Academic literature on the topic 'PI-BESS'

During the past few decades, there has been significant growth in the renewable energy market because of increased concern over global warming and the continuous depletion of fossil fuel resources. There is a promising solar thermal technology that utilizes low-temperature heat to generate electricity. The conversion process of thermal energy to electricity is based on the principle of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC). This study investigated a novel islanded hybrid power system consisting of an ORC low temperature solar thermal system, wind (WTG), diesel generation (DEG) set, and combined application of an energy storage system (ESS), such as a battery (BESS), super magnetic energy storage (SMES), and an ultracapacitor (UC) unit. Furthermore, the hybrid system was employed with a single controller (one of proportional-integral (PI), PI with derivative (PID), two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) PI, and 2DOF PID controllers) with proportionate gains to the DEG, and the ESS, which is another unique aspect of this work. Moreover, a comparative performance assessment of the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) to tune the PI, PID, 2DOF PI, and 2DOF PID controllers was carried out. Finally, the performance of the above hybrid system was compared with different ESS combinations, namely, (i) only BESS, (ii) BESS + UC, and (iii) BESS + SMES. The simulation results indicated that a renewable integrated isolated power system with BESS + SMES provided a better response than the other ESS combinations. In fact, the presence of comparative dynamic responses verified the superiority of an FPA-tuned 2DOF PID compared with other FPA-tuned controllers.

The reliable operation of power systems is crucial for ensuring uninterrupted power supply to consumers. However, any deficiency in power generation can lead to frequency deviation, disrupting the entire power system. To address this challenge, an active power source with a fast response, such as a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), can prove to be a highly effective countermeasure. The BESS has gained immense popularity for its diverse applications, including load leveling, frequency and voltage support during loss of generation, improving transient and dynamic stability, and enhancing power quality. This has made the BESS an invaluable contribution to power system restructuring. One of the most important applications of the BESS is in Load Frequency Control, where a proportional-integral (PI) controller is employed to modify the power output of the BESS, resulting in further optimization of the system. In this work, a two-area hydro-thermal interconnected system is considered, and simulations are performed in MATLAB to analyze the impact of the BESS with and without a PI Controller. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in the load shedding amount, and the under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) scheme is made even more effective, ensuring the reliable and uninterrupted operation of the power system.

The potential of a retired electric vehicle battery (REVB) is its capacity to provide backup power supply to the power system grid. This paper proposed energy storage system (ESS) based on REVB called retired battery energy storage system (retired BESS) to tackle the intermittent of renewable energy source such as wind turbine and dynamic load change. To examine the efficacy of the proposed technique, the load frequency control (LFC) of microgrid (MG) system is utilized in this study and the proposed technique is compared to conventional LFC controller, PI controllers, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), and a new electric vehicle battery. The kind of retired BESS cell used in this study is Li-ion nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) type with a state of charge as of 70%. The capacity of each cell for retired BESS is 38 Ah. From the simulation result, the use of retired BESS can reduce frequency oscillation, compress the settling time to reach steady state, and maintain the robustness of the MG system. A retired BESS has a minimum error performance index value compared to conventional LFC, proportional integral (PI) controller, and SMES.

In the present energy scenario, wind energy is the fastest-growing renewable energy resource on the globe. However, wind-energy-based generation systems are also associated with increasing demands for power quality and active power control in the power network. With the advancements in power-electronics-based technology and its use in non-conventional energy conversion systems, it has witnessed tremendous growth in wind energy conversion systems (WECSs). At the same time, integrating wind farms into the grid system also results in many power quality issues in the power system that involve these renewable energy sources feeding power networks. This paper reports the effectiveness of grid-connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based WECS with a battery energy storage system (BESS) under variable wind conditions. In this study, a rotor side converter (RSC) is controlled to achieve the optimal torque for a given maximal wind power. The control scheme is simulated using MATLAB for a 2 MW-rated DFIG used in a WECS. Additionally, in this paper, a new fraction order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller is introduced into the system’s RSC, and its performance is also observed. The BESS technique is used with a DC link to improve the overall performance of the DFIG-based WECS under different wind conditions. To control the BESS, a proportional integral (PI) controller is introduced to increase the charging and discharging rates. Two models are developed in MATLAB/Simulink: one model is a basic model, and other model is equipped with a BESS and a PI controller in the BESS. The results validate the effectiveness of the proposed PI-controller-equipped BESS at improving the overall performance of the WECS system under study.

The increasing deployment and exploitation of distributed renewable energy source (DRES) units and battery energy storage systems (BESS) in DC microgrids lead to a promising research field currently. Individual DRES and BESS controllers can operate as grid-forming (GFM) or grid-feeding (GFE) units independently, depending on the microgrid operational requirements. In standalone mode, at least one controller should operate as a GFM unit. In grid-connected mode, all the controllers may operate as GFE units. This article proposes a consensus-based energy management system based upon Model Predictive Control (MPC) for DRES and BESS individual controllers to operate in both configurations (GFM or GFE). Energy management system determines the mode of power flow based on the amount of generated power, load power, solar irradiance, wind speed, rated power of every DG, and state of charge (SOC) of BESS. Based on selection of power flow mode, the role of DRES and BESS individual controllers to operate as GFM or GFE units, is decided. MPC hybrid cost function with auto-tuning weighing factors will enable DRES and BESS converters to switch between GFM and GFE. In this paper, a single hybrid cost function has been proposed for both GFM and GFE. The performance of the proposed energy management system has been validated on an EU low voltage benchmark DC microgrid by MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation and also compared with Proportional Integral (PI) & Sliding Mode Control (SMC) technique. It has been noted that as compared to PI & SMC, MPC technique exhibits settling time of less than 1μsec and 5% overshoot.

This paper deals with the modelling and control for wind turbine combined with a battery energy storage system (WT/BESS). A proportional-integral (PI) controller of pitch angle is applied to adjust the output power of WT, and a method for battery scheduling is presented for maintaining the state of charging (SOC) of BESS. When the battery level is below the lower limit, we increase the expected output power of wind turbine through raising the operation point to charge the battery. Considering the effect of charging/discharging, a switched linear system model with two equilibriums is presented firstly for such WT/BESS system. The region stability is analyzed and an approach for estimating the corresponding stable region is also given. The effectiveness of the proposed results is demonstrated by a numerical example.

This research paper reveals the design of controller with optimization techniques for automatic generation control (AGC) in multi-area power system incorporated with diverse energy sources. The diverse sources are conventional thermal, hydro and gas power station (THG). The frequency deviations should be remains constant in modern power systems. Optimization techniques used for proposed model for proportional integral (PI) controller which is tuned for AGC with diverse energy sources. The battery energy storage system (BESS) and extra high voltage alternating current/ direct current (EHVAC/DC) link investigated with proposed model. The proposed model has been tested with 1% step load perturbation (SLP) and MATLAB/Simulink verified their results. All the simulation results justified the area control error (ACE) with frequency deviation & tie-line power flow for area-1 and area-2. The comparative study done for PI controller with GA & PSO in the proposed model. It has shown its efficacy with proposed model including BESS and EHVAC/DC- link using GA and PSO.

This paper presents microgrid-distributed energy resources (DERs) for a rural standalone system. It is made up of a solar photovoltaic (solar PV) system, battery energy storage system (BESS), and a wind turbine coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous generator (WT-PMSG). The DERs are controlled by maximum power point tracking (MPPT)-based proportional integral (PI) controllers for both maximum power tracking and error feedback compensation. The MPPT uses the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm for tracking the maximum power point of the DERs. The PI gains are tuned using the Ziegler–Nichols method. The developed system was built and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink under two conditions—constant load, and step-load changes. The controllers enabled the BESS to charge even during conditions of varying load and other environmental factors such as change of irradiance and wind speed. The reference was tracked extremely well by the output voltage of the DC microgrid. This is useful research for electrifying the rural islanded areas which are too far from the grid.

The mix of conveyed ages, for example, photovoltaic and wind and additionally substantial load varieties prompts the significant issue of recurrence soundness issue. This paper shows a multi-arrange recurrence control for microgrids. Vitality stockpiling frameworks, for example, BESSs are chosen as an adaptable and quick reaction gadget for this application. In the main stage, a PI control strategy in view of PSO for the BESS is connected so as to limit the recurrence deviations. Also, in possibility modes, in which the BESS with the enhanced PI control application can't balance out the framework because of the uneven circumstance of free market activity, quick response of the focal control framework administrator is essential so as to shield the system from crumple. Thus, in the second phase of the control, a Fuzzy-rationale recurrence controller as a brilliant controller is outlined. This controller proposes arrangements through power level change, for example, stack shedding in a brief time frame to save the system from instability. The proposed technique is approved by an arrangement of reproductions on a delegate microgrid. The viability of the proposed multi-organize control is delineated through the correlation with the one-arrange controller without the Fuzzy-rationale part.

This study describes how to regulate the frequency and terminal voltage of a freestanding wind energy conversion system using an Enhanced Phase Locked Loop (EPLL)-based strategy to supply power to varied loads regardless of wind speed. In a standalone wind turbine energy conversion system, the EPLL control scheme extracts the reference source currents (SWECS). The control algorithm employs two proportional-integral (PI) controllers to create the active and reactive power components of the consumers' load currents, estimate reference source currents, and connect the zigzag transformer to PCC with VSC for neutral current compensation. To obtain optimal PI controller gains and most-suited settings to apply to SWECS, optimization approaches are used. The control algorithm is the most significant aspect of the system, and the speed with which it calculates, evaluates, and guesstimates determines the generation of source currents based on the algorithm's ideal controller PI gains. By properly estimating source currents, the EPLL control method improves dynamics and power quality issues, and the optimization technique is employed to acquire the gains of PI controllers. The proposed system employs the EPLL algorithm on a three-phase, four-wire system with changing loads to achieve ideal total harmonic distortion of source currents and voltages on the PCC, as defined by IEEE-519 standards. A battery energy storage device coupled to the VSC dc link keeps the load's necessary power constant. If the generator output exceeds the consumer demand, the excess power is delivered to BESS for temporary storage. When consumer demand exceeds generated power, a BESS delivers deficit power to the load, which adjusts and the frequency under various load conditions. The suggested system simulated results were tested with 3-phase 4-wire for harmonics reduction, load balancing, neutral wire current compensation, frequency and voltage control using MATLAB / Simulink.

Le stockage de l'énergie électrique est aujourd'hui en plein essor car il semble être l'une des conditions nécessaires pour soutenir le développement des énergies renouvelables intermittentes dans les réseaux électriques. Il est en concurrence, entre autres, avec des sources de flexibilité historiques telles que les stations de pompage ou les centrales électriques à gaz. Les travaux de cette thèse consistent en l'hybridation de deux sources, à savoir le stockage de l'énergie sous forme électrique (batterie lithium-ion) et un cycle combiné (centrale de cogénération gaz-vapeur), afin d'améliorer la stabilité des réseaux et l'exploitabilité de la centrale. Les principaux objectifs sont de préciser les spécifications du système (fonctions, technologie de stockage, pré-dimensionnement), de créer un modèle de batterie lithium-ion configurable à partir des données du fabricant et de définir la stratégie de contrôle de l'hybride. La méthodologie de pré-dimensionnement s'inspire à la fois des travaux similaires réalisés par Gauthier Delille, et de l'expérience de General Electric, constructeur de cycles combinés, pour orienter ces systèmes vers des solutions adaptées. Au cours de la phase de dimensionnement détaillé, les travaux ont abouti à la création d'un modèle de batterie lithium-ion orienté "système" qui peut être mis en œuvre dans le logiciel temps réel de GE. Ce modèle, validé par des tests dans le laboratoire GREEN, obtient une précision correcte d'environ 95% (sur la tension et l'énergie des cellules). Enfin, la gestion de l'énergie de ce système hybride est réalisée en intégrant un nouveau contrôleur dans la centrale électrique qui fournit les instructions aux systèmes de stockage en traitant à la fois les données internes de la centrale et celles mesurées aux bornes du stockage. Le choix a été orienté vers des commandes simples (statisme, PI, etc.) couplées à un algorithme de logique floue. Celui-ci a été configuré en utilisant l'optimisation génétique sur des données provenant d'une centrale électrique existante. Malgré plusieurs contacts encourageants avec des clients potentiels qui se sont montrés intéressés par un tel système, aucun prototype n'a pu être construit
The storage of electrical energy is now booming as it seems to be one of the necessary conditions to support the development of intermittent renewable energies in electrical networks. It competes, among other things, with historical sources of flexibility such as pumping stations or gas-fired power plants. The work of this thesis consists in the hybridization of two sources, namely the storage of energy in electrical form (lithium-ion battery) and a combined cycle (gas-steam cogeneration plant), in order to improve the stability of the networks and the operability of the plant. The main objectives are to specify the system specifications (functions, storage technology, pre-sizing), to create a configurable lithium-ion battery model based on the manufacturer's data and to define the control strategy for the hybrid. The pre-sizing methodology draws on both the similar work done by Gauthier Delille and the experience of General Electric, a manufacturer of combined cycles, to guide these systems towards suitable solutions. During the detailed dimensioning phase, the work led to the creation of a "system-oriented" lithium-ion battery model that can be implemented in GE's real-time software. This model, validated by tests in the GREEN laboratory, achieves a correct accuracy of about 95% (on cell voltage and energy). Finally, the energy management of this hybrid system is achieved by integrating a new controller in the power plant that provides instructions to the storage systems by processing both the internal data of the power plant and the data measured at the storage terminals. The choice was oriented towards simple commands (droop, PI, etc.) coupled with a fuzzy logic algorithm. This was configured using genetic optimization on data from an existing power plant. Despite several encouraging contacts with potential customers who showed interest in such a system, no prototype could be built

To minimize the impact of new energy access on operational control of the distribution network, a coordinated control strategy for battery energy storage systems in a distribution network containing new energy is proposed. This plan is based on the regional distribution network model and it studies the configuration strategy of the energy storage system. We focus on introducing the DC microgrid grid connection mode, which dynamically adjusts its droop coefficient based on the SOC of HESS to improve coordination between them, and changes it to the principle and control diagram of PI current control. Finally, a simulation model of a DC microgrid is established in Matlab Simulink, and the results show that the energy shaping control of the proposed BESS energy storage converter can effectively regulate the DC bus voltage and ensure the power balance of the DC microgrid.

This paper presents a comprehensive design and control strategy for a photovoltaic (PV) energy system. This system consists of a 2kW photovoltaic system, two converter circuit, a resistive load of 6ohm and battery storage. Resistive load and battery system is connected to a common DC bus. This scheme offered two converter topologies; one is boost converter and another is DC / DC bidirectional converter. The boost converter is directly connected in series to the PV array whereas the bi-directional DC/DC converter (BDC) is connected to the battery. The boost converter is used to regulate the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the PV array. For MPPT from the solar array the Perturb And Observe method (P And O) is used. The bi-directional converter regulates battery charging and discharging power flow. Closed-loop control of bi-directional controller is implemented with Proportional Integral(PI) controller. The implementation of the control system of the battery management system is implemented using dSPACE 1202 controller. The simulation and the real time simulation results shows that the proposed system deals with charging-discharging accurately and successfully under different condition tested.