Journal articles on the topic 'Physiological stresse'
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Liu, Yan, Dongfeng Ji, Robert Turgeon, Jine Chen, Tianbao Lin, Jing Huang, Jie Luo, Yan Zhu, Cankui Zhang, and Zhiqiang Lv. "Physiological and Proteomic Responses of Mulberry Trees (Morus alba. L.) to Combined Salt and Drought Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102486.
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Intensive investigations have been conducted on the effect of sole drought or salinity stress on the growth of plants. However, there is relatively little knowledge on how plants, particularly woody species, respond to a combination of these two stresses although these stresses can simultaneously occur in the field. In this study, mulberry, an economically important resource for traditional medicine, and the sole food of domesticated silkworms was subjected to a combination of salt and drought stress and analyzed by physiological methods and TMT-based proteomics. Stressed mulberry exhibited significant alteration in physiological parameters, including root/shoot ratio, chlorophyll fluorescence, total carbon, and ion reallocation. A total of 577 and 270 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified from the stressed leaves and roots, respectively. Through KEGG analysis, these DEPs were assigned to multiple pathways, including carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, redox, secondary metabolism, and hormone metabolism. Among these pathways, the sucrose related metabolic pathway was distinctly enriched in both stressed leaves and roots, indicating an important contribution in mulberry under stress condition. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of the adaptive mechanism of mulberry in response to salt and drought stress, which will facilitate further studies on innovations in terms of crop performance.
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Xie, Lijuan, Hua Zhang, and Deying Li. "Physiological responses of garden roses to hot and humid conditions." Horticultural Science 46, No. 1 (March 29, 2019): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/200/2017-hortsci.
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Garden roses do not grow well under hot and humid conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological responses of ‘Marie Curie’ and ‘Lapjau’ to high temperatures and relative humidity. The study included temperatures of 25/18°C (day/night) and 35/28°C (day/night), and relative humidity of 70% and 100%. ‘Marie Curie’ was more tolerant to heat stress than ‘Lapjau’ based on relative electrolyte leakage (REL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD). The heat tolerance of cultivars also was confirmed by the levels of chlorophyll content and the net photosynthesis rate. Both cultivars were more stressed under more water vapour deficit than saturated vapour at 35/28°C (day/night), while at 25/18°C (day/night) the cultivars were more stressed under saturated humidity condition than at 70% relative humidity. In conclusion, combined hot and saturated humidity does not necessarily result in increased stress over separated heat or humidity elevations to the garden roses. Rose growers can use this information in regions where hot and humid conditions concur.
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Ranjan, Alok, Kumari Archana, and Sanjay Ranjan. "Gossypium Herbaceum Ghcyp1 Regulates Water-Use Efficiency and Drought Tolerance by Modulating Stomatal Activity and Photosynthesis in Transgenic Tobacco." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 3 (September 25, 2017): 869–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2520.
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ABSTRACT: The cyclophilins genes are induced by abiotic stresses, yet their detailed function in drought and salinity remain largely unclear and need to be elaborately validated.Expression of cyclophilin was drastically induced under droughtconditions in Gossypiumherbaceum L. suggesting its stress-responsive function. In an attempt to characterize the role of G.herbacuemcyclophilingene GhCYP1, we overexpressed the GhCYP1 in tobaccousing Agrobacteriummediated transformationand explored its possible involvement in drought and salt stress tolerance.The transgenic plantsover expressing GhCYP1 exhibited tolerance against drought stress as evidenced by leaf disc assay, estimation of chlorophylland proline content along with various physiological parameters such as stomatal conductance, rate of photosynthesis and water use efficiency.The drought stressed transgenic tobaccoplants exhibited higher proline content in leaf ( 1.84 µ mol-g fw) and root (2.02µ mol-g fw ),while a reverse trend was observed in the drought stressed wild type plants, implicating the involvement of GhCYP1 in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Thedetail physiological, biochemical and molecular analysis results demonstrate the implicit role of GhCYP1 in conferring multiple abiotic stress tolerance at whole-plant level.
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Todorova, Dessislava, Zornitsa Katerova, Ljudmila Dimitrova, and Iskren Sergiev. "Involvement of Polyamines in Physiological Reactions of Herbicide-treated Wheat Seedlings Subjected to Drought and Waterlogging Stress." Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 75, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2022.06.17.
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Polyamines are plant growth regulators, which take part in plant growth and development, as well as in the physiological responses to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. Drought and waterlogging are environmental stress factors that disturb normal plant growth. In our study, we determined the content of polyamines spermine, spermidine, and putrescine in young wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Sadovo-1) pretreated with herbicide Serrate® (Syngenta) and subjected for 7 days to drought or waterlogging. We found that when applied alone the herbicide caused some decrease in polyamine levels but it was not substantial as compared to drought and waterlogging stresses. Obvious reduction of polyamine content was caused by both stress factors when applied alone or in combination with the herbicide. The decrease was more significant in drought-stressed seedlings than in waterlogged. When plants were transferred to normal irrigation regime the polyamine concentrations in drought-stressed plants tended to increase. The waterlogging stress continued to reduce polyamine content even during the recovery period. These data correlate with the growth parameters (fresh weight, height of shoots) indicating the involvement of polyamines in the physiological responses of herbicide-primed wheat seedlings under stress conditions.
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Mastouri, Fatemeh, Thomas Björkman, and Gary E. Harman. "Seed Treatment with Trichoderma harzianum Alleviates Biotic, Abiotic, and Physiological Stresses in Germinating Seeds and Seedlings." Phytopathology® 100, no. 11 (November 2010): 1213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-10-0091.
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Trichoderma spp. are endophytic plant symbionts that are widely used as seed treatments to control diseases and to enhance plant growth and yield. Although some recent work has been published on their abilities to alleviate abiotic stresses, specific knowledge of mechanisms, abilities to control multiple plant stress factors, their effects on seed and seedlings is lacking. We examined the effects of seed treatment with T. harzianum strain T22 on germination of seed exposed to biotic stress (seed and seedling disease caused by Pythium ultimum) and abiotic stresses (osmotic, salinity, chilling, or heat stress). We also evaluated the ability of the beneficial fungus to overcome physiological stress (poor seed quality induced by seed aging). If seed were not under any of the stresses noted above, T22 generally had little effect upon seedling performance. However, under stress, treated seed germinated consistently faster and more uniformly than untreated seeds whether the stress was osmotic, salt, or suboptimal temperatures. The consistent response to varying stresses suggests a common mechanism through which the plant–fungus association enhances tolerance to a wide range of abiotic stresses as well as biotic stress. A common factor that negatively affects plants under these stress conditions is accumulation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), and we tested the hypothesis that T22 reduced damages resulting from accumulation of ROS in stressed plants. Treatment of seeds reduced accumulation of lipid peroxides in seedlings under osmotic stress or in aged seeds. In addition, we showed that the effect of exogenous application of an antioxidant, glutathione, or application of T22, resulted in a similar positive effect on seed germination under osmotic stress or in aged seed. This evidence supports the model that T. harzianum strain T22 increases seedling vigor and ameliorates stress by inducing physiological protection in plants against oxidative damage.
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Yu, Xiaxia, Wenjin Zhang, Yu Zhang, Xiaojia Zhang, Duoyong Lang, and Xinhui Zhang. "The roles of methyl jasmonate to stress in plants." Functional Plant Biology 46, no. 3 (2019): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp18106.
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Plants are constantly exposed to various stresses, which can degrade their health. The stresses can be alleviated by the application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), which is a hormone involved in plant signalling. MeJA induces synthesis of defensive compounds and initiates the expression of pathogenesis-related genes involved in systemic acquired resistance and local resistance. Thus, MeJA may be used against pathogens, salt stress, drought stress, low temperature, heavy metal stress and toxicities of other elements. The application of MeJA improves growth, induces the accumulation of active compounds, and affects endogenous hormones levels, and other physiological and biochemical characteristics in stressed plants. Furthermore, MeJA antagonises the adverse effects of osmotic stress by regulating inorganic penetrating ions or organic penetrants to suppress the absorption of toxic ions. MeJA also mitigates oxidative stress by activating antioxidant systems to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in stressed plants. For these reasons, we reviewed the use of exogenous MeJA in alleviating biotic (pathogens and insects) and abiotic stresses in plants.
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Jogaiah, Satisha, Sahadeo D. Ramteke, Jagdev Sharma, and Ajay Kumar Upadhyay. "Moisture and Salinity Stress Induced Changes in Biochemical Constituents and Water Relations of Different Grape Rootstock Cultivars." International Journal of Agronomy 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/789087.
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Ten grape rootstocks were subjected to moisture and salinity stress in two separate experiments. The influence of these stresses on gas exchange, water relation, and biochemical parameters was monitored at various stages of stress cycle. Both stresses indicated significant changes in the physiological and biochemical parameters studied. Some biochemical constituents increased by several folds in few rootstock cultivars which also recorded increased osmotic potential suggesting their role in osmotic adjustment. Some of the rootstock cultivars such as 110R, 1103P, 99R, Dogridge, and B2/56 recorded increased phenolic compounds under stressed conditions. The same rootstock also recorded increased water use efficiency. The increased accumulation of phenolic compounds in these cultivars may indicate the possible role of phenolic compounds as antioxidants for scavenging the reactive oxygen species generated during abiotic stresses thus maintaining normal physiological and biochemical process in leaves of resistant cultivars.
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Kozlowski, T. T. "Tree Growth in Response to Environmental Stresses." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 11, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1985.023.
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Shade trees are subjected to a wide variety of environmental stresses which decrease growth and cause injury and mortality. Although trees often are classed as either stressed or unstressed, all trees are periodically stressed by unfavorable environmental conditions above or below ground, and often both. Exposure of trees to some stresses also predispose them to the effects of other stresses. Healthy trees require adequate supplies and balances of carbohydrates, growth regulating hormones, water, and minerals. Environmental stresses, alone or in combination, reduce tree growth by setting in motion a series of complex physiological events leading to deficiencies of these essential substances. Explaining growth reduction of stressed trees by correlating growth with a single physiological process such as photosynthesis oversimplifies the causal events involved. Examples are given of some of the mechanisms by which drought, high and low temperature, mineral deficiency or excess, and environmental pollutants reduce growth and injure shade trees. Arborists can make important contributions in selecting appropriate species, adequately preparing planting sites, and imposing cultural practices that will minimize exposure of trees to stress factors.
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Cui, Y., and Q. Wang. "Physiological responses of maize to elemental sulphur and cadmium stress." Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 11 (November 17, 2011): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3542-pse.
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The physiological response to application of elemental sulphur (S) and cadmium (Cd) of maize (Zea mays L.) grown for 60 days in pot soil was studied. The S was added into the soil with 2 rates (0 and 50 mmol/kg) and Cd was added in solution in 4 rates (0, 20, 50, 100 mg/kg). All the S and Cd were added before planting. Shoot biomass decreased with the application of Cd to the soil whether S was applied or not. The application of S and Cd to soil led to an increasing accumulation of Cd in the shoots of maize. The concentration of chlorophyll was reduced significantly in Cd-treated plants with or without supplementary S. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased significantly in treatments with S and Cd, compared to the control. The activity of peroxidases (POD) was increased but catalase (CAT) was decreased in plants treated with Cd, again with or without S, in comparison with control. POD and CAT activities decreased in all the Cd treated plants with S, as compared to the plants without S. The results suggest that Cd reduces the crop growth, concentration of chlorophyll and activity of CAT, but increases the content of MDA and activity of POD. S supplies decrease the content of MDA, activities of POD and CAT, as compared to zero S supplies at the same rate of Cd application.
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Berges, John A., and Chang Jae Choi. "Cell death in algae: physiological processes and relationships with stress." Perspectives in Phycology 1, no. 2 (November 10, 2014): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pip/2014/0013.
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Kant, Medelin, Julie Angle, William M. Hammond, and Henry D. Adams. "Stressed about Drought Stress." American Biology Teacher 82, no. 8 (October 2020): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2020.82.8.553.
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Climate change is causing widespread forest mortality due to intensified drought conditions. In light of a dynamically changing planet, understanding when forest die-off will occur is vital in predicting forest response to future climate trends. The Environmental Ecology Lab studies plant physiological response to drought stress to determine the lethal level of drought for pinyon pine. This drought research inspired this high school biology lesson, which addresses the NGSS Performance Expectation HS-LS4-6. Students engage in a climate change discussion regarding the devastation of California wildfires. Ongoing research in the lab is then introduced, leading students to design their own drought experiment using radish plants. Students determine an effective drought detector as a solution to mitigate human-induced climate change. Experimental data are statistically tested using R, to determine the effectiveness of drought detectors. To place their observations in a global context, students research the NASA Global Climate Change website to provide evidence to support their claim of human-induced climate change and relate this to a reduction in biodiversity. In a final presentation, groups share their most effective physiological measurement and propose potential applications of drought detection in mitigating adverse impacts of climate change.
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Lagos, Leah M. "The Physiologically Gifted Child." Biofeedback 41, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-41.2.06.
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The Physiologically Gifted Child model proposes that sensitive children can turn their vulnerability to stress into strength through physiological training. When the child's sensitivity is viewed as a physiologically modifiable trait, the child is less likely to engage in self-blame and more likely to engage in self-care strategies to manage emotions. The author emphasizes that cardiovascular reactivity is significantly higher in a child with physiological giftedness. Because the physiologically gifted child is wired to react more intensely to stress, he or she is unlikely to be able to reduce sensitivity without addressing its physiological origin. The author proposes biofeedback and self-care activities as methods to reduce a physiologically gifted child's vulnerability to stress while simultaneously allowing the child to benefit from his or her extraordinary gifts of feeling and perceiving. A description of a physiologically gifted child and optimal performance strategies illustrate this concept.
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Ahmad, A., and P. Sija. "The morphological and physiological studies Gorontalo local upland rice treated with drought and shade stresses." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 911, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/911/1/012004.
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Abstract Crop growth and production are strongly affected by abiotic and biotic stresses. Survival rate frequently been used to evaluate rice drought tolerance with a low survival rate of rice plants undergoing drought stress leading to low yields. The aim of this research was to obtain Gorontalo local upland rice variants that are tolerant against drought and shade stresses by considering the morphological and physiological characteristics. The research was conducted in Bulotada Barat Village, Sipatana District, Gorontalo, from January to August 2017. Employing the randomized block design with three replications, the research consisted of two treatment factors. The first factor is the accession, which consists of two tolerant accessions; two moderately tolerant accessions, two drought-sensitive accessions, and two shade-sensitive accessions. The second factor pertains to the drought and shade stresses which consist of drought + 25% shade stress, drought + 50% shade stress, and a control. Irrigation in the drought control specimen was given until inundation reached 1.5 cm. In a drought-stressed situation, irrigation was given when the groundwater reached -30 to -35.9 kPa. The Ponda Merah accessions were the accessions that were tolerant against drought and shade stresses. The morphological characteristics of Gorontalo local upland rice that showed tolerance against drought and shade stresses were longer roots (33.20 cm), heavier dry weight (38.82 gr), a thinner leaf (186,56 cm2.g-1), and a higher yield (4,90 gr.cluster−1). The physiological characteristic of the Gorontalo local upland rice that showed tolerance against drought and shade stresses was the sugar content (0,73 g.g-1) which was higher than the other treatment.
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Fernandez, Rodney T., Ronald L. Perry, and James A. Flore. "PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF YOUNG APPLE TREES ON 3 ROOTSTOCKS TO DROUGHT STRESS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 573a—573. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.573a.
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`Imperial Gala' on M.9 EMLA, MM.111 and Mark rootstocks were planted in a rain exclusion shelter. Two drought stress periods lasting approximately 1 month each were imposed during 1991. Water was supplied at 2 liters per day per tree before and after each drought cycle while water was withheld from half of the trees during the drought stresses. Maximal and variable chlorophyll fluorescence and fluorescence quenching were significantly reduced by the drought stress with M.111 generally affected first and with the largest difference between drought and control followed by Mark and then M.9. Leaf and stomatal conductance, assimilation and transpiration usually occurred first and were lowest for M.9 followed by Mark and then M.111 during the first stress cycle while Mark responded more rapidly and to a greater extent than M.9 and M.111 during the second stress. Water potential was lower for the stressed trees during both stress periods but osmotic and turgor potentials were reduced only during the first stress period. Changes in water relations were noticed first and to a greater extent for Mark followed by M.9 with M.111 exhibiting the least sensitivity and differences.
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Abbott, Judith A., A. Raymond Miller, and T. Austin Campbell. "Detection of Mechanical Injury and Physiological Breakdown of Cucumbers Using Delayed Light Emission." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 1 (January 1991): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.1.52.
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Mechanical stress received by pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) during harvest can cause physiological degeneration of the placental tissues, rendering the cucumbers unsuitable for use in some pickled products. Cucumbers were subjected to controlled stresses by dropping and rolling under weights to induce such degeneration. Following storage at various temperatures for O, 24, and 48 hours, refreshed delayed light emission from chlorophyll (RDLE) was measured and transmission electron micrographs of chloroplasts were made. Mechanical stress rapidly suppressed RDLE and induced accumulation of starch granules within the chloroplasts. Rolling usually had a greater effect on RDLE than did dropping. After 48 hours, RDLE suppression persisted; starch granules were no longer evident in chloroplasts from mechanically stressed fruit, but very electron-dense inclusions had developed in the chloroplasts. Storage temperatures affected RDLE levels but had minimal interaction with stress responses. Cucumber lots subjected to excessive mechanical stress likely could be detected using RDLE measurement.
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Yuan, Xiaolong, Jing An, Tao Zheng, and Wenjian Liu. "Exogenous melatonin improves salt tolerance mainly by regulating the antioxidant system in cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme." PeerJ 10 (November 29, 2022): e14479. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14479.
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Melatonin is a multifunctional nontoxic bio-stimulant or signaling molecule, generally distributing in different animal and plant organs for invigorating numerous physiological processes against abiotic stresses. In this study, we investigated the potential impact of melatonin on the cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme when exposed to salt stress according to some biochemical and physiological parameters, such as relative electrolyte leakage, PSII activity, and photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, phycocyanobilin, and phycoerythrobilin. We found that melatonin could also maintain K+ homeostasis in salt-stressed N. flagelliforme. These above results confirmed melatonin had multiple functions in hyperosmotic stress and ion stress caused by salinity. Notably, we observed melatonin could regulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal and distinctly decrease the content of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion in salt-stressed cells, which were largely attributed to the increased antioxidant enzymes activities including catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Finally, qRT-PCR analysis showed that melatonin stimulated the expression of antioxidant genes (NfCAT, NfSOD, and NfGR). In general, our findings demonstrate melatonin has beneficial effects on N. flagelliforme under salt stress by intensively regulating antioxidant system.
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Moriles, Janet, Stephanie Hansen, David P. Horvath, Graig Reicks, David E. Clay, and Sharon A. Clay. "Microarray and Growth Analyses Identify Differences and Similarities of Early Corn Response to Weeds, Shade, and Nitrogen Stress." Weed Science 60, no. 2 (June 2012): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00090.1.
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Weed interference with crop growth is often attributed to water, nutrient, or light competition; however, specific physiological responses to these stresses are not well described. This study's objective was to compare growth, yield, and gene expression responses of corn to nitrogen (N), low light (40% shade), and weed stresses. Corn vegetative parameters from V2 to V12 stages, yield parameters, and gene expression using transcriptome (2008) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (2008/09) analyses at V8 were compared among the stresses and with nonstressed corn. N stress did not affect vegetative parameters, although grain yield was reduced by 40% compared with nonstressed plants. Shade, present until V2, reduced biomass and leaf area > 50% at V2, and recovering plants remained smaller than nonstressed plants at V12. However, grain yields of shade-stressed and nonstressed plants were similar, unless shade remained until V8. Weed stress reduced corn growth and yield in 2008 when weeds remained until V6. In 2009, weed stress until V2 reduced corn vegetative growth, but yield reductions occurred only if weed stress remained until V6 or later. Principle component analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated that shade and weed stress had more similar gene expression patterns to each other than they did to nonstressed or N-stressed tissues. However, corn grown in N-stressed conditions shared 252 differentially expressed genes with weed-stressed plants. Ontologies associated with light/photosynthesis, energy conversion, and signaling were down-regulated in response to all three stresses. Shade and weed stress clustered most tightly together, based on gene expression, but shared only three ontologies, O-METHYLTRANSFERASE activity (lignification processes), POLY(U)-BINDING activity (posttranscriptional gene regulation), and stomatal movement. Based on morphologic and genomic observations, weed stress to corn was not explained by individual effects of N or light stress. Therefore, we hypothesize that these stresses share limited signaling mechanisms.
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Biareh, Vahideh, Farid Shekari, Saeed Sayfzadeh, Hamidreza Zakerin, Esmaeil Hadidi, José Gil Teixeira Beltrão, and Andrea Mastinu. "Physiological and Qualitative Response of Cucurbita pepo L. to Salicylic Acid under Controlled Water Stress Conditions." Horticulturae 8, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8010079.
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Limited water stress is one of the most important environmental stresses that affect the growth, quantity and quality of agronomic crops. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of foliar applied salicylic acid (SA) on physiological responses, antioxidant enzymes and qualitative traits of Cucurbita pepo L. Plants exposed to water-stressed conditions in two years of field studies. Irrigation regimes at three soil matric potential levels (−0.3, −1.2 and −1.8 MPa) and SA at four levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L) were considered as main plot and sub-plots, respectively. The soil matric potential values (MPa) was measured just before irrigation. Results showed that under water stressed conditions alone, the amounts of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ion leakage were higher compared with control treatment. However, spraying of SA under both water stress and non-stress conditions reduced the values of the above parameters. Water stress increased CAT, APX and GR enzymes activity. However foliar application of SA led to the decrease of CAT, APX and GR under all soil matric potential levels. The amount of carbohydrates and fatty acids increased with the intensity of water stress and SA modulated this response. By increasing SA concentration both in optimum and stress conditions, saturated fatty acids content decreased. According to our data, the SA application is an effective approach to improve pumpkin growth under water stress conditions.
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Nahar, Lutfun, Murat Aycan, Shigeru Hanamata, Marouane Baslam, and Toshiaki Mitsui. "Impact of Single and Combined Salinity and High-Temperature Stresses on Agro-Physiological, Biochemical, and Transcriptional Responses in Rice and Stress-Release." Plants 11, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11040501.
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Here, for the first time, we aimed to identify in rice the key mechanisms and processes underlying tolerance to high-temperature (HT) or salt stress (SS) alone, the co-occurrence of both stresses, and recovery using physiological and biochemical measurements and gene expression analysis. We also investigated whether recovery from the two stressors depended on the relative intensities/relief of each stressor. Wild type (‘Yukinkomai’) rice plants were found to be more susceptible to salinity or heat applied individually. SS leads to a depletion of cellular water content, higher accumulation of Na+, and alterations in photosynthetic pigments. The stress-tolerant cultivar ‘YNU31-2-4’ (YNU) displayed a lower Na+/K+ ratio, higher water content in cells and improved photosynthetic traits, antioxidant system, and expression of defence genes. Strikingly, the SS + HT combination provided a significant level of protection to rice plants from the effects of SS alone. The expression pattern of a selected set of genes showed a specific response and dedicated pathways in plants subjected to each of the different stresses, while other genes were explicitly activated when the stresses were combined. Aquaporin genes were activated by SS, while stress-related (P5CS, MSD1, HSPs, and ions transporters) genes were shaped by HT. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analyses showed that several traits exhibited a gradually aggravating effect as plants were exposed to the combined stresses and identified heat as a mitigating factor, clearly separating heat + salt-stressed from salt-non-heat-stressed plants. Furthermore, seedling recovery was far more dependent on the relative intensities of stressors and cultivars, demonstrating the influence of one stressor over another upon stress-release. Taken together, our data show the uniqueness and complexity of the physiological and molecular network modules used by rice plants to respond to single and combined stresses and recovery.
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Hao, C., R. Fan, X. Zhang, L. Wang, W. Chen, and Z. Chen. "Physiological response of Monimopetalum chinense to light stress under habitat fragmentation." Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 12 (December 16, 2010): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/41/2009-pse.
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To determine the effect of light stress under fragmental habitat on the physiology, this paper investigated the physiological responses of Monimopetalum chinense with different light intensities in the Xianyu Mountains (Anhui, China). The study showed that both weak and intense light brought about by habitat fragmentation could improve antioxidant enzymes activities, and promote electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content of M. chinense leaves. However, too strong light could inhibit photosynthesis rates, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities. In addition, the characteristics of leaves were affected by light intensity at the fragmental habitat. Specifically, intense light was disadvantageous to photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes of the species. Our results suggest that the biodiversity conservation of M. chinense is necessary, and that light intensity should be considered carefully when implementing conservation efforts.
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Zulfiqar, Faisal, Jianjun Chen, Patrick M. Finnegan, Muhammad Nafees, Adnan Younis, Narmeen Shaukat, Nadeem Latif, et al. "Foliar Application of Trehalose or 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Improves Photosynthesis and Biomass Production in Drought Stressed Alpinia zerumbet." Agriculture 11, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100908.
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Alpinia zerumbet is an important medicinal and ornamental plant species. Drought stress is a major concern for sustainable horticulture crop production under changing climate scenarios. Trehalose (Tre) and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) are osmoprotectants that play important roles in mitigating plant stresses. In this study, the effects of foliar application of 25 mM Tre or 10 mg L−1 ALA on biochemical and physiological parameters of A. zerumbet seedlings and their growth were evaluated under well-watered and drought-stressed (65% of field capacity) conditions. Drought caused reductions in physiological parameters and plant growth. These decreases were accompanied by increases in leaf free proline and glycine betaine concentrations and peroxidase activities. Foliar application of Tre or ALA remediated physiological and biochemical parameters and plant growth. Overall, foliar application of ALA or Tre proved to be beneficial for mitigating drought stress in A. zerumbet.
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Sultan, M. A. R. F., L. Hui, L. J. Yang, and Z. H. Xian. "Assessment of drought tolerance of some Triticum L. species through physiological indices." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 48, No. 4 (October 31, 2012): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/21/2012-cjgpb.
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Wheat is one of the most important crops in the world. Its yield is greatly influenced by global climate change and scarcity of water in the arid and semi-arid areas of the world. So, exploration of gene resources is of importance to wheat breeding in order to improve the crop ability of coping with abiotic stress environment. Wild relatives of wheat are rich repositories of beneficial genes that confer tolerance or resistance not only to drought but also to other environmental stresses. In the present study, the changes in leaf relative water content (RWC), free proline content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation of five wild wheat species including T. boeticum (YS-1L), T. dicoccum var. dicoccoides (YS-2L), T. araraticum (ALLT), and two cultivated varieties of T. turgidum ssp. durum (MXLK and 87341), with two well-known common wheat cultivars (SH6 and ZY1) possessing strong drought resistance and sensitiveness, respectively, as references were investigated during 3-day water stress and 2-day recovery, in order to assess the drought tolerance of these wild wheat species. The laboratory experiment was conducted under two water regimes (stress and non-stress treatments). Stress was induced to hydroponically grown two weeks old wheat seedlings with 20% PEG 6000. Stress treatment caused a much smaller decrease in the leaf RWC and rise in MDA content in YS-1L compared to the other wheat species. From the data it was obvious that YS-1L was the most drought tolerant among studied species having significantly higher proline and RWC while lower MDA content under water stress conditions. The order of water stress tolerance of these species according to the three parameters is: YS-1L > YS-2L > SH6 > 87341 > ZY1 > MXLK > ALLT. We speculate that the observed drought stress tolerance at a cellular level was associated with the ability to accumulate proline and high water level conservation.
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Afsar, Sadia, Gulnaz Bibi, Raza Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal, Tatheer Alam Naqvi, Ayesha Baig, Mohammad Maroof Shah, Bangquan Huang, and Jamshaid Hussain. "Evaluation of salt tolerance in Eruca sativa accessions based on morpho-physiological traits." PeerJ 8 (August 13, 2020): e9749. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9749.
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Background Salinity is one of the most lethal abiotic stresses which affect multiple aspects of plant physiology. Natural variations in plant germplasm are a great resource that could be exploited for improvement in salt tolerance. Eruca sativa (E. sativa) exhibits tolerance to abiotic stresses. However, thorough evaluation of its salt stress tolerance and screening for traits that could be reliably applied for salt tolerance needs to be studied. The current study was designed to characterize 25 E. sativa accessions, originating from diverse geographical regions of Pakistan, for the salt stress tolerance. Methods Salt stress (150 mM NaCl) was applied for 2 weeks to the plants at four leaf stage in hydroponics. Data of the following morpho-physiological traits were collected from control and treated plants of all the accessions: root length (RL), shoot length (SL), plant height (PH), leaf number (LN), leaf area (LA), fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), chlorophyl content (SPAD), electrolyte leakage (EL), relative water content (RWC), gas exchange parameters and mineral ion content. Salt tolerance was determined based on membership function value (MFV) of the tested traits. Results Compared with control, the salt-stressed group had significantly reduced mean SL, RL, PH, LN, LA, FW, DW and SPAD. NaCl treatment triggered a slight increase in EL in few accessions. Mean RWC of control and treated groups were not significantly different although few accessions exhibited variation in this trait. Salt stress caused a significant reduction in photosynthesis rate (PR), transpiration rate (TR) and stomatal conductance (SC) but intercellular CO2 (Ci) was not significantly different between control and treated groups. Compared with control, the salt-stressed plants accumulated significantly higher Na+, K+ and Ca2+ while significantly lower Mg2+. K+/Na+ ratio was significantly decreased in salt-stressed plants compared with control. Importantly, significant inter-accession variations were found for all the tested traits. The principal component analysis identified SL, RL, PH, LN, LA, FW, DW and PR as the most significant traits for resolving inter-accession variability. Based on MFV of the tested traits, accessions were categorized into five standard groups. Among 25 accessions, one accession was ranked as highly tolerant, four as tolerant while 15 accessions were ranked as moderately tolerant. Of the remaining five accessions, four were ranked as sensitive while one accession as highly sensitive. Conclusion E. sativa accessions were found to exhibit significant genetic diversity in all the tested traits. A few most significant traits for dissecting the genetic variability were identified that could be used for future large-scale germplasm screening in E. sativa. Salt tolerant accessions could be a good resource for future breeding programs aiming to improve salt stress tolerance.
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Majumder, Barsha, and Asok K. Biswas. "POLYAMINES: ROLE IN ATTENUATION OF HEAVY METAL TOXICITY." Kongunadu Research Journal 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj255.
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Environmental changes resulted in a variety of stresses in plants of which heavy metal stress holds important position, affect the growth and development and trigger a series of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in plants. When exposed heavy metal stress, the complex dynamickinetics of polyamine biosynthesis was observed. Polyamines are small organic polycations present in all organisms and have a leading role in signaling, plant growth and development and deliver tolerance to a cultivar against stresses. High accumulation of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) in plantsduring heavy metal stress has been well reported and is correlated with increased tolerance to different plants under stressed condition. Genetic engineering of polyamine biosynthetic genes in crop plants is the way to create resistance heavy metal toxicity.
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Yamamoto, A., H. Sawada, I. S. Shim, K. Usui, and S. Fujihara. "Effect of salt stress on physiological response and leaf polyamine content in NERICA rice seedlings." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 12 (December 1, 2011): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/413/2011-pse.
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NERICA is a new African rice variety, developed by the West African Rice Development Association (WARDA) in 1990s. NERICA rice shows both vigorous growth and tolerance of stressors such as drought and disease. The purpose of this study was to clarify the physiological and biochemical responses to salt stress of NERICA rice seedlings. The degree of growth inhibition caused by salt stress was small in NERICA rice varieties as compared with japonica Nipponbare. Na accumulation in leaf blades was high in salt-sensitive varieties. Accumulation of proline, a known compatible solute, was also induced by salt stress, especially in salt-sensitive varieties; it was thought that this accumulation was brought on salt-stress injury. The contents of polyamines, especially spermidine, were high in the pre-stressed leaf blades of NERICA rice seedlings. After the salt-stress treatment, the polyamine content of leaf blades differed with the degree of salt tolerance of the NERICA rice seedlings. These results suggested that the salt tolerance of NERICA rice seedlings might be associated not only with the regulation of Na absorption and translocation but also with their ability to maintain leaf polyamine levels under salt-stress conditions.
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Hamed, Karim Ben, Hasna Ellouzi, Ons Zribi Talbi, Kamel Hessini, Ines Slama, Taher Ghnaya, Sergi Munné Bosch, Arnould Savouré, and Chedly Abdelly. "Physiological response of halophytes to multiple stresses." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 9 (2013): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13074.
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As halophytes grow vigorously in saline soils, they serve as extraordinary resources for the identification and development of new crop systems. Understanding the mechanisms of tolerance of halophytes to salinity in combination with other co-occurring constraints such as drought, flooding, heavy metals and nutrient deficiencies, would facilitate efforts to use halophytes for saline land revegetation, as well as provide new insights that might be considered in future breeding of plants for salt-affected agricultural lands. Recent results suggest that salinity may improve the response of halophytes to other stresses. Some physiological and biochemical mechanisms of tolerance to salinity are common to many halophytes when plants are subjected to salinity, whereas others are specifically amplified under a combination of stresses. Therefore, the response of halophytes to multiple stresses may not reflect an additive effect of these constraints, but rather, constitute specific response to a new situation where many constraints are operating simultaneously. Comparative studies between halophytes and glycophytes have shown that halophytes are better equipped with the mechanisms of cross-stress tolerance and are constitutively prepared for stress. Moreover, other data has shown that the pre-treatment of halophytes with salinity or other constraints in the early stages of development improves their subsequent response to salinity, which suggests the capacity of these plants to ‘memorise’ a previous stress allows them respond positively to subsequent stress.
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Kapoor, Dhriti, and Renu Bhardwaj. "Physiological Mechanisms of Brassica Juncea L. Plants Exposed to Cadmium Metal Stress." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 8 (October 1, 2011): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/august2014/183.
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Jabeen, Zahra, Nazim Hussain, Faiza Irshad, Jianbin Zeng, Ayesha Tahir, and Guoping Zhang. "Physiological and antioxidant responses of cultivated and wild barley under salt stress." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 7 (July 21, 2020): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/169/2020-pse.
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Saline soil is a critical environmental problem affecting crop yield worldwide. Tibetan wild barley is distinguished for its vast genetic diversity and high degree of tolerance to abiotic stress, including salinity. The present study compared the response of antioxidant defense system in the XZ16 wild and CM72 cultivated barleys to salt stress. Wild barley was relatively more tolerant than cultivated CM72, salt-tolerant cultivar, with less Na<sup>+</sup> uptake and more K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and Mg<sup>2+</sup> retention in plant tissues. The results of diaminobenzidine (DAB) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining showed that XZ16 had significantly lower H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> concentrations than a salt-sensitive cultivar Gairdner, suggesting that the salt-tolerant genotype suffer from less oxidative damage. Moreover, XZ16 and Gairdner had the highest and lowest anti-oxidative enzyme activities and proline content in plant tissues. In addition, the microscopic examination revealed that DNA damage in cv. Gairdner was closely correlated to oxidative stress, representing that more reactive oxygen species accumulation in plants tissues leads to subsequent DNA damage. The present results show that higher salt tolerance of wild barley XZ16 is attributed to less Na<sup>+</sup> accumulation and stronger anti-oxidative capacity.
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Abdelaal, Khaled, Moodi Saham Alsubeie, Yaser Hafez, Amero Emeran, Farahat Moghanm, Salah Okasha, Reda Omara, et al. "Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Vegetable and Field Crops under Drought, Salinity and Weeds Stresses: Control Strategies and Management." Agriculture 12, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122084.
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Weeds are one of the most damaging biotic stresses in crop production, and drought and salinity are considered the most serious abiotic stresses. These factors harmfully affect growth and development in several vegetable and field crops by causing harmful effects on physiological and biochemical characteristics such as water uptake, photosynthesis, relative water content, electrolyte leakage, and antioxidant compounds linked with oxidative stress and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These oxidative stress-related components affect most physiological and biochemical characteristics in plants under natural conditions and environmental stresses, especially weed infestation, salinity, and drought stress. ROS such as superoxide (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxyl radical (ROO•), and singlet oxygen (1O2) are very important molecules produced naturally as by-products of metabolic processes in chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the apoplast. Under stress conditions such as weed infestation, drought and salinity, the morphological and yield characteristics of stressed plants are negatively affected; however, superoxide (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are significantly increased. The negative impact of weeds can be mitigated with integrated controls which include herbicides, allelopathy, and crop rotation as well as the different methods for weed control. The defense system in various crops mainly depends on both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. The enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and catalase; nonenzymatic antioxidants include ascorbic acid, carotenoids, α-Tocopherols, proline, glutathione, phenolics, and flavonoids. These antioxidant components can scavenge various ROS under several stresses, particularly weeds, drought and salinity. In this review, our objective is to shed light on integrated weeds management and plant tolerance to salinity and drought stresses associated with the ROS and the induction of antioxidant components to increase plant growth and yield in the vegetable and field crops.
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Al-Deeb, Taghleb, Mohammad Abo Gamar, Najib El-Assi, Hmoud Al-Debei, Rabea Al-Sayaydeh, and Ayed M. Al-Abdallat. "Stress-Inducible Overexpression of SlDDF2 Gene Improves Tolerance against Multiple Abiotic Stresses in Tomato Plant." Horticulturae 8, no. 3 (March 7, 2022): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030230.
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Dehydration-responsive element-binding protein 1 (DREB1)/C-repeat binding factor (CBF) family plays a key role in plant tolerance against different abiotic stresses. In this study, an orthologous gene of the DWARF AND DELAYED FLOWERING (DDF) members in Arabidopsis, SlDDF2, was identified in tomato plants. The SlDDF2 gene expression was analyzed, and a clear induction in response to ABA treatment, cold, salinity, and drought stresses was observed. Furthermore, two transgenic lines (SlDDF2-IOE#6 and SlDDF2-IOE#9) with stress-inducible overexpression of SlDDF2 under Rd29a promoter were generated. Under stress conditions, the gene expression of SlDDF2 was significantly higher in both transgenic lines. The growth performance, as well as physiological parameters, were evaluated in wild-type and transgenic plants. The transgenic lines showed growth retardation phenotypes and had higher chlorophyll content under stress conditions in plants. However, the relative decrease in growth performance (plant height, leaf number, and leaf area) in stressed transgenic lines was lower than that in stressed wild-type plants, compared with nonstressed conditions. The reduction in the relative water content and water loss rate was also lower in the transgenic lines. Compared with wild-type plants, transgenic lines showed enhanced tolerance to different abiotic stresses including water deficit, salinity, and cold. In conclusion, stress-inducible expression of SlDDF2 can be a useful tool to improve tolerance against multiple abiotic stresses in tomato plants.
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Kim, Byung-Gook, and Sang-Kyung Lee. "Psychological and physiological stress variations through casual and serious leisure." Tourism Review 73, no. 3 (August 20, 2018): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-08-2017-0129.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the role of two kinds of leisure activities (i.e. casual and serious leisure) in reducing psychological and physiological stresses and, specifically, to investigate the differences between pre- and post-psychological and physiological stresses. Design/methodology/approach The data analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20.0 program. Descriptive analyses were calculated to identify the characteristics of the sample, including gender, education and age. Because of the small sample size (n < 30), this study uses a nonparametric test. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to examine the differences between pre- and post-stresses of psychological and physiological approaches. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine the differences of stresses between the casual and serious leisure groups. In addition, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient was used to measure the association between leisure experiences and stresses. Findings The findings from this study indicated that pre-overall affective stress was significantly higher than post-overall affective stress. There were significant differences between pre- and post-physiological stresses during serious leisure. Research findings also suggested that serious leisure experiences have a significant and negative relationship with cognitive stress and physiological stress. Research limitations/implications The data were obtained from two different types of leisure setting, and hence, the generalizability of the study findings to other regions needs to be explored in future studies. Research across other leisure settings also might permit the validation of more stable relationships between leisure and stresses. Future research is needed to investigate other important antecedents of individuals’ psychological and physiological stresses in the leisure setting and may identify the complex nature of leisure participants’ perceptions and their relationships with experiences. Originality/value Despite the growth of stress and leisure research, physiological-based analyses in this area are limited. Numerous studies have focused on leisure coping with negative life events based on social psychological perspectives. The finding of this study would be helpful to leisure practitioners to manifest the strengths and opportunities of experiences and performances associated with the leisure activity.
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Kimm, Hyungsuk, Kaiyu Guan, Chongya Jiang, Guofang Miao, Genghong Wu, Andrew E. Suyker, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, et al. "A physiological signal derived from sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence quantifies crop physiological response to environmental stresses in the U.S. Corn Belt." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 124051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac3b16.
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Abstract Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) measurements have shown unique potential for quantifying plant physiological stress. However, recent investigations found canopy structure and radiation largely control SIF, and physiological relevance of SIF remains yet to be fully understood. This study aims to evaluate whether the SIF-derived physiological signal improves quantification of crop responses to environmental stresses, by analyzing data at three different spatial scales within the U.S. Corn Belt, i.e. experiment plot, field, and regional scales, where ground-based portable, stationary and space-borne hyperspectral sensing systems are used, respectively. We found that, when controlling for variations in incoming radiation and canopy structure, crop SIF signals can be decomposed into non-physiological (i.e. canopy structure and radiation, 60% ∼ 82%) and physiological information (i.e. physiological SIF yield, ΦF, 17% ∼ 31%), which confirms the contribution of physiological variation to SIF. We further evaluated whether ΦF indicated plant responses under high-temperature and high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) stresses. The plot-scale data showed that ΦF responded to the proxy for physiological stress (partial correlation coefficient, r p= 0.40, p< 0.001) while non-physiological signals of SIF did not respond (p> 0.1). The field-scale ΦF data showed water deficit stress from the comparison between irrigated and rainfed fields, and ΦF was positively correlated with canopy-scale stomatal conductance, a reliable indicator of plant physiological condition (correlation coefficient r= 0.60 and 0.56 for an irrigated and rainfed sites, respectively). The regional-scale data showed ΦF was more strongly correlated spatially with air temperature and VPD (r= 0.23 and 0.39) than SIF (r= 0.11 and 0.34) for the U.S. Corn Belt. The lines of evidence suggested that ΦF reflects crop physiological responses to environmental stresses with greater sensitivity to stress factors than SIF, and the stress quantification capability of ΦF is spatially scalable. Utilizing ΦF for physiological investigations will contribute to improve our understanding of vegetation responses to high-temperature and high-VPD stresses.
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Levine, Samara, and Ozgul Muneyyirci-Delale. "Stress-Induced Hyperprolactinemia: Pathophysiology and Clinical Approach." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2018 (December 3, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9253083.
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While prolactin is most well known for its role in lactation and suppression of reproduction, its physiological functions are quite diverse. There are many etiologies of hyperprolactinemia, including physiologic as well as pathologic causes. Physiologic causes include pregnancy, lactation, sleep-associated, nipple stimulation and sexual orgasm, chest wall stimulation, or trauma. Stress is also an important physiologic cause of hyperprolactinemia, and its clinical significance is still being explored. This review will provide an overview of prolactin physiology, the role of stress in prolactin secretion, as well as the general clinical approach to hyperprolactinemia.
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Umar, Muhammad, and Zamin Shaheed Siddiqui. "Physiological performance of sunflower genotypes under combined salt and drought stress environment." Acta Botanica Croatica 77, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botcro-2018-0002.
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AbstractThe physiological performance of some sunflower genotypes (S.28111, SF0049, Hysun-33, Hysun-39) under salt, drought stress separately and in combination was examined. Salt, drought and a combination of these stresses were applied to plants by gradual increments. The plants were exposed to stress for two weeks. Relative water content, osmotic potential, stomatal conductance, performance index, dark adapted quantum yield and chlorophyll contents were reduced upon salinity and drought stresses. However, when plants were subjected to a combination of these stresses, a greater reduction in all tested attributes was observed. Proline and carotenoid contents in drought stress were elevated compared to salt stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) showed the highest activity in individual salt and drought stress with less accumulation of H2O2. Combined stress reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes which ultimately decreased the physiological performance of sunflower plants. However, among the tested genotypes, S.28111 and SF0049 were found to be more tolerant to drought, salt and combined stress than both Hysun genotypes. The physiological performance of genotypes against salinity and drought individually and in combination is discussed in detail.
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Hartman, Sarah, Sara M. Freeman, Karen L. Bales, and Jay Belsky. "Prenatal Stress as a Risk—and an Opportunity—Factor." Psychological Science 29, no. 4 (February 7, 2018): 572–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617739983.
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Two separate lines of research indicate (a) that prenatal stress is associated with heightened behavioral and physiological reactivity and (b) that these postnatal phenotypes are associated with increased susceptibility to both positive and negative developmental experiences. Therefore, prenatal stress may increase sensitivity to the rearing environment. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating prenatal stress and rearing-environment quality, using a cross-fostering paradigm, in prairie voles. Results showed that prenatally stressed voles, as adults, displayed the highest behavioral and physiological reactivity when cross-fostered to low-contact (i.e., low-quality) rearing but the lowest behavioral and physiological reactivity when cross-fostered to high-contact (i.e., high-quality) rearing; non-prenatally stressed voles showed no effect of rearing condition. Additionally, while neither prenatal stress nor rearing condition affected oxytocin receptor binding, prenatally stressed voles cross-fostered to high-contact rearing showed the highest vasopressin-1a receptor binding in the amygdala. Results indicate that prenatal stress induces greater environmental sensitivity, making it both a risk and an opportunity factor.
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Dr. G. Alagukannan, Dr G. Alagukannan, and Dr S. Ganesh Dr. S. Ganesh. "Physio-Chemical and Physiological Reactions of Waterlogging Stress on Aloe Vera L. Genotypes." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2013/5.
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HEBBACHE, Hamza, Nadjat BENKHERBACHE, Mohamed MEFTI, and Meriem BOUCHAKOUR. "Effect of water deficit stress on physiological traits of some Algerian barley genotypes." Journal of Central European Agriculture 22, no. 2 (2021): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/22.2.3073.
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Boregowda, Satish C., and Waldemar Karwowski. "Modeling of human physiological stresses: A thermodynamics-based approach." Occupational Ergonomics 5, no. 4 (June 14, 2006): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/oer-2005-5404.
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This paper discusses thermodynamic basis for quantifying human physiological stresses. The deterministic nature of the second law of thermodynamics (entropy approach) and classical Maxwell relations were used to develop formulas to quantify human stress due to the artifact-human interactions. The illustrative examples establishing the validity of the proposed stress indices were presented.
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Xu, Jiayang, Yuyi Zhou, Zicheng Xu, Zheng Chen, and Liusheng Duan. "Combining Physiological and Metabolomic Analysis to Unravel the Regulations of Coronatine Alleviating Water Stress in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)." Biomolecules 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010099.
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Drought is a major abiotic stress that restricts plants growth, development, and yield. Coronatine (COR), a mimic of JA-Ile, functions in plant tolerance to multiple stresses. In our study, we examined the effects of COR in tobacco under polyethylene glycol (PEG) stress. COR treatment improved plant growth under stress as measured by fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW). The enzyme activity assay indicated that, under osmotic stress conditions, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) were enhanced by COR treatment. Histochemical analyses via nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT) and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining showed that COR reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation during osmotic stress. Metabolite profiles revealed that COR triggered significant metabolic changes in tobacco leaves under osmotic stress, and many essential metabolites, such as sugar and sugar derivatives, organic acids, and nitrogen-containing compounds, which might play active roles in osmotic-stressed tobacco plants, were markedly accumulated in the COR-treated tobacco. The work presented here provides a comprehensive understanding of the COR-mediated physiological, biochemical, and metabolic adjustments that minimize the adverse impact of osmotic stress on tobacco.
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West, JB, and O. Mathieu-Costello. "Pulmonary Blood-Gas Barrier: A Physiological Dilemma." Physiology 8, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1993.8.6.249.
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The blood-gas barrier needs to be extremely thin for gas exchange, but also immensely strong because the capillary wall stresses become very high during exercise. Failure of the barrier causes high-permeability pulmonary edema or hemorrhage. Avoiding stress failure poses a challenging problem for some animals.
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Lemos, José A. C., and Robert A. Burne. "Regulation and Physiological Significance of ClpC and ClpP in Streptococcus mutans." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 22 (November 15, 2002): 6357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.22.6357-6366.2002.
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ABSTRACT Tolerance of environmental stress, especially low pH, by Streptococcus mutans is central to the virulence of this organism. The Clp ATPases are implicated in the tolerance of, and regulation of the response to, stresses by virtue of their protein reactivation and remodeling activities and their capacity to target misfolded proteins for degradation by the ClpP peptidase. The purpose of this study was to dissect the role of selected clp genes in the stress responses of S. mutans, with a particular focus on acid tolerance and adaptation. Homologues of the clpB, clpC, clpE, clpL, clpX, and clpP genes were identified in the S. mutans genome. The expression of clpC and clpP, which were chosen as the focus of this study, was induced at low pH and at growth above 40°C. Inactivation of ctsR, the first of two genes in the clpC operon, demonstrated that CtsR acts as a repressor of clp and groES-EL gene expression. Strains lacking ClpP, but not strains lacking ClpC, were impaired in their ability to grow under stress-inducing conditions, formed long chains, aggregated in culture, had reduced genetic transformation efficiencies, and had a reduced capacity to form biofilms. Comparison of two-dimensional protein gels from wild-type cells and the ctsR and clpP mutants revealed many changes in the protein expression patterns. In particular, in the clpP mutant, there was an increased production of GroESL and DnaK, suggesting that cells were stressed, probably due to the accumulation of denatured proteins.
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Saharan, Baljeet Singh, Basanti Brar, Joginder Singh Duhan, Ravinder Kumar, Sumnil Marwaha, Vishnu D. Rajput, and Tatiana Minkina. "Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms to Mitigate Abiotic Stress Conditions in Plants." Life 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 1634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12101634.
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Agriculture production faces many abiotic stresses, mainly drought, salinity, low and high temperature. These abiotic stresses inhibit plants’ genetic potential, which is the cause of huge reduction in crop productivity, decrease potent yields for important crop plants by more than 50% and imbalance agriculture’s sustainability. They lead to changes in the physio-morphological, molecular, and biochemical nature of the plants and change plants’ regular metabolism, which makes them a leading cause of losses in crop productivity. These changes in plant systems also help to mitigate abiotic stress conditions. To initiate the signal during stress conditions, sensor molecules of the plant perceive the stress signal from the outside and commence a signaling cascade to send a message and stimulate nuclear transcription factors to provoke specific gene expression. To mitigate the abiotic stress, plants contain several methods of avoidance, adaption, and acclimation. In addition to these, to manage stress conditions, plants possess several tolerance mechanisms which involve ion transporters, osmoprotectants, proteins, and other factors associated with transcriptional control, and signaling cascades are stimulated to offset abiotic stress-associated biochemical and molecular changes. Plant growth and survival depends on the ability to respond to the stress stimulus, produce the signal, and start suitable biochemical and physiological changes. Various important factors, such as the biochemical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms of plants, including the use of microbiomes and nanotechnology to combat abiotic stresses, are highlighted in this article.
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Soltabayeva, Aigerim, Assel Ongaltay, John Okoth Omondi, and Sudhakar Srivastava. "Morphological, Physiological and Molecular Markers for Salt-Stressed Plants." Plants 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020243.
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Plant growth and development is adversely affected by different kind of stresses. One of the major abiotic stresses, salinity, causes complex changes in plants by influencing the interactions of genes. The modulated genetic regulation perturbs metabolic balance, which may alter plant’s physiology and eventually causing yield losses. To improve agricultural output, researchers have concentrated on identification, characterization and selection of salt tolerant varieties and genotypes, although, most of these varieties are less adopted for commercial production. Nowadays, phenotyping plants through Machine learning (deep learning) approaches that analyze the images of plant leaves to predict biotic and abiotic damage on plant leaves have increased. Here, we review salinity stress related markers on molecular, physiological and morphological levels for crops such as maize, rice, ryegrass, tomato, salicornia, wheat and model plant, Arabidopsis. The combined analysis of data from stress markers on different levels together with image data are important for understanding the impact of salt stress on plants.
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Nutan, Kamlesh Kant, Ray Singh Rathore, Amit Kumar Tripathi, Manjari Mishra, Ashwani Pareek, and Sneh Lata Singla-Pareek. "Integrating the dynamics of yield traits in rice in response to environmental changes." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 490–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz364.
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Abstract Reductions in crop yields as a consequence of global climate change threaten worldwide food security. It is therefore imperative to develop high-yielding crop plants that show sustainable production under stress conditions. In order to achieve this aim through breeding or genetic engineering, it is crucial to have a complete and comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of plant architecture and the regulation of its sub-components that contribute to yield under stress. Rice is one of the most widely consumed crops and is adversely affected by abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. Using it as a model system, in this review we present a summary of our current knowledge of the physiological and molecular mechanisms that determine yield traits in rice under optimal growth conditions and under conditions of environmental stress. Based on physiological functioning, we also consider the best possible combination of genes that may improve grain yield under optimal as well as environmentally stressed conditions. The principles that we present here for rice will also be useful for similar studies in other grain crops.
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Boscaiu, Monica, and Ana Fita. "Physiological and Molecular Characterization of Crop Resistance to Abiotic Stresses." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091308.
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Abiotic stress represents a main constraint for agriculture, affecting plant growth and productivity. Drought and soil salinity, especially, are major causes of reduction of crop yields and food production worldwide. It is not unexpected, therefore, that the study of plant responses to abiotic stress and stress tolerance mechanisms is one of the most active research fields in plant biology. This Special Issue compiles 22 research papers and 4 reviews covering different aspects of these responses and mechanisms, addressing environmental stress factors such as drought, salinity, flooding, heat and cold stress, deficiency or toxicity of compounds in the soil (e.g., macro and micronutrients), and combination of different stresses. The approaches used are also diverse, including, among others, the analysis of agronomic traits based on morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical studies, and transcriptomics or transgenics. Despite its complexity, we believe that this Special Issue provides a useful overview of the topic, including basic information on the mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance as well as practical aspects such as the alleviation of the deleterious effects of stress by different means, or the use of local landraces as a source of genetic material adapted to combined stresses. This knowledge should help to develop the agriculture of the (near) future, sustainable and better adapted to the conditions ahead, in a scenario of global warming and environmental pollution.
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Diouf, B., P. Rioux, P. U. Blier, and D. Rajotte. "Use of brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis) physiological responses to stress as a teaching exercise." Advances in Physiology Education 23, no. 1 (June 2000): S18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.2000.23.1.s18.
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Fish hematological changes during osmotic and cold stress are used to introduce the physiological reactions of the animal to an acute stress. Brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis) were subjected to 1 h of stress before being anesthetized and having blood taken from their caudal vein. Glucose, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and osmolarity were determined in the blood samples. Analyses showed that glucose concentration tends to increase and hematocrit tends to decrease in stressed fish. Changes in hemoglobin concentration occurred only in cold-stressed fish. A rise in blood glucose concentration is the result of cortisol secreted by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The glucose produced is used as an osmolyte or energy source to resist or combat the stress. In stressed fish, changes in hematocrit could be the result of the osmoconcentration of the blood plasma, as shown by the increase in osmolarity for the same group. In cold-stressed fish, a decrease in hemoglobin concentration could be the result of hemodilution by body cell water.
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Hinojosa, Leonardo, Juan González, Felipe Barrios-Masias, Francisco Fuentes, and Kevin Murphy. "Quinoa Abiotic Stress Responses: A Review." Plants 7, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants7040106.
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Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a genetically diverse Andean crop that has earned special attention worldwide due to its nutritional and health benefits and its ability to adapt to contrasting environments, including nutrient-poor and saline soils and drought stressed marginal agroecosystems. Drought and salinity are the abiotic stresses most studied in quinoa; however, studies of other important stress factors, such as heat, cold, heavy metals, and UV-B light irradiance, are severely limited. In the last few decades, the incidence of abiotic stress has been accentuated by the increase in unpredictable weather patterns. Furthermore, stresses habitually occur as combinations of two or more. The goals of this review are to: (1) provide an in-depth description of the existing knowledge of quinoa’s tolerance to different abiotic stressors; (2) summarize quinoa’s physiological responses to these stressors; and (3) describe novel advances in molecular tools that can aid our understanding of the mechanisms underlying quinoa’s abiotic stress tolerance.
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Toscano, Stefania, Antonio Ferrante, Daniela Romano, and Alessandro Tribulato. "Interactive Effects of Drought and Saline Aerosol Stress on Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Two Ornamental Shrub Species." Horticulturae 7, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120517.
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Effects of drought and aerosol stresses were studied in a factorial experiment based on a Randomized Complete Design with triplicates on two ornamental shrubs. Treatments consisted of four levels of water container (40%, 30%, 20%, and 10% of water volumetric content of the substrate) and, after 30 days from experiment onset, three aerosol treatments (distilled water and 50% and 100% salt sea water concentrations). The trial was contextually replicated on two species: Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels and Viburnum tinus L. ‘Lucidum’. In both species, increasing drought stress negatively affected dry biomass, leaf area, net photosynthesis, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and relative water content. The added saline aerosol stress induced a further physiological water deficit in plants of both species, with more emphasis on Callistemon. The interaction between the two stress conditions was found to be additive for almost all the physiological parameters, resulting in enhanced damage on plants under stress combination. Total biomass, for effect of combined stresses, ranged from 120.1 to 86.4 g plant−1 in Callistemon and from 122.3 to 94.6 g plant−1 in Viburnum. The net photosynthesis in Callistemon declined by the 70% after 30 days in WC 10% and by the 45% and 53% in WC 20% and WC 10% respectively after 60 days. In Viburnum plants, since the first measurement (7 days), a decrease of net photosynthesis was observed for the more stressed treatments (WC 20% and WC 10%), by 57%. The overall data suggested that Viburnum was more tolerant compared the Callistemon under the experimental conditions studied.
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Fietto, Juliana L. R., Raquel S. Araújo, Frederico N. Valadão, Luciano G. Fietto, Rogelio L. Brandão, Maria J. Neves, Fátima C. O. Gomes, Jacques R. Nicoli, and Ieso M. Castro. "Molecular and physiological comparisons betweenSaccharomyces cerevisiaeandSaccharomyces boulardii." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w04-050.
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In this paper, comparative molecular studies between authentic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, related species, and the strain described as Saccharomyces boulardii were performed. The response of a S. boulardii strain and a S. cerevisiae strain (W303) to different stress conditions was also evaluated. The results obtained in this study show that S. boulardii is genetically very close or nearly identical to S. cerevisiae. Metabolically and physiologically, however, it shows a very different behavior, particularly in relation to growth yield and resistance to temperature and acidic stresses, which are important characteristics for a microorganism to be used as a probiotic.Key words: Saccharomyces boulardii, probiotic, stress response, rDNA.
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Shomali, Aida, Susmita Das, Namira Arif, Mohammad Sarraf, Noreen Zahra, Vaishali Yadav, Sasan Aliniaeifard, Devendra Kumar Chauhan, and Mirza Hasanuzzaman. "Diverse Physiological Roles of Flavonoids in Plant Environmental Stress Responses and Tolerance." Plants 11, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 3158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11223158.
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Flavonoids are characterized as the low molecular weight polyphenolic compounds universally distributed in planta. They are a chemically varied group of secondary metabolites with a broad range of biological activity. The increasing amount of evidence has demonstrated the various physiological functions of flavonoids in stress response. In this paper, we provide a brief introduction to flavonoids’ biochemistry and biosynthesis. Then, we review the recent findings on the alternation of flavonoid content under different stress conditions to come up with an overall picture of the mechanism of involvement of flavonoids in plants’ response to various abiotic stresses. The participation of flavonoids in antioxidant systems, flavonoid-mediated response to different abiotic stresses, the involvement of flavonoids in stress signaling networks, and the physiological response of plants under stress conditions are discussed in this review. Moreover, molecular and genetic approaches to tailoring flavonoid biosynthesis and regulation under abiotic stress are addressed in this review.