D (PLD) derived phosphatidic acid was important for the early SA-regulated gene expression. Microarray experiment aimed to identify genes regulated by PLD in response to SA revealed that out of 1327 genes regulated by SA, 97 genes were positively and 117 genes were negatively regulated by PLD. The wortmannin-sensitive pathway and PLD pathway regulons share an important overlap implying that the two enzyme activities act synergistically in the same signalling pathway in response to SA. Key words: Arabidopsis thaliana, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, ph
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BIANCO, ANNALISA. "Virus-host interactions in hepatitis C virus infection: implications for pathogenesis and therapy." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/29914.

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Virus-host interactions are crucial for the pathogenesis of Hepatitis C. Disease progression and response to therapy depends from viral and host factors and from their mutual interactions. The study of host and viral factors is also of primary importance for the development of new antiviral therapies. The goal of this work was to investigate some of the most relevant viral and host factors in order to improve their knowledge and the possibility to translate this knowledge to a useful clinical application. CHAPTER 2: Metabolism of Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase IIIα-Dependent PI4P is Subverted by HCV and Is Targeted by a 4-Amino Quinazoline with Antiviral Activity The enzymatic activity of PI4KIIIα is required for efficient HCV RNA Replication and the direct activation of this lipid kinase by HCV is critical for the integrity of the viral replication complex. Since we demonstrated that the anti-HCV compound AL-9 is an inhibitor of PI4KIIIα, this kinase is a suitable antiviral target for the treatment of HCV. CHAPTERS 3-4: Unraveling host responses to the emergence of hepatitis C virus particles with defective RNA genomes HCV particles with defective RNA genomes have been recently identified in the serum of some patients with chronic HCV infection and represent a significant proportion of viral load. In order to investigate whether HCV defective genomes could play a role in any of the hepatic disease manifestations associated with chronic HCV infection, or affect response to antiviral therapy, we adopted a two-fold ex vivo/in vitro approach. On one hand, we performed a retrospective screening campaign aiming at assessing the presence of defective genomes in the serum of HCV-infected individuals stratified according to disease severity as well as response to PEG-IFNα/RBV combination therapy (CHAPTER 3). On another hand, we studied the direct role of defective HCV genomes in hepatocyte injury using an infectivity model system in vitro (CHAPTER 4).
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Jetté, Abriana. "Pink houses." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12432.

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Thesis (M.F.A.)--Boston University PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
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Cross, Alison Danielle. "Early marine growth and consumption demand of juvenile pink salmon in Prince William Sound and the northern coastal Gulf of Alaska /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5314.

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Parker, Samuel Tovarisch. "The Pink Passenger." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/art_design_theses/59.

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The work I have created during my time as a graduate student is a reflection of the dialogues I have engaged in with other artists and acquaintances both in and outside of the academic arena. Stylistically this work is derivative of my involvement with graffiti, Tattooing, and underground comics. I have developed the icon of the rider to represent the agency and responsibility of myself as an artist in reflecting these various contexts.
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CARVALHO, RODRIGO PEREIRA. "PICK S THEOREM." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25845@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
O estudo de geometria, em particular área de polígonos simples, é pouco trabalhado em sala de aula, sendo assim o presente trabalho tem como finalidade apresentar o Teorema de Pick, com algumas demonstrações, como ferramenta de cálculo de área. Atenção especial é necessária para polígonos simples mas não necessariamente convexos. Além disso discutimos outros Teoremas relacionados, como Jordan e Euler. Espera-se que esta pesquisa se some a outras no sentido de contribuir para o ensino de matemática de forma qualitativa, podendo se utilizar de técnicas aqui abordadas ou ainda serem adaptadas às diversas realidades para o seu melhor aproveitamento.
The study of plane geometry, in particular the computation of areas of simple polygons, is little explored in the classroom. Our aim here is to state and prove Pick s Theorem. We also present sever al examples and more than one proof. Simple polygons (which are not necessarily convex) receive special attention. We also consider some related results, such as the theorems of Jordan and Euler. It is hoped that this re e arch will contribute to the teaching of mathematics in a qualitative way.
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Sotomayor, Ponte José Carlos Manuel. "Teorema de Pick." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/20195.

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Los polígonos enteros, en particular los politopos enteros en el plano, pueden ser descritos por vértices de puntos enteros. Por supuesto, estos puntos no son necesariamente los únicos con la cualidad de ser enteros dentro del polígono. A cada punto entero dentro de estos objetos podemos asignarle un peso, de acuerdo con el rol que cumpla en el mismo: vértice, lado o interior. A la suma ponderada de los puntos de coordenadas enteras del polígono se le asigna un nombre conocido por todos: es en realidad el área. Podría ser una forma poco intuitiva de hallar el área, pero gracias a ella también podemos obtener propiedades que se pueden considerar poco intuitivas, pero no por ello menos importantes. Sin embargo, esta propiedad es única y exclusivamente para polígonos en el plano. Por ejemplo, el tetraedro de Reeve nos encara con una obstrucción para efectuar el mismo trabajo en el espacio R3. La teoría de Ehrhart ayuda a resolver cuestiones análogas en dimensiones mayores a 2.
Trabajo de investigación
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Blagg, Caroline. "The Pink Papers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4270/.

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The Pink Papers is a collection of three short stories and a novel in progress consisting of four chapters. Each piece is a work of original fiction. The preface addresses the female writer and the female voice in fiction. "Broken Clock" and "Pink Paper" are the stories of two girls coping with endometriosis. "Normal Capacity" looks at the loss of a dream through the eyes of a first-year law student. The novel in progress, titled Blanchard, OK, is set in a rural farming town in Oklahoma. The novel tells the stories of 24-year-old Robin, her Aunt Paula, and Paula's boyfriend, Sam.
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Dickerson, Bobette Ray. "Reproductive success in wild pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5337.

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Books on the topic "PI4K"

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Pink: Ridiculously random collection of thoughts spurred by the color pink. OKC, OK: Rory, 2005.

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Pick for users. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1985.

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PICK for users. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990.

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Cheng, Peter. Hydroacoustic estimation of Fraser River pink salmon abundance and distribution at Mission, B.C., in 1987. Vancouver, B.C: Pacific Salmon Commission, 1991.

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Dallas, Karl. Bricks in the wall. New York: Shapolsky, 1988.

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Bricks in the wall. New York: Shapolsky, 1987.

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Pink Floyd. [Paris]: EJL, 2000.

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Bourdon, Roger J. The Pick operating system: A practical guide. Wokingham, England: Addison-Wesley, 1987.

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Mike, Wyatt, ed. The Pick operating system. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987.

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Sisk, Jonathan E. Exploring the PICK operating system. 2nd ed. Indianapolis, Ind: Hayden Books, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "PI4K"

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McPhail, Jacob A., and John E. Burke. "Drugging the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) and Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase (PI4K) Family of Enzymes for Treatment of Cancer, Immune Disorders, and Viral/Parasitic Infections." In Druggable Lipid Signaling Pathways, 203–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_9.

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Okkenhaug, Klaus. "PI3K." In Encyclopedia of Medical Immunology, 851–54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84828-0_44.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Pick." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 535. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8705.

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Donato, Dominique M., Steven K. Hanks, Kenneth A. Jacobson, M. P. Suresh Jayasekara, Zhan-Guo Gao, Francesca Deflorian, John Papaconstantinou, et al. "PI3K." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 1419. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0461-4_101039.

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Donato, Dominique M., Steven K. Hanks, Kenneth A. Jacobson, M. P. Suresh Jayasekara, Zhan-Guo Gao, Francesca Deflorian, John Papaconstantinou, et al. "PIP4K." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 1429. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0461-4_101044.

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"PINK, PINK, PINK." In Stardust Media, 20. University of Massachusetts Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvxkn700.19.

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Petrusich, Amanda. "It’s a Pink, Pink, Pink, Pink, Pink Moon." In Nick Drake's Pink Moon, 115–18. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501397134.ch-006.

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"pick-and-pick." In The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles. Fairchild Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501365072.12125.

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"pick-on-pick moiré." In The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles. Fairchild Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501365072.12141.

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"pick-and-pick brocade." In The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles. Fairchild Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501365072.12126.

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Conference papers on the topic "PI4K"

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Waring, Michael J., Darren Cross, David Andrews, Vikki Flemington, Carol Lenaghan, Jennifer McKelvie, Sarita Maman, et al. "Abstract 2228: Phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase - Potent and selective inhibitors of PI4Kα and PI4Kβ." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-2228.

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Miniukovich, Aliaksei, and Antonella De Angeli. "Pick me!" In CHI'16: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858552.

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Thomas, Charu, Theodore Panagiotopoulos, Pramod Kotipalli, Malcolm Haynes, and Thad Starner. "RF-pick." In UbiComp '18: The 2018 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3267242.3267290.

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Heo, Yunsil, and Hyunwoo Bang. "Cloud Pink." In SIGGRAPH '13: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2503649.2503659.

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Shami, N. Sadat, Kate Ehrlich, and David R. Millen. "Pick me!" In Proceeding of the twenty-sixth annual CHI conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357223.

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Difallah, Djellel Eddine, Gianluca Demartini, and Philippe Cudré-Mauroux. "Pick-a-crowd." In the 22nd international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2488388.2488421.

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Funk, Markus, Alireza Sahami Shirazi, Sven Mayer, Lars Lischke, and Albrecht Schmidt. "Pick from here!" In the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2750858.2804268.

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Leontiadis, Nektarios, Tyler Moore, and Nicolas Christin. "Pick your poison." In EC '13: ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2482540.2482610.

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Makmal, Adi, Jonathan Ephrath, Hilik Berezin, Liron Allerhand, Nir Nice, and Noam Koenigstein. "Pick & merge." In RecSys '19: Thirteenth ACM Conference on Recommender Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3298689.3347005.

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Lee, Wei-Han, Xiaochen Liu, Yilin Shen, Hongxia Jin, and Ruby B. Lee. "Secure Pick Up." In SACMAT'17: The 22nd ACM Symposium on Access Control Models and Technologies. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3078861.3078870.

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Reports on the topic "PI4K"

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Zelenak, Andrew J. Covercoat Pick-and-Place Robot Design. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1089458.

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Higgins, E., and V. Stanziani. Boster pick up electrode signal processing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1150492.

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Cook, Lisa, and Chaleampong Kongcharoen. The Idea Gap in Pink and Black. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16331.

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Higgins, E. Some issues concerning beam sensing pick-ups. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1150463.

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O'Day, S. Four-Plate Pick-Up Capacitance and Sensitivity Calculations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/983981.

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Baldwin, Richard, and Frederic Robert-Nicoud. Entry and Asymmetric Lobbying: Why Governments Pick Losers. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8756.

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Cook, Lisa, Janet Gerson, and Jennifer Kuan. Closing the Innovation Gap in Pink and Black. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29354.

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Hinds, S. J., and M. P. Cecile. Geology, Pink Mountain and Northwest Cypress Creek, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/213952.

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Turner, B., M. Quat, R. Debicki, and P. Thurston. Killarney: famous Canadian Shield white mountains and pink shores. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329910.

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Pinayev, Igor. Evaluation of Signal Levels from Transfer Lines Pick-up Electrodes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1525384.

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