Academic literature on the topic 'Physiology and psycology analyses'
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Journal articles on the topic "Physiology and psycology analyses"
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Ilyassova, N., and A. Abildayeva. "CULTURE OF SPEECH: ANTROPOLINGUISTIC ANALYSES." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 72, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-7804.10.
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The research work is dealt with the culture of speech. Culture of speech is identified by language of speech , social surrounding , language and psycology , language and pragmatics. As a result of culture of speech, personal culture, human quality, linguistic knowledge of a person is realized. Several types of antropolinguistic analyses are mentioned. Public speech (in auditorium, in crowd) shows the social aspect of communicative, linguistic norms and humans morality in speaking expresses wisdom and psycholinguistic aspect of speaker. Literary norm, functional grammar , cognitive pragmatics , literary language are thoroughly explained.
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ZONTA, Mauro. "Moses Ibn 'Ezra's "Treatise of the Garden" and Maimonides' "Guide of the perplexed"." Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 12 (October 1, 2005): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v12i.8537.
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The Spanish poet Moses Ibn 'Ezra (1055-1138 ca.) is also known for a Judeo-Arabic book dealing with philosophical and philological questions, the «Treatise of the Garden». In the first part of the «Treatise of the Garden» Moses Ibn 'Ezra deals with some key-themes of theology, metaphysics, human physiology and psycology, through the linguistical and terminological examination of some passages of the Hebrew Bible. I try to argue that the general scheme of the work and the treatment of some themes suggest that Moses Ibn 'Ezra’s work might be, at least, one of the models employed by Moses Maimonides while writing his «Guide of the Perplexed».
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Prendergast, Brian J., Randall A. Renstrom, and Randy J. Nelson. "Genetic Analyses of a Seasonal Interval Timer." Journal of Biological Rhythms 19, no. 4 (August 2004): 298–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730404266626.
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Benignus, V. A. "Behavioral effects of carbon monoxide: meta analyses and extrapolations." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 1310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1310.
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In the absence of reliable data, this work was performed to estimate the dose-effects function of carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) on behavior in humans. Meta analysis is the quantitative analysis of the combined findings of a number of research reports. By meta analysis, an HbCO-behavior dose-effects function was estimated for rats and corrected for effects of hypothermia (which accompanies acute HbCO increases in rats but not in humans). By use of pulmonary function models and blood gas equations, equivalent HbCO values were calculated for data in the literature on hypoxic hypoxia and behavior. Another meta analysis was performed to fit a dose-effects function to the equivalent HbCO data and to correct for the behavioral effects of hypocapnia (which usually occurs during hypoxic hypoxia but not with HbCO elevation). The two extrapolations agreed closely and indicated that, for healthy sedentary persons, 18–25% HbCO would be required to produce a 10% decrement in behavior. Confidence intervals are computed to characterize the uncertainty. Frequent reports of lower-level effects are discussed.
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Vico, L., S. Bourrin, C. Genty, S. Palle, and C. Alexandre. "Histomorphometric analyses of cancellous bone from COSMOS 2044 rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): 2203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.5.2203.
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The influence of 14 days of spaceflight on cancellous bone of male Wistar rats was assessed by histomorphometric analysis. In proximal tibia, no difference was found between flight, synchronous, vivarium, and basal groups for epiphyseal bone volume or trabecular arrangement. In metaphysis, primary spongiosa width was reduced in flight rats, suggesting an alteration in bone longitudinal growth. In flight rats, secondary spongiosa evidenced a trend toward decreased bone mass, trabecular number and thickness, and osteoid surfaces, whereas there was a tendency toward increased osteoclast number compared with vivarium control but not with synchronous rats. In femoral fossa trochanteri, an area facing deep muscular insertions, no changes in bone volume or structure were noted among the different groups. However, a reduction of osteoid surfaces was seen in flight and synchronous groups compared with the other groups. Resorption activity was increased in flight rats compared with control rats. In thoracic vertebral body, osteoblastic surfaces decreased similarly in flight and synchronous rats. In lumbar vertebral body, decreased osteoblastic surfaces and increased osteoclastic parameters were observed in flight and synchronous rats. The more striking effects of spaceflight were the decrease in tibial primary spongiosa width and the increase in resorption activity of the femoral fossa trochanteri. In all other sites, cellular alterations appeared similar in flight and synchronous rats, suggesting a role for physiological stress. The time course of events would depend on initial growth and turnover rates of bone, its weight-bearing function on earth, and the presence of muscular insertions.
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Cheung, Edwin, and W. Lee Kraus. "Genomic Analyses of Hormone Signaling and Gene Regulation." Annual Review of Physiology 72, no. 1 (March 17, 2010): 191–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135840.
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Möller, Melina, Nicole Silbernagel, Eva Wrobel, Birgit Stallmayer, Elsie Amedonu, Susanne Rinné, Stefan Peischard, et al. "In Vitro Analyses of Novel HCN4 Gene Mutations." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 49, no. 3 (2018): 1238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000493301.
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Background/Aims: The hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel HCN4 contributes significantly to the generation of basic cardiac electrical activity in the sinus node and is a mediator of modulation by β–adrenergic stimulation. Heterologous expression of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and bradycardia associated mutations within the human HCN4 gene results in altered channel function. The main aim was to describe the functional characterization of three (two novel and one known) missense mutations of HCN4 identified in families with SSS. Methods: Here, the two-electrode voltage clamp technique on Xenopus laevis oocytes and confocal imaging on transfected COS7 cells respectively, were used to analyze the functional effects of three HCN4 mutations; R378C, R550H, and E1193Q. Membrane surface expressions of wild type and the mutant channels were assessed by confocal microscopy, chemiluminescence assay, and Western blot in COS7 and HeLa cells. Results: The homomeric mutant channels R550H and E1193Q showed loss of function through increased rates of deactivation and distinctly reduced surface expression in all three homomeric mutant channels. HCN4 channels containing R550H and E1193Q mutant subunits only showed minor effects on the voltage dependence and rates of activation/deactivation. In contrast, homomeric R378C exerted a left-shifted activation curve and slowed activation kinetics. These effects were reduced in heteromeric co-expression of R378C with wild-type (WT) channels. Conclusion: Dysfunction of homomeric/heteromeric mutant HCN4-R378C, R550H, and E1193Q channels in the present study was primarily caused by loss of function due to decreased channel surface expression.
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Winter, E. M., R. G. Eston, and K. L. Lamb. "Statistical analyses in the physiology of exercise and kinanthropometry." Journal of Sports Sciences 19, no. 10 (January 2001): 761–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026404101317015429.
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Divito, Erin B., and Michael Cascio. "Metabolism, Physiology, and Analyses of Primary Fatty Acid Amides." Chemical Reviews 113, no. 10 (August 9, 2013): 7343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr300363b.
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Yap, A. S., J. M. Mullin, and B. R. Stevenson. "Molecular Analyses of Tight Junction Physiology: Insights and Paradoxes." Journal of Membrane Biology 163, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002329900380.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Physiology and psycology analyses"
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Kerwin, David G. "Force plate analyses of human jumping." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7457.
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Conflicts in published research raised a series of questions on the precision of the measurements used to differentiate between vertical jumps performed with and without pre-stretch. Procedures outlined by previous researchers (eg. Komi and Bosco, 1978a; Bedi et al., 1987) were repeated and extended. Force plate data were collected for a series of squat, counter movement and rebound jumps. Individual subjects responded differently and no evidence could be found for an optimal rebound dropping height. Modal analysis of the force plate highlighted the need for improving its mounting. A frame was designed to raise the resonant frequency of the plate and static and dynamic calibrations revealed point of force application errors. 16 mm cinefilm was selected in preference to video for the subsequent inverse dynamics analysis of rebound jumping. French physiologist, Marey, observed that people appeared to jump higher following a rebound than a counter movement. A 'Marey' style jumping exercise was used to examine different takeoff and landing strategies. Variations in kinematic data filtering, body segment inertia parameters and quasi-static analysis techniques on the resultant moment moments were investigated. No differences in maximum jump height were found between counter movement and rebound jump takeoffs. This apparent contraction to the findings in previous research was accounted for by variations in the subjects' stretch heights at takeoff. A general proximal to distal sequencing of muscle moment peaking was observed in both takeoff actions, but moments peaked later in rebound takeoffs than when following counter movements. Larger peak moments occurred during landings preceding coming to rest than during the landing phase of the rebound jump. Quasi-statically determined muscle moments about the ankles and knees matched closely with the inverse dynamics values, but joint and overall support moments were consistently over estimated. Conflicts with selected published research findings were shown to arise from a lack of measurement precision. Takeoff velocities were greater following counter movements, but were insufficient to differentiate between jumping techniques. Rebounding was found to increase leg extension. Improvements in automatic measurement procedures combined with an enhanced understanding of musculo-skeletal modelling were seen as a way of improving future knowledge of neuromuscular coordination and power production in jumping.
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Carneiro, Andrea Almeida. "Analyses of curcurbit P-protein promoters in transgenic plants." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/298810.
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P-proteins are structurally distinct proteins present in the sieve element-companion cell complexes of phloem tissue. Genomic clones encoding the two major P-proteins, the phloem filament protein (PP1) and the phloem lectin (PP2), were isolated and characterized. To understand mechanisms that control phloem-specific expression of these two genes, approximately 1 kb of the 5' flanking region from PP1 and PP2 genomic clones were fused with the GUS reporter gene and introduced into tobacco plants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. For both promoters, histochemical staining detected GUS activity specifically in the phloem tissue that was most easily detected in stems followed by midrib, secondary veins, roots, and leaf lamina of transgenic tobacco plants. GUS activity directed by the PP2 promoter was approximately 23 times greater than GUS activity directed by the PPI promoter. A nested set of 5' deletions between nucleotides -1014 and +32 were constructed to localize cis-elements that specify the patterns of PP2 gene expression in the phloem. Deletions within this region revealed that nucleotides -228 to +32 relative to the transcription initiation site contained sufficient information to direct phloem-specific gene expression, while positive regulators of promoter activity appeared to be located upstream of nucleotide -621. Mutation of a conserved 13-bp sequence, TTAAAAGAAGATA, found in the minimal PP2 promoter did not affect reporter gene expression. Sucrose responsive elements were identified in the PP2 promoter that could contribute to increased promoter activity in response to sugar. Finally we initiated studies to construct a phloem-specific promoter that could be induced by wound released compounds such as ethylene. Although not conclusive, our results suggest that it is possible to enhance phloem-specific expression in response to ethylene.
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Muhammad, Belal Abdul-Rahman. "Identification, characterisation and functional analyses of novel beta-catenin associated protein, FLYWCH1." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14419/.
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The growing knowledge of cell biology and evidence for the role of β-catenin signalling network in homeostasis and carcinogenesis encourages further investigation into the regulatory network of nuclear β-catenin signalling complex. While the role of canonical Wnt signalling in the development of both normal tissue and malignant tumours is well documented, the molecular basis of these functionally distinct nuclear transcriptional programs is poorly understood. Many proteins are associated with cytoplasmic β-catenin for regulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway activities. However, in the nucleus, the LEF/TCF family of transcription factors, which have DNA binding properties, remains the sole focus as unambiguous partners of β-catenin. In addition to LEF/TCFs, interaction of β-catenin with several other transcriptional co-activators and/or co-repressors is required for gene regulation. This regulation may also be influenced by alterations of β-catenin protein such phosphorylation of β-catenin which dramatically alters its trafficking and function. Delineation and functional description of nuclear cofactors that interact with unphosphorylated (i.e. nuclear) β-catenin will further unravel the mechanisms of β-catenin-mediated nuclear transcription, and may also identify whether distinct patterns of transcriptional cofactors are engaged in normal development versus tumour progression. Human FLYWCH1, a conserved member of the mammalian C2H2 zinc finger proteins, was identified as one of the phosphorylation-independent Catenin- Interacting-Proteins (CIPs) in a recent screening performed in Dr Nateri's laboratory using a modified yeast-2-hybrid RRS. FLYWCH1 is a previously uncharacterized protein with no known function in mammals. Herein, we have shown that; i) in human cells, FLYWCH1 physically interacts with β-catenin and represses its transcriptional activity, ii) it regulates the expression of some if not all downstream target genes, iii) in the intestine, Flywch1 marks the crypt-based columnar-cells (CBCs), which function as stem cells, but does not mark any of the differentiated cells in normal villi, iv) FLYWCH1 expression is strongly down-regulated in CRC cell lines but its expression is up-regulated and restricted to a subpopulation of tumour cells in both human and ApcMin/+ mouse. Our data also showed that v) FLYWCH1 controls CRC cell morphology and inhibits cell migration through up-regulation of E-cadherin which may not be related to ZEB2-mediated EMT. Collectively, our data suggest that FLYWCH1 is a novel nuclear β-catenin interacting protein that inhibits cell motility by antagonizing the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. As changes in cell motility is a key step toward invasion and metastasis, FLYWCH1, therefore, may function as a metastasis-suppressing factor which could potentially be of use in the therapeutic field of colon cancer to control cancer spread.
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Ho, Siu-yin Bryan, and 何兆賢. "Genetic analyses of the roles of Sox2 and Sox18 in mouse hair development and growth." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206748.
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The mouse pelage hair consists of three types of hair coined primary (guard), secondary (awls and auchenes) and tertiary (zigzag) hair. They display distinct morphologies and are induced consecutively during hair morphogenesis. Previously two identified regulatory mouse mutants, Yellow submarine (Ysb) and Light coat and circling (Lcc) which the chromosomal rearrangements have disrupted the cis-acting regulatory elements of Sox2; resulting in the loss of Sox2 expression in the inner ear. The mutants displayed lighter hair coat color due to a reduction in the proportion of secondary hair and increased proportion of tertiary hair. Sox18 null mutants display darker coat colour and reduced proportion of zigzag hair. To dissect the underlying mechanisms of the phenotypes in hair type specification in 〖Sox2〗^Ysb and 〖Sox2 〗^Lcc mutants and the role of Sox2 and Sox18 in regulating the process; the expression of Sox2 in the hair follicle and the change in the density of hair types in mutants were analyzed.
I have identified the expression pattern of Sox2 in the dermal papilla (DP) of the hair follicle and verified its down-regulation in 〖Sox2〗^Ysband 〖Sox2 〗^Lcc mutants. The DP at the base of hair follicle is the signaling center for the regulation of hair development. Sox2 is specifically expressed in the DP of primary and secondary but not in tertiary hair while Sox18 is expressed in the DP of all hair types. Analysis of Sox2 mutants showed that the number of secondary hair was normal at induction but was reduced and accompanied by an increase in tertiary hair in adult mice. The number of tertiary hair was reduced in Sox18 null mutants. To gain insight into the molecular basis of hair type specification and potential targets of Sox2 in the regulation, gene expression profile in DP cells of 〖Sox2 〗^(EGFP/+)and 〖Sox2 〗^(EGFP/Ysb) mice was examined; the data suggests that genes in the Wnt and BMP signalling pathway were down-regulated in Sox2 mutants; while Runx3 and Corin may act downstream of Sox2 in regulating hair type specification and pigmentation.
Hair follicles enter cycles of growth and regression throughout life during the hair cycle. Sox2 was only expressed in the growth phase while Sox18 was persistently expressed throughout the hair cycle. I further asked if Sox2 and Sox18 regulate post-natal hair development by analysing the expression pattern of Sox2 and Sox18 in wildtype mice and mutants throughout the hair cycle and the progression of hair growth in the mutants. The growth phase of the first hair cycle was extended in Sox2 mutants while the hair cycle in Sox18 null mutants was normal. Cell proliferation was compromised during hair regeneration leading to a delay in hair regeneration in Sox2 mutants.
Sox2 and Sox18 showed overlapping expression in the DP and both regulate hair type specification. To test if Sox2 and Sox18 synergistically regulate hair development, the 〖Sox2〗^(Ysb/Ysb);〖Sox18〗^(-/-) mutants have been generated. Hair morphogenesis and differentiation were impaired; while the number of tertiary hair was increased with reduced number of secondary hair, which phenocopied that of Sox2 mutants. In conclusion, the results suggest that Sox2 and Sox18 functions synergistically on the regulation of hair growth and differentiation.published_or_final_version
Biochemistry
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Ward, Charlotte. "Application of metabolic flux and transcript analyses to understanding the physiology of engineered Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/25514.
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Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius has been identified as an organism capable of producing bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass based on its ability to ferment both hexose and pentose sugars. Engineering of the wild-type strain DL33 (wt) has produced a single knock out strain DL44 (Δldh) and a double knock out strain DL66 (ΔldhΔpfl↑pdh), both of which have increased capacity for bioethanol production. The nutritional requirements of the strains under anaerobic conditions are yet to be fully understood. In this study, a systems approach to understanding the metabolism of the wild-type and engineered strains has been taken in order to further understand the changes in metabolism resulting from the mutations introduced. For the first time 13C-metabolic flux analysis has been applied to the comparative study of the wild-type and engineered strains using global isotopomer balancing. This has revealed flux through the anaplerotic reactions has reversed from being in the direction of pyruvate/phosphoenolpyruvate in the wild-type, to being in the direction of oxaloacetate/malate in the engineered strains. Alterations in TCA cycle flux between the strains were also seen. Furthermore alanine was found to be produced as a fermentation product in each strain. Analysis of the genome sequence has revealed an unusual oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, missing 6-phosphogluconolactonase but with genes encoding the rest of the pathway still present, suggesting that flux through this pathway may still proceed, dependent on the themolability of glucono-1,5-lactone-6-phosphate. It has been found that RNA extracted from G. thermoglucosidasius is prone to rapid degradation which may affect the outcome of analysis of the transcriptome by RNA-seq. Nonetheless, it has been possible to apply RNA-seq to the wild-type organism grown aerobically and use this to identify transcripts for the major pathways of central carbon metabolism and the most highly expressed transcripts of the culture.
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Varberg, Kaela Margaret. "Kinetic Vasculogenic Analyses of Endothelial Colony Forming Cells Exposed to Intrauterine Diabetes." Thesis, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10601464.
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Vasculogenesis is a complex process by which endothelial stem and progenitor cells undergo de novo vessel formation. Quantitative assessment of vasculogenesis is a central readout of endothelial progenitor cell functionality. However, current assays lack kinetic measurements. To address this issue, new approaches were developed to quantitatively assess in vitro endothelial colony forming cell (ECFC) network formation in real time. Eight parameters of network structure were quantified using novel Kinetic Analysis of Vasculogenesis (KAV) software. KAV assessment of structure complexity identified two phases of network formation. This observation guided the development of additional vasculogenic readouts, including a tissue cytometry approach to quantify the frequency and localization of dividing ECFCs within cell networks. Additionally, FIJI TrackMate was used to quantify ECFC displacement and speed at the single cell level during network formation. These novel approaches were then applied to determine how intrauterine exposure to maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) impairs fetal ECFC vasculogenesis, and whether increased Transgelin 1 (TAGLN) expression in ECFCs from pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes (GDM) was sufficient to impair vasculogenesis. Fetal ECFCs exposed to maternal T2DM formed fewer initial network structures, which were not stable over time. Correlation analyses identified that ECFC samples with greater division in branches formed fewer closed network structures and that reductions in ECFC movement decreased structural connectivity. To identify specific cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways altered in ECFCs following intrauterine GDM exposure, these new techniques were also applied in TAGLN expression studies. Similarly, ECFCs from GDM pregnancies and ECFCs overexpressing TAGLN exhibited impaired vasculogenesis and decreased migration. Both ECFCs from GDM pregnancies as well as ECFCs over-expressing TAGLN exhibited increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain. Reduction of myosin light chain phosphorylation via Rho kinase inhibition increased ECFC migration; therefore, increased TAGLN was sufficient to impair ECFC vasculogenic function. Overall, identification of these novel phenotypes provides evidence for the molecular mechanisms contributing to aberrant ECFC vasculogenesis. Determining how intrauterine exposure to maternal T2DM and GDM alters fetal ECFC function will enable greater understanding of the chronic vascular pathologies observed in children from pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus.
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Hightower, Mary H. (Mary Helen). "Electrophysiological and Morphological Analyses of Mouse Spinal Cord Mini-Cultures Grown on Multimicroelectrode Plates." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798142/.
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The electrophysiological and morphological properties of small networks of mammalian neurons were investigated with mouse spinal cord monolayer cultures of 2 mm diameter grown on multimicroelectrode plates (MMEPs). Such cultures were viewed microscopically and their activity simultaneously recorded from 2 of any 36 fixed recording sites. The specific aims achieved were: development of techniques for production of functional MMEPs and maintenance of mini-cultures, characterization of the spontaneous activity of mini-cultures, application of inhibitory and disinhibitory agents, development of staining methods for cultured neurons and initial light microscopic analysis with correlation of electrophysiological and morphological characteristics.
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DeLong, Caroline M. "Object-centered representations in echolocating dolphins evidence from acoustic analyses of object echoes and a human listening study /." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=765084621&SrchMode=1&sid=7&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1233101570&clientId=23440.
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Scholz, Nicole [Verfasser], Tobias [Gutachter] Langenhan, and Christian [Gutachter] Stigloher. "Genetic analyses of sensory and motoneuron physiology in Drosophila melanogaster / Nicole Scholz ; Gutachter: Tobias Langenhan, Christian Stigloher." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1148279695/34.
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Kwong, Wai-hang, and 鄺偉恒. "Functional analyses on TGF{221}/BMP signaling and type IIA procollagenin inner ear development." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43815601.
Full textBooks on the topic "Physiology and psycology analyses"
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Bonah, Christian. Les sciences physiologiques en Europe: Analyses comparées du XIX si ècle. Paris: Librairie philosophique J. Vrin, 1995.
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Wiegand, Ray. Spinal biomechanics: Graphical pattern analyses of vertebra body rotation. Acton, Ma: Spinal Corrective Research, Inc., 1989.
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Institute), Nobel Symposium (103rd 1997 Karolinska. Towards an understanding of integrative brain functions: Analyses at multiple levels : proceedings of the Nobel Symposium 103 : held at the Nobel Forum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 4-6 June 1997. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1998.
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Stergiou, Nicholas. Innovative Analyses of Human Movement. Human Kinetics Publishers, 2003.
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(Editor), Michael L. Commons, Richard J. Herrnstein (Editor), Stephen M. Kosslyn (Editor), and David B. Mumford (Editor), eds. Behavioral Approaches to Pattern Recognition and Concept Formation: Quantitative Analyses of Behavior, Volume VIII (Quantitative Analyses of Behavior). Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990.
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(Editor), Michael L. Commons, Russell M. Church (Editor), James R. Stellar (Editor), and Allan R. Wagner (Editor), eds. Biological Determinants of Reinforcement: Biological Determinates of Reinforcement (Quantitative Analyses of Behavior). Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988.
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Davies, Jamie A. Human Physiology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198869887.001.0001.
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Human Physiology: A Very Short Introduction explores how the human body works, senses, reacts, and defends itself. Physiology is the science of life. It considers how human bodies are supplied with energy, how they maintain their internal parameters, the ways in which they gather and process information or take action, and the creation of new generations. This VSI examines the experiments undertaken to understand the interplay of the vast variety of physiological mechanisms and principles within us, and analyses the ethical issues involved. It also looks at how enhanced understandings of physiological knowledge can help inform medical research and care.
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(Editor), Michael L. Commons, Richard J. Herrnstein (Editor), Stephen M. Kosslyn (Editor), and David B. Mumford (Editor), eds. Computational and Clinical Approaches to Pattern Recognition and Concept Formation: Quantitative Analyses of Behavior, Volume IX (Quantitative Analyses of Behavior). Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Physiology and psycology analyses"
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Yamada, Kazuhiro. "Thermodynamic analyses of calcium binding to troponin C, calmodulin and parvalbumins by using microcalorimetry." In Muscle Physiology and Biochemistry, 39–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5543-8_4.
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Gregson, Robert A. M. "Nonlinear Analyses of Data in Cardiovascular Physiology and Epidemiology." In Handbook of Psychocardiology, 1–16. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-53-5_46-1.
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Gregson, Robert A. M. "Nonlinear Analyses of Data in Cardiovascular Physiology and Epidemiology." In Handbook of Psychocardiology, 897–912. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-206-7_46.
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Zhai, Weidong. "Characteristics of Marine Chemical Environment and the Measurements and Analyses of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry." In Research Methods of Environmental Physiology in Aquatic Sciences, 3–16. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5354-7_1.
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Spiers, A. J., R. Goodacre, and W. E. Huang. "Section 8 Update - Determination of bacterial metabolism, physiology, regulatory responses and stress status by single-cell Raman spectral analyses." In Molecular Microbial Ecology Manual, 1789–805. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2177-0_11.
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Salgado Kent, Chandra, Tiago A. Marques, and Danielle Harris. "Fundamental Data Analysis Tools and Concepts for Bioacoustical Research." In Exploring Animal Behavior Through Sound: Volume 1, 319–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97540-1_9.
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AbstractBioacoustics is a growing field of research in which sound is measured to gain knowledge about species’ natural history and their environments. For example, bioacousticians have been able to create phylogenies, identify populations, and estimate abundance using sound. Moreover, today, many animals are exposed to human-generated noise, which can impact animals’ behavior, ability to communicate, physiology, hearing, and, in some instances, survival. Bioacoustics, thus, is commonly used to assess and predict the impacts of anthropogenic noise on animals and their populations. The use of bioacoustics to address such research questions, however, is only effective provided the quantitative and statistical analysis methods used are adequate and reliable. While it may not be reasonable to expect a single researcher working in bioacoustics to master all three fields required in bioacoustical research (i.e., biology, acoustics, and statistics), bioacousticians should understand basic statistical concepts, have good knowledge of existing techniques for data analysis, and identify possible pitfalls in survey design. In addition, bioacousticians should be able to conduct a range of current standard analyses, produce informative visualizations, and know when to engage a statistician to perform more sophisticated analyses. This chapter introduces common terms, concepts, and statistical methods available to analyze bioacoustical data. Not surprisingly, most are concepts and methods that could be used for any applied research topic, not necessarily just bioacoustics. The authors’ aim is for this chapter to expose users with no or limited experience in quantitative methods in bioacoustics to key analytical considerations for making valid inferences from acoustic data.
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van der Sleen, Peter, Pieter A. Zuidema, and Thijs L. Pons. "Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings of Tropical Forests." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, 631–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_22.
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AbstractThe study of stable isotopes in tree rings is relatively new, but growing research field in tropical forests. In this chapter, we review 53 studies that measured stable isotopes of C, O and/or N in tree rings of a total of 83 tropical tree species. Tree growth in tropical forests is generally determined by seasonality of precipitation, and not temperature. Consequently, temporal variation in both δ13C and δ18O has often been correlated to precipitation and variability of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which can affect weather systems throughout the tropics and subtropics. Currently, stable isotopes research in the tropics has mainly focused on (i) quantifying the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change on tree physiology, (ii) identifying the drivers of growth variability and reconstruction of past climate, and (iii) the identification of annual rings in wood lacking anatomically distinct growth boundaries. In addition, some initial studies used tree-ring δ15N as a tool to assess anthropogenic change of the nitrogen cycle in tropical forests. Although stable isotope analyses in the tropics still faces methodological and interpretation issues, it is becoming an important tool for understanding the functioning of tropical forests and their resilience to global change.
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van der Sleen, Peter, Pieter A. Zuidema, and Thijs L. Pons. "Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings of Tropical Forests." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, 631–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_22.
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AbstractThe study of stable isotopes in tree rings is relatively new, but growing research field in tropical forests. In this chapter, we review 53 studies that measured stable isotopes of C, O and/or N in tree rings of a total of 83 tropical tree species. Tree growth in tropical forests is generally determined by seasonality of precipitation, and not temperature. Consequently, temporal variation in both δ13C and δ18O has often been correlated to precipitation and variability of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which can affect weather systems throughout the tropics and subtropics. Currently, stable isotopes research in the tropics has mainly focused on (i) quantifying the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change on tree physiology, (ii) identifying the drivers of growth variability and reconstruction of past climate, and (iii) the identification of annual rings in wood lacking anatomically distinct growth boundaries. In addition, some initial studies used tree-ring δ15N as a tool to assess anthropogenic change of the nitrogen cycle in tropical forests. Although stable isotope analyses in the tropics still faces methodological and interpretation issues, it is becoming an important tool for understanding the functioning of tropical forests and their resilience to global change.
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Murali Manoj, Kelath, Nikolai Bazhin, Abhinav Parashar, Afsal Manekkathodi, and Yanyou Wu. "Comprehensive Analyses of the Enhancement of Oxygenesis in Photosynthesis by Bicarbonate and Effects of Diverse Additives: Z-scheme Explanation Versus Murburn Model." In Physiology. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106996.
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The Z-scheme electron transport chain (ETC) explanation for photosynthesis starts with the serial/sequential transfer of electrons sourced from water molecules bound at Photosystem II via a deterministic array of redox centers (of various stationary/mobile proteins), before \"sinking\" via the reduction of NADP+ bound at flavin-enzyme reductase. Several research groups’ finding that additives (like bicarbonate) enhance the light reaction had divided the research community because it violated the Z-scheme. The untenable aspects of the Z-scheme perception were demonstrated earlier and a murburn bioenergetics (a stochastic/parallel paradigm of ion-radical equilibriums) model was proposed to explain photophosphorylation and Emerson effect. Herein, we further support the murburn model with accurate thermodynamic calculations, which show that the cost of one-electron abstraction from bicarbonate [491 kJ/mol] is lower than water [527 kJ/mol]. Further, copious thioredoxin enables the capture of photoactivated electrons in milieu, which aid in the reduction of nicotinamide nucleotides. The diffusible reactive species (DRS) generated in milieu sponsor phosphorylations and oxygenic reactions. With structural analysis of Photosystems and interacting molecules, we chart out the equations of reactions that explain the loss of labeled O-atom traces in delocalized oxygenesis. Thus, this essay discredits the Z-scheme and explains key outstanding observations in the field.
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E. Teixeira, José, Pedro Forte, Ricardo Ferraz, Luís Branquinho, António J. Silva, Tiago M. Barbosa, and António M. Monteiro. "Methodological Procedures for Non-Linear Analyses of Physiological and Behavioural Data in Football." In Exercise Physiology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102577.
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Complex and dynamic systems are characterised by emergent behaviour, self-similarity, self-organisation and a chaotic component. In team sports as football, complexity and non-linear dynamics includes understanding the mechanisms underlying human movement and collective behaviour. Linear systems approaches in this kind of sports may limit performance understanding due to the fact that small changes in the inputs may not represent proportional and quantifiable changes in the output. Thus, non-linear approaches have been applied to assess training and match outcomes in football. The increasing access to wearable and tracking technology provides large datasets, enabling the analyses of time-series related to different performance indicators such as physiological and positional parameters. However, it is important to frame the theoretical concepts, mathematical models and procedures to determine metrics with physiological and behavioural significance. Additionally, physiological and behavioural data should be considered to determine the complexity and non-linearity of the system in football. Thus, the current chapter summarises the main methodological procedures to extract positional data using non-linear analyses such as entropy scales, relative phase transforms, non-linear indexes, cross correlation, fractals and clustering methods.
Conference papers on the topic "Physiology and psycology analyses"
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Clapco, Clapco Steliana, Aliona Cucereavii, Ion Gisca, and Maria Duca. "Studiul unor trăsături asociate cu productivitatea la hibrizi experimentali de floarea-soarelui." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.52.
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The relationships between seed yield and some morpho-physiological parameters, such as plant height, head diameter, leaf number, number and weight of total and full seeds per head and 1000 seeds in 32 local hybrids has been studied. The analyses of Pearson correlation coefficients showed significant, but low, positive correlations between yield and number of full seeds per calatidium, weight of total seeds per calatidium, weight of 1000 seeds and hectolitre weight. There were also observed positive correla-tions between plant height and number of leaves.
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Dürdane, Mart. "Determining the yield and yield component interactions for autumn sowings chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties in eastern Mediterranean conditions." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.98.
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This research was carried out to determine the seed yield and the yield component interactions in of some chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under Eastern Mediterranean ecological conditions dur-ing 2018. Trials were investigated under winter conditions. The area of the research was located between the geographic latitudes of 360 51' 17.21 North and 350 20' 41.61 East with an altitude of 23m. According to the results of the analyses from this study, the highest and the lowest values are fol-lowing, 406.07-268 kg/da for the yield, 74 - 61 days for the flowering time, 79.97-66.67 cm for the plant height, 49.47-42.2 g for the 100-grain weight in the winter sowing conditions.
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Yih, T. C., Madhu V. Shurpali, Sandeep Apsangi, and Sankar Pemmaraju. "Design and Analysis of an Anthropometric Leg of the Humanoid Robot: Tyche." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32488.
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This paper is concerned with the development of an anthropometric robotic leg for the humanoid robot, Tyche (Goddess of fortune). The design is based on physiology and anthropometry of human leg. The geometries of the links are finalized based on topological studies and avoidance of singularity condition. Fault tolerant design is incorporated in the design. A pantograph mechanism is used as the control device, which helps in magnifying the input. The kinematic and dynamic analyses are performed on the Tyche-leg. Five different cases are considered based on a cubic input motion profile. The kinematic and dynamic parameters are plotted with respect to time.
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Nayak, Suraj K., Karan Pande, Pratyush K. Patnaik, Shikshya Nayak, Shankar J. Patel, Arfat Anis, Anilesh Dey, and Kunal Pal. "Understanding the effect of cannabis abuse on the ANS and cardiac physiology of the Indian women paddy-field workers using RR interval and ECG signal analyses." In 2017 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apsipa.2017.8282047.
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Yih, T. C., Madhu V. Shurpali, and Sankar Pemmaraju. "An Anthropometric Arm for the Humanoid Robot: Design and Analysis of the Tyche-Arm." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32487.
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This paper is concerned with the development of an anthropometric robot arm for the humanoid robot – Tyche. The design was based on physiology and anthropometry of the human arm. The Tyche-arm uses a skew-pantograph mechanism, as the control device, that helps in magnifying the input. The link lengths of the structure are determined based on topological studies and avoidance of the singularity condition. A fault tolerant design for the linear actuator is incorporated in the design. The kinematic and dynamic analyses of the Tyche-arm are performed on the weight lifting activity, with the upper arm fixed in five different positions. The kinematic parameters, axial forces in the links and the torques for each joint are obtained and plotted with respect to time.
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Capelli, Claudio, Giorgia M. Bosi, Daria Cosentino, Giovanni Biglino, Sachin Khambadkone, Graham Derrick, Philipp Bonhoeffer, Andrew M. Taylor, and Silvia Schievano. "Patient-Specific Simulations in Interventional Cardiology Practice: Early Results From a Clinical/Engineering Centre." In ASME 2013 Conference on Frontiers in Medical Devices: Applications of Computer Modeling and Simulation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fmd2013-16179.
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Patient-specific models have been recently applied to investigate a wide range of cardiovascular problems including cardiac mechanics, hemodynamic conditions and structural interaction with devices [1]. The development of dedicated computational tools which combined the advances in the field of image elaboration, finite element (FE) and computational fluid-dynamic (CFD) analyses has greatly supported not only the understanding of human physiology and pathology, but also the improvement of specific interventions taking into account realistic conditions [2, 3]. However, the translation of these technologies into clinical applications is still a major challenge for the engineering modeling community, which has to compromise between numerical accuracy and response time in order to meet the clinical needs [4]. Hence, the validation of in silico against in vivo results is crucial. Finally, if the development of novel tools has recently attracted big investments [5], it has not been similarly easy to dedicate funds and time to test the developed technologies on large numbers of patient cases.
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Orzechowska, Joanna. "Приятное/неприятное в русской эмоциональной картине мира." In Пражская Русистика 2020 – Prague Russian Studies 2020. Charles University, Faculty of Education, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/9788076032088.17.
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Data excerpted from a new type linguistic-psychological dictionary – Senses, Emotions and Adjectives of the Russian Language (2010) – provided a basis for reconstructing a fragment of the emotional image of the Russian world: hedonistic values on the scale pleasant/unpleasant. The paper analyses adjectives assessed by respondents as evoking very pleasant and very unpleasant emotions. The emotional image of the world was recreated by classifying adjectives according to senses attributed to them by respondents and in line with clusters describing a particular fragment of reality. This made it possible to state that most adjectives evoking the most intense emotions (both positive and negative) are related to the sense of smell. On two poles of the hedonistic scale there are smells of tasty food (fruit and sweets) and smells of rotten and stale products, smells of plants and those which appear in connection with human physiology. The conducted research may be applied to shape the emotive competence, which ensures successful intercultural communication and an appropriate level of emotionality in literary translations.
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Masuda, Michiaka, and Keigi Fujiwara. "Three Distinct Types of Morphological Responses of Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells to Physiological Levels of Fluid Shear Stress." In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2003-1124.
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Vascular endothelial cells are known to respond to fluid shear stress. To gain insights into the mechanism of flow response by these cells, various types of in vitro devices in which endothelial cells can be cultured under flowing culture medium have been designed. Using such a device, one can apply known levels of (usually laminar) fluid shear stress to cultured endothelial cells. We have made two types of devices: a viscometer-based cone-and-plate flow apparatus and a parallel plate chamber. The cone-and-plate apparatus is used to do biochemical analyses of flow effects on cells while the parallel plate chamber is used to observe dynamic behavior of endothelial cells under flow. We were able to maintain confluent endothelial cell cultures under flow for over a week in the parallel plate flow apparatus. Using this chamber and high resolution time-lapse video microscopy, we studied morphological changes of endothelial cells exposed to different levels of fluid shear stress. We found that endothelial cells in a confluent monolayer exhibited three types of fluid shear stress level-dependent morphological and motile responses within a narrow fluid shear stress range between 0.1–10 dyn/cm2. Endothelial cells cultured under no flow exhibited variable shapes and no preferred orientation of their long cell axes and showed a jiggling motion. When exposed to fluid shear stress levels of below 0.5 dyn/cm2, endothelial cell morphology and motility were not affected. However, when fluid shear stress levels were increased to 2–4 dyn/cm2, they became polygonal and showed increased random-walk activity. Fluid shear stress over 6 dyn/cm2 caused endothelial cells to initially become polygonal and increase their random-walk activity, but they soon became elongated and aligned in the direction of flow. As the cells elongated and aligned, they migrated in the direction of flow. The average velocity of this directed cell migration was less than that of cells moving randomly under the same flow condition at earlier times. These observations indicate that endothelial cells are able to detect and respond to a surprisingly small change in fluid shear stress. It is possible that endothelial cell physiology in vivo is also regulated by small changes in fluid shear stress and that a fluid shear stress change of a few dynes per cm2 within a certain region of an artery could trigger atherogenesis in that particular location.
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Brown, Stephanie, Peioneti Lam, John Christopher, Richard Goodenough, Jose Villa, Victoria Bode, and K. Blake Mitchell. "A Novel Methodology for Evaluating Military Teamwork and Team Marksmanship Performance." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001899.
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Marksmanship has been a key metric in evaluating total Soldier performance. While marksmanship assessment is typically done at the individual level, marksmanship performance is heavily embedded in team tasks and battle drills. Thus, an objectively measured and operationally-based assessment is needed to characterize teamwork in marksmanship tasks, as well as evaluate its impact on team marksmanship performance. This study was a proof-of-concept trial conducted during a 72-hour mission field study, using 39 active-duty male, infantry Soldiers. Thirteen 3-person teams completed a 6-minute scenario that simulated rapidly escalating firing engagement. The teams conducted a planning session to develop strategies for mission accomplishment prior to scenario start. At mission start, the team was situated in the center of a circle of 28 target light emitting diode (LED) displays, which they were required to cover and engage. The target LED displays were in one of three states (dark, non-threat, or threat), each represented by a pattern created by the research team. The scenario was split into six ~60-80 second segments, differing in number of targets presented, target identities (non-threat or threat), as well as density of targets displayed per sector. On-weapon and body sensor data was used to calculate team marksmanship performance (i.e., probability of target hits, probability of threat targets engaged). Additional teamwork data were gathered from observer ratings of teams’ communication and coordination during the scenario, and post-session questionnaires. To evaluate the effects of scenario segment, sector strategy, and communication strategy on team marksmanship performance, two 6x2x2 mixed analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted with scenario segment as the within-subjects variable, and sector strategy (implicit or explicit) and communication strategy (plan or no plan) as the between-subjects variables. Team marksmanship performance outcomes included a team’s probability of hit, p(hit), and ratio of targets engaged, p(engage). Both marksmanship variables revealed significant main effects of segment, p<.001, where performance degraded as the scenario progressed. Additionally, p(hit) had a main effect of sector strategy, where those who used the external environment cues for sectoring (i.e., explicit) resulted in a higher probability of hit as compared to those who used teammate relative positions (i.e., implicit), p=.02. Team communication was trending towards significance, where having a communication plan resulted in lower p(hit), p=.07. For p(hit), there was also a three-way interaction between communication strategy, sector strategy, and segment, p<.01, where teams without a strategy performed more consistently in their shooting across the segments if they had an externally driven sector strategy (i.e., explicit), but performed just the same as those with a communication plan if they had an internally driven sectoring strategy (i.e., implicit). These results suggest that this methodology can not only characterize individual marksmanship skills but is beneficial to assessing team performance across operationally-based scenarios representing escalating short-term engagements and measuring the effects of team variables. However, our proof-of-concept analysis was limited by sample size and future development will strive to increase the number of teams participating. Additionally, future versions of this methodology will incorporate additional metrics of communication, physiology, and decision making.
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"Virtual Pathology Learning Resource is proving to be an effective strategy in teaching Pathology to allied health science students." In InSITE 2018: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: La Verne California. Informing Science Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3972.
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Aim/Purpose: [This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2018 issue of the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, Volume 15] The aim of this study was to concept test a novel instructional aid called Virtual Pathology Learning Resource (VPLR), which was used as a vehicle to communicate information, and enhance teaching and learning of basic sciences (Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology) to allied health science students at a South Australian university. Background: Pathology was traditionally taught using potted specimens to independently review macroscopic features of disease. However, this approach alone was found inadequate and ineffective. For one, the potted specimens were not easily accessible for all students. VPLR is a new teaching platform comprising of digitised human normal and human pathology specimens (histology, histopathology), patient case studies, short answer and critical thinking questions, and self-assessment quizzes. Using authentic learning theory as an educational approach, this learning resource was developed to enhance the teaching and learning of Pathology. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was used. A survey, administered at the conclusion of the course, gathered qualitative and quantitative data concerning the perceptions and experiences of the students about VPLR. The online tool SurveyMonkey was utilised so that students could respond anonymously to a web link that displayed the questionnaire. The effectiveness of the program and its perceived impact on students was assessed using a 18-item questionnaire seeking agreement or disagreement with statements about VPLR, and open-ended questions querying the best things about VPLR, benefits to be derived, and areas for improvement. Descriptive and frequency analyses were performed. Contribution: The VPLR approach involved rich learning situations, contextualised content, and facilitated greater understanding of disease concepts and problems. Findings: In a sample of 103 Medical Radiation students, 42% of students (N=43) responded to the post-intervention survey. The majority of students reported highly positive effects for each component of the VPLR. The overall results indicated that this tool was an effective strategy in teaching Pathology as it assisted students' gaining knowledge and developing professional imaging skills. Recommendations for Practitioners: As students found VLPR to be beneficial, it is recommended that the same approach be applied for teaching of Pathology to other allied health students, such as Nursing. Other universities might consider adopting this innovation for their courses. Recommendation for Researchers: Applying VPLR to other allied health science students will be undertaken next. This innovation will be appropriate for other health science students with particular emphasis on case-based or problem-based learning, and combined with clinical experiences. Impact on Society: In reshaping the way of teaching a science course, students are benefited by a greater depth of understanding of content, and increase motivation with study. These are important to keep students engaged and prepared for practice. VPLR may impact on education and technology trends so that continuous exploration and possibilities of initiatives are ongoing to help students be successful learners. Other impacts are the new forms of learning discovered, and the renewed focus on group work and collaboration and the use of technology in innovation. Future Research: Future directions of this research would be to conduct a follow-up of this cohort of students to determine if the impacts of the innovation were durable, that means the change in perceptions and behaviour are sustained over time.
Reports on the topic "Physiology and psycology analyses"
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Fait, Aaron, Grant Cramer, and Avichai Perl. Towards improved grape nutrition and defense: The regulation of stilbene metabolism under drought. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594398.bard.
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The goals of the present research proposal were to elucidate the physiological and molecular basis of the regulation of stilbene metabolism in grape, against the background of (i) grape metabolic network behavior in response to drought and of (ii) varietal diversity. The specific objectives included the study of the physiology of the response of different grape cultivars to continuous WD; the characterization of the differences and commonalities of gene network topology associated with WD in berry skin across varieties; the study of the metabolic response of developing berries to continuous WD with specific attention to the stilbene compounds; the integration analysis of the omics data generated; the study of isolated drought-associated stress factors on the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plantaand in vitro. Background to the topic Grape quality has a complex relationship with water input. Regulated water deficit (WD) is known to improve wine grapes by reducing the vine growth (without affecting fruit yield) and boosting sugar content (Keller et al. 2008). On the other hand, irregular rainfall during the summer can lead to drought-associated damage of fruit developmental process and alter fruit metabolism (Downey et al., 2006; Tarara et al., 2008; Chalmers et al., 792). In areas undergoing desertification, WD is associated with high temperatures. This WD/high temperature synergism can limit the areas of grape cultivation and can damage yields and fruit quality. Grapes and wine are the major source of stilbenes in human nutrition, and multiple stilbene-derived compounds, including isomers, polymers and glycosylated forms, have also been characterized in grapes (Jeandet et al., 2002; Halls and Yu, 2008). Heterologous expression of stilbenesynthase (STS) in a variety of plants has led to an enhanced resistance to pathogens, but in others the association has not been proven (Kobayashi et al., 2000; Soleas et al., 1995). Tomato transgenic plants harboring a grape STS had increased levels of resveratrol, ascorbate, and glutathione at the expense of the anthocyanin pathways (Giovinazzo et al. 2005), further emphasizing the intermingled relation among secondary metabolic pathways. Stilbenes are are induced in green and fleshy parts of the berries by biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chong et al., 2009). As is the case for other classes of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is not very well understood, but it is known to be under tight spatial and temporal control, which limits the availability of these compounds from plant sources. Only very few studies have attempted to analyze the effects of different environmental components on stilbene accumulation (Jeandet et al., 1995; Martinez-Ortega et al., 2000). Targeted analyses have generally shown higher levels of resveratrol in the grape skin (induced), in seeded varieties, in varieties of wine grapes, and in dark-skinned varieties (Gatto et al., 2008; summarized by Bavaresco et al., 2009). Yet, the effect of the grape variety and the rootstock on stilbene metabolism has not yet been thoroughly investigated (Bavaresco et al., 2009). The study identified a link between vine hydraulic behavior and physiology of stress with the leaf metabolism, which the PIs believe can eventually lead to the modifications identified in the developing berries that interested the polyphenol metabolism and its regulation during development and under stress. Implications are discussed below.
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Harman, Gary E., and Ilan Chet. Enhancement of plant disease resistance and productivity through use of root symbiotic fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695588.bard.
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The objectives of the project were to (a) compare effects ofT22 and T-203 on growth promotion and induced resistance of maize inbred line Mol7; (b) follow induced resistance of pathogenesis-related proteins through changes in gene expression with a root and foliar pathogen in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203 and (c) to follow changes in the proteome of Mol? over time in roots and leaves in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203. The research built changes in our concepts regarding the effects of Trichoderma on plants; we hypothesized that there would be major changes in the physiology of plants and these would be reflected in changes in the plant proteome as a consequence of root infection by Trichoderma spp. Further, Trichoderma spp. differ in their effects on plants and these changes are largely a consequence of the production of different elicitors of elicitor mixtures that are produced in the zone of communication that is established by root infection by Trichoderma spp. In this work, we demonstrated that both T22 and T-203 increase growth and induce resistance to pathogens in maize. In Israel, it was shown that a hydrophobin is critical for root colonization by Trichoderma strains, and that peptaibols and an expansin-like protein from Ttrichoderma probably act as elicitors of induced resistance in plants. Further, this fungus induces the jasmonate/ethylene pathway of disease resistance and a specific cucumber MAPK is required for transduction of the resistance signal. This is the first such gene known to be induced by fungal systems. In the USA, extensive proteomic analyses of maize demonstrated a number of proteins are differentially regulated by T. harzianum strain T22. The pattern of up-regulation strongly supports the contention that this fungus induces increases in plant disease resistance, respiratory rates and photosynthesis. These are all very consistent with the observations of effects of the fungus on plants in the greenhouse and field. In addition, the chitinolytic complex of maize was examined. The numbers of maize genes encoding these enzymes was increased about 3-fold and their locations on maize chromosomes determined by sequence identification in specific BAC libraries on the web. One of the chitinolytic enzymes was determined to be a heterodimer between a specific exochitinase and different endochitinases dependent upon tissue differences (shoot or root) and the presence or absence of T. harzianum. These heterodimers, which were discovered in this work, are very strongly antifungal, especially the one from shoots in the presence of the biocontrol fungus. Finally, RNA was isolated from plants at Cornell and sent to Israel for transcriptome assessment using Affymetrix chips (the chips became available for maize at the end of the project). The data was sent back to Cornell for bioinformatic analyses and found, in large sense, to be consistent with the proteomic data. The final assessment of this data is just now possible since the full annotation of the sequences in the maize Affy chips is just now available. This work is already being used to discover more effective strains of Trichoderma. It also is expected to elucidate how we may be able to manipulate and breed plants for greater disease resistance, enhanced growth and yield and similar goals. This will be possible since the changes in gene and protein expression that lead to better plant performance can be elucidated by following changes induced by Trichoderma strains. The work was in, some parts, collaborative but in others, most specifically transcriptome analyses, fully synergistic.
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Lers, Amnon, Majid R. Foolad, and Haya Friedman. genetic basis for postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600014.bard.
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ABSTRACT Postharvest losses of fresh produce are estimated globally to be around 30%. Reducing these losses is considered a major solution to ensure global food security. Storage at low temperatures is an efficient practice to prolong postharvest performance of crops with minimal negative impact on produce quality or human health and the environment. However, many fresh produce commodities are susceptible to chilling temperatures, and the application of cold storage is limited as it would cause physiological chilling injury (CI) leading to reduced produce quality. Further, the primary CI becomes a preferred site for pathogens leading to decay and massive produce losses. Thus, chilling sensitive crops should be stored at higher minimal temperatures, which curtails their marketing life and in some cases necessitates the use of other storage strategies. Development of new knowledge about the biological basis for chilling tolerance in fruits and vegetables should allow development of both new varieties more tolerant to cold, and more efficient postharvest storage treatments and storage conditions. In order to improve the agricultural performance of modern crop varieties, including tomato, there is great potential in introgression of marker-defined genomic regions from wild species onto the background of elite breeding lines. To exploit this potential for improving tomato fruit chilling tolerance during postharvest storage, we have used in this research a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the red-fruited tomato wild species SolanumpimpinellifoliumL. accession LA2093 and an advanced Solanum lycopersicumL. tomato breeding line NCEBR-1, developed in the laboratory of the US co-PI. The original specific objectives were: 1) Screening of RIL population resulting from the cross NCEBR1 X LA2093 for fruit chilling response during postharvest storage and estimation of its heritability; 2) Perform a transcriptopmic and bioinformatics analysis for the two parental lines following exposure to chilling storage. During the course of the project, we learned that we could measure greater differences in chilling responses among specific RILs compared to that observed between the two parental lines, and thus we decided not to perform transcriptomic analysis and instead invest our efforts more on characterization of the RILs. Performing the transcriptomic analysis for several RILs, which significantly differ in their chilling tolerance/sensitivity, at a later stage could result with more significant insights. The RIL population, (172 lines), was used in field experiment in which fruits were examined for chilling sensitivity by determining CI severity. Following the field experiments, including 4 harvest days and CI measurements, two extreme tails of the response distribution, each consisting of 11 RILs exhibiting either high sensitivity or tolerance to chilling stress, were identified and were further examined for chilling response in greenhouse experiments. Across the RILs, we found significant (P < 0.01) correlation between field and greenhouse grown plants in fruit CI. Two groups of 5 RILs, whose fruits exhibited reproducible chilling tolerant/sensitive phenotypes in both field and greenhouse experiments, were selected for further analyses. Numerous genetic, physiological, biochemical and molecular variations were investigated in response to postharvest chilling stress in the selected RILs. We confirmed the differential response of the parental lines of the RIL population to chilling stress, and examined the extent of variation in the RIL population in response to chilling treatment. We determined parameters which would be useful for further characterization of chilling response in the RIL population. These included chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm, water loss, total non-enzymatic potential of antioxidant activity, ascorbate and proline content, and expression of LeCBF1 gene, known to be associated with cold acclimation. These parameters could be used in continuation studies for the identification and genetic mapping of loci contributing to chilling tolerance in this population, and identifying genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance in tomato. Once genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance are identified, the trait could be transferred to different genetic background via marker-assisted selection (MAS) and breeding. The collaborative research established in this program has resulted in new information and insights in this area of research and the collaboration will be continued to obtain further insights into the genetic, molecular biology and physiology of postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. The US Co-PI, developed the RIL population that was used for screening and measurement of the relevant chilling stress responses and conducted statistical analyses of the data. Because we were not able to grow the RIL population under field conditions in two successive generations, we could not estimate heritability of response to chilling temperatures. However, we plan to continue the research, grow the RIL progeny in the field again, and determine heritability of chilling tolerance in a near future. The IS and US investigators interacted regularly and plan to continue and expand on this study, since combing the expertise of the Co-PI in genetics and breeding with that of the PI in postharvest physiology and molecular biology will have great impact on this line of research, given the significant findings of this one-year feasibility project.
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Heifetz, Yael, and Michael Bender. Success and failure in insect fertilization and reproduction - the role of the female accessory glands. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695586.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The research problem. Understanding of insect reproduction has been critical to the design of insect pest control strategies including disruptions of mate-finding, courtship and sperm transfer by male insects. It is well known that males transfer proteins to females during mating that profoundly affect female reproductive physiology, but little is known about the molecular basis of female mating response and no attempts have yet been made to interfere with female post-mating responses that directly bear on the efficacy of fertilization. The female reproductive tract provides a crucial environment for the events of fertilization yet thus far those events and the role of the female tract in influencing them are poorly understood. For this project, we have chosen to focus on the lower reproductive tract because it is the site of two processes critical to reproduction: sperm management (storage, maintenance, and release from storage) and fertilization. E,fforts during this project period centered on the elucidation of mating responses in the female lower reproductive tract The central goals of this project were: 1. To identify mating-responsive genes in the female lower reproductive tract using DNA microarray technology. 2. In parallel, to identify mating-responsive genes in these tissues using proteomic assays (2D gels and LC-MS/MS techniques). 3. To integrate proteomic and genomic analyses of reproductive tract gene expression to identify significant genes for functional analysis. Our main achievements were: 1. Identification of mating-responsive genes in the female lower reproductive tract. We identified 539 mating-responsive genes using genomic and proteomic approaches. This analysis revealed a shift from gene silencing to gene activation soon after mating and a peak in differential gene expression at 6 hours post-mating. In addition, comparison of the two datasets revealed an expression pattern consistent with the model that important reproductive proteins are pre-programmed for synthesis prior to mating. This work was published in Mack et al. (2006). Validation experiments using real-time PCR techniques suggest that microarray assays provide a conservativestimate of the true transcriptional activity in reproductive tissues. 2.lntegration of proteomics and genomics data sets. We compared the expression profiles from DNA microarray data with the proteins identified in our proteomic experiments. Although comparing the two data sets poses analyical challenges, it provides a more complete view of gene expression as well as insights into how specific genes may be regulated. This work was published in Mack et al. (2006). 3. Development of primary reproductive tract cell cultures. We developed primary cell cultures of dispersed reproductive tract cell types and determined conditions for organ culture of the entire reproductive tract. This work will allow us to rapidly screen mating-responsive genes for a variety of reproductive-tract specifi c functions. Scientific and agricultural significance. Together, these studies have defined the genetic response to mating in a part of the female reproductive tract that is critical for successful fertllization and have identified alarge set of mating-responsive genes. This work is the first to combine both genomic and proteomic approaches in determining female mating response in these tissues and has provided important insights into insect reproductive behavior.
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Sherman, Amir, Rebecca Grumet, Ron Ophir, Nurit Katzir, and Yiqun Weng. Whole genome approach for genetic analysis in cucumber: Fruit size as a test case. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594399.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The Cucurbitaceae family includes a broad array of economically and nutritionally important crop species that are consumed as vegetables, staple starches and desserts. Fruit of these species, and types within species, exhibit extensive diversity as evidenced by variation in size, shape, color, flavor, and others. Fruit size and shape are critical quality determinants that delineate uses and market classes and are key traits under selection in breeding programs. However, the underlying genetic bases for variation in fruit size remain to be determined. A few species the Cucurbitaceae family were sequenced during the time of this project (cucumber was already sequenced when the project started watermelon and melon sequence became available during the project) but functional genomic tools are still missing. This research program had three major goals: 1. Develop whole genome cucumber and melon SNP arrays. 2. Develop and characterize cucumber populations segregating for fruit size. 3. Combine genomic tools, segregating populations, and phenotypic characterization to identify loci associated with fruit size. As suggested by the reviewers the work concentrated mostly in cucumber and not both in cucumber and melon. In order to develop a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array for cucumber, available and newly generated sequence from two cucumber cultivars with extreme differences in shape and size, pickling GY14 and Chinese long 9930, were analyzed for variation (SNPs). A large set of high quality SNPs was discovered between the two parents of the RILs population (GY14 and 9930) and used to design a custom SNP array with 35000 SNPs using Agilent technology. The array was validated using 9930, Gy14 and F1 progeny of the two parents. Several mapping populations were developed for linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fruit size These includes 145 F3 families and 150 recombinant inbred line (RILs F7 or F8 (Gy14 X 9930) and third population contained 450 F2 plants from a cross between Gy14 and a wild plant from India. The main population that was used in this study is the RILs population of Gy14 X 9930. Phenotypic and morphological analyses of 9930, Gy14, and their segregating F2 and RIL progeny indicated that several, likely independent, factors influence cucumber fruit size and shape, including factors that act both pre-anthesis and post-pollination. These include: amount, rate, duration, and plane of cell division pre- and post-anthesis and orientation of cell expansion. Analysis of F2 and RIL progeny indicated that factors influencing fruit length were largely determined pre-anthesis, while fruit diameter was more strongly influenced by environment and growth factors post-anthesis. These results suggest involvement of multiple genetically segregating factors expected to map independently onto the cucumber genome. Using the SNP array and the phenotypic data two major QTLs for fruit size of cucumber were mapped in very high accuracy (around 300 Kb) with large set of markers that should facilitate identification and cloning of major genes that contribute to fruit size in cucumber. In addition, a highly accurate haplotype map of all RILS was created to allow fine mapping of other traits segregating in this population. A detailed cucumber genetic map with 6000 markers was also established (currently the most detailed genetic map of cucumber). The integration of genetics physiology and genomic approaches in this project yielded new major infrastructure tools that can be used for understanding fruit size and many other traits of importance in cucumber. The SNP array and genetic population with an ultra-fine map can be used for future breeding efforts, high resolution mapping and cloning of traits of interest that segregate in this population. The genetic map that was developed can be used for other breeding efforts in other populations. The study of fruit development that was done during this project will be important in dissecting function of genes that that contribute to the fruit size QTLs. The SNP array can be used as tool for mapping different traits in cucumber. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote genetic improvement of cucumber and related cucurbits.
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.