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Academic literature on the topic 'Phytoplancton marin – Variabilité – Austral, Océan'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phytoplancton marin – Variabilité – Austral, Océan"
Le, Ster Loïc. "Estimation des variations saisonnières et interannuelles de la biomasse et de la composition en phytoplancton du secteur indien de l’Océan Austral sur les deux dernières décennies et évaluation de leurs conséquences écologiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS429.
Full textThe Southern Ocean (SO) plays a critical role in the uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon due to the combined action of physical and biological pumps (Boyd et al. 2019 DOI:10.1038/s41586-019-1098-2). Furthermore, the Southern Ocean provides half of the primary production of the biosphere. Recent analyses nevertheless suggest a change in surface chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations in the Southern Ocean with an increasing trend, especially over the winter period (Del Castillo et al. 2019 DOI:10.1029/2019GL083163). Given the phenology of the different phytoplankton species, this trend and the associated temporal shift could imply a change in the composition of phytoplankton communities succeeding each other during the year. This hypothesis is supported, but not verified, by work done at the CEBC revealing a continuous decrease in the δ13C isotopic signature of Kerguelen elephant seals over the period 2006-2018 while the signature of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) did not vary over the same period (SNO-OISO data, N. Metzl personal comm.). This change in elephant seal composition reflects a potential change in the quality of phytoplankton at the base of the food chains on which they depend (Schell et al., 1989 DOI:10.1007/BF00399575; Cherel and Hobson, 2007 DOI:10.3354/meps329281). The objective of the project is firstly to estimate quantitative variations in phytoplankton biomass in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, and secondly, to assess the associated qualitative changes in phytoplankton community composition, as well as their impacts on the ecology of large predators such as the elephant seal
Irion, Solène. "Biodiversité de l'écosystème marin et flux de carbone autour de Kerguelen (Océan Austral) : le rôle du petit phytoplancton à l'échelle de la cellule Marked spatiotemporal variations in small phytoplankton structure in contrasted waters of the Southern Ocean (Kerguelen area) Small phytoplankton contribute greatly to CO2-fixation after the diatom bloom in the Southern Ocean." Thesis, Littoral, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03178263.
Full textThis thesis focuses on small phytoplankton diversity (<20 µm) and its contribution to CO₂-fixation in contrasted marine ecosytems : the productive Kerguelen Plateau (KP) on the one hand and low productive surrounding waters on the other han. Iron-limited phytoplankton communities off-plateau are dominated by small cells all year long, whereas natural iron-fertilization over the KP promotes the seasonal development of chain-forming or large diatom blooms in spring and summer. Since the demonstration of natural iron fertilization on-plateau, the scientific community focused on large diatoms, assumed to promote carbon sequestration in the area. However, satellite data suggest that small phytoplankton dominate the phytoplankton communities outside of the bloom period on- and off-plateau. Consequently, this thesis had two main objectives. The first objective of this work was to obtain a precise image of the diversity of small and large phytoplankton after the diatom bloom (March 2018). A fragment of the 18S rRNA gene from small (0.2-20 µm) and large (20-100 µm) planktonic communities collected at discrete depths (down to 300 m), was sequenced (Illumina MiSeq) and used as an identity marker gene to determine the taxonomic diversity of small and large phytoplankton. At the surface, diatoms were dominant in the large-size fraction, while Phaeocystis antartica was particularly abundant in the small-size fraction, over the entire study area. As a whole, small phytoplankton communities were significantly different on- and off-plateau. High concentrations of silicic acid off-plateau favored the presence of a diverse assemblage of small diatoms, while high concentrations of ammonium on-plateau likely promoted the development of pico-sized Micromonas. Using chemotaxonomic pigments markers allowed the description of the temporal succession of phytoplankton communities on-plateau, dominated by diatoms from the onset to the decline of the bloom, while the contribution of small phytoplankton increased sharply after the bloom (less than 10% to 53% chlorophyll). The second objective of this thesis was to establish the relative contribution of different phytoplankton groups to bulk CO₂-fixation, considering inter- and intra-group differences in the metabolic activity if individual cells. To do so, natural planktonic communities were incubated mimicking in situ conditions in the presence of an isotopic tracer (NaH¹³CO₃). CO₂-fixation by small and large cells was then measured at the single cell level by NanoSIMS and SIMS imaging (mass spectrometry with lateral resolution of 50 nm and 1 µm, respectively). Large diatoms (> 20 µm) showed highly variable growth rates with 19±13 % inactive diatoms, whereas small cells, affiliated to distant phylogenetic taxa (prymnesiophytes, prasinophytes and small diatoms) were actively growing (>98%). This showed that small phytoplankton contributed to 41-70% of CO₂-fixation over the entire area after the bloom. While small phytoplankton contributed significantly to CO₂-fixation and chlorophyll biomass at the surface, diatoms dominated in pigment and sequencing data below 200 m, indicating their preferential export by direct sedimentation. However, a body of evidence suggests that small phytoplankton, in particular Phaeocystis, may contribute to carbon export through aggregation, as well as via the production of fecal pellets from grazers
Demasy, Clément. "Solubility and bioavailability of Patagonian dust in the future Southern Ocean." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7095.
Full textThroughout geological time, the Southern Ocean has played a major role in regulating the Earth's surface climate and in particular in the reduction of atmospheric CO2. This oceanic region is the most important biological pump of carbon and through the photosynthesis of phytoplankton allows the sequestration of carbon in the deep ocean. This decrease would have been caused by dust deposits which, by bringing elements such as iron in areas limited in micronutrients, fertilize the ocean surface and allow the activation of the biological carbon pump. Nowadays, the entering into the Anthropocene era has been marked by the impact that human activity has exerted on its environment. Anthropogenic activity that generates the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere causes a greenhouse effect on the surface of the Earth and upsets the environmental balance. This study investigates the Southern Ocean which is biogeochemical paradox zone with high concentration of macronutrients but low biological productivity. In 1990 John Martin elaborated the "Iron hypothesis" hence iron (micronutrients) restricts phytoplankton growth. Dust is major source of metals in the surface ocean. In the Southern Ocean, dust have mainly a South America (Patagonian dust) origin. Input from South America contributed to 58% of the total dust into the Southern Ocean and will increase by two fold higher with the future environmental changes. During the last glacial maximal in the Southern Ocean, dust input would have decreased the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Moreover, in the small timescale there are tests of artificial iron fertilization performed in Southern Ocean have demonstrated high biological productivity. The overall aim of this work is to better characterize and quantify the fraction of metals that solubilizes from Patagonian dust in seawater under actual and future conditions (2100) and to improve predictions of the phytoplankton evolution in response to intensification of Patagonian dust input and other multi-stressor changes in the Southern Ocean in order to evaluate the impacts on carbon production
Llido, Jérôme. "Variabilité spatiale et temporelle du système biologique dans la convergence subtropicale au sud de l'Afrique." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30208.
Full textSouth of South Africa, the greater Agulhas Current system, formed by the Agulhas Front (AF) in close juxtapositon with the Subtropical Front (STF), associated to the Agulhas Return Current (ARC) and the Subtropical Convergence (STC), respectively, and farther south by the Subantartic Front (SAF) is a region of intense mesoscale activity presenting enhanced levels of biological production and chlorophyll a. The spatial and temporal variability of a such frontal system influences the physical/biological interactions. The aim of this work is to examine the spatio-temporal variability of the Aguhas frontal system and to determine how the variability of the thermodynamic fronts (AF, STF, SAF) affects the chlorophyll field and the primary production at seasonal and interannual time scales. A wavelet analysis is performed on the 4-years (October 1997 - September 2001) time series of multi-sensors satellite data sets (ocean colour collected by SeaWiFS, mapped sea level anomalies from Topex/Posei͏̈don-ERS2 and sea surface temperature provided by the infrared radiometer AVHRR) in order to characterize the time and space variability of the front comparing the biological front with the dynamical fronts. A similar analysis is carried out on modelled fields provided by an eddy-permitting, physical-biological coupled model AGAPE-Bio using interannual forcing. Seasonal and interannual variability of the frontal system is then studied through the model results and compared with in situ observations from OISO (Océan Indien Service d'Observation) over the 1998-2001 period. Satellite remote sensing reveals localized high chlorophyll a concentrations, appearing as intermittent event-scale blooms in this region. A statistical analysis is conducted along the Subtropical Convergence to characterize these event-scale blooms in terms of lifetime, chlorophyll concentration, areal extension and spatial distribution. Our numerical model simulates this process with a fair degree of verisimilitude and is used to investigate the physico-biogeochemical requirements for bloom events to occur. We demonstrate that in most cases the limiting factor is intensity of vertical stratification combined with light availability
Debeljak, Pavla. "The coupling of carbon and iron cycles in the Southern Ocean through microbial metabolism." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS194.pdf.
Full textThe Southern Ocean is known as a High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) region where major nutrients are present at high concentrations, but phytoplankton biomass remains low. This paradoxical situation is due to iron (Fe) limitation of phytoplankton growth. The increase in phytoplankton biomass in response to Fe input and the consequently higher uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) were demonstrated in several artificial fertilization experiments and in naturally fertilized regions of the Southern Ocean. However, the impact of Fe on marine prokaryotes, key players in the marine carbon cycle, remains poorly understood. In addition to Fe, concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are low in surface waters of the Southern Ocean, leading to a double constraint of microbial heterotrophic activity and growth. To better understand the role of different prokaryotic taxa in the Fe- and C-cycles, several aspects were considered in the present thesis. The results presented in this thesis provide novel insights on the link between diverse microbial taxa and their role in the Fe- and C-cycling in the Southern Ocean
Saulia, Emmrick André. "Cyanobactéries diazotrophes du Pacifique Sud : variabilité saisonnière, caractérisation morpho-génétique/chimique et potentiel de valorisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nouvelle Calédonie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NCAL0003.
Full textThe southwest Pacific Ocean and the waters of New Caledonia are characterized by high abundances of cyanobacteria. Among these cyanobacteria, some have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2), and are called diazotrophic cyanobacteria. These organisms are known to contain high added value metabolites and nutrients in varying proportions, which give them potential for economic development that may be of interest to New Caledonia. Several of these cyanobacteria have been isolated in culture from the coastal and offshore waters of the Southwest Pacific, but the precise characterization of their diversity and their potential for recovery are still unknown. With a view to a better knowledge of diversity and a possible economic valuation, the objectives of this doctoral work were (i) to study the seasonal variability of the diversity / activity of diazotrophic cyanobacteria in the lagoon of Noumea, (i) to carry out a morphogenetic and proteomic characterization of indigenous strains recently isolated in culture and (iii) to evaluate their potential for valorization
Geisen, Carla. "Macro- and micronutrient dissolution from desert and volcanic aerosols in rain and seawater : impact on phytoplankton in the Southern Indian Ocean." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS151.pdf.
Full textAerosols are an important source of macro- and micronutrients for the open ocean. However, only dissolved nutrients are considered bioavailable, i.e. assimilable by phytoplankton. Thus, the quantification of their solubility is essential to (i) estimate the influence of aerosol deposition on phytoplankton, and (ii) closing the biogeochemical cycles of these elements. We thus established the solubility ranges of two types of aerosols (desert or volcanic) according to the deposition mode (dry and wet), by integrating the variability depending on the aerosol origin. Thus, the macronutrient silicon found in desert dust is more soluble compared to volcanic ash (up to 0.7 % against 0.2 %), in particular via the dissolution of quartz. The micronutrient iron dissolves mainly in rainwater during wet deposition of aerosols in the ocean via the dissolution of aluminosilicates, with solubilities generally below 0.14% and 0.02%, in rainwater and seawater respectively, regardless of the type of aerosol. Thus, these results allow a re-estimation of atmospheric nutrients fluxes to the surface ocean which could ultimately be integrated into global biogeochemical models. Finally; the biological response to an atmospheric nutrient input has been determined in the Southern Indian Ocean and the nutrients have mainly benefited the diatom community, especially at the Kerguelen plateau
Messié, Monique. "Contrôle de la dynamique de la biomasse phytoplanctonique dans le Pacifique tropical ouest." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00137145.
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