Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Physique du plasma'
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Allegraud, Katia. "Décharge à Barrière Diélectrique de Surface: Physique et procédé." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004783.
Full textManfredi, Giovanni. "Sur les modèles de Vlasov, Schrödinger et Wigner en physique des plasmas : redimensionnement et expansion dans le vide." Orléans, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ORLE2027.
Full textSarrat, Mathieu. "Physique des instabilités de type Weibel." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0162/document.
Full textWeibel-type instabilities occurs when the velocity distribution function of the charged particles displays a pronounced anisotropy. A long-lasting magnetic field is generated due to the formation of current filaments, and it is accompanied by an important electrostatic activity. These ``basic’’ phenomena have been greatly investigated because of their involvement in many physical problems, natural (solar wind, relativistic jets) or experimental (laser-plasma interaction) : they occurs in plasmas which can be collisional or not, magnetised or not, relativistic or not. One needs to choose a suitable model for their description. The kinetic theory is the most complete and somewhat complex theoretical framework which we will consider. Due to its complexity, it may be interesting to develop reduced models. The first work realised during this thesis is the utilisation of a non-relativistic fluid description, including the dynamics of the pressure tensor, in order to model the linear Weibel-type instabilities. We put in evidence the effect of the non-diagonal components of the tensor on the magnetic field generation. We discuss the ability of the model to reproduce quantitatively or qualitatively the kinetic results by introducing the hydrodynamics limit. The second part of this thesis work is dedicated to the development of the relativistic semi-lagrangian code VLEM, using a domain decomposition scheme : we present the main mathematical tools used in the code, then we deal with the problem of the charge conservation and propose a solution for VLEM, based on an adaptation of the Esirkepov method. Finally, we validate the code through simulations of Weibel-type
Popelier, Lara. "Développement du propulseur PEGASES : source inductive à haute performance et accélération successive de faisceaux d'ions positifs et d'ions négatifs." Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/79/30/98/PDF/thesis.pdf.
Full textThe PEGASES thruster is a new plasma thruster developed at LPP. In a classical electric thruster, thrust is produced by positive ions accelerated from an electropositive plasma. The novelty introduced by PEGASES is that thrust is provided by successive acceleration of positive and negative ions from a continuous dual ion source. The PEGASES thruster can be divided into three stages: (i) the ionization stage consisting in an inductively coupled plasma source to generate an electronegative plasma from halogen-contained gases, (ii) the magnetic electron filtering stage to obtain an ion-ion plasma, and (iii) the extraction and acceleration stage using alternately biased grids to create an accelerating electrostatic field with time-varying direction in order to accelerate both positive and negative ions. During this thesis I worked mainly experimentally on the first and third stages of two PEGASES prototypes. An ion-ion plasma was obtained in the first prototype using SF6 and a strong magnetic filter. But the first prototype had some inherent limitations. We therefore moved to a planar ICP source for the second prototype, using a transformer coupled matching network and a ferrite core to obtain an enhanced efficiency. The quest for power transfer efficiency led to use a low-loss step-down transformer. A reduction in the stray capacitive coupling was obtained by improving the impedance matching network and investigated via plasma potential oscillations measurement. I used Langmuir Probes and a Retarding Field Energy Analyser (RFEA) to investigate the plasma in the two prototypes. I showed that the potential of an ion-ion plasma could be controlled with a biased electrode in contact with the plasma. Then I investigated the ion acceleration from the ion-ion plasma with continuous grid bias and with square voltage waveforms at 1 kHz and acceleration voltages in the 0 - ± 350 V range. I showed that the positive and negative ions are accelerated in the positive and negative bias half-periods, respectively, and that the respective beam energies can be controlled independently. With these results is provided the first proof-of-concept, and PEGASES is moving from concept towards realization
Popelier, Lara. "Développement du propulseur PEGASES : source inductive à haute performance et accélération successive de faisceaux d'ions positifs et d'ions négatifs." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793098.
Full textDuthoit, François-Xavier. "Physique néoclassique pour la génération de courant dans les plasmas de tokamaks." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00708795.
Full textKabacinski, Adeline. "Physique et application d'une source cohérente femtoseconde à 32.8 nm par interaction laser-plasma." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022IPPAE018.
Full textCollisionally-pumped plasma-based soft X-ray lasers in optical field ionization regime are obtained by focusing an ultra-intense infrared laser pump pulse into a gas target. The interaction generates a plasma column in population inversion. In this thesis, we are interested in the 3d^{9}4d -> 3d^{9}4p transition of nickel-like krypton ion at 32,8 nm. The seeding of this amplifying medium by an external harmonic source considerably improves the spatial properties of the radiation while taking advantage of the energetic qualities of the amplifier.Thanks to the implementation of a plasma channel to guide the pump beam, recent research has made it possible to operate at electron densities close to 10^20 cm^-3. These conditions are extremely beneficial since the more frequent collisions favor population inversion and lead to increased gains. At the same time, these collisions cause an overionization of the lasing ion and thus an early interruption of the gain. Simulations have shown a consequent decrease of the soft X-ray laser pulse duration at high densities. Within the framework of this thesis, the development of a single-shot diagnostic to measure the temporal profile of the pulse allowed to demonstrate this result experimentally : limited to the picosecond at low densities, durations of 520 fs RMS, in agreement with Maxwell-Bloch simulations, have been measured at 8x10^19 cm^-3.This thesis also enabled to overcome the natural dispersion of the plasma which intrinsically causes a desynchronization between the harmonics and the gain region. The compensation of plasma dispersion, essential at high densities, has been achieved by harnessing spatio-temporal couplings and has allowed a significant improvement of the source performance with notably a better energy extraction. It was also demonstrated that the pulse duration could be kept constant along propagation at values as low as 350 fs RMS.All these improvements offer perspectives for many applications such as second harmonic generation in the soft X-rays, also explored in this manuscript
Gilbert, Jean Charles. "Sur quelques problèmes d'identification et d'optimisation rencontrés en physique des plasmas." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066208.
Full textGhizzo, Alain. "Apport des codes euleriens à la simulation numérique en physique des plasmas : Application à l'étude des structures de Bernstein - Greene - Kruskal." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10043.
Full textBorot, Antonin. "Génération d'impulsions attosecondes sur miroir plasma à très haute cadence." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00787912.
Full textHornung, Grégoire. "étude de la turbulence plasma par réflectométrie à balayage ultra rapide sur le tokamak tore supra." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01052756.
Full textGiorgi, Pierre-Antoine. "Analyse mathématique de modèles cinétiques en physique des plasmas." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0609.
Full textThis thesis deals with the study of some kinetic models encountered in plasma physics.The first model considered is a 1D Vlasov-Poisson system representing the dynamics of two species of particles (ions and electrons) in a bounded set, x ∈ (0,1), with direct reflection boundary conditions. In the linear case, generalized characteristics are defined, ensuring the time s=0 to be reached after a finite number of bounces, the problematic case being when the electric field points outward of the boundary. Then, for initial conditions even in the velocity variable, a global continuous solution is built by means of generalized characteristics and a fixed point argument. Local uniqueness of a continuous solution is shown, in a frame where two successive bounces at the same boundary cannot occur. The second model was obtained as the limit of a Vlasov-Poisson system in the finite Larmor radius regime.For solutions satisfying a decay assumption, a Wasserstein stability estimate is proven, and a new proof of the existence of such solutions is given. The advection field is then Lipschitz continuous. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to investigate the kinetic response of electrons to an external drive. A beating between two waves, one at the external frequency, the other at the Landau frequency, is revealed
Thomas, Chapman. "Autoresonance in Stimulated Raman Scattering." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00674111.
Full textNeuilly, François. "Caractérisations optique et électrique d'un plasma de chlore haute densité et effets des interactions plasma/surface en gravure silicium." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10118.
Full textChopineau, Ludovic. "Physique attoseconde relativiste sur miroirs plasmas." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS132/document.
Full textWhen an ultra-intense femtosecond laser beam [Iʟ > 10¹⁶ W/cm²] is focused on a solid target, the surface becomes completely ionized during the first optical cycles of the laser pulse. Due to their solid-like density and to their limited expansion into the vacuum such plasmas specularly reflect these pulses, just like ordinary mirrors do for low intensity. These plasmas are now used in many scientific applications like particle acceleration by laser light as well as high-order harmonic generation, associated to a train of attosecond pulses in the time domain. Nevertheless, to favor these emissions of light or particle, the energy transfert between the incident field and the dense plasma is crucial. The aim of this thesis is to better understand these interactions through the characterization of high-order harmonics and relativistic electron beams generated on plasma mirrors. We reported in this manuscript the first detailed experimental and numerical study of the coupling mechanisms involved between an ultra-intense laser light [Iʟ > 10¹⁸ W/cm²] and a dense plasma, and more specifically as a function of the gradient scale length Lg. These results enabled to identify two different regimes, clarifying some physical issues. Furthermore, beyond these fondamental aspects, the control of these sources is essential, particularly for futures pump-probe experiments or new spectroscopies. For that, several approaches have been studied to temporally and spatially shape these ultra-short light pulses, thus opening up new perspectives for these sources. We demonstrate in particular the generation of intense XUV vortex beam either by spatially shaping the incident IR field or the dense plasma created at the target surface as well as controlling the electron dynamics on the attosecond time scale with relativistic two-color waveforms. Finally, an innovative method based on in-situ ptychographic measurements has been developed to simultaneously characterize in time and space these ultrashort XUV light pulses, constituting one of the major challenges of the community
Lagrange, Jean-François. "Etude spectroscopique et imagerie rapide d'une plume d'ablation laser obtenue à partir de cibles céramiques d'oxydes complexes (CaCu3Ti4O12 et BaxSr1-xTiO3)." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00951389.
Full textBrisset, Alexandra. "Physique des décharges nanosecondes diffuses générées sous champs électriques extrêmes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS456.
Full textNon-thermal high-pressure plasmas are extensively studied to understand in detail the development mechanisms of the discharges that create them and the kinetic processes induced. They activate a specific non-equilibrium chemistry that is very interesting for many applications. High concentrations of highly reactive species are thus generated with a relatively low energy consumption. At atmospheric pressure, the discharge is generally filamentary and unstable. In recent years, studies have identified new types of stable and diffuse discharges, in the sense of the spatial extension which can extend over centimetre scales. These discharges are very interesting because they combine both a large plasma volume and very high electric fields. However, the physics of these discharges is not well known.The work carried out in this thesis will addressfirst of all, physical mechanisms of triggering of the discharge. Different discharge regimes will be presented through rapid imaging measurements and the study of electrical signals. In particular, they will determine the influence of voltage on propagation rates and light intensity profiles. We will then measure the spatial and temporal distribution of the electric field and study its specificities. Then we will study how the injected energy contributes to the chemical reactivity of the discharge. In particular, the temperature and absolute densities of the majority of reactive species (O, O3, N2(B,C)) are measured. Finally, we will look at the mechanisms of energetic relaxation in post-discharge. Many diagnostics, often complementary, will make it possible to link the succession of physico-chemical processes during the temporal development of the discharge from its initiation to its complete relaxation
MSIKA, LAURENT. "Etude spectroscopique d'un plasma dense faiblement non-ideal cree dans un lanceur electrothermique." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066676.
Full textMeige, Albert. "Simulations numériques de plasmas basse pression : applications aux doubles couches." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30203.
Full textInductive plasmas are simulated by using a one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation including Monte Carlo collision techniques (pic/mcc). To model inductive heating, a non-uniform radio-frequency (rf) electric field, perpendicular to the electron motion is included into the classical particle-in-cell scheme. The inductive plasma pic simulation is used to confirm recent experimental results that electric double layers can form in current-free plasmas. These results differ from previous experimental or simulation systems where the double layers are driven by a current or by imposed potential differences. The formation of a super-sonic ion beam, resulting from the ions accelerated through the potential drop of the double layer and predicted by the pic simulation is confirmed with nonperturbative laser-induced fluorescence measurements of ion flow. It is shown that at low pressure, where the electron mean free path is of the order of, or greater than the system length, the electron energy distribution function (eedf) is close to Maxwellian, except for its tail which is depleted at energies higher than the plasma potential. Evidence supporting that this depletion is mostly due to the high-energy electrons escaping to the walls is given. .
HE, ZHONG JUN. "Contribution a l'etude theorique et experimentale de l'interaction plasma-cathode dans un arc electrique." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066616.
Full textPain, Jean-Christophe. "Sur la physique atomique des ions dans les plasmas en présence de l'écrantage." Paris 11, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004088.
Full textThis work is an improvement of the characterisation of ionic species in plasmas. Thermodynamical modelling of these plasmas is important, especially in order to describe their ability to absorb radiations. The screening of ions by free electrons plays a crucial role in these thermodynamics. The number of electronic configurations in the plasma is huge, which makes their individual treatment prohibitive. A recently developed approach based on the "superconfiguration" approximation enables to group electronic configurations into several hundreds or thousands of relevant superconfigurations. Each superconfiguration is characterised by a potential and a one-electron-quantum-state basis calculated in a self-consistent way. The present work consists in a improvement of the superconfiguration method, in which the screening of ions by free electrons is taken into account and each ionic specie has the same plasma environment. Therefore, the proposed approach not only assures that the plasma is electrically neutral, by also gives, varying the volume of each ion sphere, the equality of the electronic pressure around each ion. This equality is obtained by a multi-dimensional Newton method. The latter calculation is complex but the method is definitely convergent and allows, in case of high-density plasmas (about density of solids) to take pressure ionisation phenomena into account. The influence of the new thermodynamics on photo-absorption spectra has been studied. Comparisons with experimental spectra obtained in LULI laboratory have been investigated. In the framework of dynamic linear response theory, a new sum rule for the induced dipolar density has been developed
Nicolas, Timothée. "Transport de particules induit par les Dents-de-Scie dans les palsmas de tokamak." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00926428.
Full textFang, Ming. "Physique de dépôt par plasma et propriétés optiques du silicium amorphe et microcristallin." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992EPXX0006.
Full textAman, Yann. "Spark plasma sintering mechanisms of alpha-alumina (α-Al2O3) nanopowders." Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAL0128.
Full textL‘intérêt technologique que présentent les matériaux nanostructurés a permis l‘émergence au cours de ces dernières années du procédé de frittage flash « SPS » (Spark Plasma Sintering). A l‘origine de ce procédé, il a été supposé par ses inventeurs que l‘application d‘un courant pulsé puisse générer une décharge plasma entre les particules du matériau pulvérulent, favorisant ainsi la création de ponts à des températures faibles et accélérant les phénomènes de diffusion de matière à l‘origine de la densification à basse température. Cette hypothèse de l‘existence de plasma ou de quelconque autre effet SPS n‘a jamais été vérifiée, bien que les possibilités offertes par le SPS soient avérées. L‘objectif de cette thèse a été d‘étudier les mécanismes de frittage SPS de nanopoudres d‘alumine alpha. L‘alumine polycristalline alpha, matériau céramique modèle largement étudié dans le frittage traditionnel, possède d‘excellentes propriétés mécaniques et optiques quand la densité du matériau fritté est proche de sa valeur théorique, et que la taille de grain est submicronique. Dans un premier temps, du point de vue appliqué, cette étude a permis de caractériser, grâce à des outils statistiques puissants, l‘influence de la combinaison d‘un grand nombre de paramètres SPS (taux de chauffage, température, durée de palier) ainsi que de la mise en forme du compact cru sur l‘évolution de la densité et de la taille de grains au cours du frittage, et ses conséquences sur les propriétés optiques. Ceci a permis l‘obtention d‘alumine polycristalline de translucidité élevée. Dans un second temps, du point de vue fondamental, l‘objectif a été d‘élucider les mécanismes physico-chimiques intervenant sur les cinétiques de densification et grossissement de grain. Il a ainsi été démontré, grâce à des analyses microstructurales par microscopie électronique, que les chemins de frittage sont influencés par la vitesse de chauffage, et que la densification à basse température est guidée par des mécanismes rapides de diffusion aux joints de grains. Tandis qu‘à haute température, la densification semble contrôlée par des mécanismes lents de diffusion tels que la diffusion en volume et le glissement au joint de grain. Des analyses dilatométriques ont permis de mettre en évidence l‘influence de la nature des pulses de courant sur le développement microstructural au cours du frittage. Des analyses spectroscopiques de temps de vie de positrons ont permis de caractériser la concentration en défauts ponctuels en fonction du taux de chauffage. Enfin, l‘effet du courant pulsé sur le mécanisme de création des ponts au stade initial du frittage SPS a pu être caractérisé
Texier, Benjamin. "Optique géométrique et diffractive : dérivation d'équations modèles, application en physique des plasmas." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12689.
Full textJiang, Yuchao. "Quelques problèmes de physique et simulation particulaire de plasmas froids partiellement magnétisés et de sources d'ions." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30057.
Full textIn this thesis we will illustrate some of the issues in the physics and modeling of partially magnetized plasmas with three specific examples that correspond to ongoing studies in the GREPHE group of the LAPLACE laboratory: 1) Electron extraction in negative ion sources for neutral beam injection in fusion 2) Instabilities in magnetron discharges and Hall thrusters 3) Plasma confinement by magnetic cusps - In the study of negative ion sources for fusion, the aim of the GREPHE group is to better understand the physics of the negative ion source, and more specifically, the questions of plasma transport across the magnetic filter and of negative ion extraction from the plasma. One of the important issues in these negative ion sources is to minimize the current of electrons that are co-extracted with the negative ions. In this thesis we focus on this aspect and we try to understand and quantify how electrons can be extracted through a grid aperture when a magnetic cusp is placed in front of the aperture. We discuss, with the help of 3D PIC MCC (Particle-In-Cell Monte Carlo Collisions) simulations, the contributions of different electron drifts (ExB drift, Grad B drift and curvature drift) and instabilities to electron extraction through a grid aperture.- Hall thrusters and magnetron discharges are ExB cylindrical devices with radial magnetic field and axial electric field. It has been known for a long time that instabilities are present in these discharges, leading to important anomalous electron transport. In this thesis we focus on one particular type of instability, called "rotating Spoke", which is known to be present in Hall thrusters and magnetron discharges and is apparent in the experiments as a luminous non-uniformity rotating in the azimuthal direction. In this work we use a 2D PIC MCC simulation to perform a parametric study of this instability. We show that, in some conditions where rotating spokes have been observed in the experiments, Grad B electron drift plays a major role in electron heating and in the formation and maintenance of the rotating spokes.- Magnetic cusps have been used for more than 60 years to confine the plasma in a large variety of conditions. An important parameter characterizing plasma confinement by cusps is the effective loss area in the presence of magnetic cusps. Some semi-empirical theories have been proposed to quantify the effective loss area and their predictions have been compared with numerous experimental results. In spite of these efforts there is no fully reliable expression of the effective wall loss as a function of different parameters such as magnetic field, electron temperature, ion mass, gas pressure, etc... We describe in this thesis an attempt at obtaining scaling laws for the effective loss width of magnetic cusps, based on 2D PIC MCC simulations
Kohen, Nicolas. "Physique et modélisation d'une source d'ions négatifs pour l'injection du faisceau de neutres sur ITER." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30035/document.
Full textThe ion source of the ITER neutral beam injectors will have to deliver a high current of negative deuterium ions which will be accelerated and neutralized, and the resulting atom beam will heat the thermonuclear plasma. A low pressure and high power cold hydrogen plasma is inductively generated in the source and negative ions are produced by volume and surface reactions and are extracted through a set of electrostatic grids. This thesis aims at modelling this plasma, and focuses on topics that haven't been studied much before : out of equilibrium neutral kinetics, gas heating and depletion, atoms production and transport, and negative ions generation on the walls. To this end, a two-dimensional fluid plasma code has been modified to simulate the neutrals kinetics with a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo module and has been used to perform self-consistent simulations of the plasma
Yang, Chang. "Analyse et mise en oeuvre des schémas numériques pour la physique des plasmas ionosphériques et de tokamaks." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10183/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on modeling and numerical simulation of ionospheric and Tokamak plasmas.The first part of this work concerns the modeling and simulation of ionospheric perturbations effects for earth-satellite communications. The starting point of this part is an asymptotic analysis of Euler-Maxwell model leading to Dynamo model, which results into a 3D coupling problem between an elliptic equation for the electric potential and a mass conservation equation for the plasma density. Because of the strong anisotropy of the diffusion matrix associated with the elliptic equation, we developed an asymptotic preserving numerical scheme thus allowing the well conditioned linear system. The simulation of the mass conservation equation is made by using high order conservation laws scheme. The validation of this model Dynamo is obtained by a comparison with the 2D Striation model. In the second part, we are interested in tokamak plasma. We extract from TOKAM3D model, a 2D nonlinear energy balance equation containing all the numerical difficulties. Standard numerical methods are very CPU consuming, thus we develop an implicit-explicit scheme shown efficient and stable for this type of problem. Finally, this scheme is combined with dimensional splitting method for the discretization and numerical experiments are then presented
LERAY, PHILIPPE. "Etude de la physique interne d'un propulseur a plasma stationaire par spectometrie optique d'emission." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112418.
Full textFrere, Isabelle. "Etude et applications d'un générateur à plasma." Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10006.
Full textGaufridy, François de Dortan de. "Etude de l'influence de l'environnement plasma sur les sections efficaces d'excitation collisionnelle électron-ion dans un plasma chaud et dense." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112016.
Full textCollisionnal excitation cross-sections are essential to modeling of out of equilibrium plasmas radiative properties. Many quantum resolutions of scattering have been successful in the treatment of isolated electron-ion systems. But in dense plasmas, neighbouring particles are expected to widely disturb these transitions. Plasma modeling through a radialy perturbated potential has already been done but is not satisfactory as it doesn't account for levels degeneracy breaking and its consequences. Introduction of quasi-static electric microfield of neighbouring ions has allowed us to break spherical symmetry. Our original theoretical study has given birth to a numerical code that accurately computes collisionnal strengths and rates (distorted Waves) submited to a realistic microfield. Hydrogen- and Helium-like Aluminium has been studied. Stark mixing widely increases rates of transitions from high l levels and forbidden transitions are field-enhanced of many orders until they reach allowed ones. Eventually, we wrote an elementary stationary collisionnal-radiative code to watch field-enhancement effects on corresponding fine shapes. Yet, the wide previous enhancement little broadens K-shell lines
Pellerin, Stéphane. "Plasmas basse-température en physique atomique et moléculaire. Applications technologiques." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université d'Orléans, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00458801.
Full textChouli, Billal. "Effet des particules rapides sur la rotation des plasmas de Tokamak sans injection de moment angulaire extérieur." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4084/document.
Full textToroidal flows are found to improve the performance of the magnetic confinement devices with increase of the plasma stability and confinement. In ITER or future reactors, the torque from NBI should be less important than in present-day tokamaks. Consequently, it is of interest to study other intrinsic mechanisms that can give rise to plasma rotation in order to predict the rotation profile in experiments. Intriguing observations of plasmas rotation have been made in radio frequency (RF) heated plasmas with little or no external momentum injection. Toroidal rotation in both the direction of the plasma current (co-current) and in the opposite direction (counter-current) has been observed depending on the heating schemes and plasma performance. In Tore Supra, most observations in L-mode plasmas have been in the counter-current direction. However, in this thesis, we show that in lower hybrid current drive (LHCD), the core toroidal rotation increment is in co- or counter-current direction depending on the plasma current amplitude. At low plasma current the rotation change is in the co-current direction while at high plasma current, the change is in the counter-current direction. In both low and high plasma current cases, rotation increments are found to increase linearly with the injected LH power. Several mechanisms in competition which can induce co- or counter-current rotation in Tore Supra LHCD plasmas are investigated and typical order of magnitude are discussed in this thesis
Glowacz, Bartosz. "Detection of metastable He2* molecules in helium plasma." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066303.
Full textBeck, Arnaud. "Simulation N-Corps d'un plasma." Phd thesis, Observatoire de Paris, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00359057.
Full textTout d'abord les problèmes d'expansion de plasma dans le vide. Ce genre de simulation fait coexister des densités d'ordres de grandeur très différents. Certaines zones peuvent avoir un comportement hydrodynamique pendant que d'autres sont peuplées de particules avec des trajectoires balistiques car trop énergétiques. Les protons, notamment, peuvent ainsi être accélérés à des vitesses requises pour la fusion. Ce type de problème, faisant intervenir une interface plasma-vide, est pratiquement impossible à étudier à l'aide des techniques de simulation courantes (e.g. codes MHD, Vlasov, Fokker-Planck, ...).
L'autre champ d'application est celui de la simulation des plasmas modérément ou fortement couplés qui concerne de nombreux plasmas de laboratoire, mais également des plasmas astrophysiques, tels, par exemple, la zone convective du Soleil. Dans les plasmas dits couplés, les collisions ``binaires proches'' entre charges ne peuvent pas être négligées. Or, les modèles numériques de type Fokker-Planck, très majoritairement utilisés pour simuler des plasmas faiblement collisionnels, n'en tiennent pas compte ce qui les rends inadéquats à ce type de plasma. La technique N-Corps, quant à elle, gère chaque particule individuellement et peut très bien décrire précisément les trajectoires de particules subissant ce genre de déviation violente.
Beck, Arnaud. "Simulation N-Corps d'un plasma." Phd thesis, Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2008. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00359057.
Full textThe N-Body plasma simulation consists in calculating the Coulomb interaction between N charged particles. We adapted an N-Body “tree code” algorithm, successfully used in the gravitational case, for the simulation of plasma. So far, we have found two main applications which suits this technique particularly well. First, the expansion of a plasma into vacuum. In this kind of simulations, densities of very different order of magnitude have to interact. Some areas can have an hydrodynamic behavior whereas some others are filled by energetic particles following ballistic trajectories. Problems which take into account plasma-vacuum interface are almost impossible to study with common simulation techniques ( Vlasov, Fokker-Planck). The other application consists in simulating moderatly or strongly coupled plasma. It deals with many laboratory plasmas as well as astrophysical plasmas such as the convective zone of the sun. In coupled plasmas, close collisions between charges can not be neglected as it is done in most of the other simulation techniques. The N-Body technique allows the accurate description of the trajectory of each single particle and thus to take into account the strong deviations
Cozzani, Giulia. "Microphysics of magnetic reconnection in near-Earth space : spacecraft observations and numerical simulations." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX053/document.
Full textMagnetic reconnection is a fundamental energy conversion process occurring in space and laboratory plasmas. Reconnection takes place in thin current sheets leading to thereconfiguration of magnetic field topology and to conversion of magnetic energy into acceleration and heating of particles. Today reconnection is recognized to play a key role in the Earth-solar environment, from the solar corona to the solar wind, to magnetosheath, at the Earth's magnetopause, and in the magnetotail. Reconnection is initiated in the Electron Diffusion Region (EDR), where electrons decouple from the magnetic field and are energized by electric fields. Despite the very significant advances that have been made in the understanding of the magnetic reconnection process by means of in-situ measurements (notably provided by the Cluster mission) and by numerical simulations, the small electron scale physics of the dissipation region remains basically unsolved.It is only in the last years, with the launch of the Magnetospheric MultiScale mission (MMS) together with the recent impressive increasing of computational capabilities of supercomputers, that the dynamics of the Electron Diffusion Region has started to be enlightened. One of the key, yet still open questions, is whether the EDR has a preferred homogeneous or inhomogeneous structure at electron scales and below.The purpose of this Thesis is to advance in the understanding of the structure of the Electron Diffusion Region using two different approaches, notably MMS spacecraft observations and kinetic full Vlasov simulations. The first part presents MMS observations of an EDR encounter at the subsolar magnetopause when the four MMS probes were located at the smallest interspacecraft separationof $sim 6 $ km, which is comparable to a few electron inertial length ($d_e sim 2$ km).We find that the EDR is rather inhomogeneous at electron scales in terms of current density and electric field which appear to be different at different spacecraft. In addition, the pattern of the energy conversion is patchy, showing that the structure of the EDR at the magnetopause can be much more complex than it has been found in other MMS events and than it is usually depicted by kinetic PIC simulations.Our MMS data analysis has pointed out the need of simulations with better spatial resolution and low noise on the electron scales, in particular on the electric field, in order to better understand the kinetic physics at play at electron scales. Following this motivation, the second part of the Thesis aims at studying the EDR by using a novel fully-kinetic Eulerian Vlasov-Darwin model which we have implemented in the numerical ViDA code.The ViDA code is specifically designed to improve our understanding of the kinetic dynamics of collisionless plasma at electron scales by giving access to the fine phase space details of the electron distribution function. A first part is devoted to the testing of the code by performing 2D symmetric magnetic reconnection simulations. Then, low-noise simulation data have been used to investigate the contribution of the different terms in the Ohm's law in the EDR, focusing on the contribution of the electron inertia term which is responsible for the decoupling of the electron dynamics from the magnetic field
Belmouaddine, Hakim. "Physique, chimie et biologie de la filamentation d’impulsions laser femtosecondes en solutions aqueuses." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11220.
Full textAbstract : The present study is part in a new framework in radiobiology, introduced a decade ago: femtosecond laser-induced "cold" low density plasmas for the highly localized deposition of energy at sub-cellular scales in systems of biological interest. Since in aqueous solutions the action of such plasmas is equivalent to the deposition of a dose by ionizing radiation, plasma-mediated effects on solutes involve the radiation chemistry of water. This chemistry corresponds to the interaction of solutes with radical oxygen species as well as with secondary low energy electrons, produced by the plasma. Here, to better understand the radiation chemistry underlying the generation of low density plasmas in aqueous environments, we harnessed the multi-filamentation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses as a way to achieve a self-regulated production of spatially homogeneous low density plasma foci in water. The "cold" low density plasma micro-channels generated by the filamentation of the femtosecond laser pulses in aqueous solutions constitute a source of dense ionization. We studied the femtosecond laser filamentation in inorganic solutions to account for the radiation-assisted chemistry triggered by laser ionization in aqueous environment. We highlighted that the trivial optical control of the spatio-temporal distribution of light filaments in the irradiated sample resulted in the modulation of the corresponding radical chemistry. We concluded that these spatially and temporally resolved plasmas could be developed as a tool for the unprecedented control of chemistry under ionizing radiation. The addition of a spatial light modulator to control the filamentation process improves significantly our control on the spatio-temporal distribution of the laser-induced plasma channels. From a bundle of entangled random low density plasma channels, usually produced by the non-linear propagation of the powerful laser beam, we were able to obtain a programmable matrix of mono-filaments to achieve a more pervasive and homogeneous energy deposition. This method of irradiation allowed us to perform a detailed analysis to determine, quantify and compare the consequences of the laser irradiation with those of a conventional source of ionizing radiation (Gamma-Rays) on organic molecules (e.g. DNA) desolved in aqueous solutions. We showed that each filament behaves as an independent intense micro beam of ionizing radiation, that is capable of inducing complex DNA damage. We believe that a better understanding of the laser-induced plasma-mediated effects in aqueous solutions of biological interest will further the adoption of such laser-based ionisation sources, and that this unorthodox approach to radiation sciences will open new fields of investigation at the frontiers of radiation and laser-driven chemistry. Moreover, one of the principal conclusions of this thesis argues in favour of a shift of paradigm in radiation sciences, shuch that the consequences of ionising radiation would not only be considered for their injurious effects but also for the fine modulation of the functions of systems of biological interest. This sentiment paves the way for new emerging techniques and applications in biomedical fields.
Ben-Aïm, Laurence. "Applications des methodes particulaires en mecanique des fluides et en physique des plasmas." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066060.
Full textGoryaev, Farid. "Développement et étude d'une méthode self-consistante permettant, d'une part, de valider des données atomiques par comparaison avec des spectres émis par le plasma du Tokamak TEXTOR et, d'autre part, de faire des diagnostics précis de paramètres du plasma." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112286.
Full textFor different plasma physical parameters, spectroscopic analysis methods are the most universally employed. The study of X-ray emission spectra enables one to obtain informations on the elementary atomic processes occuring in plasmas, as well as on the plasma physical parameters. The validity of spectroscopic diagnostics depends on: (1), the number of elementary processes included in the model to simulate the spectra: (2), on the accuracy and precision of atomic data computations; (3), the emitting plasma model, based on atomic kinetics equations and plasma dynamics. In general, a theoretical simulation of the emission spectra of multiply charged ions is a complex problem. One of the crucial moment is the calculation of numerous atomic data. For multiply charged ions, z > 10, there are only a few direct measurements of collisional parameters and radiative data, required for the computation and interpretation of the X-ray emission spectra. The only information sources, on binary processes, as well as on hydrodynamic processes are the observed plasma spectra on devices of EBIT type and Tokamaks. The EBIT plasma-sources are already used for measurements and verifications of numerical codes for electron-ion collision cross-sections, and for life time of excited atomic states and wavelengths. But for Tokamaks, until now, the question is still not under consideration for X-ray spectroscopic methods. This thesis is dedicated to the development and the study of a self-consistent method to validate atomic data by comparisons with emitted spectra from TEXTOR tokamak, and to give precise plasma parameter diagnostics
Féraudy, Hervé de. "Etude des proprietes d'anisotropie et d'inhomogeneite des champs d'ondes electrostatiques rayonnees dans les magnetoplasmas chauds : applications au diagnostic des plasmas spatiaux et de laboratoire, au moyen d'experiences d'ondes actives." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066165.
Full textMeunier, Claude. "Quelques problèmes non-linéaires en hydrodynamique et en physique des plasmas : théorèmes de moyennisation et théorèmes adiabatiques." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066126.
Full textViala, Diego. "Étude de la physique de l'allumage par choc." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0127.
Full textA decade of experiments at the National Ignition Facility has proven that inertial confinement fusion is a credible approach to energy production, with experiments having exceeded the ignition regime. However, the indirect-drive approach is not suited for high gain implosions and reliable energy production. The direct-drive ignition approach is favoured for energy production as it features simpler target designs and couples more energy to them. There are currently no ignition-scale laser facilities configured for the standard direct-drive approach. Integrated direct-drive experiments have mostly been focused on understanding the physics at reduced scales, with the ultimate goal of demonstration of necessity and feasibility of construction of an international direct-drive laser facility.This thesis manuscript presents a study on the validation of state-of-the-art 3D radiative hydrodynamics codes and the understanding of low modes and laser coupling which play crucial roles in the study of inertial fusion energy. Careful examination of CBET models is of paramount importance in this context, ensuring the accuracy of simulations and contributing to the design of future direct-drive facilities. In addition, the investigation of laser homogeneity on target is imperative to understand its overall impact on the system
Depierreux, Sylvie. "Etude de la saturation de la diffusion raman stimulee par la decomposition des ondes plasma electroniques." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EPXX0026.
Full textSary, Gaétan. "Modélisation d'une cathode creuse pour propulseur à plasma." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30182/document.
Full textA hollow cathode is a critical component of plasma thrusters. In a plasma thruster, a propellant gas is ionized in a discharge chamber and accelerated out of it so as to generate thrust. In Hall thrusters in particular, the ionization of the gas is caused by an intense electron current (from a few to hundred amps) which flows through the discharge chamber. The hollow cathode is the device which is responsible for providing the discharge current. This key element is often idealized in thruster numerical models and its physical behavior is rarely studied for its own sake. Yet, developing high power Hall thrusters, designed to propel in the long run every type of space mission, requires new hollow cathodes able to supply an intense electron current (over 100 A) over a duration on the order of ten thousand hours. So far, designing new cathodes proved difficult because of the lack of model capable of predicting the performance of a cathode based on its design. In this work, we build up a predictive model of a hollow cathode capable of simulating the physics relevant to the operation of the cathode. In the end, we aim at using this model to associate design characteristics of the cathode to key aspects of the cathode performance during operation. Our goal with this model is to guide the development of future high power hollow cathodes. We will first briefly describe the range of application of hollow cathodes related to space propulsion. Then we will give a brief account of the working principles of the cathode and we will set the numerical models available in the literature prior to this one out. The numerical model developed in this work will then be described. It includes a fluid treatment of the plasma as well as an account of the heat fluxes to the walls which largely control the performance of the cathode. Simulation results will be thoroughly compared to experimental measurements available in the literature and specific aspects of the model will be refined to match up simulation results with the physical reality. For instance, a model that specifically represents the transition region between the internal plasma of the cathode and the plume of the cathode will be described. This model will enable us to highlight plasma instability phenomena which were so far observed experimentally, yet never properly included in hollow cathode models. Using the model just developed, we will analyze the physics of a particular hollow cathode which has been developed by NASA at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the NSTAR hollow cathode. Then, thanks to the numerical model, we will be able to carry out a parametric study revolving around the design of the NSTAR cathode. This will allow us to bring out the influence of the design on the cathode performance and we will eventually express recommendations regarding the design of future high power cathodes. To conclude, the versatility of the numerical model built up here will also be displayed through simulations of the behavior of a hollow cathode based on an alternate geometry
Salou, Pierre. "Interaction ion‐surface : simulation de l'interaction plasma‐paroi (ITER)." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00915747.
Full textPizarro, Torres Francisco. "Potentialités d’un plasma hors-équilibre localisé pour la réalisation d’antennes imprimées reconfigurables ou autolimitantes." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESAE0048/document.
Full textPlasma is an ionized gas with physical characteristics that are of interest to the microwave domain. To simplify, we can characterize it as a dispersive medium whose dielectric permittivity depends on two parameters :the plasma pulsation wp and the electron-neutral collision frequency Vp. These two parameters depend mainly on the electron density of the gas and its pressure. If we can control the characteristics of the plasma, we can also control its dielectric permittivity, which allows us to consider the plasma for applications in the field of microwave reconfigurability.Among the structures that can generate a plasma discharge, we have focused on the use of recent topologies,known as plasma microdischarges. These microdischarges are of interest because of the possibility of easily integrating them into a RF device : small size, stability, temperature near room temperature and potential use at high pressures, including at atmospheric pressure.Given the difficulties in accurately modelling the effects of the plasma on a guided wave, an experimental approachwas preferred. Two measuring devices have been designed to characterize this interaction : a conventional microstrip transmission line and an inverted microstrip transmisison line, both including a microdischarge in their centers. With this experimental characterization, the S-parameters of the transmission line with the plasma are obtained and compared to those without plasma as a function of a wide range of parameters, such as gas pressure,frequency and current injected into the discharge.The results show two particularly interesting phenomena : a phase shift of the electromagnetic wave in presence of the plasma discharge and/or an important absorption of the incident power by the discharge. Two devices have been designed to exploit these results. The first is a frequency tunable microstrip patch antenna over a range of the order of one percent. In that case, the plasma changes the dielectric constant between the two conductors of the antenna. The second is a microstrip ring patch antenna that can protect the receiver from a high-power microwave (HPM) attack. When an incident electric field exceeds an adjustable preset threshold (tuned by an external DCvoltage source), a plasma discharge appears in the radiating element. The plasma then creates a mismatch and an absorption effect that limits, in a non-linear way, the received power at its input
Salou, Pierre. "Interaction ion-surface : simulation de l’interaction plasma-paroi (ITER)." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2035.
Full textThe wall materials of magnetic confinement in fusion machines are exposed to an aggressive environment; the reactor blanket is bombarded with a high flux of particles extracted from the plasma, leading to the sputtering of surface material. This sputtering causes wall erosion as well as plasma contamination problems. In order to control fusion reactions in complex reactors, it is thus imperative to well understand the plasma-wall interactions. This work proposes the study of the sputtering of fusion relevant materials. We propose to simulate the charged particles influx by few keV single-charged ion beams. This study is based on the catcher method; to avoid any problem of pollution (especially in the case of carbon) we designed a new setup allowing an in situ Auger electron spectroscopy analysis. The results provide the evolution of the angular distribution of the sputtering yield as a function of the ion mass (from helium to xenon) and its energy (from 3 keV to 9 keV)
Medvedeva, Anna. "Étude expérimentale de la turbulence au bord du plasma du tokamak ASDEX Upgrade par réflectométrie à balayage ultra rapide." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0240/document.
Full textPlasma confinement is limited by energy and particle transport, in which turbulence plays an important role. In this work the measurements of the turbulence characteristics carried out on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak are presented during the transition from the Low (L) to the High (H) confinement mode which goes through an Intermediate (I) phase where turbulence and shear flows strongly interact. One of the most widely accepted theories concerning the L-H transition describes how the turbulence in the plasma edge is stabilized by radial electric field gradients: the E×B flow shear stabilizes turbulence and decreases the radial size of turbulent structures. As a consequence, a transport barrier forms in the edge where the plasma density, the temperature, and their gradients increase. The detailed physical mechanism of the formation of the transport barrier as well as the reason for the residual transport across this barrier are not yet well understood. The density dynamics is measured by an ultra-fast swept reflectometer with a time resolution as high as 1 μs. Studies of the electron density profile dynamics, the density turbulence level, radial wavenumber and frequency spectra during L-H transitions have been performed. The reflectometer measurements show that the density large scale fluctuations decrease after an L-H transition, which confirms the theoretical predictions of the turbulence reduction by sheared flows and supports previous experimental evidences. I-phases for various plasma conditions are documented and the density evolution is compared with the turbulence level. Moreover the results on high frequency coherent modes appearing at the plasma edge are presented
Maheut, Yohann. "Etude expérimentale de la physique de l'allumage par choc dans le cadre de la fusion nucléaire par confinement inertiel." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0202/document.
Full textShock ignition is a novel approach for inertial confinement fusion where the compression and the ignition phases by a strong shock are separated. The scheme is promising to the extent that it can generate very high gains and can be tested on already existing lasers systems. In addition, this concept requires lower implosion velocities that allows for compressing more massive targets which limits the impact of hydrodynamic instabilities. However, the physic issues related to shock ignition are still largely unexplored especially experimentally. Indeed, even if the compression phase takes place in the well-known collisional regime (I<1014W=cm2), ignition requires a spike which intensity exceeds 1015W=cm2.This regime is strongly non-linear with the onset of parametric instabilities. These instabilities may decrease the absorption and can also generate suprathermal electrons that can preheat the central part of the fuel and make the compression less efficient. Another key issue is the capability of launching a strong shock in presence of a plasma corona which can deteriorate the laser-target coupling and produce lamentation. Nevertheless, theoretical considerations tend to show that if the energy of fast electrons is moderate (<100keV), they could improve the coupling, deposit their energy in the shock front and hence amplify it. The work presented in this thesis consists in testing these two issues : launching a strong shock in the conditions corresponding to shock ignition i.e. in presence of a plasma corona and study the effect of hot electrons on the shock strength by measuring their energy and their quantity