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Academic literature on the topic 'Phytoliths'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Phytoliths"

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Pamirsky, Igor Eduardovich, Alexey Grigorievich Klykov, Alexander Mikhailovich Zakharenko, and Kirill Sergeevich Golokhvast. "First Data on the Differences of Phytolite Composition in Different Wheat Varieties Triticum aestivum L." Key Engineering Materials 806 (June 2019): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.806.155.

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At current work we present first results of comparative study of the morphology and chemical composition in biomineral particles (phytoliths) of different types of wheat (Volzhskaya, Moskovskaya 39, Primorskaya 40). Optical microscopy reveals 5 morphotypes of phytolith in the stem and spike of wheat Triticum aestivum L. Although, only 3 morphotypes of phytolites were found in all three varieties, and the other 2 morphotypes were found only in some cases. These differences may be sort-specific signs. Various phytoliths have different linear sizes. As demosntrated, even within a sole type of wheat, there appears variability of the phytolitic composition. This fact may have significant implication for practical use of the phytolith analysis.
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An, Xiaohong, and Binrong Xie. "Phytoliths from Woody Plants: A Review." Diversity 14, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14050339.

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Phytoliths are efficient proxies in archaeology, plant taxonomy, palaeoenvironment, and palaeoecology reconstruction, the research of which has been developing rapidly in recent years. Phytolith morphology is the basis of phytolith research. The morphological identification and classification of grass phytoliths are clear and detailed enough for application. However, the morphology of phytoliths from woody plants is ambiguous and unsystematic because of the relatively rare research on modern phytoliths and consequently seldom used in archaeology and palaeoenvironment reconstruction. This paper summarizes and concludes the research of woody phytolith morphology in the past decades. Previous studies show that palms and conifers produce some diagnostic phytoliths for identification and classification. There is progress in micromorphology, morphometry, and taxonomic identification of palms and conifers phytoliths. The phytolith morphology of broad-leaved trees is summarized according to produced parts of phytoliths in plants. The potential of further classification for broad-leaved phytoliths was discussed.
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An, Xiaohong, and Binrong Xie. "Phytoliths from Woody Plants: A Review." Diversity 14, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14050339.

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Phytoliths are efficient proxies in archaeology, plant taxonomy, palaeoenvironment, and palaeoecology reconstruction, the research of which has been developing rapidly in recent years. Phytolith morphology is the basis of phytolith research. The morphological identification and classification of grass phytoliths are clear and detailed enough for application. However, the morphology of phytoliths from woody plants is ambiguous and unsystematic because of the relatively rare research on modern phytoliths and consequently seldom used in archaeology and palaeoenvironment reconstruction. This paper summarizes and concludes the research of woody phytolith morphology in the past decades. Previous studies show that palms and conifers produce some diagnostic phytoliths for identification and classification. There is progress in micromorphology, morphometry, and taxonomic identification of palms and conifers phytoliths. The phytolith morphology of broad-leaved trees is summarized according to produced parts of phytoliths in plants. The potential of further classification for broad-leaved phytoliths was discussed.
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Tan, Shuhui, Rencheng Li, Richard S. Vachula, Xinyue Tao, Mengdan Wen, Yizhi Liu, Haiyan Dong, and Lintong Zhou. "Electron probe microanalysis of the elemental composition of phytoliths from woody bamboo species." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): e0270842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270842.

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Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is promising for accurately determining elemental components in micro-areas of individual phytolith particles, interpreting compositional features and formation mechanisms of phytoliths in plants, identifying archeological and sedimental phytolith. However, the EPMA method of analyzing mounted slide phytoliths has not well been defined. In this study, we attempted different EPMA methods to determine the elemental compositions of phytoliths in mounted slides. Direct analysis of carbon (DAC) with other elements in phytolith could obtain abnormally high total values and carbon values. The method of carbon excluded in measuring elements (non-carbon analysis (NCA)) was feasible to obtain elemental compositions in phytolith. The NCA method was conducive to obtain the factual elemental compositions of an individual phytolith (morphotype) when the carbon content of phytolith was relatively low. The EPMA results of phytoliths from 20 bamboo species (three genera) showed that phytolith was dominantly composed of SiO2 but also included low contents of diverse other elements. The EPMA of phytoliths can provide the elemental composition of micro-areas of an individual phytolith particle. The elemental compositions of phytolith varied with their morphotypes, the genera and ecotype of bamboos. The EPMA of elemental compositions in phytoliths is a potential tool to study the formation mechanism of phytoliths, plant taxonomical identification, archaeological and paleoenvironmental reconstruction.
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Dong, Haiyan, Xiaobei Wei, Rencheng Li, Richard S. Vachula, Shuhui Tan, Lintong Zhou, and Tianxi Gan. "Burned phytoliths absorbing black carbon as a potential proxy for paleofire." Holocene 32, no. 5 (February 4, 2022): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09596836221074033.

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Developing and refining fire proxies is paramount for reliable reconstructions and the inferences that they gain about fire in the Earth System. Burned phytolith index is an important tool for fire reconstruction. However, the source of the darkened color which appears on burned phytoliths is controversial and requires additional study to understand the relationship between phytolith characteristics and fire activity. By simulating burning of six grass species under open conditions, we extracted phytoliths from the ashes using a microwave digestion method. Then, we measured the carbon content of the ashed phytolith and the unburned phytolith (from modern plant). Next, we measured the carbon content of burned phytolith when treated with bleach. Our results show that the carbon contents of ashed phytoliths are higher than phytoliths extracted from plants, and ashed phytoliths after bleaching. The increased carbon content probably resulted from adsorption of black carbon by phytoliths exposed to open flames. We conclude that phytolith- related carbon might be a potential indicator of paleofire using soils and sediments.
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Min, Hyun-Gi, Min-Suk Kim, and Jeong-Gyu Kim. "Effect of Soil Water Contents on Arsenic Accumulation in Phytoliths of Pteris multifida and Phragmites australis." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 12518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412518.

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The accumulation of metal(loid)s in phytoliths can physically immobilize the toxic materials and reduce toxicity in plant bodies and soil. Spider brake (Pteris multifida) is a well-known As hyperaccumulator that also harbors phytolith. However, As accumulation in phytoliths has not yet been studied with P. multifida. Soil water content is considered the main factor influencing phytolith accumulation. In this study, the As concentration in the phytoliths of P. multifida was compared with that in common reed (Phragmites australis) phytoliths with various soil water content. The range of As concentration in the phytoliths of P. multifida was 414.70–1610.74 mg kg−1, and the range for P. australis phytoliths was 41.67–126.54 mg kg−1. In P. multifida, higher soil water content increased As accumulation in the phytolith but did not affect the phytolith content in the plant. In P. australis, the higher soil water content increased phytolith content in the plant but decreased As concentration in phytoliths. This study suggests that P. multifida has higher As content in phytoliths than P. australis, and this accumulation can be affected by soil water content. The current findings provide how As encapsulated in phytolith and detoxified in different plants and conditions.
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Honaine, Mariana Fernández, Alejandro F. Zucol, and Margarita L. Osterrieth. "Phytolith analysis of Cyperaceae from the Pampean region, Argentina." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 6 (2009): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09041.

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Cyperaceae, along with Poaceae, is the main silica accumulator. Although the anatomical-taxonomic and palaeobotanical relevance of phytoliths has been well established, there are no studies that deal with the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the phytolith production or differentiate phytoliths from the different organs in Cyperaceae. Toward the construction of a detailed database of phytolith production, we describe in the present paper the phytoliths of leaves, culms and fruits of Cyperaceae from Pampean region (Argentina). Phytoliths were extracted by a calcination technique. Qualitative and quantitative characters and percentages of phytolith morphotypes were subject to principal component analysis to analyse their taxonomic relevance. For some sedges, values of phytolith content and a comparative analysis of leaves, culms and fruit phytoliths are presented here for the first time. Diverse tissues such as epidermis, xylem, parenchyma and sclerenchyma produced phytoliths. The most abundant morphotypes were conical phytoliths, which showed differences in the base shape and in their size between organs. Leaf/culm cones have a rounded, rectangular or square base; typical fruit cones have a polygonal base and they are bigger and more robust. PCA showed that quantitative and qualitative characters of cones, along with the percentages of morphotypes, allowed group distinction.
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Aleman, Julie C., Audrey Saint-Jean, Bérangère Leys, Christopher Carcaillet, Charly Favier, and Laurent Bremond. "Estimating phytolith influx in lake sediments." Quaternary Research 80, no. 2 (September 2013): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.05.008.

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So far, no phytolith extraction protocols have been tested for accuracy and repeatability. Here we aim to display a phytolith extraction method combining the strengths of two widely used protocols, supplemented with silica microspheres as exogenous markers for quantifying phytolith concentrations. Phytolith concentrations were estimated for samples from two sedimentary sequences in which numerical age–depth models make it possible to calculate phytolith influxes (phytolith numbers per cm2per yr). Analysis of replicates confirmed the statistical robustness, the repeatability and the very few biases of our extraction technique for small phytoliths, since the relationship between grass silica short cells and microspheres was kept stable. Furthermore, we demonstrated that silica microspheres are robust exogenous markers for estimating phytolith concentrations. The minimum number of items (i.e., phytoliths plus silica microspheres) that must be counted to estimate phytolith concentrations and thus influxes depends on the ratio of phytoliths to microspheres (R) and is minimized when R = 1. Nevertheless, we recommend using ratios R ≤ 1 in order to avoid having the counting process become excessively time-consuming, because microspheres are easier to identify and count than phytoliths.
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Mulholland, Susan C., and George Rapp. "Characterization of Grass Phytoliths for Archaeological Analysis." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 3 (March 1989): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940006317x.

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The word phytolith means “plant rocks.” Phytoliths are mineral deposits that form in and between plant cells. Any mineral deposit may be considered a phytolith, although most recent research has focused on opaline silica. Silica seems to be widespread in at least some plant families and is resistant to dissolution in a pH less than 9. Silica phytoliths therefore have the potential to be useful microfossils that can be helpful in the documentation of prehistoric environment and economy.Identifiable shapes rather than amorphous deposits are a necessary characteristic for useful microfossils. Several plant families have long been known to be consistent accumulators of identifiable silica bodies: Gramineae (grass), Cyperaceae (sedge), and Equisetaceae (horsetail). Phytoliths from the Gramineae are especially well known; specialized silica-accumulating cells produce distinctively shaped phytoliths. However, other families have also been shown to produce significant amounts of identifiable phytoliths. Ulmaceae (elm), Fabaceae (bean), Cucurbitaceae (squash), and Compositae (sunflower) are a few examples of dicotyledonous families that commonly produce phytoliths. Some families, such as the Labiatae (mint), have yielded little or no identifiable phytoliths to date. However, further study may indicate phytolith production in particular species.
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McInerney, Francesca A., Caroline A. E. Strömberg, and James W. C. White. "The Neogene transition from C3 to C4 grasslands in North America: stable carbon isotope ratios of fossil phytoliths." Paleobiology 37, no. 1 (2011): 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09068.1.

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C4 grasses form the foundation of warm-climate grasslands and savannas and provide important food crops such as corn, but their Neogene rise to dominance is still not fully understood. Carbon isotope ratios of tooth enamel, soil carbonate, carbonate cements, and plant lipids indicate a late Miocene-Pliocene (8–2 Ma) transition from C3 vegetation to dominantly C4 grasses at many sites around the world. However, these isotopic proxies cannot identify whether the C4 grasses replaced woody vegetation (trees and shrubs) or C3 grasses. Here we propose a method for reconstructing the carbon isotope ratio of Neogene grasses using the carbon isotope ratio of organic matter trapped in plant silica bodies (phytoliths). Although a wide range of plants produce phytoliths, we hypothesize that in grass-dominated ecosystems the majority of phytoliths will be derived from grasses, and will yield a grass carbon isotope signature. Phytolith extracts can be contaminated by non-phytolith silica (e.g., volcanic ash). To test the feasibility of the method given these potential problems, we examined sample purity (phytolith versus non-phytolith silica), abundance of grass versus non-grass phytoliths, and carbon isotope ratios of phytolith extracts from late Miocene-Pliocene paleosols of the central Great Plains. Isotope results from the purest samples are compared with phytolith assemblage analysis of these same extracts. The dual record spans the interval of focus (ca. 12–2 Ma), allowing us, for the first time, to investigate how isotopic shifts correlate with floral change.We found that many samples contained high abundances of non-biogenic silica; therefore, only a small subset of “pure” samples (>50% of phytoliths by volume) with good preservation were considered to provide reliable carbon isotope ratios. All phytolith assemblages contained high proportions (on average 85%) of grass phytoliths, supporting our hypothesis for grass-dominated communities. Therefore, the carbon isotope ratio of pure, well-preserved samples that are dominated by grass biosilica is considered a reliable measure of the proportion of C3 and C4 grasses in the Neogene.The carbon isotope ratios of the pure fossil phytolith samples indicate a transition from predominantly C3 grasses to mixed C3-C4 grasses by 5.5 Ma and then a shift to more than 80% C4 grasses by 3–2 Ma. With the exception of the Pliocene sample, these isotopic data are broadly concordant with phytolith assemblages that show a general increase in C4 grasses in the late Miocene. However, phytolith assemblage analysis indicates lower relative abundance of C4 grasses in overall vegetation than do the carbon isotopes from the same phytolith assemblages. The discrepancy may relate to either (1) incomplete identification of (C4) PACMAD phytoliths, (2) higher production of non-diagnostic phytoliths in C4 grasses compared to C3 grasses, or (3) biases in the isotope record toward grasses rather than overall vegetation. The impact of potential incomplete characterization of (C4) PACMAD phytoliths on assemblage estimates of proportion of C4, though important, cannot reconcile discrepancies between the methods. We explore hypothesis (2) by analyzing a previously published data set of silica content in grasses and a small data set of modern grass leaf assemblage composition using analysis of variance, independent contrasts, and sign tests. These tests suggest that C4 grasses do not have more silica than C3 grasses; there is also no difference with regard to production of non-diagnostic phytoliths. Thus, it is most likely that the discrepancy between phytolith assemblages and isotope ratios is a consequence of hypothesis (3), that the isotope signature is influenced by the contribution of non-diagnostic grass phytoliths, whereas the assemblage composition is not. Assemblage-based estimates of % C4 within grasses, rather than overall vegetation, are in considerably better agreement with the isotope-based estimates. These results support the idea that, in grass-dominated assemblages, the phytolith carbon isotope method predominantly records shifts in dominant photosynthetic pathways among grasses, whereas phytolith assemblage analysis detects changes in overall vegetation. Carbon isotope ratios of fossil phytoliths in conjunction with phytolith assemblage analysis suggest that the late Neogene expansion of C4 grasses was largely at the expense of C3 grasses rather than C3 shrubs/trees. Stable isotopic analysis of phytoliths can therefore provide unique information about grass community changes during the Neogene, as well as help test how grass phytolith morphology relates to photosynthetic pathway.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phytoliths"

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Hart, Thomas Chesley. "A stroll through the park evaluating the usefulness of phytolith and starch remains found on medieval sherds from Wicken, Northamptonshire, England /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5058.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 3, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Tubb, Helen J. "Anatomical, developmental and physiological aspects of silica in wheat." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1995. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/197165a2-c303-4a80-a9d2-93b8954f4e92/1.

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The major aims of this thesis were to study silica deposits in cereal inflorescences and wheat roots and investigate soluble/deposited silica partitioning and uptake of silica by wheat. The morphology of a particular phytolith (the papilla) from inflorescence bracts of 70 species from Triticum (wheat). Hordeum, Aegilops families and Secale cereale was analyzed. Using papilla pit number and/or diameter it is possible to distinguish between Hordeum sp. and Triticum sp., and between wheats of different ploidy levels. The root growth of T. aestivum was reduced by silica in the nutrient solution (Si+) during the first six days of growth, compared to plants grown in solution not supplemented by silica (Si-), After a further four days Si+ plants had significantly longer roots than Si- plants. At the light microscope level, a time course for silicification of the inner tangential wall of the root endodermis of T. aestivum was elucidated over ten days. Very few walls were silicified after 24 hours exposure to Si+ solution, but by day 10 up to 80% of endodermal cells in the basal area of the root were silicified. The percentage of silicified cells increased from the apex to the base of the root. Silica in T. aestivum was measured quantitatively using a molybdate blue detection method. Typically, 99% of the total silica in the seedlings was in the deposited form. The average concentration of soluble silica within the xylem exudate was 3.6 mM. The uptake of silica was affected by the silica concentration and pH of the nutrient solution. By measuring transpirational water loss and the silica content of the plants, it was concluded that silica uptake was active in T. aestivum. Uptake mechanisms were investigated by growing seedlings in nutrient solutions containing 2 mM Si and an inhibitor for 24 hours. The inhibitors used were ATPase inhibitors ( sodium orthovanadate, diethylstilbestrol, erythrosin B) and ionophores (nigericin, FCCP). The data suggests that functional ATPases and a proton gradient are required for silica uptake. Transport into the xylem and uptake at the root surface may be differentially affected by the inhibitors.
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Blinnikov, Mikhail S. "Late-Pleistocene history of the Columbia Basin grassland based on phytolith records in loess /." view abstract or download file of text, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9948017.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1999.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 202-211). Also available for download from the Internet; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9948017.
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Duncan, Neil Andrew. "At the edge of the Puna : archaeological test excavation and sampling for phytolith signatures of ancient corrals at Antibal, Peru /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418014.

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Gallaher, Kirsten S. L. "Reconstruction of late Holocene vegetation and climate of Hluhluwe Mfolozi area using phytoliths." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26585.

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This study presents a phytolith record from a late Holocene sedimentary core from the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi area in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal. Radiocarbon dating showed the oldest sediments to be from 23 80 ± 40 BP. Phytoliths are present throughout the record. There was a high degree of unclassifiable phytoliths (>79% per sub-sample), but preliminary trends identified include a dominance of C₄ grasses throughout (Chloridoideae and Panicoideae; adapted to higher temperatures and greater insolation), and slightly more C₃ grasses (Pooideae; adapted to cooler temperatures and/or winter rainfall) towards the base. The tree cover density index (D/P) does not reflect increased bush encroachment at this site, but appears to show a closed forest at 36cm depth and relatively densely-wooded savannas throughout, while the humidity-aridity index (lph) and water stress index (Fs) suggest a move towards a xerophytic short grass savanna, and increased water stress at the top of the sequence, which could reflect the climate becoming hotter and drier due to global warming. Future studies should be done to identify phytoliths specific to the vegetation of the study site and to calibrate the indices used to confirm their utility for this area.
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Pomerantz, Solomon. "The prehistory of Madagascar : microbotanical and archaeological evidence from coastal and highland sites." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a0f536e8-9f1f-451b-b02d-cc9365ed3aba.

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Despite nearly one hundred years of archaeological and palaeoecological research in Madagascar, the human colonisation of the island remains poorly understood. Long- standing narratives of this colonisation described the arrival of Austronesian- speaking peoples by AD 400, eventually reaching the Central Highlands by the 12th century. The recent discovery of microlithic tools at the rockshelter of Lakaton'i Anja has radically disrupted conventional narratives for this colonisation by more than doubling the known period of Madagascar's human history, and questioning the presumed Austronesian origins of these first Malagasy peoples. This discovery also challenges existing models for the late Holocene extinction of the island's megafauna. This thesis constitutes the first systematic review in the last thirty years of literature relating to the colonisation of the island, as well as the first to approach this multidisciplinary material in light of new archaeological evidence from Lakaton'i Anja. This study also represents the first comprehensive and comparative phytolith analysis conducted on Madagascar. Despite the wide application of phytolith analysis across regional archaeological and palaeoecological contexts, it has never before been applied here. This thesis explores the botanical impact of these early colonists in and around sites of occupation, as well as tracing the introduction of Asian rice (Oryza sativa) and domesticated bananas (Musa acuminata). New methods of phytolith analysis were developed, adapted, and applied to sediments collected from two seasons of excavations in 2012 and 2013. The sites of Lakaton'i Anja, Mahilaka, and Ankadivory D'Ralambo were re-excavated, as well as the new site of Ampasimahavelona, near Vohémar. This thesis presents and discusses these excavations as well as the earliest evidence for the cultivation of both Musa acuminata and Oryza sativa on Madagascar, and an ultra-high resolution botanical perspective on the last four millennia of Madagascar's prehistory.
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Watling, Jennifer Georgina. "Environmental impact of the pre-Columbian geoglyph builders of Western Amazonia." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16386.

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A debate that has received much attention in recent years is the nature and scale of pre-Columbian impact in the Amazon lowlands. While the notion that Amazonia is a “pristine wilderness" has long been debunked, several papers have proposed that human impact in western regions was more sporadic and on a smaller scale than impacts in central and eastern regions, and that western Amazonia supported sparse pre-Columbian populations. The discovery of over 400 geometrically-patterned earthworks (geoglyphs) in the western Brazilian Amazon, which until recently lay under in-tact tropical forest, has raised important questions about the kind of societies that built them and the impact that they had on the terra firme upland landscapes. This study represents the very first investigations into human-environment interactions in the geoglyph region. By analysing phytoliths, charcoal and stable carbon isotopes from a series of soil profiles in the vicinities of two well-dated and excavated geoglyph sites, this study aims to discern the nature of the environment before, during and after the construction and use of the sites, and the spatial and temporal scales of landscape transformations that were effected by the geoglyph cultures. The data call for a re-appraisal of what is meant by “scales" of human impact in Amazonia, and propose that an understanding of the diversity of human-environment interactions must be considered through studies that closely combine regionally-sensitive archaeological and palaeoecological data.
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Logan, Amanda Lee. "The application of phytolith and starch grain analysis to understanding formative period subsistence, ritual, and trade on the Taraco Pennisula, Highland Bolivia." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4596.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 21, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Taylor, Sam. "Reconstructing Historical Vegetation Cover in Otago, New Zealand, Using Multi-proxy Analysis of Peat Cores." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4206.

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This research has examined the historical vegetation of two Eastern Otago sites below the regional treeline, with the aim of addressing questions about the distribution and spread of native tussock grasslands prior to human arrival in New Zealand c. 800 yr BP. Pollen and phytolith (plant opaline silicate) proxies have been extracted from peat cores at Swampy Summit and Clarks Junction to provide a record of vegetation spanning the Holocene. Using multiple proxies and two sample sites has allowed for comparisons of the record of vegetation from within sites and between sites. A record of the modern pollen rain was also gathered from localised moss polsters at Swampy Summit in order to reconcile modern pollen assemblages and transport patterns with historical findings. It became clear from the research that the record of vegetation inferred from phytoliths was not analogous to the pollen-based records, which supported the hypothesis that vegetation reconstructions based solely on pollen may be unreliable. Good pollen preservation in the sediments allowed for the identification of over 50 taxa, although only Chionochloid forms were identifiable to a family level in the phytolith records. Poaceae pollen was abundant throughout the Clarks Junction record, suggesting grassland had persisted at this site during the Holocene, while Poaceae pollen at Swampy Summit was minimal and sporadic. Phytoliths at Swampy Summit show grasses have persisted at the site thoughout the Holocene, at times in much greater proportions than the pollen record would suggest, while Chionochloid phytoliths only become common near the top of the record, possibly reflecting increasing dominance of this taxa after human disturbance. In contrast to Swampy Summit, the Clarks Junction phytolith record reflects a more stable presence of grasses throughout the Holocene, with Chionochloid forms present throughout. Phytoliths appear to be a more reliable proxy for local vegetation, with both sites indicating a Holocene presence of grasses below the regional treeline prior to human arrival in New Zealand. In comparison, the pollen record appears to indicate a more regional pattern of vegetation, with the grassland pollen record complicated by pollen dispersal and deposition factors.
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Iriarte, José. "MID-HOLOCENE EMERGENT COMPLEXITY AND LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATION: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF EARLY FORMATIVE COMMUNITIES IN URUGUAY, LA PLATA BASIN." UKnowledge, 2003. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/243.

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This dissertation is a multidisciplinary study combining both archaeological andpaleoecological data to examine the rise of early Formative societies in Uruguay, La Plata Basin.It is contextualized within broader anthropological concerns related to the emergence of culturalcomplexity, the significance of ritual and public architecture in intermediate-level societies, andthe role of human-environment interactions during the mid-Holocene. This investigationgenerated the first Late Quaternary paleoclimatic record, based on pollen and phytolith analyses,documenting that the mid-Holocene (ca. 6,620 to ca. 4,040 bp) was a period of environmentalflux and increased aridity. It describes the occupational history of the Los Ajos site from thecreation of a household-based community integrating a centralized communal space during thePreceramic Mound Component (ca. 4,120 – 3,000- 2,500 bp) to the Ceramic Mound Component(ca. 3,000 2,500 bp to the Contact Period), where Los Ajos acquired a strong public ritualcharacter through the formatilization and spatial segregation of its mounded architecture. Duringthe Ceramic Mound Period, the site exhibited both internal stratification (inner versus outerprecincts) and dual asymmetrical architecture in its central sector, which suggest the emergenceof incipient social differentiation. This study also marks the earliest occurrence of at least twodomesticated crops in the region: corn (Zea mays) and squash (Cucurbita spp.), showing that theearly Formative societies adopted a mixed economy shortly after 4,120 bp. Collectively, theseresults challenge the long-standing view that the La Plata Basin was a marginal area byevidencing an early and idiosyncratic emergence of social complexity never before registered inthis region of South America.
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Books on the topic "Phytoliths"

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Kondo, Renzo. Opal phytoliths of New Zealand. Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z: Manaaki Whenua, 1994.

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Kealhofer, Lisa. Opal phytoliths in Southeast Asian flora. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998.

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Phytoliths: A comprehensive guide for archaeologists and paleoecologists. Lanham, Md: AltaMira Press, 2006.

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Phytolith analysis: An archaeological and geological perspective. San Diego: Academic Press, 1988.

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Marco, Madella, and Zurro Débora, eds. Plants, people and places: Recent studies in phytolith analysis. Oxford: Oxbow, 2007.

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Alejandra, Korstanje María, and Babot María del Pilar, eds. Matices interdisciplinarios en estudios fitolíticos y de otros microfósiles =: Interdisciplinary nuances in phytoliths and other microfossil studies. Oxford: John and Erica Hedges, 2008.

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Millets, rice and farmers: Phytoliths as indicators of agricultural, social and ecological change in Neolithic and Bronze Age central China. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2014.

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8

Rapp, George, and Susan C. Mulholland, eds. Phytolith Systematics. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1155-1.

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Etudes palynologique et paléoenvironnementale de sondages holocènes dans les Gunung Sewu (Java, Indonésie): Reconstitution de l'environnement, impacts climatiques et anthropiques : mise en évidence de la néolithisation. Oxford: John and Erica Hedges, 2005.

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Phytolith, Research Workshop (1st 1984 Raleigh North Carolina). Plant opal phytolith analysis in archaeology and paleoecology: Proceedings of the 1984 Phytolith Research Workshop, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Raleigh: North Carolina State University, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Phytoliths"

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Bremond, Laurent, and Charly Favier. "Phytoliths." In Methods in Historical Ecology, 79–86. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429060175-12.

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Vrydaghs, Luc, Yannick Devos, and Ákos Pető. "Opal Phytoliths." In Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology, 155–63. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118941065.ch18.

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Laparidou, Sofia. "Phytoliths in Islamic Archaeology." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 8599–603. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_405.

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Laparidou, Sofia. "Phytoliths in Islamic Archaeology." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 5931–36. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_405.

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Cummings, Linda Scott. "Illustrated Phytoliths from Assorted Food Plants." In Phytolith Systematics, 175–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1155-1_9.

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Hodson, Martin J. "Phytoliths in Archaeology: Chemical Aspects." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 8584–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_3250.

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Zurro, Débora, and Martin J. Hodson. "Phytoliths in European Archaeological Research." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 8591–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_3355.

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Kooyman, Brian. "Phytoliths: Preparation and Archaeological Extraction." In Plant Microtechniques and Protocols, 507–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19944-3_28.

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Hodson, Martin J. "Phytoliths in Archaeology: Chemical Aspects." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3250-1.

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Zurro, Débora, and Martin J. Hodson. "Phytoliths in European Archaeological Research." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3355-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Phytoliths"

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Andrews, Mark P., Ahmadreza Hajiaboli, Jonathan Hiltz, Timothy Gonzalez, Gursimranbir Singh, and R. Bruce Lennox. "Nanoplasmonic photonic crystal diatoms and phytoliths." In SPIE OPTO, edited by Ali Adibi, Shawn-Yu Lin, and Axel Scherer. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.881467.

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Rader, Mikaela A., Joel Q. G. Spencer, and Victoria T. Fitzgerald. "INVESTIGATION OF PHYTOLITHS AS AN OSL CHRONOMETER: CAN PHYTOLITHS BE USED AS A VIABLE TOOL TO DETERMINE SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITIONAL AGE?" In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-306204.

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Crifò, Camilla, and Caroline A. E. Strömberg. "PHYTOLITHS IN PALEOECOLOGY: A TOOL FOR RECONSTRUCTING HABITAT STRUCTURE, AND HETEROGENEITY." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-288001.

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Stromberg, Caroline A. E., Timothy J. Gallaher, Timothy J. Gallaher, Ashly Senske, Ashly Senske, Claire Marvet, Claire Marvet, et al. "DECIPHERING THE IDENTITY OF EOCENE GRASSES USING AUTOMATED, QUANTITATIVE IMAGE ANALYSIS OF FOSSIL PHYTOLITHS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-338900.

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Stromberg, Caroline A. E., William H. Brightly, William H. Brightly, Verónica Di Stilio, Verónica Di Stilio, Zhaoliang Song, Zhaoliang Song, Ryan Thummel, and Ryan Thummel. "EVOLUTION OF SILICA ACCUMULATION STRATEGIES IN LAND PLANTS AND THE ADAPTIVE VALUE OF PHYTOLITHS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-307956.

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Gieré, Reto, Ruggero Vigliaturo, Jonathan Wilson, Bruno Colicchio, Gontrand Leyssens, Damaris Kehrli, Gwenaelle Trouvé, and Alain Dieterlen. "Electron Microscope Study of Silica Phytoliths and Other Si-Rich Bodies in Rice Straw and Husks." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.828.

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Brightly, William H., Sue Hartley, Colin Osborn, and Caroline A. E. Stromberg. "ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF SILICA PHYTOLITHS IN GRASSES- POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR GLOBAL SILICA CYCLING." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-307658.

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Senske, Ashly, Claire Marvet, Sultan Akbar, Silishia Wong, Tingting Hsu, Kari Jessett, Timothy J. Gallaher, and Caroline A. E. Strömberg. "3D SHAPE EVOLUTION IN GRASS SILICA SHORT CELL PHYTOLITHS: TAXONOMIC PATTERNS IN BAMBUSOIDEAE AND OTHER LINEAGES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-307723.

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Yost, Chad L., John D. Kingston, Alan L. Deino, and Andrew S. Cohen. "PHYTOLITHS AND MICROCHARCOAL FROM THE BARINGO BASIN, KENYA, REVEAL SAVANNA DYNAMICS DURING THE PLIO-PLEISTOCENE TRANSITION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-318522.

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Gallaher, Timothy J., Ashly Senske, Claire Marvet, Sultan Akbar, Silishia Wong, Tingting Hsu, Kari Jessett, Phillip C. Klahs, Lynn G. Clark, and Caroline A. E. Strömberg. "3D DIGITIZATION OF GRASS SILICA SHORT CELL PHYTOLITHS (GSSCP’S): A DIGITAL REFERENCE COLLECTION TO IMPROVE THEIR UTILITY FOR THE STUDY OF GRASSES AND GRASSLAND EVOLUTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-307857.

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Reports on the topic "Phytoliths"

1

Camilla Crifò, Camilla Crifò. Can we use phytoliths in modern savanna soil to understand past ecosystems? Experiment, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/12367.

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Foscolos, A. E., and N. J. McMillan. An incipient tertiary aoil profile formed on grey clay and biogenic phytolite [white layer], Axel Heiberg Island. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/131956.

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