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Journal articles on the topic 'Physiological transport'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

LACHENMYER, JUDI. "Physiological Aspects of Transport." International Anesthesiology Clinics 25, no. 2 (1987): 15–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004311-198702520-00004.

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2

Hansford, Richard G. "Physiological role of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport." Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 26, no. 5 (October 1994): 495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00762734.

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3

Fromm, Robert E., and R. Philip Dellinger. "Transport of Critically Ill Patients." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 7, no. 5 (September 1992): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088506669200700503.

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Critically ill patients are transported within and between hospitals on a regular basis; thus, transport of the critically ill is a component of most intensivists-practice. The motivation for these transports lies in obtaining diagnostic or therapeutic services not available at the bedside (intrahospital transport) or not available in the sending institution (interhospital transport). Deterioration in respiratory, cardiovascular, and other physiological systems is a potential complication of any patient transport. Using appropriate equipment and personnel and planning for each transport can minimize these complications and ensure optimal benefit to the patient.
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4

Bailey, Vickie, Kristi Cagle, Deborah Kurtz, Hala Chaaban, Dee Wu, Patricia Williams, and Edgardo Szyld. "Modern Neonatal Transport: Sound and Vibration Levels and Their Impact on Physiological Stability." American Journal of Perinatology 36, no. 04 (August 15, 2018): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1668171.

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Objective To measure sound and vibration in rotary wing air transport (RWAT) and ground ambulance transport (GAT), comparing them to current recommendations, and correlating them with physiological stability measures in transported neonates. Study Design This is a prospective cohort observational study including infants ≤ 7 days of age transported over an 8-month period. Infants with neurologic conditions were excluded. Sound and vibration was continuously measured during transport. Transport Risk Index of Physiologic Stability (TRIPS) scores were calculated from vital signs as a proxy for physiological stability. Results In total, 118 newborns were enrolled, of whom 109 were analyzed: 67 in RWAT and 42 in GAT. Peak sound levels ranged from 80.4 to 86.4 dBA in RWAT and from 70.3 to 71.6 dBA in GAT. Whole-body vibration ranged from 1.68 to 5.09 m/s2 in RWAT and from 1.82 to 3.96 m/s2 in GAT. Interval TRIPS scores for each infant were not significantly different despite excessive sound and vibration. Conclusion Noise levels during neonatal transport exceed published recommendations for both RWAT and GAT and are higher in RWAT. Transported infants are exposed to vibration levels exceeding acceptable adult standards. Despite excessive noise and vibration, levels of physiological stability remained stable after transport in both RWAT and GAT groups.
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5

Gunter, T. E., K. K. Gunter, S. S. Sheu, and C. E. Gavin. "Mitochondrial calcium transport: physiological and pathological relevance." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 267, no. 2 (August 1, 1994): C313—C339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1994.267.2.c313.

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Since the initiation of work on mitochondrial Ca2+ transport in the early 1960s, the relationship between experimental observations and physiological function has often seemed enigmatic. Why, for example, should an organelle dedicated to the crucial task of producing approximately 95% of the cell's ATP sequester Ca2+, sometimes in preference to phosphorylating ADP? Why should there be two separate efflux mechanisms, the Na+ independent and the Na+ dependent, both thought until recently to be driven exclusively either directly or indirectly by the energy of the pH gradient? Does intramitochondrial free Ca2+ concentration control metabolism? Is there evidence for any separate function of the mitochondrial Ca2+ transport mechanisms under pathological conditions? What is the relationship between mitochondrial Ca2+ transport, the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, and irreversible cell damage under pathological conditions? First, we review what is known about control of metabolism, evidence for a role for intramitochondrial Ca2+ in control of metabolism, the cellular conditions under which mitochondria are exposed to Ca2+, characteristics of the mitochondrial Ca2+ transport mechanisms including the permeability transition, and evidence for and against mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in vivo. Then the questions listed above and others are addressed from the perspective of the characteristics of the mechanisms of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport.
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6

Herrera-Valdez, Marco Arieli. "A thermodynamic description for physiological transmembrane transport." F1000Research 7 (May 19, 2021): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16169.3.

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A general formulation for both passive and active transmembrane transport is derived from basic thermodynamical principles. The derivation takes into account the energy required for the motion of molecules across membranes and includes the possibility of modeling asymmetric flow. Transmembrane currents can then be described by the general model in the case of electrogenic flow. As it is desirable in new models, it is possible to derive other well-known expressions for transmembrane currents as particular cases of the general formulation. For instance, the conductance-based formulation for current turns out to be a linear approximation of the general formula for current. Also, under suitable assumptions, other formulas for current based on electrodiffusion, like the constant field approximation by Goldman, can be recovered from the general formulation. The applicability of the general formulations is illustrated first with fits to existing data, and after, with models of transmembrane potential dynamics for pacemaking cardiocytes and neurons. The general formulations presented here provide a common ground for the biophysical study of physiological phenomena that depend on transmembrane transport.
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7

Herrera-Valdez, Marco Arieli. "A thermodynamic description for physiological transmembrane transport." F1000Research 7 (September 14, 2018): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16169.1.

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A generic formulation for both passive and active transmembrane transport is derived from basic thermodynamical principles. The derivation takes into account the energy required for the motion of molecules across membranes, and includes the possibility of modeling asymmetric flow. Transmembrane currents can then be described by the generic model in the case of electrogenic flow. As it is desirable in new models, it is possible to derive other well known expressions for transmembrane currents as particular cases of the generic formulation. For instance, the conductance-based formulation for current turns out to be a linear approximation of the generic current. Also, under suitable assumptions, other formulas for current based on electrodiffusion, like the constant field approximation by Goldman, can also be recovered from the generic formulation. The applicability of the generic formulations is illustrated first with fits to existing data, and after, with models of transmembrane potential dynamics for pacemaking cardiocytes and neurons. The generic formulations presented here provide a common ground for the biophysical study of physiological phenomena that depend on transmembrane transport.
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8

Herrera-Valdez, Marco Arieli. "A thermodynamic description for physiological transmembrane transport." F1000Research 7 (November 21, 2018): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16169.2.

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A general formulation for both passive and active transmembrane transport is derived from basic thermodynamical principles. The derivation takes into account the energy required for the motion of molecules across membranes, and includes the possibility of modeling asymmetric flow. Transmembrane currents can then be described by the general model in the case of electrogenic flow. As it is desirable in new models, it is possible to derive other well known expressions for transmembrane currents as particular cases of the general formulation. For instance, the conductance-based formulation for current turns out to be a linear approximation of the general formula for current. Also, under suitable assumptions, other formulas for current based on electrodiffusion, like the constant field approximation by Goldman, can also be recovered from the general formulation. The applicability of the general formulations is illustrated first with fits to existing data, and after, with models of transmembrane potential dynamics for pacemaking cardiocytes and neurons. The general formulations presented here provide a common ground for the biophysical study of physiological phenomena that depend on transmembrane transport.
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9

Hediger, M. A., and T. C. Welbourne. "Introduction: Glutamate transport, metabolism, and physiological responses." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 277, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): F477—F480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1999.277.4.f477.

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The material covered in this set of articles was originally presented at Experimental Biology ’98, in San Francisco, CA, on April 20, 1998. Here, the participants recount important elements of current research on the role of glutamate transporter activity in cellular signaling, metabolism, and organ function. W. A. Fairman and S. G. Amara discuss the five subtypes of human excitatory amino acid transporters, with emphasis on the EAAT4 subtype. M. A. Hediger discusses the expression and action of EAAC1 subtype of the human excitatory amino acid transporter. I. Nissim provides an overview of the significant role of pH in regulating Gln/Glu metabolism in the kidney, liver, and brain. J. D. McGivan and B. Nicholson describe some characteristics of glutamate transport regulation with regard to a specific experimental model of the bovine renal epithelial cell line NBL-1. Finally, T. C. Welbourne and J. C. Matthews introduce the “functional unit” concept of glutamate transport and how this relates to both glutamine metabolism and paracellular permeability.
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10

DENTON, RICHARD M., and JAMES G. McCORMACK. "Physiological role of Ca2+ transport by mitochondria." Nature 315, no. 6021 (June 1985): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/315635a0.

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11

Duck, Kari A., and James R. Connor. "Iron uptake and transport across physiological barriers." BioMetals 29, no. 4 (July 25, 2016): 573–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-016-9952-2.

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12

Fazio, E., P. Medica, C. Cravana, E. Giacoppo, and A. Ferlazzo. "Physiological variables of horses after road transport." Animal 3, no. 9 (2009): 1313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1751731109004777.

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13

Bassingthwaighte, J. B., F. P. Chinard, C. Crone, C. A. Goresky, N. A. Lassen, R. S. Reneman, and K. L. Zierler. "Terminology for mass transport and exchange." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 250, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): H539—H545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1986.250.4.h539.

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Virtually all fields of physiological research now encompass various aspects of solute transport by convection, diffusion, and permeation across membranes. Accordingly, this set of terms, symbols, definitions, and units is proposed as a means of clear communication among workers in the physiological, engineering, and physical sciences. The goal is to provide a setting for quantitative descriptions of physiological transport phenomena.
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14

Waniewski, Jacek. "Physiological Interpretation of Solute Transport Parameters for Peritoneal Dialysis." Journal of Theoretical Medicine 3, no. 3 (2001): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10273660108833073.

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A mathematical model for solute distribution within the tissue due to combined processes of diffusion and convective transport through the tissue, through the capillary wall, and by lymphatic absorption, during the exchange of the solute between an organ and external medium is applied for the description of the transport of small, middle and macro — molecules. The analytical solutions of the transport equations for the steady state are described. A parameter that characterizes the concentration profiles, the penetration depth, for combined diffusive and convective transport through the tissue is described as a function of the penetration depths for pure diffusive and pure convective transport components. The equation for the solute transport across the tissue surface is similar to a phenomenological formula widely used for the description of clinical and experimental peritoneal dwell studies. The phenomenological transport parameters may therefore be interpreted using the local transport coefficients for the tissue, the capillary wall, and lymphatic absorption. Theoretical estimations of those parameters are in good agreement with clinical data about solute transport in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
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15

Lin, Chen, Zhen Zhang, Tao Wang, Chen Chen, and Y. James Kang. "Copper uptake by DMT1: a compensatory mechanism for CTR1 deficiency in human umbilical vein endothelial cells." Metallomics 7, no. 8 (2015): 1285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5mt00097a.

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Under physiological condition, CTR1 predominantly transports copper across cell membrane; when extracellular copper concentrations increase, CTR1 decreases and DMT1 compensates for the loss of CTR1 to transport copper into HUVECs.
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16

Byers, T. L., and A. E. Pegg. "Properties and physiological function of the polyamine transport system." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 257, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): C545—C553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1989.257.3.c545.

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Polyamine transport was examined in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells because of the unique potential these cells hold for utilizing genetic approaches to study the mechanisms of polyamine transport, its regulation, and its function. Parental (control) CHO cells were shown to contain a polyamine transport system with characteristics consistent with polyamine-uptake properties described in other cell types. Polyamines appear to cross the plasma membrane via an energy-requiring transport system specific for putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and their analogues. A mutant line, CHOMG, selected for resistance to the toxicity of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), was shown to lack a functional polyamine transport system. CHOMG cells provided the negative controls necessary to examine the role of polyamine transport in maintenance of intracellular polyamine levels and in the regulation of the polyamine metabolic enzymes. It was found that the repression of ornithine decarboxylase activity by polyamines and the induction of spermidine/spermine-N1 acetyltransferase by polyamine analogues including bis(ethyl)spermine derivatives required the presence of a functional polyamine transport system. The CHO-CHOMG model was also shown to provide a means for establishing the importance of the polyamine transport system in the toxicity of polyamine analogues. The inability of alpha-difluoromethylornithine-treated CHOMG cells to utilize extracellular polyamines to replenish depleted intracellular polyamine levels suggested a means by which polyamine transport-positive cells may be identified. Such a selection procedure will permit the use of CHOMG cells in the isolation of genes encoding proteins involved in polyamine transport.
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17

Komeda, Takafumi, Hisashi Naito, Takeshi Matsumoto, and Masao Tanaka. "P-06 TRANSPORT MODEL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES IN CORTICAL BONE THROUGH POROUS CANAL NETWORK." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2007.3 (2007): S94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2007.3.s94.

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18

Mariana de Paula, Maria Gisele dos Santos, and Richard B. Kreider. "Cycling and the physiological effects." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 15, no. 2 (August 30, 2023): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2023.15.2.0346.

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Cycling is a physical activity that has been practiced for a long time in Brazil and in the world since the appearance of the vehicle called the bicycle, and since the mid-nineteenth century, people have already noticed some remnants of the benefits that pedaling could offer to man. At the beginning of the history of the bicycle it was used for various purposes related to the means of transport and, over time, it was recognized as a physical activity and even as a sport. The term cycling as “the art of pedaling” and “the sport of bicycle racing”, because initially shortly after its creation, the bicycle was considered a means of transport of noble refinement that was restricted to the male figure. Over time, women were conquering their space and overcoming prejudices about their participation in the modality.
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19

Challen, Kirsty, and Darren Walter. "Physiological Scoring: An Aid to Emergency Medical Services Transport Decisions?" Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, no. 4 (August 2010): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008268.

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AbstractIntroduction:Attendance at UK emergency departments is rising steadily despite the proliferation of alternative unscheduled care providers. Evidence is mixed on the willingness of emergency medical services (EMS) providers to decline to transport patients and the safety of incorporating such an option into EMS provision. Physiologically based Early Warning Scores are in use in many hospitals and emergency departments, but not yet have been proven to be of benefit in the prehospital arena.Hypothesis:The use of a physiological-social scoring system could safely identify patients calling EMS who might be diverted from the emergency department to an alternative, unscheduled, care provider.Methods:This was a retrospective, cohort study of patients with a presenting complaint of “shortness of breath” or “difficulty breathing” transported to the emergency department by EMS. Retrospective calculation of a physiologicalsocial score (PMEWS) based on first recorded data from EMS records was performed. Outcome measures of hospital admission and need for physiologically stabilizing treatment in the emergency department also were performed.Results:A total of 215 records were analyzed. One hundred thirty-nine (65%) patients were admitted from the emergency department or received physiologically stabilizing treatment in the emergency department. Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC) for hospital admission was 0.697 and for admission or physiologically stabilizing treatment was 0.710. No patient scoring <2 was admitted or received stabilizing treatment.Conclusions:Despite significant over-triage, this system could have diverted 79 patients safely from the emergency department to alternative, unscheduled, care providers.
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20

Chaichotjinda, Krittiya, Marut Chantra, and Uthen Pandee. "Assessment of interhospital transport care for pediatric patients." Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics 63, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2019.00024.

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Background: Many critically ill patients require transfer to a higher-level hospital for complex medical care. Despite the publication of the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for pediatric interhospital transportation services and the establishment of many pediatric transport programs, adverse events during pediatric transport still occur.Purpose: To determine the incidence of adverse events occurring during pediatric transport and explore their complications and risk factors.Methods: This prospective observational study explored the adverse events that occurred during the interhospital transport of all pediatric patients referred to the pediatric intensive care unit of Ramathibodi Hospital between March 2016 and June 2017.Results: There were 122 pediatric transports to the unit. Adverse events occurred in 25 cases (22%). Physiologic deterioration occurred in 15 patients (60%). Most issues (11 events) involved circulatory problems causing patient hypotension and poor tissue perfusion requiring fluid resuscitation or inotropic administration on arrival at the unit. Respiratory complications were the second most common cause (4 events). Equipmentrelated adverse events occurred in 5 patients (20%). The common causes were accidental extubation and endotracheal tube displacement. Five patients had both physiologic deterioration and equipment-related adverse events. Regarding transport personnel, the group without complications more often had a physician escort than the group with complications (92% vs. 76%; relative risk, 2.4; <i>P</i>=0.028).Conclusion: The incidence of adverse events occurring during the transport of critically ill pediatric patients was 22%. Most events involved physiological deterioration. Escort personnel maybe the key to preventing and appropriately monitoring complications occurring during transport.
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21

Oikawa, M., and Y. Maeda. "Physiological responses induced by transport in thoroughbred racehorses." Japanese Journal of Large Animal Clinics 2, no. 4 (2011): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4190/jjlac.2.205.

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22

Maathuis, FJM, D. Verlin, F. A. Smith, D. Sanders, J. A. Fernandez, and N. A. Walker. "The Physiological Relevance of Na+-Coupled K+-Transport." Plant Physiology 112, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 1609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.4.1609.

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23

Leviel, Vincent. "The reverse transport of DA, what physiological significance?" Neurochemistry International 38, no. 2 (February 2001): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-0186(00)00076-0.

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24

Lash, Lawrence H. "Mitochondrial glutathione transport: Physiological, pathological and toxicological implications." Chemico-Biological Interactions 163, no. 1-2 (October 2006): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2006.03.001.

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25

NACZ, K. "Carnitine: transport and physiological functions in the brain." Molecular Aspects of Medicine 25, no. 5-6 (December 2004): 551–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2004.06.001.

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26

Hayashi, M., T. Sakai, Y. Hasegawa, T. Nishikawahara, H. Tomioka, A. Iida, N. Shimizu, M. Tomita, and S. Awazu. "Physiological mechanism for enhancement of paracellular drug transport." Journal of Controlled Release 62, no. 1-2 (November 1999): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00031-0.

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27

Awasthi, Yogesh C., Pankaj Chaudhary, Rit Vatsyayan, Abha Sharma, Sanjay Awasthi, and Rajendra Sharma. "Physiological and Pharmacological Significance of Glutathione-Conjugate Transport." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 12, no. 7 (November 30, 2009): 540–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10937400903358975.

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28

Harrington, Gregory N., Katherine E. Dibley, Raymond J. Ritchie, Christina E. Offler, and John W. Patrick. "Hexose uptake by developing cotyledons of Vicia faba: physiological evidence for transporters of differing affinities and specificities." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 11 (2005): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05081.

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Cotyledons of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) develop in an apoplasmic environment that shifts in composition from one dominated by hexoses to one dominated by sucrose. During the latter phase of development, sucrose / H+ symporter activity and expression is restricted to cotyledon epidermal transfer cell complexes that support sucrose fluxes that are 8.5-fold higher than those exhibited by the storage parenchyma. In contrast, the flux difference between these cotyledon tissues is only 1.7-fold for hexoses. Glucose and fructose uptake was shown to be sensitive to PCMBS and phloridzin, both of which slow H+-sugar transport. A low Km (or high affinity transporter, HAT) mechanism transports glucose and glucose-analogues exclusively. No HAT system for fructose could be found. A high Km (low affinity transporter, LAT) mechanism transports a broader range of hexoses, including glucose and fructose. Consistent with glucose and fructose transport being H+-coupled, their uptake was inhibited by dissipating the proton motive force (pmf) by treating cotyledons with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenol hydrazone, propionic acid or tetraphenylphosphonium ion. Erythrosin B inhibited hexose uptake, indicating a role for the P-type H+-ATPase in establishing the pmf. It is concluded that H+-coupled glucose and fructose transport mechanisms occur at plasma membranes of dermal transfer cell complexes and storage parenchyma cells. These transport mechanisms are active during pre- and storage phases of cotyledon development. However, hexose symport only makes a quantitative contribution to cotyledon biomass gain during the pre-storage stage of development.
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29

Miller, Anthony G., George S. Espie, and David T. Canvin. "Physiological aspects of CO2 and HCO3− transport by cyanobacteria: a review." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 1291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-165.

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Cyanobacteria grown at air levels of CO2, or lower, have a very high photosynthetic affinity for CO2. For ceils grown in carbon-limited chemostats at pH 9.6, the K0.5 (CO2) for whole cell CO2 fixation is about 3 nM. This is in spite of a K0.5 (CO2) for cyanobacterial ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase of about 200 μM. It is now clear that cyanobacteria can photosynthesize at very low CO2 concentrations because they raise the CO2 concentration dramatically around the carboxylase. This rise in the intracellular CO2 concentration involves the active transport of HCO3− and CO2, perhaps by separate transport systems. The transport of HCO3− often requires millimolar levels of Na+, and this provides a ready means of initiating HCO3− transport. The active transport of CO2 requires only micromolar levels of Na+. In the rather dense cell suspensions used in transport studies the extent of CO2 uptake is often limited by the rate at which CO2 can be formed from the HCO3− in the medium. The addition of carbonic anhydrase relieves this kinetic limitation on CO2 transport. The active transport of CO2 can be selectively inhibited by the structural analog carbon oxysulfide (COS). When HCO3− transport is allowed in the presence of COS there is a substantial net leakage of CO2 from the cells. This leaked CO2 results from the intracellular dehydration of the accumulated HCO3−. This CO2 is normally scavenged by the active CO2 pump. If cells are allowed to transport H13C18O18O18O− for 5 s and if CO2 transport is suddenly quenched by the addition of COS, then a rapid leakage of 13C16O16O occurs. If the rapidly released CO2 was actually present in the cells before the addition of the COS, then the intracellular CO2 concentration would have been about 0.6 mM. Not only is this a high concentration, but since the leaked CO2 was completely depleted of the initial 18O, it must have been in rapid equilibrium with the total dissolved inorganic carbon within the cells. Cells grown on high levels of inorganic carbon, either as CO2 or HCO3−, lack the active HCO3− system but still retain a capacity, albeit reduced, for CO2 transport. Cyanobacteria seem to adjust their complement of inorganic carbon transport systems so that the K0.5 for transport is close to the inorganic carbon concentration of the growth medium.
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30

Muto, Shigeaki. "Physiological roles of claudins in kidney tubule paracellular transport." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 312, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): F9—F24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00204.2016.

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The paracellular pathways in renal tubular epithelia such as the proximal tubules, which reabsorb the largest fraction of filtered solutes and water and are leaky epithelia, are important routes for transepithelial transport of solutes and water. Movement occurs passively via an extracellular route through the tight junction between cells. The characteristics of paracellular transport vary among different nephron segments with leaky or tighter epithelia. Claudins expressed at tight junctions form pores and barriers for paracellular transport. Claudins are from a multigene family, comprising at least 27 members in mammals. Multiple claudins are expressed at tight junctions of individual nephron segments in a nephron segment-specific manner. Over the last decade, there have been advances in our understanding of the structure and functions of claudins. This paper is a review of our current knowledge of claudins, with special emphasis on their physiological roles in proximal tubule paracellular solute and water transport.
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31

Pasquadibisceglie, Andrea, Maria Carmela Bonaccorsi di Patti, Giovanni Musci, and Fabio Polticelli. "Membrane Transporters Involved in Iron Trafficking: Physiological and Pathological Aspects." Biomolecules 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13081172.

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Iron is an essential transition metal for its involvement in several crucial biological functions, the most notable being oxygen storage and transport. Due to its high reactivity and potential toxicity, intracellular and extracellular iron levels must be tightly regulated. This is achieved through transport systems that mediate cellular uptake and efflux both at the level of the plasma membrane and on the membranes of lysosomes, endosomes and mitochondria. Among these transport systems, the key players are ferroportin, the only known transporter mediating iron efflux from cells; DMT1, ZIP8 and ZIP14, which on the contrary, mediate iron influx into the cytoplasm, acting on the plasma membrane and on the membranes of lysosomes and endosomes; and mitoferrin, involved in iron transport into the mitochondria for heme synthesis and Fe-S cluster assembly. The focus of this review is to provide an updated view of the physiological role of these membrane proteins and of the pathologies that arise from defects of these transport systems.
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32

Beyenbach, K. W., D. H. Petzel, and W. H. Cliff. "Renal proximal tubule of flounder. I. Physiological properties." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 250, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): R608—R615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1986.250.4.r608.

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The proximal segment of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, was investigated. Isolated tubules net secrete fluid, although at low rates, 37 pl X min-1 X mm-1. The dominant ions in secreted fluid are Na and Cl, with [Cl] significantly higher than in the bath. Mg and SO4 concentrations in secreted fluid are more than 10-fold greater than in the bath. The transepithelial voltage (-1.9 mV) and resistance (26 omega X cm2) indicate an electrically leaky epithelium, and transepithelial diffusion potentials suggest the Na selectivity of the paracellular pathway. Transepithelial electrochemical potentials point to active transport of Mg, SO4, and probably also Cl and to transepithelial equilibrium of Na. Failure to observe any secretory transport in tubules perfused in vitro at the commonly used perfusion rates illustrates the necessity of low, preferably subnanoliter, perfusion rates in detecting and studying low-capacity epithelial transport systems by the method of Burg.
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33

Katz, Abram. "Modulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle by reactive oxygen species." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 4 (April 2007): 1671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01066.2006.

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Glucose transport is an essential physiological process that is characteristic of all eukaryotic cells, including skeletal muscle. In skeletal muscle, glucose transport is mediated by the GLUT-4 protein under conditions of increased carbohydrate utilization. The three major physiological stimuli of glucose transport in muscle are insulin, exercise/contraction, and hypoxia. Here, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in modulating glucose transport in skeletal muscle is reviewed. Convincing evidence for ROS involvement in insulin- and hypoxia-mediated transport in muscle is lacking. Recent experiments, based on pharmacological and genetic approaches, support a role for ROS in contraction-mediated glucose transport. During contraction, endogenously produced ROS appear to mediate their effects on glucose transport via AMP-activated protein kinase.
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34

Bageshwar, Umesh K., and Siegfried M. Musser. "Two electrical potential–dependent steps are required for transport by the Escherichia coli Tat machinery." Journal of Cell Biology 179, no. 1 (October 1, 2007): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200702082.

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The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway in Escherichia coli transports fully folded and assembled proteins across the energy-transducing periplasmic membrane. In chloroplasts, Tat transport requires energy input only from the proton motive force. To elucidate the mechanism and energetics of bacterial Tat protein transport, we developed an efficient in vitro transport assay using TatABC-enriched inverted membrane vesicles and the physiological precursor pre-SufI. We report transport efficiencies of 60–80% for nanomolar pre-SufI concentrations. Dissipation of the pH gradient does not reduce pre-SufI transport efficiency. Instead, pre-SufI transport requires at least two electrical potential (Δψ)–dependent steps that differ in both the duration and minimum magnitude of the required Δψ. The data are consistent with a model in which a substantial Δψ of short duration is required for an early transport step, and in which a small Δψ of long duration is necessary to drive a later transport step.
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35

Sadaf, Hina, and Iqra Shahzadi. "Physiological transport of Rabinowitsch fluid model with convective conditions." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 126 (July 2021): 105365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105365.

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36

Ponomarev, V. M., O. S. Sachkova, and A. M. Koroleva. "Physiological factors of labor of conductors of railway transport." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 9 (March 19, 2020): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-722-723.

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37

Solovyova, Lyubov P., Andrei L. Kryazhev, Tamara V. Kalysh, and Valery I. Zamuravkin. "Physiological characteristics of hemostasis in piglets after long transport." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700165.

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Platelets and the clotting system are very sensitive to different harmful environmental impacts. It is noticed that when the action quickly formed hemostasiogram, worsening blood flow in the arterioles and capillaries, which weakens the nutrition and respiration of tissues. Violations of the activity level of hemostasis have a serious economic importance, as it can cause great economic damage by slowing down the processes of growth of productive animals. For this reason, great importance is the reaction of the hemostatic system in piglets is very common for them unfavorable factor of the environment – transportation. It occurs when they are transported from breeding farms in different pig farms. Due to the fact that this situation is very common – it creates a need for additional clarification of aspects of the activity changes of parameters of hemostasis that affect perfusion of the organs. It is found that in the case of transport stress in piglets occurs strengthening of the functions of platelets and clotting of blood on the background of decreased activity of fibrinolysis. The emerging situation is the reaction of piglets to the adverse impact from the medium high intensity. As a result of these conditions they are activation of hemostasis and increase the risk of pathology of internal organs.
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38

Ciofalo, M., M. W. Collins, and T. R. Hennessy. "Modelling nanoscale fluid dynamics and transport in physiological flows." Medical Engineering & Physics 18, no. 6 (September 1996): 437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4533(95)00081-x.

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39

Lobyreva, L. B., M. V. Kokoeva, and V. K. Plakunov. "Physiological role of tyrosine transport systems in Halobacterium salinarium." Archives of Microbiology 162, no. 1-2 (July 1994): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00264385.

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40

Lobyreva, L. B., M. V. Kokoeva, and V. K. Plakunov. "Physiological role of tyrosine transport systems in Halobacterium salinarium." Archives of Microbiology 162, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1994): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050113.

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41

Terasaki, Tetsuya, and Sumio Ohtsuki. "Physiological pharmacokinetics and membrane transport for drug delivery research." International Congress Series 1284 (September 2005): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2005.06.070.

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42

Flessner, M. F. "Peritoneal transport physiology: insights from basic research." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2, no. 2 (August 1991): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v22122.

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Clinical uses of the peritoneal cavity, such as i.p. chemotherapy or peritoneal dialysis, depend on underlying physiological mechanisms of transport between the blood and the peritoneal cavity. Clinical models of peritoneal transport have focused on an idealized "peritoneal membrane." However, such a membrane does not physically exist. Transport actually occurs between the peritoneal cavity and blood which is contained in discrete capillaries distributed in the tissue interstitium surrounding the cavity. To integrate the properties of the capillaries and the interstitium, the "distributed model" approach couples pore theory, which simulates transendothelial transport, with diffusion and convection within the tissue space. The distributed theory can explain why the peritoneal membrane, when compared with the artificial kidney, appears tight to urea but leaky to protein. The additional resistance to urea transport has been attributed to "unstirred layers" adjacent to the peritoneal membrane. These can now be defined physiologically by examining diffusion in the tissue space. Absolute rates of convection into and out of the cavity cannot yet be accurately predicted, but the physiological forces can be specified. Net "ultrafiltration" during dialysis results from not only high osmotic pressure in the peritoneal dialysate but also from a small but significant hydrostatic pressure which drives convection in the opposite direction. Recent implications from protein absorption studies that lymphatics are the cause of the decrease in net ultrafiltration are only partly true. Analysis of data from the tissue space has shown that the deposition of protein occurs from the cavity into the tissue interstitium with a slow uptake into lymphatics.
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43

Cramer, Stuart, Mark Beveridge, Michael Kilberg, and Donald Novak. "Physiological importance of system A-mediated amino acid transport to rat fetal development." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 282, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): C153—C160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.2002.282.1.c153.

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Fetal growth and development are dependent on the delivery of amino acids from maternal amino acid pools to the fetal blood. This is accomplished via transfer across the apical and basal plasma membrane of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. The aim of this study was to determine whether inhibition of system A (amino acid transporter) was associated with a decrease in fetal weight in the rat. System A is a ubiquitous Na+-dependent amino acid transporter that actively transports small zwitterionic amino acids. In brief, system A was inhibited by infusing a nonmetabolizable synthetic amino acid analog, 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid from days 7–20 of gestation. On day 20, the rats were killed and tissues (maternal liver, fetuses, and placentas) were collected for analysis. The degree of system A inhibition was determined, as was the impact of said inhibition on fetal and maternal weights, system A-mediated placental transport, and placental system A-mediated transporter expression. Our results suggest that when system A is inhibited, fetal weight is diminished [control group: −3.55 ± 0.04 g ( n = 113), experimental group: −3.29 ± 0.04 g ( n = 128)], implying an integral role for system A transport in fetal growth and development in the rat.
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44

Sviridov, O. V. "Proteins binding the thyroid hormones and their physiological role." Problems of Endocrinology 40, no. 6 (December 15, 1994): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl12197.

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Steroid and thyroid hormones exert a regulatory effect on a whole range of physiological processes that form the basis of the normal development and functioning of the body. In the channel of human blood, from 96 to 99.9% of the total masses of cortisol, progesterone, thyroxine and triiodothyronine circulate in the form of complexes with hormone-binding transport proteins. The free hormone" hypothesis assigns to these transport proteins the passive function of maintaining a stationary pool of biologically active unbound hormones due to the rapid dissociation of complexes in response to the needs of target tissues. Recent studies have revealed the active role of transport proteins and their receptors on the surface of cell membranes in the interaction of steroid and thyroid hormones with competent tissues. The structural aspects of the biological activity of complexes of corticosteroid-binding and sex steroid-binding globulins with natural ligands are described in detail in a review article. This literature review is devoted to the description of the physicochemical properties and biomedical characteristics of a multicomponent system of proteins that bind thyroid hormones in human blood plasma. Particular attention is paid to the physiological significance of these proteins in the framework of the hypothesis of free hormones and in the light of their recently discovered specific transport functions.
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45

Li, Shuang, Yihu Yang, and Weikai Li. "Human ferroportin mediates proton-coupled active transport of iron." Blood Advances 4, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 4758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001864.

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Abstract As the sole iron exporter in humans, ferroportin controls systemic iron homeostasis through exporting iron into the blood plasma. The molecular mechanism of how ferroportin exports iron under various physiological settings remains unclear. Here we found that purified ferroportin incorporated into liposomes preferentially transports Fe2+ and exhibits lower affinities of transporting other divalent metal ions. The iron transport by ferroportin is facilitated by downhill proton gradients at the same direction. Human ferroportin is also capable of transporting protons, and this activity is tightly coupled to the iron transport. Remarkably, ferroportin can conduct active transport uphill against the iron gradient, with favorable charge potential providing the driving force. Targeted mutagenesis suggests that the iron translocation site is located at the pore region of human ferroportin. Together, our studies enhance the mechanistic understanding by which human ferroportin transports iron and suggest that a combination of electrochemical gradients regulates iron export.
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46

SKAER, H. LE B., J. B. HARRISON, and S. H. P. MADDRELL. "Physiological and structural maturation of a polarised epithelium: the Malpighian tubules of a blood-sucking insect, Rhodnius prolixus." Journal of Cell Science 96, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.96.3.537.

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The development of polarity in a simple epithelium, the Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius, is analysed both ultrastructurally and physiologically. The onset of physiological function, including fluid secretion and the transport of solutes, is determined in late embryos and young hatchling insects and compared with structural development in tubules over a similar period. Two phases of maturation, separated by several days, are detected. The first, during late embryogenesis, involves the development of mature intercellular contacts and the dilation of the lumen, and is associated with the ability to transport specific solutes. The second phase involves the elaboration of the apical and basal membranes and the generation of mitochondria, and is associated with the onset of fluid transport in the tubules and with feeding in 4-day-old hatchlings.
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47

Glombikova, Viera, and Petra Komarkova. "The Efficiency of Non-Flammable Functional Underwear." Autex Research Journal 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aut-2014-0018.

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Abstract This study evaluates the efficiency of non-flammable functional underwear used as a secondary heat barrier in extreme conditions. Five groups of knitted fabrics were analysed for flame resistance and selected physiological properties (water vapour permeability, air permeability, thermal resistance and liquid moisture transport by moisture management transport). The results indicated similar levels of flame resistance for the materials tested but show important differences in terms of physiological characteristics, namely liquid moisture transport, which influences the safety and comfort of protective clothing.
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48

Blaustein, Mordecai P., and W. Jonathan Lederer. "Sodium/Calcium Exchange: Its Physiological Implications." Physiological Reviews 79, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 763–854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1999.79.3.763.

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The Na+/Ca2+exchanger, an ion transport protein, is expressed in the plasma membrane (PM) of virtually all animal cells. It extrudes Ca2+in parallel with the PM ATP-driven Ca2+pump. As a reversible transporter, it also mediates Ca2+entry in parallel with various ion channels. The energy for net Ca2+transport by the Na+/Ca2+exchanger and its direction depend on the Na+, Ca2+, and K+gradients across the PM, the membrane potential, and the transport stoichiometry. In most cells, three Na+are exchanged for one Ca2+. In vertebrate photoreceptors, some neurons, and certain other cells, K+is transported in the same direction as Ca2+, with a coupling ratio of four Na+to one Ca2+plus one K+. The exchanger kinetics are affected by nontransported Ca2+, Na+, protons, ATP, and diverse other modulators. Five genes that code for the exchangers have been identified in mammals: three in the Na+/Ca2+exchanger family ( NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3) and two in the Na+/Ca2+plus K+family ( NCKX1 and NCKX2). Genes homologous to NCX1 have been identified in frog, squid, lobster, and Drosophila. In mammals, alternatively spliced variants of NCX1 have been identified; dominant expression of these variants is cell type specific, which suggests that the variations are involved in targeting and/or functional differences. In cardiac myocytes, and probably other cell types, the exchanger serves a housekeeping role by maintaining a low intracellular Ca2+concentration; its possible role in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling is controversial. Cellular increases in Na+concentration lead to increases in Ca2+concentration mediated by the Na+/Ca2+exchanger; this is important in the therapeutic action of cardiotonic steroids like digitalis. Similarly, alterations of Na+and Ca2+apparently modulate basolateral K+conductance in some epithelia, signaling in some special sense organs (e.g., photoreceptors and olfactory receptors) and Ca2+-dependent secretion in neurons and in many secretory cells. The juxtaposition of PM and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum membranes may permit the PM Na+/Ca2+exchanger to regulate sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+stores and influence cellular Ca2+signaling.
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49

Kehres, David G., Anuradha Janakiraman, James M. Slauch, and Michael E. Maguire. "SitABCD Is the Alkaline Mn2+ Transporter of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 12 (June 15, 2002): 3159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.12.3159-3166.2002.

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ABSTRACT MntH, a bacterial homolog of the mammalian natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1), is a primary Mn2+ transporter of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli. S. enterica serovar Typhimurium MntH expression is important for full virulence; however, strains carrying an mntH deletion are only partially attenuated and display no obvious signs of Mn2+ deficiency. We noted that promoter sequences for mntH and for the putative Fe2+ transporter sitABCD appeared to have the same regulatory element responsive to Mn2+ and so hypothesized that sitABCD could transport Mn2+ with high affinity. We have now characterized transport by SitABCD in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium using 54Mn2+ and 55Fe2+ and compared its properties to those of MntH. SitABCD mediates the influx of Mn2+ with an apparent affinity (Ka ) identical to that of MntH, 0.1 μM. It also transports Fe2+ but with a Ka 30 to 100 times lower, 3 to 10 μM. Inhibition of 54Mn2+ transport by Fe2+ and of 55Fe2+ transport by Mn2+ gave inhibition constants comparable to each cation's Ka for influx. Since micromolar concentrations of free Fe2+ are improbable in a biological system, we conclude that SitABCD functions physiologically as a Mn2+ transporter. The cation inhibition profiles of SitABCD and MntH are surprisingly similar for two structurally and energetically unrelated transporters, with a Cd2+ Ki of ≈1 μM and a Co2+ Ki of ≈20 μM and with Ni2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ inhibiting both transporters only at concentrations of >0.1 mM. The one difference is that Zn2+ exhibits potent inhibition of SitABCD (Ki = 1 to 3 μM) but inhibits MntH weakly (Ki > 50 μM). We have previously shown that MntH transports Mn2+ most effectively under acidic conditions. In sharp contrast, SitABCD has almost no transport capacity at acid pHs and optimally transports Mn2+ at slightly alkaline pHs. Overall, coupled with evidence that each transporter is multiply but distinctly regulated at the transcriptional level, the distinct transport properties of MntH versus SitABCD suggest that each transporter may be specialized for Mn2+ uptake in different physiological environments.
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50

Portela, Rubén, Rodolfo Barreiro, and Sergio R. Roiloa. "Effects of resource sharing directionality on physiologically integrated clones of the invasive Carpobrotus edulis." Journal of Plant Ecology 14, no. 5 (April 20, 2021): 884–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtab040.

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Abstract Aims One of the key traits associated with clonal growth in plants is the capacity for physiological integration, which allows resource sharing between connected ramets within a clonal system. Resource transport is expected to occur following a source–sink relationship: from ramets established in rich patches to ramets growing in poor patches. However, some experiments have shown that acropetal transport (from basal to apical modules) usually exceeds basipetal transport (from apical to basal ramets). In this study, we aimed to determine the resource transport directionality in physiologically integrated modules of the invader Carpobrotus edulis. Methods We conducted two manipulative experiments under common garden conditions that studied the effect of different nutrient levels located at different positions (basal, medial and apical) on connected and disconnected clonal systems of C. edulis. We compared the biomass partitioning patterns and final biomass of ramets to elucidate whether the effect of physiological integration is affected by the directionality of the resource transport. Important Findings Results indicate a prevalent acropetal transport of resources in C. edulis, with a developmentally programmed division of labor where basal ramets were specialized in obtaining soil-based resources and apical ramets specialized in aboveground growth. This biomass partitioning pattern was not affected by the nutrient conditions in which basal or apical ramets were growing, although the highest benefit was achieved by apical ramets growing under the most stressed conditions. This developmentally programmed division of labor is expected to increase the lateral growth of C. edulis, and therefore could have meaningful implications for the expansion of this invasive species.
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