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Goosey-Tolfrey, Victoria L., and Christof A. Leicht. "Field-Based Physiological Testing of Wheelchair Athletes." Sports Medicine 43, no. 2 (December 14, 2012): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-012-0009-6.
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Church, Timothy S., Conrad P. Earnest, and Gina M. Morss. "Field Testing of Physiological Responses Associated with Nordic Walking." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 73, no. 3 (September 2002): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2002.10609023.
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Gibbons, T. P., S. E. Mulligan, R. L. Wilber, and J. T. Kearney. "PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN ELITE JUNIOR TRIATHLETES DURING FIELD TESTING 756." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 28, Supplement (May 1996): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199605001-00754.
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Costa, Guglielmo, Rita Biasi, Giannina Vizzotto, and George C. Martin. "Using Fruit-bearing Explants for Physiological Experiments." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 3 (May 1994): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.3.481.
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One- and three-node nectarine explants were compared with intact potted units of similar dimension. The explants and intact plants performed similarly as judged by rate of leaf photosynthesis, leaf and fruit respiration, and changes in fresh and dry weights. Water loss and transpiration were less in explants than intact plants after 24 h. Explants with fruit of nectarine, olive, and prune were used to evaluate uptake and distribution of 14C-labeled paclobutrazol (PBZ), daminozide, and sucrose in plant parts. These comparisons reveal that the explant system is useful for primary testing of hypotheses, screening of chemicals, and evaluating species response for later testing of selected parameters in the field. Three-node explants containing fruit are reliable for experiments lasting up to 4 days. Chemical names used: succinic acid 2,2 dimethylhydrazide [daminozide (SADH)]; β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol [paclobutrazol (PBZ)].
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Keogh, Justin W. L., Clare L. Weber, and Carl T. Dalton. "Evaluation of Anthropometric, Physiological, and Skill-Related Tests for Talent Identification in Female Field Hockey." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h03-029.
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The purpose of the present study was to develop an effective testing battery for female field hockey by using anthropometric, physiological, and skill-related tests to distinguish between regional representative (Rep, n = 35) and local club level (Club, n = 39) female field hockey players. Rep players were significantly leaner and recorded faster times for the 10-m and 40-m sprints as well as the Illinois Agility Run (with and without dribbling a hockey ball). Rep players also had greater aerobic and lower body muscular power and were more accurate in the shooting accuracy test, p < 0.05. No significant differences between groups were evident for height, body mass, speed decrement in 6 × 40-m repeated sprints, handgrip strength, or pushing speed. These results indicate that %BF, sprinting speed, agility, dribbling control, aerobic and muscular power, and shooting accuracy can distinguish between female field hockey players of varying standards. Therefore talent identification programs for female field hockey should include assessments of these physical parameters. Key words: fitness profile, field testing, women, team sport
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Ziv, Gal, and Ronnie Lidor. "Physical Characteristics, Physiological Attributes, and On-Field Performances of Soccer Goalkeepers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.6.4.509.
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The soccer goalkeeper (GK) is required to perform strenuous actions during practice sessions and actual games. One of the objectives of those professionals who work with GKs is to obtain relevant information on physical characteristics and physiological attributes of GKs, and to use it effectively when planning training programs for them. This article has three purposes: (a) to review a series of studies (n = 23) on physical characteristics, physiological attributes, and on-field performances of soccer GKs; (b) to outline a number of methodological limitations and research concerns associated with these studies; and (c) to suggest several practical recommendations for soccer coaches who work with GKs. Four main fndings emerged from our review: (a) professional adult GKs usually are over 180 cm tall and have a body mass of over 77 kg; (b) studies on agility and speed produced mixed results, with some showing similar values between GKs and field players and others showing reduced performance in GKs; (c) GKs usually have higher vertical jump values when compared with players playing the various field positions; (d) GKs cover approximately 5.5 km during a game, mostly by walking and jogging. Four methodological limitations and research concerns associated with the reviewed studies were discussed, among them the lack of a longitudinal approach and the lack of on-field performance studies. Three practical recommendations are made for coaches, one of which is that coaches should adopt a careful approach when selecting testing protocols and devices for the assessment of GKs’ physiological attributes.
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Mulla, Zubin R., Kalaiselvan Govindaraj, Srinivasa Rao Polisetti, Elis George, and Nagraj Rao S. More. "Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction for Executives: Results from a Field Experiment." Business Perspectives and Research 5, no. 2 (April 19, 2017): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2278533717692906.
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Mindfulness-based meditation has been reported to produce positive effects on psychological and physiological well-being, and to reduce stress levels. The present study examined the effects of a 16-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program on stress levels and self-compassion of 22 executives of a large public sector oil company located in the south of India. The study was a pre- and post-test experimental design in which participants were tested for physiological and psychological parameters, both before and after the intervention. Physiological assessment was carried out through the testing of blood cortisol and measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Participants also reported on variables such as self-compassion, and various stress indicators such as physical indicators, sleep indicators, behavioral indicators, emotional indicators, and personal habits. Results from the present study suggest that a 16-week MBSR intervention not only had a positive impact on various stress indicators (physical, sleep, behavioral, emotional, and personal habits) and self-compassion but also reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure and blood cortisol levels. The findings suggest that MBSR can be a useful stress management intervention for addressing the issues of high stress for senior executives in Indian organizations.
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Peña, Juliet C., and Wen-Zhe Ho. "Monkey Models of Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 3 (December 29, 2014): 852–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.02850-14.
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The use of animal models has been invaluable for studying the pathogenesis ofMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection, as well as for testing the efficacy of vaccines and drug regimens for tuberculosis. Among the applied animal models, nonhuman primates, particularly macaques, share the greatest anatomical and physiological similarities with humans. As such, macaque models have been used for investigating tuberculosis pathogenesis and preclinical testing of drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on published major studies which illustrate how the rhesus and cynomolgus macaques have enriched and may continue to advance the field of global tuberculosis research.
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Sottas, Pierre-Edouard, Neil Robinson, Giuseppe Fischetto, Gabriel Dollé, Juan Manuel Alonso, and Martial Saugy. "Prevalence of Blood Doping in Samples Collected from Elite Track and Field Athletes." Clinical Chemistry 57, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 762–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.156067.
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BACKGROUND No reliable estimate of the prevalence of doping in elite sports has been published. Since 2001, the international governing body for athletics has implemented a blood-testing program to detect altered hematological profiles in the world's top-level athletes. METHODS A total of 7289 blood samples were collected from 2737 athletes out of and during international athletic competitions. Data were collected in parallel on each sample, including the age, sex, nationality, and birth date of the athlete; testing date; sport; venue; and instrument technology. Period prevalence of blood-doping in samples was estimated by comparing empirical cumulative distribution functions of the abnormal blood profile score computed for subpopulations with stratified reference cumulative distribution functions. RESULTS In addition to an expected difference between endurance and nonendurance athletes, we found nationality to be the major factor of heterogeneity. Estimates of the prevalence of blood doping ranged from 1% to 48% for subpopulations of samples and a mean of 14% for the entire study population. Extreme cases of secondary polycythemia highlighted the health risks associated with blood manipulations. CONCLUSIONS When applied at a population level, in this case the population of samples, hematological data can be used to estimate period prevalence of blood doping in elite sports. We found that the world's top-level athletes are not only heterogeneous in physiological and anthropometric factors but also in their doping behavior, with contrasting attitudes toward doping between countries. When applied at the individual level, the same biomarkers, as formalized in the Athlete Biological Passport paradigm, can be used in analysis of the observed different physiological characteristics and behavioral heterogeneities.
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Mayer, Andreas. "The Physiological Circus: Knowing, Representing, and Training Horses in Motion in Nineteenth-Century France." Representations 111, no. 1 (2010): 88–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2010.111.1.88.
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The late nineteenth-century debates about forms of dressage and the correct representations of horses, using the circus as the major arena for testing and observation, provided a fertile ground for the development of Etienne-Jules Marey's physiology of locomotion. Marey claimed to revolutionize the field of locomotion studies with mechanically produced representations, yet, as this essay shows, his mechanical reform of the study of bodies in motion was countered by the persistence of older forms of animal observation and superseded by new anthropologies and psychologies of seeing.
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Torres, Reynaldo Melo, Roberval Daiton Vieira, and Maristela Panobianco. "Accelerated aging and seedling field emergence in soybean." Scientia Agricola 61, no. 5 (October 2004): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000500002.
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Information regarding the relationship between laboratory seed vigor testing and seedling field emergence is very important to estimate seed performance after sowing and help producers adopt the best procedures to improve stand establishment. The objective of the present study was to relate accelerated aging (AA) test results to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seedling field emergence results based on data obtained over three agricultural years. The following evaluations were made: seed water content, standard germination, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, and seedling field emergence. There was a close association between planting environmental conditions, seed physiological quality and seedling field emergence. The most accurate predictions were obtained for AA values > 90%, when field emergence was higher than 80% (r² = 0.90). Based on the results it was concluded that the AA test provided an accurate estimate of field emergence of soybean seedlings. However, as seedbed environmental conditions became less favorable, the ability of the AA test to estimate field performance significantly decreased.
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Lombard, Wayne P., Xudan Cai, Michael I. Lambert, Xiaoping Chen, and Lijuan Mao. "Relationships between physiological characteristics and match demands in elite-level male field hockey players." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 16, no. 4 (March 9, 2021): 985–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954121998065.
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This study investigated the physical characteristics, match demands and their relationships in elite-level male field hockey players (n = 23; 24 ± 3 years). Testing data were collected to investigate the physiological profiles of the players, while match demands were quantified with GPS data over 26 matches. There were significant differences (p = <0.05) between positional groups for pull ups, relative and absolute lower body strength, and body composition. Average total match distance for all the players was (5420 ± 1518 m). There were significant differences between positional groups for defenders (5770 ± 1419 m) vs strikers (4739 ± 1409 m) and midfielders (5549 ± 1545 m) vs strikers. The most high-speed-running (>4.5 ms−1) distance was covered by midfielders (950 ± 275 m) and strikers (908 ± 284 m). Midfielders (116 ± 15 m min) and strikers (120 ± 20 m min) achieved higher intensities during matches compared to defenders (105 ± 13 m min). There were small differences between positional groups for physiological variables, but large variation between positional groups for match demands. There was a significant negative relationship between 2.4 km time trial vs high-speed running (p = <0.05), player load.min and match speed (p = <0.001). Also, there was a negative association between repeat sprint ability total time and high-speed running distance (p = <0.02) and match speed (p = <0.02). The countermovement jump height was associated with match speed (p = <0.05) and there was a negative relationship between body fat % and match speed (p = <0.02). When considering key performance indicators while using GPS devices, match speed (m.min) provides the most valuable information in field hockey players.
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Sulzer, A. M., M. S. Greenwood, W. H. Livingston, and Greg Adams. "Early selection of black spruce using physiological and morphological criteria." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-086.
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A retrospective test of 36 half-sib black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) families was initiated using surplus seed from the same families growing in six 10-year-old test plantations in New Brunswick. Height, diameter, cold hardiness, gas exchange rates, chlorophyll content, and leaf weight/leaf area ratios of the 3-year-old greenhouse-grown seedlings were determined and related to 10-year field height. The variables that correlated most highly with height at age 10 were seedling height (r = 0.491) and diameter (r = 0.441). Seedling cold hardiness was significantly correlated with both 3-year (r = −0.508) and 10-year height (r = −0.337), the better growing families being more cold hardy. Although photosynthesis and the ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration (a measure of "instantaneous" water use efficiency) were correlated with seedling height, neither of these measures showed a significant relationship with height at age 10. The potential usefulness of both physiological and morphological parameters for early testing purposes is discussed.
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Burr, Karen E., and Rudy M. King. "OPERATIONAL COLD HARDINESS TESTING AND DATA ANALYSIS METHODS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 636a—636. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.636a.
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Cold hardiness testing is an important tool used at US Forest Service nurseries for evaluating the physiological quality of conifer stock. Three tests were compared. A whole-plant freeze test without root system insulation permitted evaluation of cold injury without complication by drought symptoms if plants were misted. A cutting freeze test underestimated expected field foliar injury due to high humidity used to maintain the cuttings. An electrolyte leakage test failed to detect economically important bud mortality when buds were less hardy than other tissues. Data from all three testing methods were analyzed with an original software package consisting of standardized input files and a step-by-step series of fortran programs and command files for use with commercially available non-linear modelling programs. Injury (y) versus temperature (x) data were modelled with the versatile, 4-parameter Weibull sigmoid model. Injury estimates at specific temperatures (Ix) or temperature estimates causing specific injury levels (LTy) were calculated with confidence and calibration intervals, respectively. The statistical significance of differences between Ix or LTy estimates was then determined.
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De Madariaga, I., E. Fernandez, and P. Serret. "Testing The Validity of the Synthesis Ratio of Protein to Low Molecular Weight Metabolites as an Estimation of Phytoplankton Growth in the Field." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 71, no. 2 (May 1991): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400051730.
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Cholorophyll a, primary production and the patterns of 14C assimilation into the major end-products of photosynthesis were determined for phytoplankton in the coastal waters off Plymouth, in order to study their physiological ecology during spring conditions. At the end of the study period, a diatom bloom occurred after the development of a slight thermocline. Throughout the pre-bloom period, the majority of the label was found in storage products, and phytoplankton growth was not nutrient-limited. During the development of the bloom, however, an increase in protein synthesis was found, which is interpreted as a result of an active phytoplankton growth. Both synthesis ratios for protein to storage products, i.e. lipid and polysaccharide, (P/L+S) and protein to low molecular weight metabolites (P/M), summarize the variations in the physiological state of phytoplankton during this study. Comparison of the P/M synthesis ratio and different estimations of phytoplankton growth rate shows the usefulness of this index for characterising natural populations.
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Beboucha, Wahib, Adel Belkadi, Abdelkader Benchehida, and Ali Bengoua. "The Anthropometric and Physiological Characteristics of Young Algerian Soccer Players." Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 61, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afepuc-2021-0004.
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Summary Objective: The aim of this paper was to describe the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of young soccer players (U13) which were associated with their being successful or not as soccer players, and also to determine standard levels in the light of a test battery and indicators to select and guide the young talents as a scientific means to facilitate the selection. Method: A total of 390 soccer players age (U13). From 14 Algerian soccer clubs were enrolled and subjected to standard anthropometric, fitness (speed 20m, CMJ, skills-related performance testing. The testing battery will be described as will the process for converting test data into standardized scores. Data will be presented to show the strengths and weaknesses of some players. Result: After analysing the results based on the standard criteria for the proposed tests as well as the overall performance variable. And the ability of each youth to be selected according to their potential, and therefore it was stressed that the proposed criteria, which are scientific support for the field observation, should be emphasized to facilitate this process for Algerian soccer players. The findings from this study indicate that marked improvements and parameters associated with physical maturity such as height, weight, speed, VO2max, or chronological age are important to determine the success of a soccer player. At older ages, other factors such as agility seem to be more important. Nevertheless, players born in the 1st semester of the year are also more frequent in the older teams. These findings should be taken into account by trainers and coaches in order to avoid biasing their selection choices.
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Castro-Nava, Sergio, and Enrique López-Rubio. "Thermotolerance and Physiological Traits as Fast Tools to Heat Tolerance Selection in Experimental Sugarcane Genotypes." Agriculture 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9120251.
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Heat stress limits the growth, development, and yield of crop plants when it occurs during short or long periods of time. An experiment was conducted with the objectives of (i) evaluating the cell membrane thermostability (CMT) as an indicator of heat tolerance in sugarcane and to determine its relationship with physiological parameters under heat-stressed conditions, and (ii) evaluating the utility of CMT for selecting heat-tolerant genotypes in a breeding program. A total of nine elite experimental, and four commercial sugarcane genotypes were evaluated for CMT, and the results are expressed as relative cell injury (RCI). Six genotypes were classified as highly tolerant and seven as highly sensitive. We concluded that the use of RCI, as an indicator of CMT in sugarcane genotypes, is a suitable useful parameter for selecting the genotypes tolerant to heat stress in a breeding program. This procedure, combined with other characters, helps to identify sugarcane plants with the ability to maintain a high yield photosynthetic rate under stressful field conditions. Furthermore, it offers an opportunity to improve selection efficiency over that of field testing, since high temperature stresses do not occur consistently under field conditions.
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Bradshaw, AR, DVM Bishop, and ZVJ Woodhead. "Testing the interhemispheric deficit theory of dyslexia using the visual half-field technique." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 7 (January 10, 2020): 1004–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819895472.
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A deficit in interhemispheric transfer has been proposed as a neuropsychological theory of dyslexia. Interactions between the hemispheres during word recognition can be studied using the visual half-field paradigm. The well-established recognition advantage for right visual field (RVF) words over left visual field (LVF) words is thought to reflect the additional processing costs associated with callosal transfer of LVF word representations to the language-specialised left hemisphere. In addition, a further gain in recognition for bilateral presentation of a word has been attributed to cooperative interactions between the hemispheres. These recognition advantages can therefore be seen as behavioural indices of the efficiency of callosal transfer. This study aimed to replicate the finding of an absence of the bilateral advantage in developmental dyslexia, previously reported by Henderson et al. In all, 47 dyslexic and 43 control adult participants were tested, and no significant difference was found in the size of the bilateral advantage between the two groups. Our data did however replicate the previous finding of an increased RVF-LVF difference in dyslexic participants caused by poorer accuracy for LVF words (i.e., a greater LVF cost). This evidence is compatible with the interhemispheric deficit theory of dyslexia, suggesting an impairment in the transfer of visual word information from the right to the left hemisphere during reading.
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Berghe, Pierre L. van den. "Cruelty, age, and thanatourism." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 3 (June 2006): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06459057.
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Two areas of research for testing Nell's theory are suggested. One is cruelty's seemingly negative correlation with age, which would confirm its linkage with testosterone, sex, and dominance. The other is the special field of leisure activity called thanatourism, that is, the transformation of loci of human horror into tourist attractions.
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Jesus, Janisson Batista de, Robério Anastácio Ferreira, Dráuzio Correia Gama, and Maria Fernanda Oliveira Torres. "PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF NATIVE FOREST SEEDS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON DIRECT SEEDING FOR RESTORATION OF CILIARY FOREST." FLORESTA 51, no. 2 (March 16, 2021): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v51i2.58181.
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Knowing the relationship between the physical and physiological characteristics of native forest seeds is essential for the successful recovery of riparian forests. Thus, the work was carried out to analyze the physical and physiological parameters of seeds of native forest species for use in the recovery of riparian forests by direct seeding. Were evaluated the physical quality (water content, mass, the weight of one thousand seeds, and the number of seeds per kilogram), morphometric characteristics (length, width, and thickness), and physiological quality in the laboratory (viability) of Cassia grandis L.f., Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong., Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., and Libidibia ferrea var. leiostachya (Benth.) LPQueiroz. The experiment in the field was implanted in a randomized block design (RBD) with four blocks, testing seeds treated to overcome the four species dormancy. The direct sowing was in 10 planting lines, each composed of 10 pits (30 x 30 x 30 cm), spaced 2.0 x 1.0 m. E. contortisiliquum seeds, despite having the highest values for physical and morphometric characteristics, and having a high percentage of germination, was the species with the lowest percentage of emergence in the field, being below G. ulmifolia, which has seeds of smaller size and weight, and L. ferrea var. leiostachya which, despite having low germination, was the second with the highest percentage of emergence. The study allowed us to observe that there was no direct relationship between the physical and physiological attributes of forest seeds and their ability to emerge.
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Um, Miji, Zachary Whitt, Rebecca Revilla, Taylor Hunton, and Melissa Cyders. "Shared Neural Correlates Underlying Addictive Disorders and Negative Urgency." Brain Sciences 9, no. 2 (February 8, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9020036.
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Negative urgency is a personality trait reflecting the tendency to act rashly in response to extreme negative emotions and is considered a transdiagnostic endophenotype for problematic levels of addictive behaviors. Recent research has begun to identify the neural correlates of negative urgency, many of which appear to overlap with neural circuitry underlying addictive disorders associated with negative urgency. The goal of this qualitative review is to summarize the extant literature concerning the neural correlates of negative urgency, to compare these correlates with those implicated with addictive disorders, and to propose new ways to begin to leverage such findings in treatment and intervention approaches. We also address current limitations in the field and make recommendations for areas for future growth in this research domain. Patterns of structure and function in the ventral striatum, frontal regions, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and amygdala are common across addictive disorders and are related to both real-world risky behaviors and self-report measures of negative urgency. We propose that the time has come to move past considering this trait and these disorders as completely separate entities, and instead for the field to consider how general patterns of convergence across these disorders can lead to a more transdiagnostic approach to treatment and intervention. We suggest future work utilize these convergent patterns in the development of animal models of negative urgency, in the identification and testing of prime pharmacological and physiological interventions, and as objective biomarkers to be used when testing behavioral, pharmacological, and physiological intervention effectiveness. Little empirical work has been done to date in these areas and advances in these nascent fields would advance understanding and applications of the neuroscience of negative urgency.
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Munch, Stephan B., and D. O. Conover. "Accounting for local physiological adaptation in bioenergetic models: testing hypotheses for growth rate evolution by virtual transplant experiments." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-013.
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We constructed bioenergetic models for locally adapted populations of Atlantic silversides, Menidia menidia, from different latitudes (Nova Scotia and South Carolina) to determine how genetic variation in growth physiology affects model parameters and predicted growth and to test two hypotheses on the evolution of countergradient variation in growth rate. Model parameters were estimated simultaneously for each population through a penalized likelihood approach incorporating laboratory measurements of metabolism, specific dynamic action, consumption, and growth. The resulting population-specific parameters differed by an average of 28%. The models were validated by successful (R2 > 0.9) prediction of growth in independent experiments under natural light and temperature conditions and by predicting growth in the field (R2 > 0.95). We then performed virtual reciprocal transplant simulations to test the alternative hypotheses that growth rate along a latitudinal gradient evolves in response to temperature or resource availability. Predictions for each transplanted population deviated significantly from observed growth for each native population, demonstrating the importance of accounting for interpopulation variation in model parameters. Our results indicate that the latitudinal cline in growth rate cannot be explained solely by thermal adaptation but may have arisen owing to the combined effects of temperature and food availability.
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Hargreaves, Cathy L., Lynette J. Grace, Susan A. van der Maas, Mike I. Menzies, Satish Kumar, D. Grant Holden, Martin N. Foggo, Charlie B. Low, and Mike J. Dible. "Comparative in vitro and early nursery performance of adventitious shoots from cryopreserved cotyledons and axillary shoots from epicotyls of the same zygotic embryo of control-pollinated Pinus radiata." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2629–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-178.
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This is the first published report comparing production and performance of adventitious shoots from cryopreserved cotyledons, with axillary shoots formed from epicotyls of the same zygotic embryo of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). Genotypes from 10 control-pollinated families of P. radiata in two treatments were compared for shoot initiation, in vitro growth, rooting, and early nursery performance. Plant growth in nursery beds was assessed by measuring height after 2 and 7 months. After 8 months in nursery beds, the physiological ages of genotypes were assessed before field planting. Genotype capture was higher from the cryopreserved cotyledons than from the epicotyls. This technique has the advantage of preserving juvenile material while field testing is done. Early shoot multiplication in both treatments was good. After four transfer cycles, epicotyl cultures showed improved elongation and higher multiplication rates. After 6 months of in vitro growth, shoots from both treatments were given auxin pulses. Shoots of adventitious origin were slower to root than epicotyl-derived shoots. Overall rooting rates were satisfactory. Plants of adventitious origin were shorter when planted into nursery beds and when transferred to field trials. Assessment of relative physiological age indicated that all plants of adventitious origin showed some increase.
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Tyler, Stacey. "National Strike Force Proposal for Fatigue Guidelines for Emergency Responders." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-417.
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ABSTRACT Fatigue is a significant risk to personnel as we respond to emergencies at all hours of the day and night. Because of this risk, major safety issues are often overlooked and there is the potential for fatigue related accidents that arise from preventable circumstances. Studies on fatigue in the emergency response environment, for all risks and all incidents, particularly hazardous material response, have been limited. The purpose of this paper is to provide three National Strike Force-Pacific Strike Team (NSF-PST) case studies when fatigue was notably a problem, discuss some of the physiological impacts of fatigue in the workplace, share field testing results of a draft NSF work/rest guideline, and make the environmental safety field aware of the problem to prompt formal studies.
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Chruzik, Katarzyna, and Aleksander Korchut. "A new method of psychotechnical testing of transport operators." MATEC Web of Conferences 231 (2018): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823105001.
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New expectations in the field of psychotechnical tests and screening of transport operators has led to the improvement of theoretical foundations and increase in quality of the psychological judicature, which has proved to be challenging to the scientific units and health centers. The purpose of the abovementioned adjudicating is to determine the existence or the absence of the contraindications to drive a vehicle or to perform the duties of an instructor or an examiner. This is particularly difficult in case of the branch of unit based transport (that is road transport) where the results of the emergencies are usually incomparably lesser than in others means of transport (air, rail, sea). These tests have been presented only from the perspective of professional transport operators and their range is limited. The publication contains the description of a new methodology of testing transport operators with the use of a device that allows to determine the level of functional efficiency of the nervous system and the correlation of mental processes (such as the efficiency of cognitive, intellectual, and psychomotor functions and selected personality features, temperament) with the physiological parameters (pulse, GRS etc.) – that is Psychotronics. This device allows to diagnose the psychomotor efficiency of people employed in professions requiring special psychomotor vigilance and human activity where current psychological possibilities determine the life and safety of others.
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Hue, Olivier. "Prediction of Drafted-Triathlon Race Time From Submaximal Laboratory Testing in Elite Triathletes." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 28, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h03-042.
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Purpose and methods: To determine which physiological variables accurately predict the race time of an Olympic-distance International Triathlon undertaken in drafted conditions, 8 elite triathletes underwent both maximal and submaximal laboratory and field physiological testing: a 400-m maximal swim test; an incremental treadmill test; an incremental cycling test; 30 min of cycling followed by 20 min of running (C-R); and 20 min of control running (R) at the exact same speed variations as in running in C-R. Blood samples were drawn to measure venous lactate concentration after the 400-m swim and the cycle and run segments of C-R. During the maximal cycling and running exercises, data were collected using an automated breath-by-breath system. Results: The only parameters correlated with the overall drafted-triathlon time were lactate concentration noted at the end of the cycle segment (r = 0.83, p < 0. 05) and the distance covered during the running part of the submaximal C-R test (r = -0.92, p < 0.01). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed a highly significant (r = 0.96, p < 0.02) relationship between predicted race time (from laboratory measures) and actual race time, using the following calculation: Predicted Triathlon Time (s) = -1.128 (distance covered during R of C-R [m]) + 38.8 ([lactate] at the end of C in C-R) + 13,338. The high R2 value of 0.93 indicated that, taken together, these two laboratory measures could account for 93% of the variance in race times during a drafted triathlon. Conclusion: Complementing previous studies, this study demonstrates that different parameters seem to be reliable for predicting performance in drafted vs. nondrafted Olympic-triathlon races. It also demonstrates that, for elite triathletes competing in a drafted Olympic-distance triathlon, performance is accurately predicted from the results of submaximal laboratory measures. Key words: swimming, cycling, running, lactate, oxygen uptake
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TERRA, ANA BEATRIZ CARVALHO, FLÁVIA ROMAM DA COSTA SOUZA, JOSÉ RICARDO MANTOVANI, ADAUTON VILELA DE REZENDE, and LIGIANE APARECIDA FLORENTINO. "PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DIAZOTROPHIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM Brachiaria brizantha RHIZOSPHERE." Revista Caatinga 32, no. 3 (September 2019): 658–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252019v32n310rc.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of diazotrophic bacteria isolated from Brachiaria brizantha rhizosphere to grow at different pH values and salt concentrations, to produce indoleacetic acid (IAA), and to solubilize phosphate. Both acidity and salinity tolerance tests were performed on modified solid FAM medium. Acidity resistance tests were performed at pH values of 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0, while, salt resistance was evaluated at concentrations of 0.01, 5.02, 9.99, 14.96, 19.98, 24.95, 29.98, 34.94, 39.97, 44.94, and 49.96 gL-1 NaCl. For the IAA production assay, bacterial strains were cultivated in liquid DYGS medium both in the absence and presence of tryptophan (Trp). In addition, phosphorus solubilization assay was performed in GL liquid medium. All strains grew at every pH value tested, and a high diversity was observed after salt resistance, IAA production, and phosphate solubilization testing. Strains UNIFENAS 100-51, UNIFENAS 100-52, UNIFENAS 100-60, UNIFENAS 100-63, and UNIFENAS 100-65 were those with the best growth at the highest salt concentrations. Furthermore, in the presence of Trp, strains UNIFENAS 100-63 and UNIFENAS 100-69 were the ones with the highest IAA production. Strain UNIFENAS 100-52 showed the best response to the in vitro phosphate solubilization assay. Based on these results, it can be seen that studies related to the physiological and metabolic characteristics of diazotrophic bacterial strains are important to ensure greater success in the field.
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Fahrenberg, Jochen, Michael Myrtek, Kurt Pawlik, and Meinrad Perrez. "Ambulatory Assessment - Monitoring Behavior in Daily Life Settings." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 23, no. 4 (January 2007): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.4.206.
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Abstract. Ambulatory assessment refers to the use of computer-assisted methodology for self-reports, behavior records, or physiological measurements, while the participant undergoes normal daily activities. Since the 1980s, portable microcomputer systems and physiological recorders/analyzers have been developed for this purpose. In contrast to their use in medicine, these new methods have hardly entered the domain of psychology. Questionnaire methods are still preferred, in spite of the known deficiencies of retrospective self-reports. Assessment strategies include: continuous monitoring, monitoring with time- and event-sampling methods, in-field psychological testing, field experimentation, interactive assessment, symptom monitoring, and self-management. These approaches are innovative and address ecological validity, context specificity, and are suitable for practical applications. The advantages of this methodology, as well as issues of acceptance, compliance, and reactivity are discussed. Many technical developments and research contributions have come from the German-speaking countries and the Netherlands. Nonetheless, the current Decade of Behavior (APA) calls for a more widespread use of such techniques and developments in assessment. This position paper seeks to make the case for this approach by demonstrating the advantages - and in some domains - necessities of ambulatory monitoring methodology for a behavioral science orientation in psychology.
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Barbosa, Rafael Marani, Bruno Guilherme Torres Licursi Vieira, Antônio Sérgio Ferraudo, José Eduardo Corá, and Roberval Daiton Vieira. "Discrimination of soybean seed lots by multivariate exploratory techniques." Journal of Seed Science 35, no. 3 (2013): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-15372013000300005.
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Physiological potential characterization of seed lots is usually performed by germination and vigor tests; however, the choice of a single test does not reflect such potential, once each test assesses seeds of differentiated mode. Multivariate techniques allow understanding structural dependence contained in each variable, as well as characterize groups of seed lots according to specific standards. The study aimed at evaluating variability among soybean seed lots and discriminate these lots by multivariate exploratory techniques as function of seed vigor. Experiment was performed with 20 soybean seed lots (10 lots cv. BRS Valiosa RR and 10 lots cv. M-SOY 7908 RR). Seed physiological potential was assessed by testing for: germination (standard, and under different water availability); vigor (accelerated aging and electrical conductivity); and field seedling emergence. Cluster analysis of seed lots, as well as Principal Component Analysis was performed using data obtained on all tests. Multivariate techniques allowed stratifying seed lots into two distinct groups. Principal Component Analysis showed that values obtained for variables: field seedling emergence, accelerated aging, and germination under different water availability were linked to BRS Valiosa RR; while to variables germination and electrical conductivity, were linked to M-SOY 7908 RR.
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Bubnova, N. A., L. Ya Kanina, N. P. Erofeev, and R. P. Borisova. "Modern clinical and physiological bases of super microsurgery. The view of a physiologist and surgeons." Issues of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery 24, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52581/1814-1471/77/05.
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This paper is a retrospective analysis of the long-term work of a large group of Russian scientists representing various Medical Institutions of St. Petersburg (in the past years of Leningrad) in the period from the 70s of the XX century to the present in the field of theoretical clinical lymphology. We aimed to discuss critical studies of a group of anatomists, in the sphere of the structure of lymphangions and lymph nodes in health and lymphedema of the lower extremities in humans. Experimental data of physiologists are presented, which made it possible for the first time to substantiate the functional mechanisms of active lymph transport in health and in lymphedema of the lower extremities. In addition, there are some results of testing biopsy specimens with various pharmacological agents and vasoactive substances. At last, there is an example of the clinical use of theoretical knowledge in the tactics of choice and expediency of surgical treatment of lymph drainage disorders in patients is given.
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Shashko, Antonina Yu, Uladzislau Yu Bandarenka, Alexander A. Mikhalchenko, Tatsiana G. Kaliaha, Olga Yu Safonova, Darya A. Przhevalskaya, Maryia A. Charnysh, et al. "Development of woody plants phenotyping sys tem with the help of machine vision and spectral analysis algorithms." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Biology, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-1722-2019-1-33-44.
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Phenotyping is a modern technology that allows registering and analyzing data about living systems phenotypes in automatic mode. In recent years a high-efficiency higher plants phenotyping with the aim of deep study of the physiological and biochemical bases of their functioning, as well as selection of new high-yielding and stress-resistant varieties has acquired significant development. It is based on adaptation and introduction of modern information approaches such as algorithms of «computer vision» and allows receiving detailed information about plants phenomes at various organization levels. One of the unreached research sections in this field is tree plant cuttings phenotyping, which represents a great practical interest. In this work the system of phenotyping of green stem cuttings of woody plants Thuja occidentalis L. (Smaragd), Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. (Blue Arrow), Picea Abies L., H. Karst. was developed using machine vision algorithms and spectral analysis. A modular phenomics complex was created. It consist of phenomics box, plant cultivation system, lighting and watering systems, as well as system of registration and processing of RGB-images, including software. This complex has been tested in the laboratory and in field conditions. The initial testing of the phenomics complex was carried out. It showed that the data of changes in the pixel distribution of RGB-images by wavelengths can be the basis for estimating the size and physiological state of stem cuttings of woody plants. It was shown that the shift of the spectral curve of the reflected light into the long-wave area under the influence of water deficit allows to non-invasive and statistically reliably register the death of some cells. At the same time, statistically reliable distinctions have not been revealed at testing of influence of phytohormones (auxins and brassinosteroids) on rooting of stem cuttings of coniferous species. The obtained results have a fundamental practical significance and can be used in the research of physiological processes in higher plants, ornamental crop production and forestry.
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Vukelic, Igor, Gordana Racic, Mirjana Bojovic, Natasa Curcic, Danica Mrkajic, Ljubinko Jovanovic, and Dejana Pankovic. "Effect of Trichoderma harzianum on morpho-physiological parameters and metal uptake of tomato plants." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 139 (2020): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2039061v.
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In this study we have investigated the effect of T. harzianum on growth, content of chlorophyll and epidermal flavonols and metal distribution in tomato plants. Trichoderma strain, isolated from the A horizon (5-30 cm) of agricultural soil used in organic production, was applied near the root in the sixth leaf development phase of tomato. Tomato plants were grown in a growth cabinet up to the stage of 10 leaves. Content of chlorophyll (Chl), epidermal flavonols (Flav) and antocyanins (Ant) were measured in vivo non-destructively. The concentration of Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se, and Zn was measured in different parts of tomato plants by ICP-OES method. Results have shown that Trichoderma application positively affected growth of tomato plants, and significantly decreased nitrogen balance index. In Trichoderma treated plants the contents of Cr and Ni were significantly reduced in roots, while content of Cd tended to decrease in all plant parts, significantly in roots. Presented results indicate that investigated isolate is worthwhile testing for plant growth promotion in field conditions, taking in account different supply of macro and micronutrients.
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Carozzo, Simone, Cristina Martinoli, and Walter G. Sannita. "Miscoded Visual Processing in Degenerative Retinal Disorder?" Journal of Psychophysiology 28, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000110.
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Standard electrophysiological procedures for visual testing were applied to record the retinal and cortical electrophysiological responses to contrast stimulation from 35 subjects with unambiguously diagnosed retinitis pigmentosa and severe impairment of visual acuity and field. Stimuli (central 9° of visual field) were sinusoidal bars with spatial frequencies of 0.6–1.2 cycle/degree and 1.3–5.0 cycle/degree for the retinal (pattern-ERG) and cortical (pattern-VEP) responses, respectively; contrast was 80%; reversal at 2.13 Hz. Structured pattern-ERG above noise level was recorded from 29 subjects at 0.6 cycle/degree and from 24 subjects at 1.2 cycle/degree; latencies were increased and amplitude reduced. Pattern-VEP responses above noise level, with increased latencies and reduced amplitude, were observed in 92% of subjects with unilateral and in all subjects with bilateral retinal response. Both responses were phase-locked to stimulus. No correlation with the residual visual acuity or field was detected. The observation is consistent with evidence of the disease sparing the neuroretina and with unconscious visual processing and suggests miscoding of visual information processing.
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Goswami, Nandu, Jerry J. Batzel, Jack A. Loeppky, and Helmut Hinghofer-Szalkay. "Teaching fluid shifts during orthostasis using a classic paper by Foux et al." Advances in Physiology Education 35, no. 4 (December 2011): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00071.2011.
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Hypovolemic and orthostatic challenge can be simulated in humans by the application of lower body negative pressure (LBNP), because this perturbation leads to peripheral blood pooling and, consequently, central hypovolemia. The classic paper by Foux and colleagues clearly shows the effects of orthostasis simulated by LBNP on fluid shifts and homeostatic mechanisms. The carefully carried out experiments reported in this paper show the interplay between different physiological control systems to ensure blood pressure regulation, failure of which could lead to critical decreases in cerebral blood flow and syncope. Here, a teaching seminar for graduate students is described that is designed in the context of this paper and aimed at allowing students to learn how Foux and colleagues have advanced this field by addressing important aspects of blood regulation. This seminar is also designed to put their research into perspective by including important components of LBNP testing and protocols developed in subsequent research in the field. Learning about comprehensive protocols and carefully controlled studies can reduce confounding variables and allow for an optimal analysis and elucidation of the physiological responses that are being investigated. Finally, in collaboration with researchers in mathematical modeling, in the future, we will incorporate the concepts of applicable mathematical models into our curriculum.
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Shahidi, Fereidoon. "Launch of Journal of Food Bioactives (JFB)." Journal of Food Bioactives 1 (July 7, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31665/jfb.2018.1123.
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The relationship between food, nutrition and health has led to the development of nutraceuticals and functional foods. Demonstrated physiological benefit of such commodities, whether food, extracts, phytochemicals and bioactives, natural health products as well as herbals and traditional medicine is gradually filling the existing gap between food and medicine which has existed for centuries. The physiological benefits starts with in-vitro investigations followed by cell line studies, pre-clinical animal testing and eventually human clinical trials. The bioactive components of food and non-food items need to be identified first and for this, their extraction from the matrix is needed. Different methods, including green processes are often practiced and these, together with nutrigenomics, proteomics, lipidomics and foodomics have led to impressive developments that may lead to individualized nutrition. Of course delivery of food bioactives, if not in the food itself, necessitates use of sophisticated technologies such as nanotechnology and stabilization during processing and storage, in order to reach physiologically relevant levels. The science generated not only promotes health but also reduces health care costs that are burdening individuals and /or governments. The International Society for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (ISNFF) which began its activity in this ever-growing field in 2008 is proud to start another initiative by launching JFB to complement existing efforts in the field and for a society-based journal which is supported by dedicated internationally reputed scientists and relevant associates. I am impressed with the support we have already received from the scientific community in this regard. An internationally recognized editorial board ensures that only high quality manuscripts are included in our new journal. I encourage you to submit your novel findings and research results in the form of full papers, review articles, short communications, perspectives and opinion pieces to our journal.
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Zeng, Chengcheng, Bingyang Lyu, Songyuan Deng, Yan Yu, Nian Li, Wei Lin, Di Li, and Qibing Chen. "Benefits of a Three-Day Bamboo Forest Therapy Session on the Physiological Responses of University Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 3238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093238.
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Studies have indicated that natural environments have the potential to improve the relationship between a stressful life and psychological well-being and physical health. Forest therapy has recently received widespread attention as a novel solution for stress recovery and health promotion. Bamboo is an important forest type in many countries, especially in East and Southeast Asia and in African countries. Bamboo is widespread throughout southwestern China. Empirical field research on the physiological effects of bamboo forest therapy is currently lacking. To explore the benefits of bamboo forest therapy on the physiological responses of university students, 120 university volunteers between the ages of 19 and 24 participated in this study (60 males and 60 females) and were randomly divided into four groups of equal size (15 males and 15 females in each). Four sites were selected for the experiment, including two natural bamboo forests (YA and YB), a bamboo forest park (DJY), and an urban environment (CS). During the testing period, all participants were asked to view the landscape for 15 min in the morning and then walk in the testing area for 15 min in the afternoon. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured as the physiological indexes, and the semantic differential method (SDM) questionnaire was completed for the environmental satisfaction evaluation. The SDM for the subjective environmental evaluation differed significantly among the university students; they obtained a better environmental experience, in terms of sensory perception, atmosphere, climate, place, and space, in the bamboo forest sites. The three-day bamboo forest therapy session improved the physiological well-being of university students. First, the blood pressure and heart rate of the university students decreased, and the SpO2 increased, after the three-day viewing and walking activities of the three-day bamboo forest therapy session. The viewing activities had a more pronounced effect on decreased heart rate in university students. Additionally, three-day bamboo forest therapy had a positive impact on decreased systolic blood pressure and heart rate in the university students, and it was significantly decreased in females, while peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) remained relatively low. Finally, compared with the urban site (CS), the bamboo forest sites effectively improved the university students’ physiological state of health, decreased their physical pressure, and stabilized their physiological indicators. These findings provide scientific evidence that a three-day bamboo forest therapy session can increase positive physiological responses. The potential for a longer-term effect on human physiological health requires further investigation.
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Bahamondez-Canas, Tania F., Lara A. Heersema, and Hugh D. C. Smyth. "Current Status of In Vitro Models and Assays for Susceptibility Testing for Wound Biofilm Infections." Biomedicines 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines7020034.
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Biofilm infections have gained recognition as an important therapeutic challenge in the last several decades due to their relationship with the chronicity of infectious diseases. Studies of novel therapeutic treatments targeting infections require the development and use of models to mimic the formation and characteristics of biofilms within host tissues. Due to the diversity of reported in vitro models and lack of consensus, this review aims to provide a summary of in vitro models currently used in research. In particular, we review the various reported in vitro models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms due to its high clinical impact in chronic wounds and in other chronic infections. We assess advances in in vitro models that incorporate relevant multispecies biofilms found in infected wounds, such as P. aeruginosa with Staphylococcus aureus, and additional elements such as mammalian cells, simulating fluids, and tissue explants in an attempt to better represent the physiological conditions found at an infection site. It is hoped this review will aid researchers in the field to make appropriate choices in their proposed studies with regards to in vitro models and methods.
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Neubauer, Moritz, Eric Häntzsche, Christina Pamporaki, Graeme Eisenhofer, Martin Dannemann, Andreas Nocke, Niels Modler, and Angelos Filippatos. "Development of a Function-Integrative Sleeve for Medical Applications." Sensors 19, no. 11 (June 6, 2019): 2588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112588.
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Function-integrative textiles bear the potential for a variety of applications in the medical field. Recent clinical investigations suggest that the application of a function-integrative fabric could have a positive impact on currently applied diagnostic procedures of a specific type of tumour. In this context, the fabric should enable local warming of a patient’s upper extremity as well as blood flow measurement. Existing solutions comprise a warming system but lack a measuring apparatus for blood flow determination. With regard to the quality of results of current diagnostic procedures, the local warming of the patients’ upper extremity and the simultaneous determination of the blood flow plateau are crucial. In the present paper, the development process of a function-integrative sleeve is introduced. Besides the development of an adaptable sleeve-design, the manufacturing process of an integrated warming system was also addressed. Furthermore, the identification of crucial physiological effects, using a Laser Doppler Perfusion Monitor, is introduced. During testing of the function-integrative sleeve, modulation of the desired physiological effects was observed. The results support the initial assumptions and dictate further investigations on increasing user-friendliness and cost-efficiency during adjusting and determining the physiological effects in the course of tumour diagnosis.
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BRENNAN, J. P., A. G. CONDON, M. VAN GINKEL, and M. P. REYNOLDS. "PAPER PRESENTED AT INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON INCREASING WHEAT YIELD POTENTIAL, CIMMYT, OBREGON, MEXICO, 20–24 MARCH 2006 An economic assessment of the use of physiological selection for stomatal aperture-related traits in the CIMMYT wheat breeding programme." Journal of Agricultural Science 145, no. 3 (March 15, 2007): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859607007009.
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Physiological research has shown that measurements on small plots of stomatal conductance, canopy temperature depression (CTD) or carbon isotope discrimination may be useful for screening breeding populations for yield potential, prior to the execution of expensive replicated yield trials. Such indirect selection criteria may be very effective as lower cost alternatives for estimating genetic gain for complex characteristics such as yield that are relatively expensive to measure accurately in the field. In the present paper, economic analysis is undertaken of the results of trials conducted at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) over three seasons to determine the value of the physiological traits being assessed. The results indicate that the economic value of incorporating these measurements into CIMMYT's breeding programme is potentially important. CTD and stomatal conductance are relatively cheap to measure and could be used to discard lines prior to extensive yield testing, whereas carbon isotope discrimination is relatively expensive and would not be economic for this purpose. The analysis indicates that the incorporation of physiological measurements is likely to provide important economic benefits to the programme. Indications are that other breeding programmes with similar breeding goals and comparable costing structures might also consider using such indirect selection traits.
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Teixeira, Rosangela, Lino B. Monteiro, Izonete C. Guiloski, Helena C. Silva de Assis, and Anderson E. Zanatta. "Laboratory Populations: Is It Representative for Bioassays in Relation to Field Populations of Oriental Fruit Moth?" Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 7 (June 8, 2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n7p61.
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<p>The use of laboratory insects for physiological studies, both genetic and toxicological, has become very common, but the continuous strains available in the laboratory for several generations without the insertion of genetic material can change the wild phenotypic and behavioral characteristics of the population compared with the field population. The aim of this research was to evaluate susceptility of field and laboratory Oriental Fruit Moth populations with the insecticide, based in toxicological, biochemical, and physicochemical characteristics. Experiments were conducted with four groups of chemical insecticides serving as chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, deltamethrin, and tebufenozide, with seven concentrations defined after pilot testing. Thereafter, the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated. It was possible to detect differences between populations with regard to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos insecticides. The infrared analysis showed that the populations were distinct from each other, and they exhibit high activity of GST and AchE. The populations from both the field and the laboratory are different in their susceptibility to insecticides.</p>
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Sheel, A. William, Iris Lama, Patrick Potvin, Kenneth D. Coutts, and Donald C. McKenzie. "Comparison of Aero-Bars Versus Traditional Cycling Postures on Physiological Parameters During Submaximal Cycling." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 21, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h96-002.
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The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the difference in energy expenditure between traditional cycling handlebars and aero-bars during outdoor submaximal cycling. Eleven trained cyclists (age = 29.3 ± 1.9 years, weight = 69.4 ± 3.8 kg, VO2max = 58.1 ± 2.0 ml∙kg−1∙min−1) were randomly assigned a sequence of three hand positions: brake hoods (BH), drop-bars (DB), and aero-bars (AB). Subjects cycled at 30 km∙h−1 in one position for 5 minutes, then recovered until HR fell below 120 bpm. This was then repeated for the other hand positions. All cycling was completed on a standard racing bike fitted with aero-bars. Tire pressure was held constant for all trials. A portable telemetric system (Cosmed K-2) was used to measure VO2, VE and heart rate (HR) during the trials. No statistical differences were observed between AB and DB. Significant differences (p <.05) were found between BH (VE = 66.1 ± 2.7 L∙min−1; HR = 152 ± 4 bpm; VO2 = 1.56 ±.15 L∙min−1) and AB (VE = 61.3 ± 2.8 L∙min−1; HR = 146 ± 4 bpm; VO2 = 1.31 ±.10 L∙min−1). AB provides an energy savings over the traditional BH cycling posture. Key words: aerodynamic handlebars, oxygen consumption, field testing, portable telemetric system
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Glöckner, Anna, Susann Ossmann, Andre Ginther, Jagdip Kang, Michael A. Borger, Alexandro Hoyer, and Maja-Theresa Dieterlen. "Relevance and Recommendations for the Application of Cardioplegic Solutions in Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery in Pigs." Biomedicines 9, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091279.
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Cardioplegic solutions play a major role in cardiac surgery due to the fact that they create a silent operating field and protect the myocardium against ischemia and reperfusion injury. For studies on cardioplegic solutions, it is important to compare their effects and to have a valid platform for preclinical testing of new cardioplegic solutions and their additives. Due to the strong anatomical and physiological cardiovascular similarities between pigs and humans, porcine models are suitable for investigating the effects of cardioplegic solutions. This review provides an overview of the results of the application of cardioplegic solutions in adult or pediatric pig models over the past 25 years. The advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and refinement strategies of these models are discussed.
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James, Emma Claire, Eva Tomaskovic-Crook, and Jeremy Micah Crook. "Bioengineering Clinically Relevant Cardiomyocytes and Cardiac Tissues from Pluripotent Stem Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063005.
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The regenerative capacity of cardiomyocytes is insufficient to functionally recover damaged tissue, and as such, ischaemic heart disease forms the largest proportion of cardiovascular associated deaths. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have enormous potential for developing patient specific cardiomyocytes for modelling heart disease, patient-based cardiac toxicity testing and potentially replacement therapy. However, traditional protocols for hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes yield mixed populations of atrial, ventricular and nodal-like cells with immature cardiac properties. New insights gleaned from embryonic heart development have progressed the precise production of subtype-specific hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes; however, their physiological immaturity severely limits their utility as model systems and their use for drug screening and cell therapy. The long-entrenched challenges in this field are being addressed by innovative bioengingeering technologies that incorporate biophysical, biochemical and more recently biomimetic electrical cues, with the latter having the potential to be used to both direct hiPSC differentiation and augment maturation and the function of derived cardiomyocytes and cardiac tissues by mimicking endogenous electric fields.
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Bazzano, Carmelo, Lee N. Cunningham, Giovanni Cama, and Tony Falconio. "The Relationship of Lactate to 1-Mile Walk Performance in Women Aged 60 to 70 Years." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 6, no. 3 (July 1998): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.6.3.285.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between selected physiological variables and lactate accumulation at the end of a l-mile walk test (MWT) in older women (mean ± SD: 64.6 ± 3.1 years). Seventeen women with a peak (ml · kg-1 · min-1) of 21.1 ± 4.2 volunteered to participate. Physiological data were obtained via a COSMED K2 miniaturized O2 analyzer with telemetric capabilities during a maximal treadmill (TM) test and MWT. Blood samples were obtained from the ear lobe for lactale analysis immediately before and after the treadmill test and MWT. Subjects performed the MWT in 15.4 ± 1.4 min at an intensity of 76% of peak and 86% of HRmax. The blood lactate accumulated at the end of the MWT was 2.61 ± 1.47 mmol/L. Peak lactate following the maximal treadmill test was 3.8 ± 1.42 mmol/L. HR during the test was significantly related with blood lactate (r= .65, p< .01). The lactate values observed during the lest suggest that the I-mile walk test is a suitable field testing procedure for older women.
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Meddings, J. B., R. B. Scott, and G. H. Fick. "Analysis and comparison of sigmoidal curves: application to dose-response data." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 257, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): G982—G989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.6.g982.
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A number of physiological or pharmacological studies generate sigmoidal dose-response curves. Ideally, data analysis should provide numerical solutions for curve parameters. In addition, for curves obtained under different experimental conditions, testing for significant differences should be easily performed. We have reviewed the literature over the past 3 years in six journals publishing papers in the field of gastrointestinal physiology and established the curve analysis technique used in each. Using simulated experimental data of known error structure, we have compared these techniques with nonlinear regression analysis. In terms of their ability to provide accurate estimates of ED50 and maximal response, none approached the accuracy and precision of nonlinear regression. This technique is as easily performed as the classic methods and additionally provides an opportunity for rigorous statistical analysis of data. We present a method of determining the significance of differences found in the ED50 and maximal response under different experimental conditions. The method is versatile and applicable to a variety of different physiological and pharmacological dose-response curves.
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Li, Zhi-qiang, Yuan Zhang, Yue-Meng Wan, Qiong Zhou, Chang Liu, Hui-Xin Wu, Yun-Zheng Mu, Yue-Feng He, Ritika Rauniyar, and Xi-Nan Wu. "Testing of behavioral and cognitive development in rats after prenatal exposure to 1800 and 2400 MHz radiofrequency fields." Journal of Radiation Research 61, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrz097.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The objective of the study was to explore the effects of behavioral and cognitive development in rats after prenatal exposure to 1800 and 2400 MHz radiofrequency fields. Pregnant female rats were exposed to radiofrequency fields beginning on the 21st day of pregnancy. The indicators of physiological and behavioral development were observed and measured in the offspring rats: Y maze measured at 3-weeks postnatal, open field at 7-weeks postnatal, and the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) measured by reverse transcription-PCR in the hippocampus at 9-weeks postnatal. The body weight of the 1800 MHz group and the 1800 MHz + WiFi group showed a downward trend. The eye opening time of newborn rats was much earlier in the WiFi group than in the control group. Compared to the control group, the overall path length of the 1800 MHz + WiFi group was shortened and the stationary time was delayed. The path length of the WiFi group was shortened and the average velocity was increased in the error arm. The 1800 MHz + WiFi group displayed an increased trend in path length, duration, entry times and stationary time in the central area. In both the 1800 MHz + WiFi and WiFi groups, NR2A and NR2B expression was down-regulated, while NR2D, NR3A and NR3B were up-regulated. Moreover, NR1 and NR2C in the WiFi group were also up-regulated. Prenatal exposure to 1800 MHz and WiFi radiofrequency may affect the behavioral and cognitive development of offspring rats, which may be associated with altered mRNA expression of NMDARs in the hippocampus.
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Sitko, Sebastian, Rafel Cirer-Sastre, Francisco Corbi, and Isaac López-Laval. "Power Assessment in Road Cycling: A Narrative Review." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 26, 2020): 5216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125216.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, the evaluation of physiological characteristics and training load quantification in road cycling is frequently performed through power meter data analyses, but the scientific evidence behind this tool is scarce and often contradictory. The aim of this paper is to review the literature related to power profiling, functional threshold testing, and performance assessment based on power meter data. A literature search was conducted following preferred reporting items for review statement (PRISMA) on the topic of {“cyclist” OR “cycling” AND “functional threshold” OR “power meter”}. The reviewed evidence provided important insights regarding power meter-based training: (a) functional threshold testing is closely related to laboratory markers of steady state; (b) the 20-min protocol represents the most researched option for functional threshold testing, although shorter durations may be used if verified on an individual basis; (c) power profiling obtained through the recovery of recorded power outputs allows the categorization and assessment of the cyclist’s fitness level; and (d) power meters represent an alternative to laboratory tests for the assessment of the relationship between power output and cadence. This review elucidates the increasing amount of studies related to power profiling, functional threshold testing, and performance assessment based on power meter data, highlighting the opportunity for the expanding knowledge that power meters have brought in the road cycling field.
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Pilny, Andrew, and C. Joseph Huber. "An Egocentric Network Contact Tracing Experiment: Testing Different Procedures to Elicit Contacts and Places." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041466.
Full textAbstract:
Contact tracing is one of the oldest social network health interventions used to reduce the diffusion of various infectious diseases. However, some infectious diseases like COVID-19 amass at such a great scope that traditional methods of conducting contact tracing (e.g., face-to-face interviews) remain difficult to implement, pointing to the need to develop reliable and valid survey approaches. The purpose of this research is to test the effectiveness of three different egocentric survey methods for extracting contact tracing data: (1) a baseline approach, (2) a retrieval cue approach, and (3) a context-based approach. A sample of 397 college students were randomized into one condition each. They were prompted to anonymously provide contacts and populated places visited from the past four days depending on what condition they were given. After controlling for various demographic, social identity, psychological, and physiological variables, participants in the context-based condition were significantly more likely to recall more contacts (medium effect size) and places (large effect size) than the other two conditions. Theoretically, the research supports suggestions by field theory that assume network recall can be significantly improved by activating relevant activity foci. Practically, the research contributes to the development of innovative social network data collection methods for contract tracing survey instruments.
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Zucareli, Claudemir, Cristian Rafael Brzezinski, Flávia Werner, Julia Abati, and João Nakagawa. "Physiological quality of the seeds of common bean cultivars grown in different phosphorus levels and growing seasons." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 6 (December 14, 2016): 3859. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n6p3859.
Full textAbstract:
The use of appropriate management practices, such as sowing and fertilizing, associated with the use of promising genotypes are strategies for obtaining bean seeds of high quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of cultivars of common bean seeds produced in two growing seasons under different phosphorus levels. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial design of 2 × 2 × 6, with four replications. We evaluated two common bean cultivars (‘IAC Carioca Precoce’ and ‘IAC Carioca Tybatã’), two planting seasons of common beans (rainy season and dry season), and six rates of phosphorus fertilization (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg ha-1 of P2O5) applied to the planting rows, using triple super phosphate as the source of P. Seed quality was evaluated by testing the water content, germination, first account of the germination test, accelerated aging test and the water content after the test, electrical conductivity, and seedling emergence in the field. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means of cultivars and growing seasons were compared using Tukey’s test at 5% probability. Regression analysis was performed for phosphorus levels. Seeds of ‘IAC Carioca Precoce’ produced during the rainy season showed higher germination. In the dry season, the highest seedling emergence in the field was recorded for ‘IAC Carioca Tybatã’. Common bean cultivation provided seeds with higher germination and vigor in the dry season than in the rainy season. The accelerated aging test showed that when phosphorus was applied in the planting rows, the vigor of common bean seed was enhanced, with a better response to higher doses when cultivated in the dry season.
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Fogliatto, Silvia, Francesco Vidotto, and Aldo Ferrero. "Germination of Weedy Rice in Response to Field Conditions during Winter." Weed Technology 25, no. 2 (June 2011): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-10-00099.1.
Full textAbstract:
Weedy rice is a problematic weed that infests paddy fields worldwide. Differing populations, with varying physiological and morphological traits, characterize this weed. In particular, seed dormancy makes its control difficult. The objective of this study was to evaluate the germination behavior of five Italian weedy rice populations (two awnless, two awned, and one mucronate) after exposure of seeds to different field storage conditions (flooding, burial, and dry soil surface) during winter in two sites (Grugliasco and Vercelli, Italy). Seed samples were taken from each population, storage condition, and site, every 15 d for petri dish germinability testing. The two sites displayed slightly different germination patterns, which were probably due to the differing climatic conditions. One of the awned populations showed the highest (always exceeding 80%) and fastest germination percentage in all field conditions and sites, compared with the other four populations. Although flooding promoted germination in one awnless population, it delayed germination in two others (one awned and one awnless), attaining only 20% germination after more than 100 d. In all populations, burial delayed germination, whereas seed placement on the dry soil surface enhanced it. Our study indicated that autumn tillage that promotes weedy rice seed burial should be discouraged; spring tillage that exposes seeds to the soil surface and cause their depletion should be encouraged. The tested technique of winter flooding can also improve weedy rice control, despite its varying efficacy among populations. Cycles of flooding and drying followed by spring tillage might improve weedy rice seed control.