Journal articles on the topic 'Phytoestrogens'
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1
Wyse, Jessica M., Sajid Latif, Saliya Gurusinghe, Erica D. Berntsen, Leslie A. Weston, and Cyril P. Stephen. "Characterization of Phytoestrogens in Medicago sativa L. and Grazing Beef Cattle." Metabolites 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11080550.
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Phytoestrogens are plant-produced bioactive secondary metabolites known to play an integral role in plant defense that frequently accumulate in times of stress and/or microbial infection. Phytoestrogens typically belong to two distinct chemical classes; flavonoids (isoflavones) and non-flavonoids (lignans and coumestans). Upon consumption by livestock, high concentrations of phytoestrogens can cause long-term disruption in reproduction due to structural similarities with mammalian estrogens and their tendency to bind estrogen receptors. Wide variation in phytoestrogen concentration has been reported in pasture legumes and corresponding silage or hay. Lucerne is a common perennial pasture legume in temperate climates, but information on phytoestrogen production or accumulation in grazing livestock is currently limited. Therefore, metabolic profiling using UHPLC-MS-QToF was performed to identify and quantitate key phytoestrogens in both fresh and dried lucerne fodder from replicated field or controlled glasshouse environments. Phytoestrogens were also profiled in the blood plasma of Angus cattle grazing field-grown lucerne. Results revealed that phytoestrogens varied quantitatively and qualitatively among selected lucerne cultivars grown under glasshouse conditions. Fresh lucerne samples contained higher concentrations of coumestans and other phytoestrogenic isoflavones than did dried samples for all cultivars profiled, with several exceeding desirable threshold levels for grazing cattle. Coumestans and isoflavones profiled in plasma of Angus heifers grazing lucerne increased significantly over a 21-day sampling period following experimental initiation. Currently, threshold concentrations for phytoestrogens in plasma are unreported. However, total phytoestrogen concentration exceeded 300 mg·kg−1 in fresh and 180 mg·kg−1 in dried samples of selected cultivars, suggesting that certain genotypes may upregulate phytoestrogen production, while others may prove suitable sources of fodder for grazing livestock.
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Lojza, J., V. Schulzová, and J. Hajšlová. "Changes of phytoestrogens daidzein, genistein and their glycosides daidzin and genistin and coumestrol during processing of soyabeans." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, SI - Chem. Reactions in Foods V (January 1, 2004): S223—S226. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10666-cjfs.
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Phytoestrogens represent biologically active compounds showing estrogenic activity similar to that of sex hormones – estrogens. Various adverse effects such as sterility, increase of females’ genitals, lost of males’ copulation activity, etc. were observed in farm animals after exposure to higher amounts of fodder containing phytoestrogens. On the other side, their presence in human diet is nowadays the object of many research studies concerned with prevention of breast and prostate cancer, osteoporosis and other hormone-linked diseases by dietary intake of phytoestrogens. Soya (Glycine max) is one of the main sources of these compounds in diet. Isoflavones daidzein and genistein occurring either free or bound in glycosides are the main phytoestrogens in this food crop. Coumesterol representing coumestans is another effective phytoestrogen contained in some eddible plants. In the first part of our study, analytical method for determination of free and total phytoestrogens was developed and validated. Following steps are included: (i) acid hydrolysis (only for “total phytoestrogens” analysis), (ii) extraction with methanol/water mixture, (iii) SPE preconcentration; (iv) identification/quantification using HPLC/DAD/FLD. The aim of present study was to document the fate of phytoestrogens and their forms during household/industrial processing. As documented in our experiments the most dynamic changes of phytoestrogen levels occur during soyabeans sprouting. High levels of coumestrol even exceeding other phytoestrogens were detected on this occasion.
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Chaboki, Hamid Reza, Farideh Akbarian, and Hossein Kazemi Mehrjerdi. "Isoflavones Potentials for the Treatment of Osteoporosis: An Update on In-vivo Studies." Journal of Lab Animal Research 1, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.58803/jlar.v1i1.10.
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In plant-derived compounds, phytoestrogens are biologically active substances that exhibit various estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. With the increasing prevalence of osteoporosis among older women caused by estrogen deficiency, identifying natural substances that can potentially treat the disease is of utmost significance. This review study aimed to explore how phytoestrogen metabolites mimic mammalian estrogens and prevent bone loss following menopause. Phytoestrogens derived from plants have gained considerable attention due to their similarity to mammalian estrogens and lower impact on sensitive tissues, such as the uterus and breasts. One well-established approach to simulate postmenopausal conditions is by using ovariectomized rats or mice (OVX). The administration of phytoestrogens in the OVX murine model has inhibited osteoclast differentiation, activation, and Pyridinoline secretion. Furthermore, these compounds have been shown to enhance bone formation and increase bone mineral density and the expression levels of various osteoblast markers, such as alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and alpha-1 collagen. Several natural phytoestrogen compounds in plants possess a chemical structure akin to 17 beta-estradiol, a steroid hormone. In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, isoflavones, a type of phytoestrogen, can potentially treat the disease by binding to estrogen receptors on the surface of target cells. Mechanistic investigations have demonstrated that phytoestrogens can retard bone resorption and promote bone formation. Novel approaches in phytoestrogen research could involve investigating the synergistic effects of combining different phytoestrogen compounds, exploring their interactions with other signaling pathways, or assessing their effects on various bone types. Furthermore, identifying novel sources of phytoestrogens could lead to the discovery of new compounds with potent osteoprotective effects.
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Weber, KS, KD Setchell, DM Stocco, and ED Lephart. "Dietary soy-phytoestrogens decrease testosterone levels and prostate weight without altering LH, prostate 5alpha-reductase or testicular steroidogenic acute regulatory peptide levels in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats." Journal of Endocrinology 170, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1700591.
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Nutritional factors, especially phytoestrogens, have been extensively studied for their potential beneficial effects against hormone-dependent and age-related diseases. The present study describes the short-term effects of dietary phytoestrogens on regulatory behaviors (food/water intake, locomotor activity and body weight), prostate weight, prostate 5alpha-reductase enzyme activity, reproductive hormone levels, and testicular steroidogenic acute regulatory peptide (StAR) levels in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were fed either a phytoestrogen-rich diet containing approximately 600 microg/g isoflavones (as determined by HPLC) or a phytoestrogen-free diet. After 5 weeks of consuming these diets, plasma phytoestrogen levels were 35 times higher in animals fed the phytoestrogen-rich vs phytoestrogen-free diets. Body and prostate weights were significantly decreased in animals fed the phytoestrogen-rich diet vs the phytoestrogen-free fed animals; however, no significant change in prostate 5alpha-reductase enzyme activity was observed between the treatment groups. Locomotor activity levels were higher in the phytoestrogen-rich vs the phytoestrogen-free animals during the course of the treatment interval. Plasma testosterone and androstenedione levels were significantly lower in the animals fed the phytoestrogen-rich diet compared with animals fed the phytoestrogen-free diet. However, there were no significant differences in plasma LH or estradiol levels between the diet groups. Testicular StAR levels were not significantly different between the phytoestrogen-rich vs the phytoestrogen-free fed animals. These results indicated that consumption of dietary phytoestrogens resulting in very high plasma isoflavone levels over a relatively short period can significantly alter body and prostate weight and plasma androgen hormone levels without affecting gonadotropin or testicular StAR levels. The findings of this study identify the biological actions of phytoestrogens on male reproductive endocrinology and provide insights into the protective effects these estrogen mimics exert in male reproductive disorders such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.
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Fang, Zhiwu, Scott H. Carlson, Y. F. Chen, S. Oparil, and J. Michael Wyss. "Estrogen depletion induces NaCl-sensitive hypertension in female spontaneously hypertensive rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 281, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): R1934—R1939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.6.r1934.
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In women, arterial pressure generally increases after menopause, but several studies suggest that women who eat large amounts of plant estrogens (phytoestrogens) experience a slower rise in the incidence of postmenopausal hypertension. This suggests that both ovarian hormones (principally estrogen) and phytoestrogens may protect at least some women from hypertension. The present study tests the hypothesis that phytoestrogens blunt hypertension in estrogen-depleted female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Three-week-old ovariectomized SHR were fed one of four diets that contained basal (0.6%) or high (8%) NaCl with or without dietary phytoestrogens for 9 wk. In SHR on the basal NaCl diet, arterial pressure was unaffected by the removal of dietary phytoestrogens. In contrast, in SHR on the high-NaCl diet, arterial pressure was significantly higher in rats on the phytoestrogen-free (204 ± 4 mmHg) compared with the phytoestrogen-replete (153 ± 4 mmHg) diet. Ganglionic blockade resulted in reductions in arterial pressure that were directly related to the dietary NaCl-induced increases in arterial pressure. Together, these data indicate that dietary phytoestrogens protect ovariectomized female SHR from dietary NaCl-sensitive hypertension and that the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in this effect. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that dietary phytoestrogens can have a major impact on the interpretation of studies into the physiological role of estrogen in females.
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Viggiani, Maria Teresa, Lorenzo Polimeno, Alfredo Di Leo, and Michele Barone. "Phytoestrogens: Dietary Intake, Bioavailability, and Protective Mechanisms against Colorectal Neoproliferative Lesions." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (July 24, 2019): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081709.
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Phytoestrogens are natural substances that have been extensively studied for their beneficial effect on human health. Herein, we analyzed the data of the literature on the role of phytoestrogens in the prevention of colorectal neoproliferative lesions (CNL). Both in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the beneficial effects of phytoestrogens on CNL mainly depend on their ability to bind estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in the intestinal mucosa and counter ER-alpha (ERα) activity. Epidemiological data demonstrate a correlation between the low prevalence of CNL in Eastern populations and the consumption of soy products (phytoestrogen-enriched diet). However, both observational and interventional studies have produced inconclusive results. In our opinion, these discrepancies depend on an inadequate evaluation of phytoestrogen intake (dietary questionnaires were not aimed at establishing phytoestrogen intake) and absorption (depending mainly on the intestinal microbiota of the analyzed subjects). For this reason, in the present review, we performed an overview of phytoestrogen dietary intake and metabolism to offer the reader the opportunity for a better interpretation of the literature. Future prospective trials focusing on the protective effect of phytoestrogens against CNL should take into account both their dietary intake and absorption, considering the effective role of the intestinal microbiota.
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Tubbs, Christopher, Phillip Hartig, Mary Cardon, Nicole Varga, and Matthew Milnes. "Activation of Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) Estrogen Receptors by Phytoestrogens: Potential Role in the Reproductive Failure of Captive-Born Females?" Endocrinology 153, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 1444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-1962.
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The captive southern white rhinoceros (SWR; Ceratotherium simum simum) population serves as an important genetic reservoir critical to the conservation of this vulnerable species. Unfortunately, captive populations are declining due to the poor reproductive success of captive-born females. Captive female SWR exhibit reproductive problems suggested to result from continual ovarian follicular activity and prolonged exposure to endogenous estrogen. However, we investigated the potential role of exogenous dietary phytoestrogens in the reproductive failure of SWR by cloning and characterizing in vitro phytoestrogen binding and activation of recombinant SWR estrogen receptors (ESR). We compared those characteristics with recombinant greater one-horned rhinoceros (GOHR; Rhinoceros unicornis) ESR, a species that receives similar captive diets yet reproduces relatively well. Our results indicate that phytoestrogens bind rhino ESR in a manner similar to other vertebrate species, but there are no differences found in phytoestrogen binding affinity of SWR ESR compared with GOHR ESR. However, species-specific differences in ESR activation by phytoestrogens were detected. The phytoestrogen coumestrol stimulated greater maximal activation of SWR ESR1 than GOHR ESR1. SWR ESR2 were also more sensitive to phytoestrogens and were activated to a greater extent by both coumestrol and daidzein. The concentrations in which significant differences in ESR activation occurred (10−7 to 10−5m) are consistent with circulating concentrations measured in other vertebrate species. Taken together, these findings suggest that phytoestrogens potentially pose a risk to the reproductive health of captive SWR. However, additional studies are needed to further clarify the physiological role of dietary phytoestrogens in the reduced fertility of this species.
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Solopov, Pavel, Ruben Manuel Luciano Colunga Biancatelli, Christiana Dimitropoulou, and John D. Catravas. "Dietary Phytoestrogens Ameliorate Hydrochloric Acid-Induced Chronic Lung Injury and Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 3599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103599.
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We previously reported that female mice exhibit protection against chemically induced pulmonary fibrosis and suggested a potential role of estrogen. Phytoestrogens act, at least in part, via stimulation of estrogen receptors; furthermore, compared to residents of Western countries, residents of East Asian countries consume higher amounts of phytoestrogens and exhibit lower rates of pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that dietary phytoestrogens ameliorate the severity of experimentally induced pulmonary fibrosis. Male mice placed on either regular soybean diet or phytoestrogen-free diet were instilled with 0.1 N HCl to provoke pulmonary fibrosis. Thirty days later, lung mechanics were measured as indices of lung function and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were analyzed for biomarkers of fibrosis. Mice on phytoestrogen-free diet demonstrated increased mortality and stronger signs of chronic lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis, as reflected in the expression of collagen, extracellular matrix deposition, histology, and lung mechanics, compared to mice on regular diet. We conclude that dietary phytoestrogens play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and suggest that phytoestrogens (e.g., genistein) may be useful as part of a therapeutic regimen against hydrochloric acid-induced lung fibrosis and chronic lung dysfunction.
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Haines, Christopher D., Pamela A. Harvey, Elizabeth D. Luczak, Kristen K. B. Barthel, John P. Konhilas, Peter A. Watson, Brian L. Stauffer, and Leslie A. Leinwand. "Estrogenic Compounds Are Not Always Cardioprotective and Can Be Lethal in Males with Genetic Heart Disease." Endocrinology 153, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 4470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1391.
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is more severe in male than female mice eating a soy-based diet. We sought to determine whether the detrimental effects are mediated by the phytoestrogens present in soy, the mechanism by which phytoestrogens act, and to test whether estrogen modulates the sexually dimorphic phenotype. A soy-free diet (casein based) supplemented with the predominant phytoestrogens in soy, genistein and daidzein, recapitulated the fibrotic, proapoptotic and negative hemodynamic effects of soy in male hearts. As with the soy diet, the hearts of female HCM mice were not negatively affected by the phytoestrogen-containing diet. To determine the role of estrogen in the sex differences mediated by diet in HCM, gonadectomies were performed and estrogen was administered to male and female HCM mice on a casein- or phytoestrogen-supplemented diet. Somewhat surprisingly, estrogen was not protective in male or female mice with HCM and, in fact, was lethal in phytoestrogen-fed male mice with HCM. Because genistein is a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor and tyrosine kinase inhibition has been associated with cardiotoxicity, we tested its effects in isolated adult cardiac myocytes. Genistein inhibited different tyrosine kinases depending on sex and, in combination with estrogen, resulted in apoptosis only in adult male cardiac myocytes. Finally, we show that phytoestrogens led to distinct programs of gene expression in hearts from males vs. females with HCM, suggesting mechanisms by which males are more sensitive to the detrimental effects of phytoestrogens and females are protected. These results implicate the phytoestrogen genistein in mediating cardiac pathology in males with HCM and, importantly, establish that estrogen is not protective in the setting of HCM.
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Glover, A., and S. J. Assinder. "Acute exposure of adult male rats to dietary phytoestrogens reduces fecundity and alters epididymal steroid hormone receptor expression." Journal of Endocrinology 189, no. 3 (June 2006): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06709.
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Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds with oestrogenic activity. They are common in both human and animal diets, particularly through soy-based foods. This study assessed whether exposure of adult male rats to a high phytoestrogen diet for 3–25 days affected their fertility, and assessed possible mechanisms through which phytoestrogens may disrupt fertility. Adult males, fed a high phytoestrogen diet for 3 days, demonstrated significantly reduced fecundity. This effect was transient, with fecundity returning to control levels by day 12. The expression of oestrogen receptor-α and androgen receptor mRNA was increased in the initial segment of the epididymis, but decreased in the cauda epididymis following 3 days on the high phytoestrogen diet. Epididymal sperm counts cannot account for the reduction in fertility at day 3. However, lipid peroxidation of epididymal sperm was significantly increased in animals fed a high phytoestrogen diet for 3 days. Disruption of the steroid regulation of the epididymis by phytoestrogens may alter its function, resulting in decreased quality of sperm, and thereby reducing fecundity.
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Sievert, Lynnette Leidy, Taniya Sharmeen, Khurshida Begum, Shanthi Muttukrishna, Osul Chowdhury, and Gillian R. Bentley. "Frequency of Phytoestrogen Consumption and Symptoms at Midlife among Bangladeshis in Bangladesh and London." Nutrients 15, no. 17 (August 22, 2023): 3676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15173676.
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There is a longstanding interest in the relationship between diet and hot flash symptoms during midlife, especially in whether phytoestrogens ease menopausal symptoms. The purpose of this study was to examine hot flashes, night sweats, trouble sleeping, and vaginal dryness in relation to the intake of foods rich in phytoestrogens among Bangladeshi women aged 35 to 59 years who were living either in Sylhet, Bangladesh (n = 157) or as migrants in London (n = 174). Consumption ranges for phytoestrogens were constructed from food frequencies. We hypothesized that diets rich in isoflavones, lignans, and coumestrol would be associated with lower symptom frequencies. However, adjusted logistic regression results showed that with each incremental increase in general phytoestrogen consumption (scale of 0 to 10), the likelihood of hot flashes increased by 1.4%. Each incremental increase in lignan consumption raised the likelihood of hot flashes by 1.6%. In contrast, the odds of vaginal dryness decreased by 2%, with each incremental increase in phytoestrogen and lignan consumption, and by 4%, with each incremental increase in isoflavone consumption. Night sweats and trouble sleeping were not associated with phytoestrogen intake in logistic regressions. Our findings add to the conflicting data on relationships between phytoestrogens and symptoms associated with menopause.
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Gonzalez-Martin, Roberto, Andrea Palomar, Alicia Quiñonero, Nuria Pellicer, Caroline Zuckerman, Christine Whitehead, Richard T. Scott, and Francisco Dominguez. "Phytoestrogens Present in Follicular Fluid and Urine Are Positively Associated with IVF Outcomes following Single Euploid Embryo Transfer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13 (June 29, 2023): 10852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310852.
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The impact and safety of phytoestrogens, plant-derived isoflavones with estrogenic activity predominantly present in soy, on female reproductive health and IVF outcomes continues to be hotly debated. In this prospective cohort study, 60 women attending IVI-RMA New Jersey undergoing IVF with single frozen embryo transfer (SET/FET) of good-quality euploid blastocyst after PGT-A analysis were recruited. Concentrations of two phytoestrogens (daidzein and genistein) in follicular fluid (FF) and urine (U) were measured by UPLC–MSMS, both collected on vaginal oocyte retrieval day. These measurements correlated with IVF clinical outcomes. In models adjusted for age, BMI, race/ethnicity, and smoking status, higher FF phytoestrogen concentrations were significantly associated with higher serum estradiol, enhanced probability of implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth. Moreover, higher urine phytoestrogen concentrations were significantly associated with improved oocyte maturation and fertilization potential and increased probability of clinical pregnancy and live birth. Finally, higher FF and urine phytoestrogen concentrations were associated with a higher probability of live birth from a given IVF cycle. Our results suggest that dietary phytoestrogens improved reproductive outcomes of women undergoing IVF treatment. However, additional prospective studies are needed to optimize the use of phytoestrogens to further enhance reproductive outcomes and/or protect against reproductive insults.
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Dresler, Sławomir, Magdalena Wójciak-Kosior, Ireneusz Sowa, Maciej Strzemski, Jan Sawicki, Jozef Kováčik, and Tomasz Blicharski. "Effect of Long-Term Strontium Exposure on the Content of Phytoestrogens and Allantoin in Soybean." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 3864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123864.
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Abiotic stress, including metal excess, can modify plant metabolism. Here we investigated the influence of long-term strontium exposure (12 weeks, 0.5–4.0 mM Sr) on the content of phytoestrogens and allantoin as well as the mineral composition in soybean. Seven phytoestrogens were identified in the soybean: daidzin, glycitin, genistin, malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, daidzein, and coumestrol. The results showed that both malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin were dominant phytoestrogens; however, the roots contained a relatively high amount of daidzein. It was found that strontium reduced the phytoestrogen content and decreased the antioxidant capacity. Strontium evoked depletion of the sum of all phytoestrogens by 40–70% in the leaves, 25–50% in the stems and in the seeds, depending on the strontium concentration. In the roots, 0.5 and 4.0 mM of strontium decreased the total phytoestrogen content by 25 and 55%, respectively, while 2.0 mM of strontium did not exert an effect on their accumulation. On the other hand, strontium ions induced allantoin accumulation mainly in the roots. Strontium was preferentially accumulated in the leaves, with a slight impact on macro- and micro-nutrients. Our research showed strontium-secondary metabolites interaction in the soybean, which can be useful for obtaining a natural pharmaceutical product containing both strontium and phytoestrogens for remediation of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Britt, K. L., E. R. Simpson, and J. K. Findlay. "158. Effects of phytoestrogens on the ovarian and pituitary phenotypes of oestrogen deficient female aromatase knockout mice." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 9 (2004): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb04abs158.
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Phytoestrogens can induce both estrogen agonistic and antagonistic effects, depending on the tissue, estrogen receptor content and endogenous levels of estrogen. Dietary phytoestrogens are promoted as alternatives to synthetic estrogens for hormone replacement therapy, however their effects on the reproductive axis have not been exhaustively studied in vivo. Female aromatase knockout mouse (ArKO) mice are estrogen-free, and anovulatory with a block in folliculogenesis, hemorrhagic cysts and development of Sertoli cells within their ovaries. We evaluated the ArKO mouse as a model to test the effects of phytoestrogen-supplemented diets on the reproductive organ weights, ovarian morphology, gonadotropin levels and the transcript levels of ovarian somatic cell and steroidogenic markers. The extent to which phytoestrogens either as soyfree or soymeal diet or genistein added to a soyfree diet, exert estrogenic effects varied with the type of phytoestrogen and the parameter being tested. The genistein diet significantly increased uterine and ovarian weights of ArKO compared to wildtype mice, whilst both the soy, and to a larger extent the genistein diet, improved ovarian morphology compared to the soyfree diet. Transformation to morphological Sertoli cells in ArKO mice was decreased by both phytoestrogen diets, whilst the gene expression of Sertoli cell markers was not affected. The soy diet increased both LH and FSH in both genotypes compared to animals on the soyfree diet. The genistein diet reduced FSH levels in ArKO mice, correlating with increased ovarian inhibin subunit expression. In conclusion, phytoestrogens are estrogenic in ArKO mice. Specifically, they can affect serum gonadotropin levels, and offset the development of Sertoli cells and hemorrhagic cysts within the ovaries, depending on the type of dietary phytoestrogen. Further studies are required to determine the effective doses and treatment regimes for phytoestrogens as endocrine modulators. Supported by NH&MRC Reg Key#198705.
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Jarrell, John, Warren G. Foster, and David W. Kinniburgh. "Phytoestrogens in Human Pregnancy." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/850313.
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Background. The hormonal milieu associated with pregnancy has become a focus of interest owing to potential links with the developmental origins of health and disease. Phytoestrogens are hormonally active plant-derived chemicals that may have an impact on human reproductive processes. However, developmental exposure to phytoestrogens has not been well characterized and thus our objective was to quantify phytoestrogen exposure during pregnancy and lactation.Methods. Women in the second trimester of pregnancy entered the study during counseling for prenatal genetic information. Women who had an indication for a genetic amniocentesis on the basis of late maternal age were approached for inclusion. They completed an environmental questionnaire; a sample of amniotic fluid was collected for karyotype, blood was collected from women during pregnancy and at birth, from the umbilical cord and breast milk. Samples were tested for the presence of daidzein and genistein by GC Mass Spectroscopy.Findings. Phytoestrogens are commonly found in pregnant women’s serum and amniotic fluid during pregnancy. There is a sex difference in the concentrations with higher levels in amniotic fluid containing female fetuses. This difference was not present in maternal serum. Soy ingestion increases amniotic fluid phytoestrogen concentrations in female and male fetuses. The presence and concentrations of phytoestrogens did not differ in relation to common pregnancy complications or preexisting infertility.
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Tucak, Marijana, Tihomir Čupić, Daniela Horvat, Svetislav Popović, Goran Krizmanić, and Marija Ravlić. "Variation of Phytoestrogen Content and Major Agronomic Traits in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Populations." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010087.
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Alfalfa is the main perennial legume and a rich source of phytoestrogens. Variation of phytoestrogen content and agronomic traits was evaluated in twenty alfalfa populations over two consecutive years. The most dominant phytoestrogen in alfalfa populations was genistein, while slightly lower levels were found for kaempferol and coumestrol. Several populations (Af 1, 12, 18, 19, 20) showed superior agronomic performance, especially high forage yield (up to 71.93 t ha−1). These populations were also characterized by a lower (Af 1, 12, 18, 20) or high (Af 1, 19) content of total and individual phytoestrogens, including Af 8 population with the highest total content (2637.10 μg g-1 of DM) and content of most of the individual phytoestrogens and favorable agronomic properties. Ward hierarchical clustering method grouped the twenty evaluated populations into four distinct clusters. Identified materials provide a valuable source of germplasm for further breeding programs in order to develop new high-yielding cultivars with either low (for forage use) or high (for possible pharmaceuticals/nutraceuticals industries) phytoestrogen content.
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Gardner, Jason D., Gregory L. Brower, Tetyana G. Voloshenyuk, and Joseph S. Janicki. "Cardioprotection in female rats subjected to chronic volume overload: synergistic interaction of estrogen and phytoestrogens." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 294, no. 1 (January 2008): H198—H204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00281.2007.
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Intact female rats fed a high-phytoestrogen diet are protected against adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling induced by chronic volume overload. We hypothesized that both phytoestrogens and ovarian hormones, particularly estrogen, are necessary for this dietary-induced cardioprotection. To test this hypothesis, eight groups of female rats were studied; rats were fed either a high-phytoestrogen (+phyto) or phytoestrogen-free diet. Groups included sham-operated rats, intact rats with fistula (Fist), ovariectomized rats with fistula (Fist-OX), and Fist-OX rats treated with estrogen (EST). Myocardial function and remodeling were assessed after 8 wk of volume overload using a blood-perfused isolated heart apparatus. Fist-OX rats developed significant ventricular dilatation and increased compliance vs. intact Fist rats, which were associated with a significant decrease in contractility. Estrogen treatment prevented pulmonary edema and attenuated LV hypertrophy and dilatation but did not maintain contractility. However, dietary phytoestrogens completely prevented LV dilatation in both the Fist+phyto and Fist-OX+EST+phyto groups but had no effect on LV remodeling in the Fist-OX+phyto group. Contractility was significantly greater in the estrogen-treated rats fed the phytoestrogen diet than in those treated with estrogen alone. Dietary phytoestrogens did not affect LV or uterine mass, serum estrogen, LV estrogen receptor expression, or cardiac function in sham animals. These data indicate that estrogen is not solely responsible for the cardioprotection exhibited by intact females and that phytoestrogens can work synergistically with ovarian hormones to attenuate ventricular remodeling induced by chronic volume overload in female rats.
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Le, Chau Minh, Vien Thi Hoa Do, and Ha Phu Ho. "STUDY ON ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PHYTOESTROGEN EXTRACTS FROM SOY GERM." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 58, no. 6A (March 31, 2021): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/58/6a/15606.
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Soy germ is one of the richest phytoestrogen sources and thus has many benefits for health such as improving bone density, cardiovascular health, cancer prevention, and menopausal treatment. In addition, phytoestrogens are reported to act as antioxidants, removing reactive oxygen species and thereby preventing oxidative damage in living tissue. Phytoestrogens in soy germ include isoflavone compounds and their derivatives: daidzein, genistein, glycitein, daidzin, genistin, glycitin, acetyl daidzin, acetyl genistin, acetyl glycitin, malonyl daidzin, malonyl genistin, malonyl glycitin. Isoflavones aglycone forms comprise only about 2-5% of total isoflavones, however, they express more biological effects than the others. The objective of this study was to compare the antioxidant activity among three extracts: purified isoflavone aglycone extract, crude isoflavone aglycone extract and total phytoestrogen extract. The IC50 value of DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of purified isoflavone aglycone extract, crude isoflavone aglycone extract and total phytoestrogen extract were 0.763 ± 0.016; 3.345 ± 0.076; 6.142 ± 0.050 mg/ml, respectively. The IC50 value of reducing power activity of purified isoflavone aglycone extract, crude isoflavone aglycone extract and total phytoestrogen extract were 1.248 ± 0.024; 3.961 ± 0.172; 9.385 ± 0.272 (mg/ml). As our result, the ranking order of the antioxidant activity (from highest to lowest level) was purified isoflavone aglycone extract > crude isoflavone aglycone extract > total phytoestrogens extract.
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Mathew, B. C., S. D. Reji, AI B. B. Jamal, and I. W. Campbell. "Phytoestrogens and cancer." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 31, no. 1 (April 30, 2009): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.59779/jiomnepal.370.
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Abstact: Phytoestrogens are a group of compounds found in plants that are structurally or functionally similar to the hormone estradiol, and act as selective estrogen receptor modulators. Epidemiological studies show an inverse correlation between consumption of a high phytoestrogen-rich diet, as seen in traditional Asiatic societies, and the incidence of certain hormone- dependent cancers such, as breast and prostate cancer. Clinical studies to find a relationship between phytoestrogens, and breast and prostate cancers, have produced conflicting results. Phytoestrogens may protect against hormone-dependent cancers through their ability to lower the level of endogenous estrogens and their genotoxic metabolites, activation of estrogen receptor beta and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, inhibiting cell signaling pathways of growth factors, upregulating expression of antioxidant genes, tumor suppressor genes and immunomodulatory effects. There is little clinical evidence to suggest that phytoestrogens through their estrogenic activities will increase breast cancer risk in healthy women or worsen prognosis of breast cancer patients. Although phytoestrogens appear to hold promise as chemo preventive agents against cancer, more in-depth studies are required before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
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Gardner, Jason D., Gregory L. Brower, and Joseph S. Janicki. "Effects of dietary phytoestrogens on cardiac remodeling secondary to chronic volume overload in female rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 99, no. 4 (October 2005): 1378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01141.2004.
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Previously, we demonstrated that intact female rats fed a standard rodent diet containing soybean products exhibit essentially no adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling in response to aortocaval fistula-induced chronic volume overload. We hypothesized that phytoestrogenic compounds in the diet contributed to the female cardioprotection. To test this hypothesis, four groups of female rats were studied: sham-operated (Sham) and fistula (Fist) rats fed a diet with [P(+)] or without [P(−)] phytoestrogens. Eight weeks postfistula, systolic and diastolic cardiac function was assessed by using a blood-perfused, isolated heart preparation. High-phytoestrogen diet had no effect on body, heart, and lung weights, or cardiac function in Sham rats. Fistula groups developed LV hypertrophy, which was not reduced by dietary phytoestrogens [1,184 ± 229 mg Fist-P(−) and 1,079 ± 199 mg Fist-P(+) vs. 620 ± 47 mg for combined Sham groups, P < 0.05]. Unstressed LV volume increased in Fist-P(−) rats (428 ± 16 vs. 300 ± 14 μl Sham, P < 0.0001), but it was not different from Sham for Fist-P(+) animals (286 ± 17 μl). Fist-P(−) rats developed increased ventricular compliance (5.3 ± 0.8 vs. 2.3 ± 0.3 μl/mmHg Sham, P < 0.01), whereas Fist-P(+) rats had no change in compliance (2.8 ± 0.4 μl/mmHg). Intrinsic ventricular contractility was maintained in the Fist-P(+) rats, but it was reduced ( P < 0.001) in the Fist-P(−) rats [systolic pressure-volume slope: 1.04 ± 0.03, 0.60 ± 0.06, and 0.99 ± 0.08 mmHg/μl, for Fist-P(+), Fist-P(−), and Sham, respectively]. These data indicate that dietary phytoestrogens contribute significantly to female cardioprotection against volume overload-induced adverse ventricular remodeling and that studies evaluating gender differences in cardiovascular remodeling must consider the influence of dietary phytoestrogens.
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Lephart, Edwin D. "Modulation of Aromatase by Phytoestrogens." Enzyme Research 2015 (December 21, 2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/594656.
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The aromatase enzyme catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens in many human tissues. Estrogens are known to stimulate cellular proliferation associated with certain cancers and protect against adverse symptoms during the peri- and postmenopausal intervals. Phytoestrogens are a group of plant derived naturally occurring compounds that have chemical structures similar to estrogen. Since phytoestrogens are known to be constituents of animal/human food sources, these compounds have received increased research attention. Phytoestrogens may contribute to decreased cancer risk by the inhibition of aromatase enzyme activity and CYP19 gene expression in human tissues. This review covers (a) the aromatase enzyme (historical descriptions on function, activity, and gene characteristics), (b) phytoestrogens in their classifications and applications to human health, and (c) a chronological coverage of aromatase activity modulated by phytoestrogens from the early 1980s to 2015. In general, phytoestrogens act as aromatase inhibitors by (a) decreasing aromatase gene expression, (b) inhibiting the aromatase enzyme itself, or (c) in some cases acting at both levels of regulation. The findings presented herein are consistent with estrogen’s impact on health and phytoestrogen’s potential as anticancer treatments, but well-controlled, large-scale studies are warranted to determine the effectiveness of phytoestrogens on breast cancer and age-related diseases.
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Jefferson, Wendy N., Heather B. Patisaul, and Carmen J. Williams. "Reproductive consequences of developmental phytoestrogen exposure." REPRODUCTION 143, no. 3 (March 2012): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-11-0369.
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Phytoestrogens, estrogenic compounds derived from plants, are ubiquitous in human and animal diets. These chemicals are generally much less potent than estradiol but act via similar mechanisms. The most common source of phytoestrogen exposure to humans is soybean-derived foods that are rich in the isoflavones genistein and daidzein. These isoflavones are also found at relatively high levels in soy-based infant formulas. Phytoestrogens have been promoted as healthy alternatives to synthetic estrogens and are found in many dietary supplements. The aim of this review is to examine the evidence that phytoestrogen exposure, particularly in the developmentally sensitive periods of life, has consequences for future reproductive health.
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Shikh, E. V., A. A. Makhova, N. V. Shikh, T. V. Marin, and O. V. Zhukova. "Selection of phytoestrogens and development of rational combinations with micronutrients in perimenopausal patients." Voprosy ginekologii, akušerstva i perinatologii 22, no. 1 (2023): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2023-1-83-90.
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Phytoestrogens in combination with nutraceuticals are often used as a non-hormonal strategy for managing menopausal symptoms. The evidence base for the effectiveness of phytoestrogens remains controversial, which is due to the presence of several compounds of different chemical classes and levels of phytoestrogenic activity. The design of clinical trials (inadequate dosage, short observation period, small sample size, group heterogeneity) may be the reason for the result of insufficient efficacy. The effects of phytoestrogens on the reproductive system have been confirmed by preclinical studies. Phytoestrogens are considered as protectors of hormone-dependent proliferative processes and as agents for preventing cardiovascular diseases and reducing cardiometabolic risks in women with low estrogen levels. Data from a systematic review of compounds with high activity (genistein, daidzein, isoxanthohumol, biochanin A and B) have shown that phytoestrogens reduce hot flashes even with the placebo effect. The literature provides evidence for statistical and clinically significant efficacy of using a standardized red clover extract containing isoflavones to relieve menopausal symptoms. The effectiveness increases when it is synergistically combined with other micronutrients. Key words: phytoestrogens, red clover, flaxseed, menopause
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Mackey, Rachel, and John Eden. "Phytoestrogens." British Menopause Society Journal 4, no. 1 (March 1998): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136218079800400107.
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Phytoestrogens are defined as naturally occurring compounds found in plants that are structurally and functionally similar to 17-ß oestradiol or that produce oestrogenic effects. They are diphenolic in structure and are most commonly found in cereals, legumes and grasses. There have been numerous classes identified, the mostly highly investigated being isoflavones and lignans. Isoflavones are attenuated oestrogens. They behave both in vivo and in vitro as agonists and antagonists. Genistein and daidzein are found in high concentrations in soy beans and soy products. Their relative potencies as compared to oestradiol are low but they exhibit equivalent levels of bioactivity when tested in high concentrations. Lignans are found in oilseeds, cereals and berries. The main urinary lignans are enterolactone and enterodiol. Most phytoestrogens are modified by gut flora from glycoside precursors to a compound with oestrogenic properties. A high dietary intake of phytoestrogens was first noted to be associated with decreased incidences of certain diseases. This epidemiological data was obtained primarily from studying Asian populations. Soy consumption is highest in Japan, where urinary levels of phytoestrogen metabolites are extremely high and there are lower rates of so-called ‘Western’ diseases, including breast, endometrial, colon cancers as well as atherosclerotic disease. Research to date has focused on the antiproliferative potential of phytoestrogens, primarily genistein both in vitro and in vivo. Their role in the relief of menopausal symptoms, their hypocholesterolaemic effects and bone resorption protection have been investigated to some extent with promising results. A brief overview of the background of, and the research into, phytoestrogens will be provided in this article.
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Cai, Xia, Min Liu, Bing Zhang, Shao-Jie Zhao, and Shi-Wen Jiang. "Phytoestrogens for the Management of Endometriosis: Findings and Issues." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 6 (June 14, 2021): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14060569.
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Endometriosis, a chronic disease characterized by recurrent pelvic pain and infertility, severely impacts the health and life quality of many women worldwide. Since phytoestrogens are commonly found in a variety of foods, and estrogen is a major pathological factor for the pathogenesis of endometriosis, their possible involvement cannot be ignored. This review summarizes data on the relationship between phytoestrogen intake and endometriosis risk, and analyzes the findings from in vitro experiments, rodent endometriotic models, and human intervention trials. While favorable results were often obtained from endometrial primary cultures and animal models for resveratrol, isoflavones and puerarin, only resveratrol showed promising results in human intervention trials. Critical issues concerning the current study efforts are discussed: the possible reasons beneath the discrepant observations of estrogenic/anti-estrogenic effects by phytoestrogens; the complicated interplays between phytoestrogens and endogenous estrogens; the shortage of currently used animal models; the necessity to apply reasonable doses of phytoestrogens in experiments. It is expected that the analyses would help to more properly assess the phytoestrogens’ effects on the endometriosis pathogenesis and their potential values for preventive or therapeutic applications.
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Scherbakov, A. M., and O. E. Andreeva. "Apigenin Inhibits Growth of Breast Cancer Cells: The Role of ERα and HER2/neu." Acta Naturae 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2015-7-3-133-139.
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Phytoestrogens are a group of plant-derived compounds with an estrogen-like activity. In mammalians, phytoestrogens bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) and participate in the regulation of cell growth and gene transcription. There are several reports of the cytotoxic effects of phytoestrogens in different cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to measure the phytoestrogen activity against breast cancer cells with different levels of ER expression and to elucidate the molecular pathways regulated by the leader compound. Methods used in the study include immunoblotting, transfection with a luciferase reporter vector, and a MTT test. We demonstrated the absence of a significant difference between ER+ and ER- breast cancer cell lines in their response to cytotoxic stimuli: treatment with high doses of phytoestrogens (apigenin, genistein, quercetin, naringenin) had the same efficiency in ER-positive and ER-negative cells. Incubation of breast cancer cells with apigenin revealed the highest cytotoxicity of this compound; on the contrary, naringenin treatment resulted in a low cytotoxic activity. It was shown that high doses of apigenin (50 М) do not display estrogen-like activity and can suppress ER activation by 17-estradiol. Cultivation of HER2-positive breast cancer SKBR3 cells in the presence of apigenin resulted in a decrease in HER2/neu expression, accompanied by cleavage of an apoptosis substrate PARP. Therefore, the cytotoxic effects of phytoestrogens are not associated with the steroid receptors of breast cancer cells. Apigenin was found to be the most effective phytoestrogen that strongly inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells, including HER2-positive ones.
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Lephart, Edwin D. "Phytoestrogens (Resveratrol and Equol) for Estrogen-Deficient Skin—Controversies/Misinformation versus Anti-Aging In Vitro and Clinical Evidence via Nutraceutical-Cosmetics." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20 (October 18, 2021): 11218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011218.
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The overarching theme for this review is perspective. Superfoods (a marketing term for fruits and vegetables, etc.) have a positive connotation, while many superfoods contain phytoestrogens, a term that is alarming to the public and has a negative connotation because phytoestrogens are endocrine-disruptors, even though they are strong antioxidants that have many health benefits. To understand phytoestrogens, this paper provides a brief summary of the characteristics of: (a) estrogens, (b) estrogen receptors (ER), (c) estrogen-deficient skin, (d) how perspective(s) get off track, (e) phytoestrogen food sources, and (f) misconceptions of phytoestrogens and food safety, in general, that influence person(s) away from what is true. Finally, a brief history of cosmetics to nutraceuticals is covered plus the characteristics of phytoestrogens, resveratrol and equol on: (g) estrogen receptor binding, (h) topical and oral dosing, and (i) in vitro, molecular mechanisms and select clinical evidence, where both phytoestrogens (resveratrol and equol) demonstrate promising applications to improve skin health is presented along with future directions of nutraceuticals. Perspective is paramount in understanding the controversies associated with superfoods, phytoestrogens, and endocrine-disruptors because they have both positive and negative connotations. Everyone is exposed to and consumes these molecules everyday regardless of age, gender, or geographic location around the world, and how we understand this is a matter of perspective.
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Rohaya Muhede, Andini Dwi Kinanthi, Lina Nurul Izza, Loeki Enggar Fitri, Kusworini Handono, and Husnul Khotimah. "A potential treatment with phytoestrogens: A literature review of experimental models on female rat’s reproductive health." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 28, no. 1 (July 30, 2024): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2024.28.1.0273.
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Introduction: Phytoestrogens are nonsteroidal substances produced from plants with biological properties such as estrogen. The two main types of phytoestrogens are flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Flavonoids, including isoflavones, are among the most estrogenic compounds, and due to their structural similarities, they can bind to estrogen receptors. Isoflavones have been found in various foods, including fruits, vegetables, sprouts, seeds, and oilseeds (including flaxseeds). This review focuses on plants phytoestrogens that contain flavonoids, isoflavones, daidzein, and genistein. In addition, isoflavones can also be considered endocrine disruptors with the possibility of negative effects on the state of health in certain parts of the population or environment. This literature review will include phytoestrogen-rich crop yields on the reproductive health of mice. Method Systematic review: Literature searches are conducted on databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Cochrane, with time limits. From 2014 to 2024, searches were carried out on this database, considering studies involving herbs, phytoestrogens, isoflavones, and genistein in ovariectomy rat’s model (OVX). The study found that plants rich in phytoestrogens can overcome post-ovariectomy complaints, increase estrogen levels, and increase normal cell proliferation. This herb is used as an effective alternative therapy in treating post-ovariectomy complaints. Result: The search results found 2,401 studies on phytoestrogens and hypoestrogenics in the reproductive organs. Conclusion: Phytoestrogens have active compounds that can improve the reproductive system after ovariectomy in female mice.
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Guerra, Thais De Rezende Bessa, Gilson Teles Boaventura, and Luis Guillermo Coca Velarde. "Phytoestrongens the modulador selective receptor estrogen?" Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas 10, no. 1 (November 3, 2011): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/cmbio.v10i1.4914.
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Flaxseed are particularly abundant source of phytoestrogens, are diphenolic compounds that are present in several plants eaten by human beings. When ingested in relatively large amounts, phytoestrogens have been shown to have significant estrogen agonists/ antagonists effects in animals and humans. There is epidemiological, laboratory and clinical evidence which indicates that phytoestrogens, like certain selective estrogen receptor modulators, have an antiproliferative effect on the breast, and positive effects on the lipoprotein profile and bone density. They might also improve some of the climacteric symptoms. This evidence is critically reviewed, and the possible benefit of dietary intervention with phytoestrogen-rich food for woman's health is discussed. </span>
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Brown, A. C., L. M. Stevenson, H. M. Leonard, K. Nieves-Puigdoller, and E. D. Clotfelter. "Phytoestrogensβ-Sitosterol and Genistein Have Limited Effects on Reproductive Endpoints in a Female Fish,Betta splendens." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/681396.
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Phytoestrogens are produced by plants and may cause endocrine disruption in vertebrates. The present study hypothesizes that phytoestrogen exposure of female Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) may disrupt endogenous steroid levels, change agonistic behavior expression, and potentially also disrupt oocyte development. However, only the pharmacologic dose ofβ-sitosterol had a significant effect on opercular flaring behavior, while we did not find significant effects ofβ-sitosterol or genistein on steroids or gonads. These findings are in direct contrast with previous studies on the effects of phytoestrogens in female fish. Results of the current study support previous work showing that the effects of phytoestrogen exposure may be less acute in mature femaleB. splendensthan in other fish.
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Desmawati, Delmi Sulastri, Yusrawati, and Jamsari. "Phytoestrogen Intake Correlate with Blood Pressure in Minangkabau Premenopausal People." Advanced Science Letters 24, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 6211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12687.
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Prevalence of hypertension increases in the premenopausal phase due to changes in estrogen levels. Phytoestrogens is known as estrogens like estrogen derived from plants. This study aims to elucidate the correlation of phytoestrogen intake with blood pressure in Minangkabau premenopausal people. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Minangkabau premenopausal people, aged 40–55 years old at Padang City in West Sumatera, Indonesia. Phytoestrogen intake examined to 76 subject by using food frequenty questionnaire (FFQ) that contain 200 kinds of food. Data were analyzed by using correlation test with significant levels p < 0.05. Blood pressure was measured in a sitting position after the subject rests for 10 minutes. Serum estradiol was measured by ELISA tecnique using E2 (estradiol) ELISA KIT from Elabscience. This study show that mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) is 119.74±16.1 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is 76.32±11.1 mmHg. Mean of phytoestrogens intake is 32.66±26.63 mg. The correlation test showed that there was a significant correlation between phytoestrogen intake with SBP (r=−0.255; p=0.26) and DBP (r=−0.246; p=0.032). Whereas serum estradiol levels did not show significant correlation with both SBP and DBP (r=−0.177; p=0.125 and r=−0.204: p=0.077) respectively. Phytoestrogens intake has significant correlation with blood pressure in Minangkabau premenopausal people.
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Ahlin, Rebecca, Natalja P. Nørskov, Sanna Nybacka, Rikard Landberg, Viktor Skokic, Johan Stranne, Andreas Josefsson, Gunnar Steineck, and Maria Hedelin. "Effects on Serum Hormone Concentrations after a Dietary Phytoestrogen Intervention in Patients with Prostate Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Nutrients 15, no. 7 (April 6, 2023): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15071792.
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Phytoestrogens have been suggested to have an anti-proliferative role in prostate cancer, potentially by acting through estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and modulating several hormones. We primarily aimed to investigate the effect of a phytoestrogen intervention on hormone concentrations in blood depending on the ERβ genotype. Patients with low and intermediate-risk prostate cancer, scheduled for radical prostatectomy, were randomized to an intervention group provided with soybeans and flaxseeds (∼200 mg phytoestrogens/d) added to their diet until their surgery, or a control group that was not provided with any food items. Both groups received official dietary recommendations. Blood samples were collected at baseline and endpoint and blood concentrations of different hormones and phytoestrogens were analyzed. The phytoestrogen-rich diet did not affect serum concentrations of testosterone, insulin-like growth factor 1, or sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). However, we found a trend of decreased risk of increased serum concentration of estradiol in the intervention group compared to the control group but only in a specific genotype of ERβ (p = 0.058). In conclusion, a high daily intake of phytoestrogen-rich foods has no major effect on hormone concentrations but may lower the concentration of estradiol in patients with prostate cancer with a specific genetic upset of ERβ.
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Li, Hui, Erna Jia, and Jian Jiao. "Phytoestrogens in NAFLD: Potential Mechanisms of Action." Hormone and Metabolic Research 52, no. 02 (February 2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1089-7710.
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AbstractMany studies have shown that estrogen has a protective effect on premenopausal women with metabolic disorders and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Estrogen supplements may, at least in theory, prevent the development and progression of NAFLD, while the possibility of inducing cancer limits its application in practice. Phytoestrogen is extracted from plants, whose molecular structure and biological activity are similar to those of mammals' estrogen, therefore, could replace the role of estrogen and prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions to estrogen. This article reviews the published literature related to phytoestrogens and NAFLD as well as suggest the possible mechanisms that may underlie the association between phytoestrogens and NAFLD. It is hoped to provide basis for the treatment of NAFLD with phytoestrogen.
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Sutrisno, Sutrisno, and Ayu Rizky Widowati. "Comprehensive Analysis of Phytoestrogens Intervention in Osteoporosis Management: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials." Asian Journal of Health Research 2, no. 3 (December 26, 2023): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.55561/ajhr.v2i3.134.
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Introduction: Osteoporosis is a medical condition characterized by increased bone turnover and decreased bone mass, which leads to bone fractures. Antiresorptive therapy, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and bisphosphonates are used as first-line therapy related to numerous side effects. The osteoprotective properties of phytoestrogens are well known. This systematic review aims to explore the potential of phytoestrogen in the management of osteoporosis patients based on serum bone biomarker analysis. Methods: The literature search was conducted in six databases. The outcome of interest measures the mean changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and other serum bone biomarkers. Various forms of phytoestrogen intervention were used, including isoflavone extracts with an administered dose (tablets, capsules), genistein extract (tablets), resveratrol, and isolated soy protein (IBS) in powder form, beverages, food and snacks, and soy products. Quality appraisal was done using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2. Ten articles were included in the systematic review. Results: Seven studies found the mean changes in BMD values were significantly higher than the control group's after phytoestrogen intervention. Phytoestrogens dramatically boost numerous bone formation markers, including calcium, phosphorus, Ca/P ratio, and vitamin D, followed by a drop in BAP and osteocalcin levels. Phytoestrogens dramatically increased numerous bone formation markers, including calcium, phosphorus, Ca/P ratio, and vitamin D, followed by a decrease in BAP and osteocalcin levels. Furthermore, intervention may reduce bone resorption indicators such as CTX, RANKL, AKP, OPG, DPD, and PTH. Conclusion: Phytoestrogen intervention has demonstrated effectiveness in increasing bone mineral density and serum bone biomarkers.
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Xiong, Guang, Changbo Huang, Yuping Zou, Ziyin Tao, Jun Zou, and Jiean Huang. "Associations of Urinary Phytoestrogen Concentrations with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Adults." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022 (March 31, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4912961.
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Phytoestrogens can alleviate some pathological processes related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, there are limited and contradictory studies on the relationships between phytoestrogens (especially single phytoestrogen) and NAFLD. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between urinary phytoestrogen concentrations and NAFLD in American adults. This cross-sectional study used the data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2010, and 2294 adults were finally enrolled in this study. The concentrations of phytoestrogens were measured in urine samples, and urinary phytoestrogens were divided into tertiles according to the concentration distributions. The diagnosis of NAFLD was determined by the United States fatty liver index. The main analysis used a multivariate logistic regression model. The fully adjusted models included gender, age, race, education, marriage, poverty, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and other five phytoestrogens. In the fully adjusted model, the urinary enterolactone (ENL) concentration was negatively correlated with NAFLD (OR of Tertile 3 : 0.48, 95% CI 0.25–0.94). When stratified by age and gender, the urinary ENL concentration was negatively correlated with NAFLD in males aged 40–59 years (OR of Tertile 3 : 0.08, 95% CI 0.01–0.82), while the urinary equol concentration was positively correlated with NAFLD in such population (OR of Tertile 3 : 4.27, 95% CI 1.02–17.85). In addition, a negative correlation between enterodiol (END) concentration and NAFLD was observed in males aged 60 years or over (OR of Tertile 2 : 0.18, 95% CI 0.05–0.69). Collectively, in middle-aged males, urinary ENL may be associated with a lower risk of NAFLD, while urinary equol may be related to a higher risk. In addition, urinary END has a possible relationship with a reduced risk of NAFLD in elder males. Definitely, clinical randomized controlled trials are needed to further verify the conclusions.
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Domínguez-López, Inés, Maria Yago-Aragón, Albert Salas-Huetos, Anna Tresserra-Rimbau, and Sara Hurtado-Barroso. "Effects of Dietary Phytoestrogens on Hormones throughout a Human Lifespan: A Review." Nutrients 12, no. 8 (August 15, 2020): 2456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082456.
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Dietary phytoestrogens are bioactive compounds with estrogenic activity. With the growing popularity of plant-based diets, the intake of phytoestrogen-rich legumes (especially soy) and legume-derived foods has increased. Evidence from preclinical studies suggests these compounds may have an effect on hormones and health, although the results of human trials are unclear. The effects of dietary phytoestrogens depend on the exposure (phytoestrogen type, matrix, concentration, and bioavailability), ethnicity, hormone levels (related to age, sex, and physiological condition), and health status of the consumer. In this review, we have summarized the results of human studies on dietary phytoestrogens with the aim of assessing the possible hormone-dependent outcomes and health effects of their consumption throughout a lifespan, focusing on pregnancy, childhood, adulthood, and the premenopausal and postmenopausal stages. In pregnant women, an improvement of insulin metabolism has been reported in only one study. Sex hormone alterations have been found in the late stages of childhood, and goitrogenic effects in children with hypothyroidism. In premenopausal and postmenopausal women, the reported impacts on hormones are inconsistent, although beneficial goitrogenic effects and improved glycemic control and cardiovascular risk markers have been described in postmenopausal individuals. In adult men, different authors report goitrogenic effects and a reduction of insulin in non-alcoholic fatty liver patients. Further carefully designed studies are warranted to better elucidate the impact of phytoestrogen consumption on the endocrine system at different life stages.
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Le Minh, Chau. "OPTIMIZATION OF PHYTOESTROGENS EXTRACTION FROM SOY GERM USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY." Journal of Military Science and Technology, no. 74 (August 26, 2021): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.74.2021.70-78.
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Phytoestrogens are phytochemicals with antioxidant activities and potential health benefits. Their contents in soy germ is the highest compared to that in parts of soy seed. Response surface methodology (RSM) using Box Behnken Design of four factors was employed to optimize the extraction conditions for phytoestrogens. The Box Behnken Design with five replicates at central point was applied. The four independent variables investigated in this experiment were extraction time (X1) 60-120 minutes, solvent/solid ratio (X2) 8-12, extraction pH (X3) 8-10, ethanol concentration (X4) 50-70%. The high coefficient values indicated that the variables were fitted to the regression for the total phytoestrogens (R2 = 0.9887). Optimum conditions for maximizing total crude phytoestrogen content were 90 minutes for the extraction time, 12/1 for the extraction ratio, 9 for the extraction pH, and 65% for the ethanol concentration.
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Viña, Jose, Juan Sastre, Federico V. Pallardó, Juan Gambini, and Consuelo Borrás. "Modulation of longevity-associated genes by estrogens or phytoestrogens." Biological Chemistry 389, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2008.027.
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Abstract Females live longer than males. We have shown that the higher levels of estrogens in females protect them against aging, by up-regulating the expression of antioxidant, longevity-related genes, such as that of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). Both estradiol and genistein (the most abundant phytoestrogen in soybeans) share chemical properties which confer antioxidant features to these compounds. However, the low concentration of estrogens and phytoestrogens make it unlikely that they exhibit significant antioxidant capacity in the organism. Physiological concentrations of estrogens and nutritionally relevant concentrations of genistein activate the MAP kinase pathway. These, in turn, activate the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Activation of NF-κB by estrogens subsequently activates the expression of Mn-SOD and GPx, but genistein is only capable of activating Mn-SOD expression. This could be due to the fact that genistein binds preferably to estrogen receptor β. The antioxidant protection is reflected in the lower peroxide levels found in cells treated with estrogens or phytoestrogens when compared with controls. The challenge for the future is to find molecules that have the beneficial effects of estradiol, but without its feminizing effects. Phytoestrogens or phytoestrogen-related molecules may be good candidates to meet this challenge.
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Nguyen, Mai, and Clodia Osipo. "Targeting Breast Cancer Stem Cells Using Naturally Occurring Phytoestrogens." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12 (June 18, 2022): 6813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126813.
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Breast cancer therapies have made significant strides in improving survival for patients over the past decades. However, recurrence and drug resistance continue to challenge long-term recurrence-free and overall survival rates. Mounting evidence supports the cancer stem cell model in which the existence of a small population of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) within the tumor enables these cells to evade conventional therapies and repopulate the tumor, giving rise to more aggressive, recurrent tumors. Thus, successful breast cancer therapy would need to target these BCSCs, as well the tumor bulk cells. Since the Women’s Health Initiative study reported an increased risk of breast cancer with the use of conventional hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women, many have turned their attention to phytoestrogens as a natural alternative. Phytoestrogens are plant compounds that share structural similarities with human estrogens and can bind to the estrogen receptors to alter the endocrine responses. Recent studies have found that phytoestrogens can also target BCSCs and have the potential to complement conventional therapy eradicating BCSCs. This review summarized the latest findings of different phytoestrogens and their effect on BCSCs, along with their mechanisms of action, including selective estrogen receptor binding and inhibition of molecular pathways used by BCSCs. The latest results of phytoestrogens in clinical trials are also discussed to further evaluate the use of phytoestrogen in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer.
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Helppi, Jussi, Ronald Naumann, and Oliver Zierau. "Phytoestrogen-containing diets offer benefits for mouse embryology but lead to fewer offspring being produced." Laboratory Animals 54, no. 6 (February 12, 2020): 536–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677219898486.
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One of the most commonly used protein sources in rodent diets is soy, which is naturally rich in phytoestrogens. Although phytoestrogens have shown potential health benefits in humans, they may also have the ability to disrupt reproduction. Consequently, there has been a tendency to try to exclude them from rodent diets. In the current study, we investigated whether phytoestrogen content in the mouse diet could affect reproduction in mice used as embryo donors. Donor mice (C57BL/6JOlaHsd) were maintained with three different diets: high phytoestrogen (ca. 400 mg/kg genistein), low phytoestrogen (ca. 10 mg/kg genistein) and standard breeding diet (ca. 120 mg/kg genistein). Mice fed a high phytoestrogen diet had a high yield of plugs, embryos, and injectable embryos, as well as producing good quality embryos. Results from donor mice fed a low phytoestrogen diet were consistently but only slightly inferior, whereas mice fed a standard diet performed the poorest. Interestingly, the largest number of born and weaned offspring were observed when recipient females received embryos from the standard diet group. Sperm yield and quality of stud males did not differ between the groups. We surmize that for experimental endpoints requiring fertilized embryos it may be more beneficial to feed mice a diet containing phytoestrogen, but if the goal is to produce transgenic mice, a diet high in phytoestrogen may be inadvisable. In conclusion, care should be taken when selecting a diet for experimental mouse colonies as phytoestrogen could influence the study outcome.
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Alwerdt, Patterson, and Sliwinski. "Gender Differences in Phytoestrogens and the Relationship with Speed of Processing in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES, 1999–2002." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081780.
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Sex hormone changes in adults are known to play a part in aging, including cognitive aging. Dietary intake of phytoestrogens can mimic estrogenic effects on brain function. Since sex hormones differ between genders, it is important to examine gender differences in the phytoestrogen–cognition association. Therefore, the goal of this study is to examine the relationship between urinary phytoestrogens and speed of processing (SOP) and the variation of the association between genders in older adults. Participants were drawn from the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and included 354 individuals aged 65–85 years old. General linear models (GLMs) were used to test for significant gender differences in the relationship between phytoestrogens and SOP. Results from the GLMs showed significant gender differences in the relationship between genistein and SOP. Higher levels of genistein were associated with better SOP in women. This relationship was reversed in men: higher genistein levels were associated with worse performance. Results indicate that there are distinct gender differences in the relationship between genistein and SOP. These results emphasize the importance of considering gender differences when devising dietary and pharmacologic interventions that target phytoestrogens to improve brain health.
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Fang, Zhiwu, Scott H. Carlson, and J. Michael Wyss. "Dietary Estrogen Protects Against NaCl-Sensitive Hypertension in Estrogen-Depleted Female Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats." Hypertension 36, suppl_1 (October 2000): 723–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hyp.36.suppl_1.723-e.
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P169 In male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) a high NaCl diet produces a rapid and sustained increase in hypertension. In contrast, in female SHR a high NaCl diet causes only a small, transient increase in arterial pressure. Elimination of most endogenous estrogen (via ovariectomy) produces mild NaCl-sensitive hypertension in female SHR, but simultaneous ovariectomy and elimination of exogenous dietary plant estrogens (phytoestrogens) nearly quadruples the hypertensive effect of the high NaCl diet, although phytoestrogen removal has a negligible effect on blood pressure in SHR fed a basal NaCl diet. This suggests that phytoestrogens (particularly genistein, the primary dietary phytoestrogen) protect ovariectomized female SHR from NaCl-sensitive hypertension. However, other reports suggest that the beneficial effects of phytoestrogens may only be present when genistein is combined with a high soy diet. The present study tests the hypothesis that genistein can independently reduce NaCl-sensitive hypertension in estrogen-depleted female SHR. Female SHR were ovariectomized at 3 weeks of age and placed on one of four casein-based, non-soy containing, diets (AIN-76A), i.e., a high (8%) or basal (0.6%) NaCl diet with or without genistein (0.06%; the approximate phytoestrogen concentration in the diet) added to the diet. After 5 weeks, femoral arterial catheters were implanted and 3 days later arterial pressures were recorded from all rats. The high NaCl diet increased arterial pressure by 68 ± 6 mm Hg in the phytoestrogen-free SHR, but produced only a 17 ± 5 mm Hg rise in arterial pressure in the genistein-supplemented group (similar to the rise previously observed in ovariectomized SHR fed a normal high NaCl diet). These results demonstrate that dietary genistein reduces NaCl-sensitive hypertension in ovariectomized female SHR. This work was supported by NHLBI Grant HL-37722.
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Santti, Risto, Sari Mäkelä, Leena Strauss, Johanna Korkman, and Marja-Lsa Kostian. "Phytoestrogens: Potential Endocrine Disruptors in Males." Toxicology and Industrial Health 14, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379801400114.
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Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) induces persistent structural and functional alterations in the developing reproductive tract of males. It is possible that xenoestrogens other than DES alter sexual differentiation in males and account for the increasing incidence of developmental disorders of the reproductive tract in men and wild animals. Phytoestrogens (coumestans, isoflavonoids, flavonoids, and lignans) present in numerous edible plants are quantitatively the most important environmental estrogens when their hormonal potency is assessed in vitro. They exert their estrogenic activity by interacting with estrogen receptors (ERs) in vitro. They may also act as antiestrogens by competing for the binding sites of estrogen receptors or the active site of the estrogen biosynthesizing and metabolizing enzymes, such as aromatase and estrogen-specific 17β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (type 1). In theory, phytoestrogens and structurally related compounds could harm the reproductive health of males also by acting as antiestrogens. There are very little data on effects of phytoestrogens in males. Estrogenic effects in wildlife have been described but the evidence for the role of phytoestrogens is indirect and seen under conditions of excessive exposure. In doses comparable to the daily intake from soy- based feed, isoflavonoids such as genistein were estrogen agonists in the prostate of adult laboratory rodents. When given neonatally, no persistent effects were observed. In contrast, the central nervous system (CNS)-gonadal axis and the male sexual behavior of the rat appear to be sensitive to phytoestrogens during development. The changes were similar but not identical to those seen after neonatal treatment with DES, but higher doses of phytoestrogens were needed.There are no data on effects of phytoestrogens given as pure compounds to humans, and all evidence currently available is indirect and based on experiments with phytoestrogen- rich diets. The hormonal effects have so far been marginal. It is known that the intake of phytoestrogens is higher in countries where the incidence rates of clinical conditions linked to estrogen exposure, such as hypospadia or testicular and prostatic cancers, are low. This makes it unlikely that phytoestrogens, or structurally related compounds in amounts present in Asian diets, would have DES-like actions. This does not exclude possibilities that they influence concentrations of endogenous sex hormones and interact with the ER, and that through these mechanisms they alter male sex differentiation, and consequently increase the risks of male genital tract tumors or developmental disorders, particularly in doses exceeding the daily intake of phytoestrogens in Asian diets.
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Wocławek-Potocka, Izabela, Chiara Mannelli, Dorota Boruszewska, Ilona Kowalczyk-Zieba, Tomasz Waśniewski, and Dariusz J. Skarżyński. "Diverse Effects of Phytoestrogens on the Reproductive Performance: Cow as a Model." International Journal of Endocrinology 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/650984.
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Phytoestrogens, polyphenolic compounds derived from plants, are more and more common constituents of human and animal diets. In most of the cases, these chemicals are much less potent than endogenous estrogens but exert their biological effects via similar mechanisms of action. The most common source of phytoestrogen exposure to humans as well as ruminants is soybean-derived foods that are rich in the isoflavones genistein and daidzein being metabolized in the digestive tract to even more potent metabolites—para-ethyl-phenol and equol. Phytoestrogens have recently come into considerable interest due to the increasing information on their adverse effects in human and animal reproduction, increasing the number of people substituting animal proteins with plant-derived proteins. Finally, the soybean becomes the main source of protein in animal fodder because of an absolute prohibition of bone meal use for animal feeding in 1995 in Europe. The review describes how exposure of soybean-derived phytoestrogens can have adverse effects on reproductive performance in female adults.
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Wanibuchi, H., J. S. Kang, E. I. Salim, K. Morimura, and S. Fukushima. "Toxicity vs. beneficial effects of phytoestrogens." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (January 1, 2003): 2047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112047.
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Phytoestrogens are nonsteroidal plant-derived compounds possessing estrogenic activity. These include two major classes: isoflavonoids and lignans. Phytoestrogens have received recently great attention because of their beneficial effects, which include the prevention of cancer, atherosclerosis, and bone density loss. However, they have estrogenic activity and may affect as endocrine disruptors. In this review, we pay attention to both the toxic and beneficial effects of phytoestrogens. Epidemiological data support that isoflavonoids help prevent cancer of breast, prostate, stomach, and lung. However, there have been some reports about a positive association between some phytoestrogens (e.g., campesterol and stigmasterol) and prostate cancer risk. Animal experiments and in vitro experiments have shown that the biological effects of phytoestrogens may be organ-specific, inhibiting cancer development in some sites, yet showing no effect or an enhancing effect on tumorigenesis at other sites. Also, their effects may be dependent on the timing and duration of exposure. For example, several studies in rodents have established that the favorable effect of an isoflavone-rich diet on breast cancer risk may be significant only if consumption occurs before puberty or during adolescence. On the other hand, prenatal exposure of genistein was reported to have a carcinogenic effect on the uterus of rodents. Phytoestrogen, especially soy products, has been used as hormone-replacement therapy, reducing such symptoms as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and mood changes while protecting women from osteoporosis and heart disease. However, the animal data suggest that the timing of exposure to such compounds is crucial, with neonatal exposure having the most pronounced effects. Given the exposure of neonates to phytoestrogens, this should be a cause for concern.
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Wyse, Jessica, Sajid Latif, Saliya Gurusinghe, Jeffrey McCormick, Leslie A. Weston, and Cyril P. Stephen. "Phytoestrogens: A Review of Their Impacts on Reproductive Physiology and Other Effects upon Grazing Livestock." Animals 12, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192709.
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Legume crops and pastures have a high economic value in Australia. However, legume species commonly used for grazing enterprises have been identified to produce high concentrations of phytoestrogens. These compounds are heterocyclic phenolic, and are similar in structure to the mammalian estrogen, 17β-estradiol. The biological activity of the various phytoestrogen types; isoflavones, lignans and coumestans, are species-specific, although at concentrations of 25 mg/kg of dry matter each of the phytoestrogen types affect reproductive functions in grazing livestock. The impacts upon fertility in grazing livestock such as cattle and sheep, vary greatly over length of exposure time, age and health of animal and the stress stimuli the plant is exposed to. More recently, research into the other effects that phytoestrogens may have upon metabolism, immune capacity and growth and performance of grazing livestock has been conducted. Potential new benefits for using these phytoestrogens, such as daidzein and genistein, have been identified by observing the stimulation of production in lymphocytes and other antibody cells. Numerous isoflavones have also been recognized to promote protein synthesis, increase the lean meat ratio, and increase weight gain in cattle and sheep. In Australia, the high economic value of legumes as pasture crops in sheep and cattle production enterprises requires proactive management strategies to mitigate risk associated with potential loss of fertility associated with inclusion of pasture legumes as forages for grazing livestock.
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Pavlopoulos, Dionysios T., Eleni D. Myrtsi, Paschalitsa Tryfinopoulou, Vasilios Iliopoulos, Sofia D. Koulocheri, and Serkos A. Haroutounian. "Phytoestrogens as Biomarkers of Plant Raw Materials Used for Fish Feed Production." Molecules 28, no. 8 (April 21, 2023): 3623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083623.
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The intensive use of plant materials as a sustainable alternative for fish feed production, combined with their phytochemical content, which affects the growth and production characteristics of farmed fishes, necessitates their monitoring for the presence of raw materials of plant origin. This study reported herein concerns the development, validation and application of a workflow using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantification of 67 natural phytoestrogens in plant-derived raw materials that were used to produce fish feeds. Specifically, we verified the presence of 8 phytoestrogens in rapeseed meal samples, 20 in soybean meal samples, 12 in sunflower meal samples and only 1 in wheat meal samples in quantities enabling their efficient incorporation into clusters. Among the various constituents, the soybean phytoestrogens daidzein, genistein, daidzin, glycitin, apigenin, calycosin and coumestrol, as well as the sunflower neochlorogenic, caffeic and chlorogenic phenolic acids, displayed the highest correlations with their origin descriptions. A hierarchical cluster analysis of the studied samples, based on their phytoestrogen contents, led to the efficient clustering of raw materials. The accuracy and efficiency of this clustering were tested through the incorporation of additional samples of soybean meal, wheat meal and maize meal, which verified the utilization of the phytoestrogen content as a valuable biomarker for the discrimination of raw materials used for fish feed production.
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Patil, Sharanabasappa A. "Spermatogenic Inhibition Properties of a Phenolic Phytoestrogen Isolated from Momordica charantia (Bitter Guard) Seeds." Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences 13 (December 31, 2023): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2023.13.07.
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Mechanisms and potencies of phytoestrogens are not completely clarified and they may be considered potential endocrine disruptors, and therefore caution should be exercised while taking them. Eating very high levels of some phytoestrogens may pose some health risks. Reproductive problems have been documented in laboratory animals, farm animals and wildlife that ate very high (up to 100% of their diet) amounts of phytoestrogen-rich plants. Sheep consuming large amounts of clover showed infertility and reproductive disorders. Cheetahs in captivity also had reduced fertility rates when consuming a feline diet composed of a soybean product, which was reversed when it was removed from the diet. Toxicities associated with herbal medicines that include phytoestrogens have also been reported in the literature.
Phenolphthalein a phenolic phytoestrogen has been isolated from the crude ethanol extract of Momordica charantia Linn. seeds. After preparative HPLC whitish amorphous compound was obtained. Its structural elucidation using IR, NMR and Mass spectral data revealed that the molecule isolated from the ethanol extract of M. charantia seeds was surprisingly, phenolphthalein. In order to clarify testicular influence of ethanol extract, fractions and isolated phenolphthalein were treated for sixty days to adult male albino rats. All the treated groups showed statistically significant reduction in testis weight. On histological examinations of testis showed spermatogenic inhibition effect, as the number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa were significantly decreased.
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Wesselink, Amelia K., Elizabeth E. Hatch, Ellen M. Mikkelsen, Ellen Trolle, Sydney K. Willis, Susan E. McCann, Liisa Valsta, et al. "Dietary phytoestrogen intakes of adult women are not strongly related to fecundability in 2 preconception cohort studies." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 5 (January 14, 2020): 1240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz335.
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ABSTRACT Background Phytoestrogens are plant-derived hormonally active compounds found in soy, cruciferous vegetables, nuts, and seeds. Although phytoestrogens have been associated with altered endogenous hormonal activity, luteal phase deficiency, and reduced endometrial decidualization, the literature reporting examinations of phytoestrogen intake and fertility presents mixed findings. Objectives We sought to evaluate prospectively the association between dietary phytoestrogen intake (isoflavones, lignans, and coumestans) and fecundability, the per-cycle probability of conception, in 2 cohorts of women planning pregnancy. Methods Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO) and Snart Foraeldre (SF) are parallel web-based preconception cohort studies of women from North America and Denmark, respectively, who are trying to conceive. Participants complete an online baseline questionnaire on sociodemographic, lifestyle, and medical factors. We ascertained intake of individual phytoestrogens from validated FFQs. We measured fecundability using data on menstruation and pregnancy status from bimonthly follow-up questionnaires. We analyzed data from 4880 PRESTO and 2898 SF female study participants who had been attempting conception for ≤6 cycles at study entry. We used proportional probabilities regression models to estimate fecundability ratios (FRs) and 95% CIs. Results Phytoestrogen intake varied across cohorts, yet was associated with higher socioeconomic status and healthier behaviors in both cohorts. After adjustment for potential confounders, phytoestrogen intake was not substantially associated with fecundability in either cohort. We observed some evidence of improved fecundability with increasing isoflavone intake among women age ≥30 years in PRESTO (FR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.34, for comparison of ≥90th with <25th percentile intake) and SF (corresponding FR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.55). Lignan intake was associated with slightly increased fecundability in SF (FR for comparison of 75th to 90th with <25th percentile: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.26), but decreased fecundability in PRESTO (FR for comparison of ≥90th with <25th percentile: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.97). Conclusions We did not observe strong associations between phytoestrogen intake and prospectively-measured fecundability among North American or Danish pregnancy planners.
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Puspita Sari, Ratna Dewi, and Samsul Bakrie. "Utilization of Isoflavones with Basic Material of Robusta Coffee Skin with BMD (Bone Marrow Density) Markers in Peri / Post Menopausal Women." Biomedical Journal of Indonesia 5, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bji.v5i3.8684.
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The increase in life expectancy of women in Indonesia, which reaches 72 years of age causes almost a third of her life span lived at the time of menopause. The population of menopausal women in Indonesia will increase with all the effects due to decreased estrogen in the form of climatic complaints and an increased risk of bone loss / osteoporosis. The best choice and is the standard treatment for climatic complaints and osteoporosis is hormonal therapy (Estrogen + Progesterone / Estrogen). WHI in 2004 stated that hormone therapy in menopausal women increases the risk of breast cancer. In Indonesia, phytoestrogens are widely circulated in the market with the category of supplements and have been used by the public to deal with climatic complaints and osteoporosis. This phytoestrogen has not been scientifically proven to be useful for overcoming climatic and osteoporotic complaints in postmenopausal women. Phytoestrogens on the market used as Permi III pills contain Red Clover, Black Cohosh and calcium. Some studies say that phytoestrogens for osteoporosis therapy can be obtained from isoflavones derived from robusta coffee skins. This isoflavone can affect bone mineral density in peri / postmenopausal women. The use of phytoestrogens (isoflavones) from the skin of coffee beans affects peri / postmenopausal women and helps maintain and build bone mass (reduce the occurrence of osteoporosis complaints).